NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 ABAQUS/CAEBonePlateTutorial I. ModelingtheBoneSegment a. OpenABAQUS/CAEandselectCreateModelDatabase b. RightclickonthePartstabandselectCreate. c. NamethePartBoneandusethedefaultoptions(3D,Deformable,Solid,Extrusion)and clickContinue d. SelecttheCreateCircleiconfromthetoolbartotheleftoftheviewport e. SettheCenterpointtobe(0,0)andtheperimeterpointtobe(0,12.5).Setanother centerpointtobe(0,0)withaperimeterpointat(0,7.5).Thesketchshouldlooklikethe oneshowninFigure1.ClicktheredXandclickDonewhenyouarefinished.Typeina depthof140andclickOK.

Create Circle

Figure1.SketchofBoneSegment

f.

CreateaDatumPlanebyselectingToolsDatum.ClickonPlaneastheTypeand OffsetfromprincipalplaneastheMethod.SelecttheYZplaneandanoffsetof12.5. HitEnterandthenclicktheredXwhenyouaredone. g. NowgototheshapemenuatthetopofthescreenandselectCutExtrudeandwhen askedtoselectaplanefortheextrudedcut,clickontheplanejustcreated.Then,select thebottom(z)outsideedgeofthebonefortheedgethatwillappearverticalandto theright. h. Thesketchwindowshouldcomeupandselectthecreatecircletool.Usingtheentrybox belowthegrid,createtwocircles,thefirsthavingacenterpointat(35,0)anda

NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 perimeterpointat(33,0)andasecondhavingacenterpointat(35,0)and(33,0).Click ontheredXandclickDonewhenyouarefinished.Makesurethatthedirectionis pointingtowardthecenterofthecylinder;selectBlindastheType,input26asthe depth,andclickOK.ThepartshouldappearastheoneshowninFigure2.

Figure2.BoneExtrusionwithHolesCutOut

II.

ModelingtheBonePlate a. Createanewpart(usepartmenu)withthedefaultoptionsandnameitBonePlate. b. SelecttheCreateRectangleiconandsetthestartingcorneras(6,0)andtheopposite corneras(6,140) c. Createacirclewithacenterpointat(0,35)andaperimeterpointat(0,33).Create anothercirclewithacenterpointat(0,105)andaperimeterpointat(0,103).Thenclick ontheredXandselectDone.Theninput6asthedepthandclickOK.Yourmodel shouldlookliketheoneshowninFigure3.

Figure3.ExtrudedBonePlate

III.

ModelingtheScrew

NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 a. CreateanotherpartwiththedefaultoptionsandnameitScrew. b. SelecttheCreateCircleiconandset(0,0)asthecenterpointand(0,2)astheperimeter point.ClicktheredX,clickDoneandtheninput32asthedepthandselectOK. CreatingtheAssembly a. Clickonthe+signbytheAssemblytab.RightclickonInstancesandselectCreate. ClickonBone,leavetheTypeasDependant,andselectOK. b. CreateanotherinstanceandselecttheBonePlate.Also,leavetypeasDependent. SelectOK. c. Thenatthetopofthescreen,clicktheconstraintmenuandselectCoaxial.Clickona holeintheboneplateasthemovableinstanceandselectaholeonthebonetobethe fixedinstance.Thepartswilllineupsothatthatthearrowsarepointinginthesame direction.Whentheyarealignedlikeyouwouldlikethemtobe,clickOK. d. Constraintheotherholeintheboneplatecoaxialwiththeholeinthebone.Thebone platewillthenlikelybeinthecenterofthebone. e. CreateaFacetoFaceconstraintfromtheconstrainmenuatthetopofthescreen, makingthefaceontheboneplatefurthestawayfromtheholesinthebonetobethe movableinstanceandclickonthedatumplaneyoucreatedasthefixedinstance.(You mayneedtorotateyourmodeltoselecttheplateface).Ifthearrowsdonotpointinthe samedirection,youwillneedtofliponeofthem.TheviewportshouldlooklikeFigure 4.Whenitis,clickOK.Setthedistancealongthenormaltobe0andhitEnter.

IV.

Figure4.Assemblywithfacestobeconstrainedselected

f.

GotothePartstabanddoubleclickontheBonePlate.CreateaDatumplaneontheface thatisfurthestawayfromthebone.TodothisgotoToolsDatumandclickonPlaneas type.Thenselect3pointsasthemethodandclickonthreepointsonthesameface(one ofthetwofaceswiththeholesinthem)oftheboneplate,wherethethirdpointisnotin thesamelineasthefirsttwopoints.

NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 g. ThengobacktotheAssemblymodulebydoubleclickingontheAssemblytabonthe ModelTree.Iftheboneplatehasplanesonbothsides,youselectedtherightfacefor thenewdatumplane.Ifnot,thendeletetheplaneyoujustcreatedandcreateditonthe oppositesideoftheboneplate.(UsetheFeaturesoptionunderboneplateinthe modeltreeandselectdeleteafterselectionDatum.Whenyouaredonetheassembly shouldlookliketheoneinFigure5.

Figure5.Assemblywithtwodatumplanes

h. Nowthatyouhaveanotherdatumplane,createascrewinstance. i. Constrainthescrewtobecoaxialwithoneoftheboneplateholes(seepartc).Then constrainoneoftheflatfacesoftheboltwithafacetofaceconstrainttothenewdatum planejustcreated.Eitheronecanbethefixedormovableinstance.(Makesurethatthe arrowpointsinthesamedirection.)Makethedistancebetweenthem0. j. Repeatthepreviousstepforanotherscrewintheotherhole.Youwillneedtocreate anotherscrewinstance.Itisagoodideatonamethescrewsdistal(z)andproximal (+z).ThefinishedassemblyshouldlookliketheoneshowninFigure6.

Figure6.CompletedAssembly

NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 V. Materials a. RightclickontheMaterialstabonthemodeltreeandselect Create.NamethematerialStainlessSteelandclickon MechanicalElasticityElastic.SetYoungsModulus(E)tobe 200000andPoissonsRatio()tobe0.3.ThenclickOK. b. CreateaBonematerialtohaveE=20,000and=0.3 c. CreateaCallus(fracturedbonebeingrepaired)materialtohave E=10and=0.3 SectionAssignments a. DoubleclickonBoneunderthepartstab b. CreateaDatumplaneoffsetby70.5fromtheXYplaneandthen another69.9fromtheXYplane. c. GotoToolsPartitionandselectCellasthetypeandUsedatum planeastheMethod.Selectthetopdatumplaneandclick CreatePartition.Thenclickonthebottomhalfoftheboneand clickDone.Thenselectthebottomdatumplaneandclick CreatePartitionandselectdone.Yourmodelshouldlooklike thatinFigure7. d. DoubleclickatthetopofthescreenonSectionAssignmentsor onthemodeltreeandthenclickonthetoppartofthebone, thenholdtheshiftandthenclickonthebottomhalf.Thenclick Done. Figure7.PartitionedBone e. IntheEditSectionAssignmentboxthatpopsup,clickCreate. NamethesectionBoneandmakesurethatSolidandHomogeneousareselectedasthe CategoryandTypeandthenclickContinue.NexttoMaterialselectBonefromthe dropdownmenuandclickOKtocreatethesection.ClickOKagainintheEditSection Assignmentboxtocreatethesectionassignment.Thetopandbottomofthebone shouldbeshadedgreen,andthemiddlesectionshouldremainwhite f. Createanewsectionassignmentforthemiddlesectioninthesamewaythatwasjust done.CreateanewsectioncalledCallusandassignitthecallusmaterialproperties. MakesuretoselectCallusundertheEditSectionAssignmentboxaftercreatingthenew section,becauseitwilldefaultbacktoBone. g. Repeatthisprocesswiththeboneplateandthenthescrew,creatingnewsectionsfor bothwiththestainlesssteelmaterial. Surfaces a. DoubleclickontheBonepartonunderthePartstabontheModelTree. b. Doubleclickonsurfaces,nameitOuterCircumference,clickContinueandselectthe outercircumferenceoftheboneinbothsectionsandclickDone. c. Createsurfaceontheholefaceswhichwillbeincontactwiththescrews(Createa surfaceforeachhole.) d. Createsurfacesatthetopandbottomofthebonesection.

VI.

VII.

NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 e. Doubleclickontheboneplatepartandcreateasurfaceonthefaceoftheplateopposite ofthefacewiththedatumplaneonit. f. Thencreatesurfacesonthefacesintheholeswhichwillbeincontactwiththescrews. (Createasurfaceforeachhole). g. DoubleclickontheScrewpartandcreateasurfaceonthecircumferentialfaceofthe screw. Interactions Interactionsallowyoutospecifyhowonesurfaceaffectsanothersurface,sothisiswhere frictionalaffectsarespecified. a. RightclickonInteractionstabontheModelTree,andselectCreate. b. NametheinteractionBoneBonePlateandthestepasInitial.MakesuretheTypeis SurfacetoSurface(Standard)andthenclickContinue. c. Selectthesurfaceyoucreatedontheboneplatetobethemastersurfaceandtheouter circumferenceofthebonetobetheslavesurface.(UsetheSurfaceMenutoselectthe surfaceyoucannotselectthesurfaceintheassembly.IntheRegionSelectionbox,make surethatHighlightselectionsinviewportinthesurfaceselectionmenuischeckedso youcanseewhichsurfaceyouareselecting). d. Settheslidingformulationtosmallsliding,thediscretizationmethodassurfaceto surface,andunderslaveadjustmentselectAdjustonlytoremoveoverclosure.On theSurfaceSmoothingtabselectAutomaticallysmoothsurfacesandontheClearance tableavethedefault(Notspecified).NexttoInteractionPropertyclickCreate.Typein FrictionlessandmakesureContactishighlighted,andclickContinue.Clickon MechanicalandthenTangentialBehavior.ItshouldhaveFrictionlesssetasthe default.ThenclickonMechanicalagainandclickNormalBehavior.Leavethe defaultsettingsandclickOK.ThenclickOKatthebottomoftheinteractionwindowto createtheinteraction. e. CreateaBonePlateScrewsurfacetosurfacecontactinteraction(screwisthemaster andboneplateistheslave)thatissmallsliding,nodetosurfacediscretizationmethod, slavenodesadjustonlytoremoveoverclosure,donotsmoothsurfaces,andaninitial clearanceuniformvalueacrossslavesurfaceof0.Thencreateanotherinteraction propertycalledSteelSteelwiththeTangentialBehaviorsetasPenaltywitha frictionalcoefficientof0.5(withnoothersettings)andtheNormalBehaviorsetasthe defaultsettings. f. Repeatthepreviousstepfortheotherscrew Constraints Constraintslettheprogramknowthatthecylindersstuckthroughthebonearesupposedto bescrewsstuckinthebone.Byconstrainingthesepartstogether,theyactasistheyare perfectlygluedtogether. a. DoubleclickontheConstraintstabontheModelTree b. NametheconstraintBoneScrew1andmakesurethatTieisselectedasthetypeand clickcontinue.

VIII.

IX.

NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 c. Selecttheoutersurfaceofthefirstscrewasthemastersurface,andthecorresponding screwholeintheboneastheslavesurface.IntheRegionSelectionbox,makesurethat Highlightselectionsinviewportinthesurfaceselectionmenuischeckedsoyoucansee whichsurfaceyouareselecting.(UsetheSurfaceMenutoselectthesurfaceyou cannotselectthesurfaceintheassembly) d. LeavethedefaultoptionsintheEditConstraintboxandclickOKtocreatethe constraint e. Repeatthisprocessfortheotherscrew. CreatingBoundaryConditions a. DoubleclickonBoneunderthePartstab. b. CreateasetonthebottomofthebonesegmentcalledFixedEnd. c. RightclickonBCstabontheModelTreeandselectCreate. d. NameitFixedEnd,leavethedefaultoptions(initialstep)selectedandselect Continue. e. ClickonSetsatthebottomrightoftheviewportandclickontheFixedEndset f. SelectEncastreastheboundarycondition,andclickOK. LoadCreation a. DoubleclickontheSteptabontheModelTree.NamethenewstepLoadandmake surethatGeneralisselectedastheProceduretypeandthatStatic,Generalis highlightedandclickContinue.LeavethedefaultsettingsandclickOK. b. ThendoubleclickontheLoadstabontheModelTreeandnamethenewload Pressure.MakesurethestepisLoad,thecategoryisMechanical,andthetypeis Pressure,andthenclickContinue.Selectthetopofthebonesection(theendthat doesnothavetheboundaryconditionappliedtoit)astheregionfortheload.Input2.5 (MPa)asthemagnitudeandclickOK.Yourmodelshouldlookliketheoneshownin Figure8.

X.

XI.

Figure8.BonePlateAssemblywithLoadingandBoundaryConditions

NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 XII. Meshing Meshingbreaksthepartintolittlesections(finiteelements) a. UnderthePartstab,expandBoneanddoubleclickonMesh. b. SelectMeshControlsfromthemenuatthetopofthescreen. c. ClickanddragintheviewportselecttheentiremodelandclickDone.Thenselect Tet(Tetrahedral)astheelementshape.FreewillbeselectedastheMethod,and underAlgorithmselectUsedefaultalgorithmandUsedmappedtrimeshingon boundingfaceswhereappropriate,thenclickOK.Thepartshouldthenturntoadark pinkcolor. d. ThengotoSeedPartfromthemenuatthetopofthescreen.Useanapproximate globalsizeof7,setthecurvaturecontrolfactorto0.03,andclickOK. e. ThengotoMeshPartfromthemenuatthetopofthescreen.ThenclickYesatthe bottomoftheviewporttomeshthepart. f. ExpandtheBonePlatepartontheModelTreeanddoubleclickonMesh g. ChangetheMeshControlstobethesameasthebone.(Partsbandc) h. Seedthepartwithaglobalsizeof3andsetthecurvaturecontrolfactoras0.03andthen meshthepart. i. ExpandtheScrewPartontheModelTreeanddoubleclickonMesh j. LeavetheMeshControlsastheyare.Theyellowcolormeansthatthiswillbea hexahedralmesh. k. Seedthepartwithaglobalsizeof1withcurvaturecontrolkeptat0.1andthenmeshthe part. JobCreation Jobsallowyoutosubmitthemodelyoucreatedtobeanalyzed(andhopefullysolved)by ABAQUS. a. DoubleclickontheJobtabontheModelTree b. NametheJobwithyournameinit(Ex.Stan_Marsh_Bone_Plate)andclickContinue. c. GototheMemorytabandwithPercentofphysicalmemoryselected,input100 d. OntheParallelizationtab,selectUsemultipleprocessorswhichdefaultsto2.Then clickOKatthebottomofthewindowtocreatethejob. e. ExpandtheJobtabonthemodeltree,rightclickonthejobyoucreated,andselect Submit. f. Themodelshouldtakeabout10minutestorun.Whenitisdone,therightclickonthe jobandselectResults. InterpretationofResults a. ClickonthePlotContoursonDeformedShapeicon onrightoftheviewport.The modelwilllookverydeformedasitisbeingexaggeratedsoyoucanseetheeffect.To seetheactualdeformation,gotoOptionsCommonfromthemenuatthetopofthe screen.OntheBasictaboftheCommonPlotOptionswindow,selectUniformasthe deformationscalefactor,input1asthevalue,andclickOK.

XIII.

XIV.

NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 b. UndertheOutputDatabasestreeontheleft,expandyourjob,thenexpandInstances, rightclickonBONEPLATE1andselectReplace. c. VonMisesstressisthedefaultoutputparameter,souseaprintscreentotakea screenshotofyourentiremodelwiththestresslegend.PastetheimageintoPaint,crop it,andsavetheimage.(orprintfromFilemenuatthetopofpage) d. Tochangetheoutputparameter,gotoResultFieldOutputfromthemenuatthetop ofthescreen. e. ClickontheSymbolVariabletabandselectSelecteddirectcomponentunderTensor Variableonthebottomleftofthebox.MakesurethattheoutputvariableSis selected.ThenclickonS11toseewhatdirectionthosestressesarein.Thearrows shouldbegoingleftandright.ClickonS22andthenS33tounderstandwhichdirection thosestressesarein. f. GobacktothePrimaryVariableTabandchecktheboxthatsaysListonlyvariableswith results(atintegrationpoints). g. SelectS11andclickApply.IntheboxthatpopsupselectContourandclickOK.Make suretheelementsareorientedasdescribedpreviously.RepeatthisprocessforS22,S12 andS33.PrintScreentocapturethevonMisesstress.Croptheimagewiththelegend showingandsaveit.Youwillturninthisimage. CreatingaNodePath(forviewingresultsalongaparticularpath) a. Produceamodelplotwithnodesymbolsandnodenumbersvisiblepriortocreatingthe pathTherearedifferentwaystodothis(seenodelist,edgelistandcircularinSection44 ofABAQUS/CAEUsersManual). i. Inplotmenuatthetopofthepage,selectundeformedshape ii. UnderOptionsCommonchooseLabelsandthenshownodelabels. iii. Makeacuttoviewnodenumbersinpatharea. ToolsViewCutManager SelectzplanethencheckModeltobestviewnodesatthedesiredlocation (e.g.atposition=70).Checkview/orientationandmagnificationtogetnodesor desiredpath.(Leftorrightviews)Itdoesnotmatterifyouselectnodesonthe +zorzfaceoftheboneadjacenttothefracturecallus. iv. Notenodesalongpathofinterest(i.e.outercircumference). b. CreateNodePath ToolsPathCreate InputName= SelectNodelistandthenContinue Youcaneitherselectnodesfromtheviewport(addbeforeorafter)orput preselectednodesinthePathdefinitiontable(e.g.4,65:89:1or8,166:190:1). Firstselectpartinstanceandtheneitherenternodeintableorselectfrom viewportasdescribedinSection44oftheabaqusmanual. SelectOK(Repeatasnecessaryforotherpaths.) c. Viewresultsfornodepath

XV.

NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 i LocatetheXYDatafromPathoptions:

Fromthemainmenubar,selectTools XYData Create.Fromthedialogboxthat appears,selectPath;thenclickContinue.TheXYDatafromPathdialogboxappears. ii ClickthePatharrowtoselectthepathforwhichtoobtaindata.

Themodelplotinthecurrentviewportchangestohighlightthepathyouhaveselected.If thepathisnotcorrect,gobacktostepaorbandmakethecorrections. iii ClicktheUndeformedtochoosewhetherAbaqusinterpretsthepointsthatmakeup thepathaslocationsontheundeformedorthedeformedmodelshape,respectively. ToobtainXYdataatlocationswherethepathintersectsthemodelaswellasatthe pointsthatmakeupthepath,theIncludeintersectionsisused.Thedefaultisto obtaindataonlyatthepointsthatmakeupthepath.Forundeformedshape,donot selectincludeintersection. Forxaxis,choosetruedistanceandforyaxis,choosethefinalloadincrement(e.g. index=1).Forfieldoutput,chooseS33(zaxisnormalstress). Toevaluateanddisplaythedata,clickPlot.

iv

v.

vi

AnXYplotappearsinthecurrentviewport.Theplotrepresentsthedatayouhave configuredinthedialogbox,whichAbaqusconsiderstemporarydatawhetherornot youhaveclickedSaveAstosaveit. vii Tosavethedatayouhaveconfigured,clickSaveAs.

Note:ToplotyoursavedXYdataobject,selectTools XYData Plotfromthemain menubarandchoosetheXYdataobjectfromthepullrightmenu. viii REPEATTHERESULTSPROCESSFORFEARUNSWHERETHEFRACTURECALLUSMODULUS ISEQUALTO: 1%HEALED 50%HEALED 75%HEALED 100%HEALED E=10MPa E=10,000MPa E=15,000MPa E=20,000 (alreadydoneabove) Whenyouhavefinished,clickCanceltoclosethedialogbox.

NobleandNorman,CedarvilleUniversity,2009,RevA.12010 WHATTOTURNIN: Foreachrun:

1.Vonmisesscreenprintofentiremodel 2.GraphofS33stressvstruedistancealongpath. 3.QualitativelycompareyourresultstothosepresentedinBenlietal.2008(found ontheSdriveintheprojectsdirectory).Discussdiscrepancies(therewillbesome).