Cambridge Physics for the IB Diploma

Mark scheme for Topic 2

1 We start from
v 2 = 2 ad

. When the velocity becomes 2v we then have (2v ) 2 = 2ax , where

4v 2 v2 =4 = 4d . So the required distance from v to 2a 2a

x is the required distance. Then, x =

2v

is 4d d = 3d . C.

Exam tip: you must work with a formula without time and relate the new distance to the old.

When the second ball is released the first is already moving with some velocity. The velocity of the second ball relative to the first is non-zero and so the distance between the balls is increasing, B. The kinetic energy right before the explosion is zero. The chemical energy of the explosion provides the extra kinetic energy of the fragments, so kinetic energy increases, i.e. is different. There is an external force acting, namely gravity, but immediately after the collision means a very small time interval after. Then, F =
p p = F t = 0 since t 0 . Hence t

momentum is conserved and so momentum stays the same, B. Exam tip: it is important to realize that even though there is an external force the momentum will not change immediately after the explosion.

At launch all 4 balls have the same kinetic (K) and the same potential energy (P). Therefore they will have the same kinetic energy at the ground (K + P) and so the same speed.

Exam tip: kinetic energy is a scalar quantity and so the direction of the velocity initially is irrelevant. 5 The initial potential energy of the water is mg . The final potential energy is
m h m h mgh mgh mgh mgh g + g = = . The loss is therefore , C. 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4

h 2

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Cambridge Physics for the IB Diploma

The velocity is zero at the top. so from v = u + at we get

0 = 20 + ( 10)t

, i.e.

t = 2.0 s

[2]

Exam tip: it is important to pay attention to the signs. ii From s = ut + at 2 we get s = 20 2 + (10)(22 )
s = 20 m

1 2

1 2

OR

from s =

u+v t , 2

20 + 0 s= 2 . 2 = 20 m

[2]

iii

From v = u + at , we get
v = 40 m s 1 .

v = 20 + ( 10)(6.0)

[2]
20 40 6 = 60 m, 2

iv

Using s = t again, s = 2

u+v

so the height is 60 m. OR from

v 2 = u 2 + 2 as

we get ( 40) 2 = (20) 2 + 2( 10) s

and so s = OR

1600 400 = 60 m. 2 10

use s = ut + at 2 to get s = 20 6 + (10)(62 )

s = 60 m.

1 2

1 2

[2]

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Cambridge Physics for the IB Diploma

The change in displacement is velocity is

60 = 10 m s 1 . 6.0

60 0 = 60 m

and so the average

The distance travelled is

100 17 m s 1 . 6.0

20 + 20 + 60 = 100 m

and so the average speed is [2]

Exam tip: understand that average has a specific meaning.

i
velocity m s 20 10 1 -10 -20 -30 -40 2 3 4 5 6 t s

[1]

ii
speed m s 40 30 20 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 t s

[1]

Exam tip: it is important to realize that the question asks for a graph of speed and not velocity. iii
displ. m 20 10 1 -10 -20 -30 2 3 4 5 6 t s

(This graph continues until

s = 60 m

at

t = 6.0 s

.)

[1]

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Cambridge Physics for the IB Diploma

p = 0.20 2.5 0.20 ( 4.0 ) = 1.3 N s

notice the sign

upwards. b
Fnet = R mg = p 1.3 = = 9.3 N . t 0.14

[2]

Hence

R = 2.0 + 9.3 11 N

.
p gives the t

[2]

Exam tip: the common mistake here is to neglect the weight. Remember that average net force.

The area under the graph from t = 0 to

1 1 2 3 + 1.5 3 1 2 = 7.25 m s 1 2 2

t = 4.5 s

is

and represents the change in velocity. Hence the final velocity is 9.0 + 7.25 = 1.75 1.8 m s 1 . ii The acceleration of free fall is read off the graph after and is 2.0 m s 2 . iii At
t = 1.0 s t = 4.5 s

[2] . [2]

the acceleration is 3.0 m s 2 and so

F mg = ma F = mg + ma

F = 250 2.0 + 250 3.0 = 1250 1.2 kN.

[2] is 7.25 0.5 2.0 = 6.25 m s 1 [2]

iv

The area under the graph until

t = 5.0 s

and so the impact velocity is 9.0 + 6.25 = 2.75 2.8 m s 1 . b The total energy of the landing module at t = 0 is
1 2 1 mv + mgh = 250 9.02 + 250 2.0 25 = 22625 J . At t = 4.5 s it is 2 2 1 2 1 mv = 250 1.752 = 382.8 J . The change in total energy is therefore 2 2
22625 382.8 = 22242.2 J .

The power was delivered in 4.5 s and so the average power delivered is
22281.25 = 4942 4.9 kW . 4.5

[2]

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a b

The net force on a body is equal to the rate of change of its momentum with time.

[1]

In t = 1 s the air leaving the blades will move forward a distance v. The air that moved is thus enclosed in a cylinder of cross-sectional area R 2 and height v and so its mass is R 2 v . The change in the momentum of this mass is p = R 2 v v . Hence the force on the air is F =
p = R 2 v 2 . By Newtons third law, this is the t

force on the cart, directed to the right.

[3]

Exam tip: the force just calculated is the force on the air. You must use Newtons third law to claim that this is the force on the cart.

10

The component of the weight down the incline is mg sin . The net force down the incline is then mg sin + f and this must equal F since speed is constant. So F = mg sin + f = 1.2 10 4 sin 4.0o + 600 = 1437 N . The power is therefore
P = Fv = 1437 12 = 17 kW

[3]

Exam tip: the power consists of two parts: 600 12 = 7.2 kW which is the power against friction and 1.2 10 4 sin 4.0o 12 = 10 kW which is the power against gravity for a total of 17 kW .

Now F mg sin + f = ma F = 1.2 10 4 sin 4.0o + 600 + 1.2 103 2.0 = 3837 N . After 5.0 s the speed is v = 0 + 2.0 5.0 = 10 m s 1 and so the power then is P = Fv = 3837 10 38 kW .

[2]

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11

a b

Impulse of a force is defined as the product of the (average) force times the time interval for which the force acts. i

[1]

The impulse is the area under the curve. The area under the curve is about 40 squares each, of area
0.5 5.0 = 2.5 N s 40 2.5 = 100 N s

for a total area of ii

[2]

The impulse is equal to the change of momentum. and so

mv 0 = 100 N s ,

giving v = 200 m s 1 .

[2]

The velocity is zero initially and then increases at an increasing rate (increasing acceleration until about 1.25 s), after which the velocity still increases but at a decreasing rate. [2]

The kinetic energy of the particle is and so the power is P =

1 2 1 mv = 0.50 2002 = 1.0 104 J 2 2

1.0 104 = 2.0 kW . 5.0

F t = 100 N s

[2] , and so
F = 20 N.

The average force obeys

The average acceleration is then a = ii

1 2

F 20 = = 40 m s 2 . m 0.50 1 2

[2]

The distance travelled is then s = at 2 = 40 5.02

s = 500 m

[2]

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12

The direction of velocity is constantly changing, and acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. [2]

Exam tip: it is important to refer to the definition of acceleration and not just say that the direction is changing.

v=

2R 2 25 = = 3.3 m s 1 . T 48

[1]

ii

The acceleration is
m

v 2 3.32 = = 0.44 m s 2 and so the net force on the body is R 25

v2 = 12 0.44 = 5.2 N R

Directed towards the centre of the circle. c i

[2] [1]

ii
v

[1] d The change in velocity from A to B is shown to the right; the angle to the vertical is tan 1
3.3 = 45o . 3.3

It has magnitude 3.32 + 3.32 = 4.7 m s1 and so the average acceleration from A to B is
4.7 = 0.39 m s 2 . 12

[3]

Exam tip: average acceleration has a specific meaning do not add the accelerations at A and B and divide by 2.

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