CE 240 Soil Mechanics & Foundations Lecture 1

Historical Perspective of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Fundamentals of math and physics for geotechnical engineering (Das, Ch. 1)

Outline of this lecture

1, go through the syllabus 2, labs and homeworks 3, Historical Perspective of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 4, Fundamentals of math and physics for geotechnical engineering

A Syllabus of CE 240: Soil Mechanics & Foundations Fall Semester, 2006 Course number: CE 240 (3 Credit Units) Instructor: Prof. Lanbo Liu, Lanbo.Liu@ uconn.edu TA: Matthew Pruett, matthew.pruett@huskymail.uconn.edu Web: http://www.engr.uconn.edu/~lanbo Lecture: Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, 11:00-11:50 am Lecture Location: Castleman Building, Room 212 Lab: Thursday (one in the following 3 sessions: 8-11, 11-2, 2-5) Lab Location: Castleman Building, Room 105 Textbook: Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 6th Edition, by B. M. Das, Thomson Press, 2006 Grading:Lab: 30%; Midterm I: 20%; Midterm II: 20%;Final: 30%

Aims: 1, To describe soil as an engineering material and to understand the nature of stresses induced in the soil and by the soil; To give an appreciation of the function and forms of shallow and deep foundations; To analyze bearing capacity and settlements of foundations; To consider the relevance of site and ground investigation to soil and foundation engineering.

2,

3, 4,

(08/28) Mon. Introduction and the syllabus, history of Geotechnical Engineering. (08/30) Wed. Rock cycle, rock types, and origin of soil. (09/01) Fri. Soil particles. Reading: Chapter 1, 2 (09/04) Mon. (09/06) Wed. (09/07) Thu. (09/08) Fri. Reading: Chapter 3 Official holiday of the Labor Day, no class. weight-volume relationships. Lab 01: Soil consistency.

(09/11) Mon. Atterberg limits (09/13) Wed. Engineering classification of soil (09/14) Thu. Lab 02: (09/15) Fri. Soil compaction. Reading: Chapter 4, 5 (09/18) Mon. (09/20) Wed. (09/21) Thu. (09/22) Fri. Reading: Chapter 5 (09/25) Mon. (09/27) Wed. (09/29) Fri. Reading: Chapter 6 Soil compaction. Proctor test Lab 03: Compaction techniques.

Permeability I. Permeability II. Midterm Exam I

(10/02) Mon. (10/04) Wed. (10/05) Thu. (10/06) Fri. Reading: Chapter 7 (10/09) Mon. (10/11) Wed. (10/12) Thu. (10/13) Fri. Reading: Chapter 8 (10/16) Mon. (10/18) Wed. (10/19) Thu. (10/20) Fri. Reading: Chapters 9 (10/23) Mon. (10/25) Wed. (10/26) Thu. (10/27) Fri. Reading: Chapter 10

Groundwater flow, Seepage I. Groundwater flow, Seepage II. Lab 04: Groundwater flow, Seepage II.

In situ stresses I. In situ stresses II. Lab 05: In situ stresses III. Stress in a soil mass I. Stress in a soil mass II. Lab 06: Stress in a soil mass III.

Compressibility of soil I. Compressibility of soil II. Lab 07: Compressibility of soil III.

(10/30) Mon. Shear strength of soil I. (11/01) Wed. Shear strength of soil II. (11/03) Fri. Midterm Exam II. Reading: Chapter 11

(11/06) Mon. Lateral Earth Pressure I. (11/08) Wed. Lateral Earth Pressure II. (11/09) Thu. Lab 08: (11/10) Fri. Lateral Earth Pressure III. Reading: Chapter 12, 13 (11/13) Mon. Slope stability I. (11/15) Wed. Slope stability II. (11/16) Thu. Lab 09: (11/17) Fri. Slope stability III. Reading: Chapter 14 (11/27) Mon. Soil-bearing capacity. (11/29) Wed. foundations. (12/01) Fri. Soil-bearing capacity for shallow foundations. Reading: Chapter 15 (12/04) Mon. Subsoil Exploration I. (12/06) Wed. Subsoil Exploration II. (12/08) Fri. Course summary and reviews. Reading: Chapter 17

Labs: 1, 12-13 students form a group, 3 groups for the class of CE240 fall semester 2006. 2, Safety first: work on your lab, no fool around. 3, work out the lab by group effort, but submit the lab report (or data sheet) individually and the grade is on individual base. 4, Towards the end of the semester, there may be 1-2 labs will be graded based on group effort.

HWs: There will be HW assignment, but no grading. I will post the right answers on my web page upon the due date. Midterms and final exam will cover the contents covered by HWs and labs.

Historical Perspective of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering

The record of the first use of soil as a construction material by man kind is lost in antiquity. In true engineering sense, there is no Geotechnical Engineering prior to the 18th Century. One of the most famous example of problems related to soil bearing capacity and foundations in the construction of structures prior to 18th century is the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy. The construction of the Tower began in 1173 A.D. and last over 200 years.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy. Morning, 1 March 2004. SW view Height: 54 m; Max tilt: 5 m out of plumb Tilt direction: E, N, W, and S. Weight: 15,700 tons; Base: = 20 m; Reason: a weak clay layer at 11 m depth Solution: excavation of soil from north side for about 70 tons.

Tilting of Garisenda Tower (left) in Bologna, Italy (built in 12th Century)

Study of soil behavior in a more methodical manner in the area of geotechnical engineering started in the early part of the 18th century, and last to 1927. The development of soil mechanics can be divided into four phases, according to Skempton (1985): 1, Preclassical period (1700-1776); rough classification of soils; 2, Classical soil mechanics Phase I (1776-1856) started from French scientist Coulombs presentation on determining the sliding surface in soil behind a retaining wall; ended by the publication of Rankines paper on earth lateral pressure. Rankins theory is a simplification of Coulombs theory.

3, Classical soil mechanics Phase II (1856-1910) started from the publication of a paper on the permeability of sand filters by French engineer Darcy in 1856. 4, Modern soil mechanics (1910-1927) marked by a series of important studies and publications related to the mechanic behavior of clays, most noticeable, Atterberg (1911) on consistency of clayey soils, the Atterberg limits; Bell (1915) on lateral pressure and resistance of clays; Terzaghi (1925) on theory of consolidation for clays.

Geotechnical Engineering after 1927 The development of Geotechnical Engineering as a branch of Civil Engineering is absolutely impacted by one single professional individual Karl Terzaghi (1883-1963). His contribution has spread to almost every topic in soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering covered by the test book: Effective stress (Ch. 8); Elastic stress distribution (Ch. 9); Consolidation settlement (Ch. 10); Shear strength (Ch. 11); in situ testing (Ch. 17).

Born: October 2, 1883 in Prague Died: October 25, 1963 in Winchester, Massachusetts He was married to Ruth D. Terzaghi, a geologist. He won the Norman Medal of ASCE four times (1930, 1943, 1946, and 1955). He was given nine honorary doctorate degrees from universities in eight different countries. He started modern soil mechanics with his theories of consolidation, lateral earth pressures, bearing capacity, and stability.

 Few people during Terzaghis lifetime would have disagreed that he was not only the guiding spirit in soil mechanics, but that he was the clearing house for research and application throughout the world. - Ralph B. Peck

Photo: Acceptance remarks from life long educator Ralph B. Peck at the OPAL & 41st Annual OCEA Awards gala held on April 28, 2001, Washington, DC.

Fundamentals
Basic mathematics
Derivation, integration, differential equation

Basic mechanics
Hookes law, and Darcys law

Basic units and constants

Force, pressure, stress, strain, etc.

Definition of The Derivation

The derivative of a function f(x) at the point

is given and denoted by

x0
f(x) f(x)

h
x

In the table below, u,v, and w are functions of the variable x. a, b, c, and n are constants (with some restrictions whenever they apply). designate the natural logarithmic function and e the natural base for . Recall that .

Integration

y = f ( x)dx
a
f(x) Area=y a b

y = sin( x)dx
0
n 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 Sum of areas of inscribed rectangles 0 1.11072073 1.58153252 1.79722080 1.90021859 1.95051100 1.97535591 1.98770306 1.99385780 1.99693047 Sum of areas of circumscribed rectangles 3.14159265 2.68151706 2.36693068 2.18991988 2.09656813 2.04868577 2.02444329 2.01224674 2.00612964 2.00306640 Average of the Two Sums 1.57079633 1.89611890 1.97423160 1.99357034 1.99839336 1.99959839 1.99989960 1.99997490 1.99999372 1.99999844

Differential equations are the relations with physical basis, and expressed by derivatives of a quantity (usually with physical meanings) with respect to a variable (in physics, usually the space or time). An example, the differential equation describes the forced, and damped oscillation.

d I dI 2 + + = h 2 I S 0 0 2 dt dt

A simplified case for the wave equation is the plane wave propagating in 1 direction, say the x-direction. In this case, the wave equation can be written as
2u 1 2u = x 2 v 2 t 2 (1)

One solution for a plane wave propagating in an unbounded, uniform medium can be expressed as

u = u0 cos(t + kx)

(2)

This plane wave can be viewed as the wave generated by a plane source occupying the entire yz-plane to generate wave propagation in the x-direction. In this equation, u0 is the amplitude, is the angular frequency; k is called the wave number. We will show the relationship of k with respect to angular frequency by demonstrating Eqn (2) does satisfy the 1-D wave equation (1). Taking the secondary derivative of u with respect to space, here the x-coordinate, is
2u = k 2u0 cos(t + kx) 2 x and putting the second derivative of u with respect to time on the right hand side of Eqn (1) gives 1 2u 2 = 2 u0 cos(t + kx) v 2 t 2 v comparing the last 2 equation leads to
k=

SI Unit System
SI Le Systeme International dUnites Base units Derived units

SI base units The SI is founded on seven SI base units for seven base quantities assumed to be mutually independent, as given in Table 1.

Table 1. SI base units

Name Base quantity length mass time Electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity meter kilogram second ampere Kelvin mole candela m kg s A K mol cd Symbol

Table 2. Examples of SI derived units

Name Derived quantity Area Volume Speed, velocity Acceleration Density Specific volume Amount-of-substance concentration Luminance Frequency Angular frequency Wave number Wave length Square meter Cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram mole per cubic meter candela per square meter Revolution per second Radian per sec Radian per meter meter m2 m3 m/s m/ s2 kg/m3 m3/kg mol/m3 cd/m2 1/sec Radian/sec Radian/m m Symbol

Some extremes of length, mass, and time:

Length: The length of the major axis of the Milky Way is 6 x 1019 meter; The size of a virus is about 10-8 meter (0.01 micron); Mass: The mass of the Milky Way is ~ 1041 kg; The mass of the Earth is ~ 1024 kg; The mass of the virus is ~ 10-13 kg; The mass of the electron is ~ 10-30 kg; Time: The earth was formed 4.61 billion (109)years ago; 1 year=365 x 24 x 60 x60 = 3.1536 x 107 seconds. The sampling rate of the ground penetrating radar can be as short as 10-10 second (0.1 nanosec).

Some basic constants:

Gravitational acceleration: g = 9.81 m/sec/sec Universal attraction constant: G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2 The base of the natural logarithm: e = 2.71828 Bulk density of crustal material: = 2.5-2.7 g/cm3 sound wave velocity in the air: v = 340 m/sec sound wave velocity in water: v = 1500 m/sec The speed of light: c = 300,000,000 m/sec

Hookes law in macroscopic form

f = ku
Hookes law in microscopic form

= M

Physics of Groundwater Flow: Darcys law

k dP dH = k q= w g dx dx

Water flow H1 H2

Common mechanic properties: Density; Elastic properties:

- elastic modulii

stress: force per unit area; Special case: stress in fluid is called pressure, the stress at a given point in all directions are the same isotropic stress. Strain: deformation in a unit length, area, or volume.

Youngs modulus E Youngs modulus is the stress needed to compress the solid to shorten in a unit strain.

F/A 1 E= = z / z z / z
Poissons ration Poissons measures the relativity of the expansion in the lateral directions and compression in the direction in which the uni-axial compression applies.

r / r = z / z

Bulk Modulus K Imagine you have a small cube of the material making up the medium and that you subject this cube to pressure by squeezing it on all sides. If the material is not very stiff, you can image that it would be possible to squeeze the material in this cube into a smaller cube. The bulk modulus describes the ratio of the pressure applied to the cube to the amount of volume change that the cube undergoes. If k is very large, then the material is very stiff, meaning that it doesn't compress very much even under large pressures. If K is small, then a small pressure can compress the material by large amounts. For example, gases have very small Bulk Modulus . Solids and liquids have large Bulk Modulus.

F/A K= v / v

Shear Modulus The shear modulus describes how difficult it is to deform a cube of the material under an applied shearing force. For example, imagine you have a cube of material firmly cemented to a table top. Now, push on one of the top edges of the material parallel to the table top. If the material has a small shear modulus, you will be able to deform the cube in the direction you are pushing it so that the cube will take on the shape of a parallelogram. If the material has a large shear modulus, it will take a large force applied in this direction to deform the cube. Gases and fluids can not support shear forces. That is, they have shear modulii of zero. From the equations given above, notice that this implies that fluids and gases do not allow the propagation of S waves.

F/A = y / x

Shear Modulus (cont.)

F/A = x / y

Seismic wave (elastic wave) Velocities related to material properties: Vp- P-wave (compressive wave) velocity Vs- S-wave (shear wave) velocity

So, seismic velocities are determined by the mechanic properties of the materials in which the seismic waves propagate through.

From: Sheriff and Geldart, Exploration Seismology, p69.

Readings: Textbook by Das: Chapter 1.