GUIDELINES FOR TRAINING REPORT

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5 6 i) ii) iii) iv) v)

The training report shall be computer typed (English- British, Font Times Roman,Size-12 point) and printed on A4 size paper. The training report shall be hard bound with cover page in Sky Blue colour. The name of the candidate, degree (specifying the specialization), year of submission, name of the University including college name shall be printed in black on the cover [Refer sample sheet (outer cover)] The training report shall be typed on one side only with 1.5 lines space with a margin 3.5 cm on the left, 2.5 cm on the top, and 1.25 cm on the right and at bottom. In the training report, the title page [Refer sample sheet (inner cover)] should be given first then the Certificate by the candidate and the supervisor(s) in sequence, followed by an acknowledgment, and this should be followed by the abstract of the thesis (not exceeding 1500 words)., contents with page no.s list of figures/ list of tables, notations/nomenclature, and then In the body of the text, a reference should be indicated giving author name and year of publication in parenthesis such as (Singh and Shan, 2002). The reference should be given at the end of the training report in alphabetical Order indicating: The authors name and his initials The title of the paper and name of the journal The name of the book and the publisher The number of the volume, page numbers, and the year of publication standard abbreviation may be used in the names of the journals

For Example: 1 Singh, S. and Shan, H. S. (2002) Development of Magneto Abrasive Flow Machining Process, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacturing, vol. 42, 2, 2002, pp. 953-959. 2 Laroiya, S.C. and Adithan, M. (1994), Precision Machining of Advanced Ceremics Proceeding of the International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Technology (ICMAT - 94), 29-30 August 1994. University Teknoloi Malaysia, Johor Bahru,Malaysia, pp 203-210. 3 Adithan, M. and Gupta, A.B. (1996), Manufacturing Technology, New Age, International Publishers, New Delhi. 4 The diagrams should be printed on a light/white background, Tabular Matter should be clearly arranged. Decimal point may be indicated by full stop (.). The caption for Figure must be given at the BOTTOM of the Fig. and Caption for the Table must be given at the TOP of the Table. 5 The graphs should be combined for the same parameters for proper comparison. Single graph should be avoided as far as possible.

A (Times New Roman , 16 pt.)

Training from company name (Caps, 18 pt.,

Bold)

On (16 pt.)

TITLE OF TRAINING (Caps, 22 pt. B)

Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology

(12 pt).
in

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (Caps, 14 pt., B)

From

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA(caps,14,B)

Submitted by Name of Student (Roll No.)

Guided by (14 Pt.) Name of Guide

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

(14 Pt. , B)

KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, KURUKSHETRA-136119 (16 Pt., B)

TRAINING REPORT

TRAINING TITLE

DECLARATION We hereby certify the work which is being presented in the training entitled Training title by Student Name in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of degree B.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engg.) submitted in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engg. at Kurukshetra Institute Of Technology & Management Kurukshetra under Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra is carried out during a period from Aug. 2011 to Dec. 2011 under the supervision of Guides Name. The matter presented in this training has not been submitted by me in any other University/ Institute for the award of B.Tech. Degree.
Student Name (Roll No.) This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my/our knowledge. Name Training Incharge

H.O.D.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT KURUKSHETRA- 136119

TRAINING REPORT

TRAINING TITLE

ABSTRACT
Transmitting and receiving signals through antenna into different require the tuning of antenna into different directions this tuning cannot be done manually in case of Heavy antennas and also it is not precise. PRECISION AUTOMATIC TUNING Continued

The abstract of the training (not exceeding 1500 words).,

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT KURUKSHETRA- 136119

G REPORT

TRAINING TITLE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many lives & destinies are destroyed due to the lack of proper guidance, directions & opportunities. It is in this respect we feel that we are in much better condition today due to continuous process of completion of this training was a tedious job & requires careful & support at all stages. We would like to highlight the role by individuals towards this. Firstly we are very thankful to our parents and family members for the providing us the opportunity for providing to build our carrier in field of engineering. Their invaluable inspiration, guidance & our decisions are worthwhile, without which this training will might be a dream in our eyes. We are eternally grateful to honorable Director-Principal Dr. P. J. George for providing us the opportunity & infrastructure to complete the training as a fulfillment of B.Tech degree. We are very thankful to Er RAKESH GARG, Head of the Department, for his kind support & faith in us. We would like to express our sincere thanks, with a deep sense of gratitude to our training & Training Incharge for their keen interest in our training. We are also thankful to all the visible hands, which helped us to complete this training with a feeling of success. The above underline matter must be included in the acknowledgement. The above & below the underline matter is just sample matter, you can change it.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT KURUKSHETRA- 136119

TRAINING REPORT

TRAINING TITLE

CONTENTS Declaration Acknowledgement Abstract iii List of Figures iv List of Tables Chapter 1: Overview of Company Chapter 2: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 1.1 History of OFDM 2 Chapter 3: 3.1 3.2 Chapter 4: Chapter 5: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & WORKING (If Any) Establishment of need Need Analysis 3.2.1 Face to Face interview RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE 5.1 Conclusions 5.2 Future Scope 10 12 14 26 27 28 1

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v PAGE No.

REFERENCES APPENDIX (include Datasheet, Source code) 31

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT KURUKSHETRA- 136119

TRAINING REPORT

TRAINING TITLE

LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO. FIGURE NO. 1. 2 3. 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 Coding of the Data to Each Location 12 13 14 15 4.3 4.4 4.5 Analog Techniques RF Modulation of Complex Base Band OFDM Signal, Using 4.6 Digital Techniques. (DDS = Direct Digital Synthesis) iv 31 IQ Plot for 16-QAM Data with Added Noise. (Script s0083) OFDM Generations, IFFT Stage RF Modulation of Complex Base Band OFDM Signal, Using 30 29 30 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 Concept of OFDM Signal Time Domain Construction of an OFDM Signal Frequency Responses of the Subcarriers in a 5 Tone OFDM Signal Elimination of ISI Guard Interval Intercarrier Interference Caused by Guard Interval Addition of Cyclic Prefix Effect of Synchronization Doppler Effect Block Diagram Showing a Basic OFDM Transceiver Example IQ Modulation Constellations. 16-QAM, with Gray DESCRIPTION PAGE NO. 4 7 10 11 12 12 21 25 26 28

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT KURUKSHETRA- 136119
TRAINING REPORT TRAINING TITLE

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE S.NO. 1. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 NO. 1.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 DESCRIPTION Comparison of Parallel and Serial Transmission Schemes BER Table for Standard OFDM BER Table for Self Cancellation BER Table for Windowing BER Table for Maximum Likelihood BER Table for Epsilon = 0.0 BER Table for Epsilon = 0.15 BER Table for Epsilon = 0.30 BER Table for QAM BER Table for BPSK BER Table for MSK BER Table for N=32 BER Table for N=128

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. KURUKSHETRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT KURUKSHETRA- 136119