Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit)

Moraceae (mulberry family)

beta (Vanuatu); bia, bulo, nimbalu (Solomon Islands); breadfruit (English); kapiak (Papua New Guinea); kuru (Cook
Islands); meduu (Palau); mei (mai) (Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshalls, Marquesas, Tonga, Tuvalu);
mos (Kosrae); ulu (Hawaii, Samoa, Rotuma, Tuvalu); uru (Society Islands); uto, buco (Fiji)
Diane Ragone
IN BRIEF
Distribution Pantropical, very widely dis-
tributed.
SizeCommonlyfoundat1215m(4050ft).
Habitat Grows best in tropical lowlands be-
low650m(2160ft)withrainfallof15003000
mm(60120in).
Vegetation Associatedwithawidevarietyof
cultivatedplants.
Soils Deep, fertile, well drained soils are
preferred; some varieties are adapted to coral
atolls.
Growthrate Fastgrowinginfavorablecondi-
tions,growing0.51.5m(1.55ft)peryear.
Main agroforestry uses Soil stabilization,
overstory,homegardens.
Mainproducts Staplefood,medicinal,light-
weightwood.
Yields 160500kg(3501100lb)fruitpertree
peryearinintensivecultivation.
Intercropping Interplanted with small fruit
treesorshort-termfruitandvegetablecrops.
Invasive potential Very little potential for
invasiveness.
A young breadfruit tree.
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SpeciesProflesforPacifcIslandAgroforestry
www.traditionaltree.org
April2006
ver.2.1
2 Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)
INTRODUCTION
Breadfruit has long been an important staple crop and a
primarycomponentoftraditionalagroforestrysystemsin
Oceania, where numerous varieties are grown. Te fruit
canbecookedandeatenatallstagesofmaturity,ishighin
carbohydrates, and is a good source of minerals and vita-
mins.Inadditiontoproducingabundant,nutritious,tasty
fruits,thismultipurposetreeprovidesmedicine,construc-
tion materials, and animal feed.Te attractive, evergreen
trees grow to heights of 15 to 21 m (48 to 70 ft) or more
andthetrunksmaybeaslargeas2m(6.6ft)indiameter
at the base.Te trees begin bearing in 35 years and are
productive for many decades.Tey are easy to propagate,
requirelittleattentionandinputoflaborormaterials,and
canbegrownunderawiderangeofecologicalconditions.
Mostbreadfruitisproducedforsubsistencepurposesand
small quantities are available for sale in town markets as
freshfruitorchips.Tereisinterestinestablishingsmall-
scaleorchardstoprovidefreshfruitsandchipsforexport
from Pacifc islands to New Zealand, the United States,
andCanada.
DISTRIBUTION
Nativerange
Te wild, seeded, ancestral form of breadfruit, Artocarpus
camansiBlanco,orbreadnut,isnativetoNewGuinea,and
possiblytheMoluccas(Indonesia)andPhilippines.Bread-
fruit, both seeded and seedless forms, does not naturally
occur in the Pacifc islands, although long-abandoned
plantings are sometimes mistaken for wild trees. It was
frstdomesticatedinthewesternPacifcandspreadbyhu-
mansthroughouttheregionbeginning3000yearsago.
Currentdistribution
Breadfruit is cultivated on most Pacifc islands, with the
exception of New Zealand and Easter Island. It is now
pantropical in distribution. In the late 1700s several seed-
less varieties were introduced to Jamaica and St.Vincent
fromTahiti,andaTonganvarietywasintroducedtoMar-
tinique and Cayenne via Mauritius.Tese Polynesian va-
rietieswerethenspreadthroughouttheCaribbeanandto
CentralandSouthAmerica,Africa,India,SoutheastAsia,
Madagascar, the Maldives, the Seychelles, Indonesia, Sri
Lanka,andnorthernAustralia.Breadfruitisalsofoundin
southFlorida.
Breadfruit is a beautiful and prolifc tree, and an essential
componentoftraditionalPacifcislandagriculture.photo:J.
Wiseman
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
Preferredscientifcname
Artocarpus altilis(Parkinson)Fosberg
Family
Moraceae
Non-preferredscientifcnames
Artocarpus camansi
A. mariannensis
A. communis
A. incisa
Commonnames
Pacifcislands
beta(Vanuatu)
bia, bulo, nimbalu(SolomonIslands)
breadfruit(English)
kapiak(PapuaNewGuinea)
kuru(CookIslands)
meduu(Palau)
mei (mai) (Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati,
Marshalls,Marquesas,Tonga,Tuvalu)
SpeciesProhlesforPacihcIslandAgroforestry(www.traditionaltree.org) 3
mos(Kosrae)
ulu(Hawaii,Samoa,Rotuma,Tuvalu)
uru(SocietyIslands)
uto, buco(Fiji)
Otherregions
rbol a pan(Spanish)
l arbre pan(French)
rimas(Philippines)
sukun(Indonesia)
Size
Treescanreachheightsof21m(70ft)ormoreatmaturity,
morecommonlyaround1215m(4050ft).Tetrunkmay
belargeas2m(6.6ft)indiameter,occasionallygrowingto
aheightof4mormore(13ft)beforebranching.Awhite
milkylatexispresentinallpartsofthetree.
Form
Single-trunkedtreewithspreading,evergreencanopy.
Flowers
Monoecious with male and female fowers on the same
treeandthemaleinforescenceappearingfrst.Malefow-
ersareclub-shaped,upto5cm(2in)indiameterand45cm
(18in)long.Tousandsoftinyfowerswithtwoanthersare
attached to a central, spongy core. Female inforescences
consistof15002000reducedfowersattachedtoaspongy
core.Tefowersfusetogetheranddevelopintothefeshy,
edible portion of the fruit. It is cross-pollinated, but pol-
linationisnotrequiredforthefruittoform.
Leaves
Leavesarealternate,broadlyobovatetobroadlyovate,al-
most entire, with only slight lobing to deeply pinnately
lobed,withsinusesupto2/3ormoreofthedistancefrom
margintomidrib,withuptosixpairsoflobesandalarge
apical tip. Blade is generally smooth, glossy, dark green
withgreenoryellow-greenveins,andfewtomanywhite
toreddish-whitehairsonthemidribandveins.Leaveson
newshootsandrootsuckersaregenerallylargerandmore
hirsutethanleavesonmaturebranches.Sizeisvariablede-
pending on the variety, ranging from 1560 cm (624 in)
long.
Fruit
Fruitsarevariableinshape,size,andsurfacetexture.Tey
areusuallyround,oval,oroblongrangingfrom9to20cm
(3.68 in) wide and more than 30 cm (12 in) long, weigh-
ing 0.256 kg (0.513 lb).Te tough skin is composed of
fve-toseven-sideddisks,eachthesurfaceofanindividual
fower.Twostrap-shaped,refexedstigmasprotrudefrom
centerofthediskandoftenleaveasmalldistinctivescar
whentheyblackenandwither.Teskintexturevariesfrom
smoothly to slightly bumpy or spiny. Te color is light
green, yellowish-green, or yellow when mature, although
oneunusualvariety(AfarafromtheSocietyIslands)has
pinkishororange-brownskin.Teskinisusuallystained
withdriedlatexexudationsatmaturity.Tefeshiscreamy
whiteorpaleyellowandcontainsnonetomanyseeds,de-
pendinguponthevariety.Fruitsaretypicallymatureand
readytoharvestandeatasastarchystaplein1519weeks.
Ripe fruits have a yellow or yellow-brown skin and soft,
sweet,creamyfeshthatcanbeeatenrawbutrarelyisin
thePacifc
Te leaves and fruit are found in an amazing diversity of
shapes,sizes,andshadesofcolor.photos:D.Ragone
4 Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)
Seeds
TroughoutthePacifc,breadfruitexhibitsgreatmorpho-
logical variability, ranging from true seedless varieties to
thosewithseveralsmallabortedseeds,oronetoafewvi-
ableseeds,tovarietieswithnumerousviableseeds.Seeded
typesaremostcommoninthesouthwesternPacifc.Seed-
less varieties are most common in Micronesia and the
easternislandsofPolynesia.Allofthebreadfruitvarieties
elsewhereinthetropicsareseedless.
Seeds are thin-walled, subglobose or obovoid, irregularly
compressed, 12 cm (0.40.8 in) thick, and embedded in
thepulp.Teouterseedcoatisusuallyshinydarkbrown
withalightbrowninnerseedcoat.Seedshavelittleorno
endospermandnoperiodofdormancy;theygerminateim-
mediatelyandareunabletowithstanddesiccation.Seeds
aredistributedbyfyingfoxes,wheretheyoccur.Seedsare
rarelyusedforpropagation.
Howtodistinguishfromsimilarspecies
Artocarpus camansi (breadnut, camansi) has oblong, very
spiny fruits with little pulp and numerous large, light-
brownseedsandlarge,shallowlydissectedleaveswith46
pairs of lobes. Artocarpus mariannensis (dugdug, chebiei)
hassmall,cylindricalorkidney-shaped,dark-greenfruits
withyellowfeshanddark-brownseeds,andsmall,entire
toshallowly13-lobedleaves.
GENETICS
Variabilityofspecies
Breadfruit is genetically diverse, especially the seeded
formsinthewesternPacifcandhybrids(withArtocarpus
mariannensis)inMicronesia.NumerousPolynesiantriploid
varietiesaregeneticallyidenticalbutmorphologicallydis-
tinct.Tese Polynesian triploids tend to not thrive under
atollconditions,whilebothseededandseedlesshybridva-
rietiesarebestadaptedtotheseconditions.
Knownvarieties
TerearehundredsofnamedvarietiesinthePacifcislands
that are perpetuated clonally by vegetative propagation.
Somevarietieshaveawidedistribution,suchasMaopoin
SamoaandTonga(knownasRareautiainSocietyIslands,
Mei aukape in Marquesas, Uto lolo in Fiji, Morava in
CookIslands,andSrafoninKosrae).Othersarelocalized
tospecifcislands.
Maopohasanalmostentireleafwithshallowlobesatthe
tip.Te seedless fruits are oval or broad ovoid with pale
white or creamy fesh, 1626 cm (6.410.4 in) long and
1618 cm (6.47.2 in) wide, weighing 23.5 kg (4.47.7 lb),
averaging 2.4 kg (5.2 lb).Te trees reach heights of 15 m
(50ft)ortaller,andthetimberisusedforhousebuilding
inSamoa.
Maafala is common throughout Polynesia and has been
introducedtoPohnpei,Kosrae,andTuvalu.Itisgenerally
asmallertreeupto10m(33ft)tallwithaspreadingcano-
py.Tesmallleavesaremoderatelydissectedwiththreeto
fvepairsoflobes.Tesmallfruitsareovaloroblongwith
whitefesh,1216cm(4.85.4in)longand1013cm(45.4
in)wide,weighing0.61kg(1.32.2lb),averaging0.75kg
(1.6lb),withnonetofewseeds.
Puou is common throughout Polynesia. It is generally a
smallertreeupto10m(33ft)tallwithadense,spreading
canopy.Telargeleavesaredull,shallowlydissectedwith
46pairsoflobes.Tefruitsareround,1220cm(4.88in)
long and 1117 cm (4.46.8 in) wide, weighing 1.22.4 kg
(2.44.8lb),averaging1.5kg(3.3lb)withalong,stoutstalk
Look-a-likes A. camansi (left)andA. mariannensis(right).photos:D.Ragone
SpeciesProhlesforPacihcIslandAgroforestry(www.traditionaltree.org) 5
upto10cm(4in)andadistinctiveraisedneck.Tepale
whiteorcreamyfeshhasnonetofewseeds.
Mein iwe (Mos n wa, Motinwae, Mejenwe) is an im-
portantvarietyinthetheFSM,theMarshallIslands,and
Kiribati.Tedeeplydissectedleaveshave34pairsoflobes.
Teroundtoovalfruitswithwhitefeshareseedless,1221
cm(4.88.4in)longand1216cm(4.86.4in)wide,and
weigh0.82.2kg(1.74.8lb),averaging1.6kg(3.5lb).
ASSOCIATED PLANT SPECIES
Breadfruit is an aboriginal introduction in the Pacifc is-
lands and occurs only in cultivation throughout the area.
It is grown around homes in villages and towns and is
an important component of agroforestry systems, es-
pecially on the high islands of the FSM. It is associated
with other staple crops such as taro (Colocasia esculenta),
yam(Dioscoreaspp.),banana,aswellasTahitianchestnut
(Inocarpus fagifer), noni (Morinda citrifolia, Indian mul-
berry),coconut,kava(Piper methysticum),cacao,cofee,and
various fruit trees such as citrus and papaya. Understory
plantsincludePolynesianarrowroot(Tacca leotopetaloides)
andCurcuma australasiatica(inPohnpei).
ENVIRONMENTAL PREFERENCES
AND TOLERANCES
Climate
Breadfruit has a wide range of adaptability to ecological
conditions. It grows best in equatorial lowlands below
600650m(20002160ft)butisfoundatelevationsupto
1550 m (5100 ft).Te latitudinal limits are approximately
17NandS;butmaritimeclimatesextendthatrangetothe
TropicsofCancerandCapricorn.
Elevationrange
01550m(5100ft)
Left:YoungfarmerFaaaligainAmericanSamoawiththelarge-fruitedAveloloatala.photo:C.elevitCh.Topandbottomright:
VarietiesMaopoandMeinpadahk.photos:D.Ragone.
6 Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)
Meanannualrainfall
15003000mm(60120in),buttreescanyieldregularlyon
Pacifcatollsthatreceive1000mm(40in)
Rainfallpattern
Itprefersclimateswithsummerrains.
Dryseasonduration(consecutivemonthswith<40mm
[1.6in]rainfall)
03months
Meanannualtemperature
1540C(59104F),doesbestat2132C(7090F)
Meanmaximumtemperatureofhottestmonth
3238C(90100F)
Meanminimumtemperatureofcoldestmonth
1618C(6164F)
Minimumtemperaturetolerated
510C(4150F)
Soils
Deep, fertile, well drained soils are preferred, although
some varieties are adapted to the shallow sandy soils of
coralatolls.
Soiltexture
Breadfruit prefers light and medium soils (sands, sandy
loams,loams,andsandyclayloams).
Soildrainage
Itrequiresfreelydrainingsoils.
Soilacidity
Neutraltoalkalinesoils(pH7.46.1)
Specialsoiltolerances
Breadfruit tolerates saline soils, as well as coralline soils
andatolls.
Tolerances
rought
Breadfruit can withstand drought for a few months but
willprematurelydropitsfruits.
Breadfruitiscompatiblewithmanyothercultivatedcropssuchasbananaandtaro,asshownhere.Inthelowerleftcornerare
youngFlueggea fexuosaandcoconutseedlings,whichwillgrowtoovertopthebreadfruit.AmericanSamoa.photo:C.elevitCh
SpeciesProhlesforPacihcIslandAgroforestry(www.traditionaltree.org) 7
Iullsun
Tetreedoesbestinfullsunandformstheoverstorycan-
opyintraditionalmixedagroforests.
Shade
Youngtreesprefer2050%shadewhenyoungbutcanbe
growninfullsun.
Iire
Itcansproutbackfromtherootsafterasmallfre,butthe
trunkandbranchesarenotfre-tolerant.
Irost
Itisdamagedbyfrost,whichcausesittoloseallfruitsand
leaves,andsomebranchdie-backmayoccur.
Waterlogging
It can tolerate waterlogged soils for only very brief peri-
ods.
Saltspray
It can tolerate some salt spray for brief periods, but the
leaveswillturnyellowandfall.
Wind
Te branches break and shed in heavy winds, especial-
ly with a heavy fruit load, but new shoots and branches
quicklyregrow.
Abilities
Breadfruit produces numerous root shoots when roots
are cut or damaged. It quickly regrows new shoots and
branchesafterwinddamageorwhentoppedtofacilitate
harvest.Evenlargetrees1m(3.3ft)orgreaterindiameter
will regenerate and produce fruits again in as soon as 2
yearsafterseverepruning.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Growthrate
Breadfruitisfastgrowinginfavorableconditions,growing
0.51.5m(1.74.8ft)peryearandtoadiameterofcloseto1
m(3.3ft)inthefrst1012years.Smallbranchesoftendie
backatthetipafterfruiting,butnewshootsandbranches
continuetodevelopthroughoutthelifeofthetree.
Floweringandfruiting
Breadfruit bears seasonally, with most varieties produc-
ingoneortwocropsperyear.Temaincroptypicallyoc-
curs during the hot, rainy, summer months, followed by
a smaller crop 34 months later. Trees grown from seed
beginfoweringandproducefruitin610years,orsooner.
Vegetativelypropagatedtreesstartfruitingin36years.
Yields
Yieldsareextremelyvariable,rangingfromlessthan100to
morethan700fruitspertree,dependingonthevariety,age,
andconditionofthetree.Averageyieldsare150200fruits
pertree.AstudyofPohnpeianvarietiesrecorded:
Variety Numberoffruits Averageyield
Meiniwe 30268 141
Meinpadahk 26557 219
Meiuhwp 10615 218
Rootinghabit
Rootsarespreadingandgrowonorslightlybelowthesur-
faceoftheground.Somevarieties,especiallyA. altilisA.
mariannensishybrids,developextensivebuttressroots.
Reactiontocompetition
Breadfruitdoeswellinterplantedwithawidearrayofplants,
andmorethan120usefulspecieshavebeendocumentedin
traditional breadfruit agroforests on Pohnpei.Vines such
as Merremia peltata, if left unchecked, can smother and
eventuallykillthetrees.
Root shoot growing from surface roots. Root shoots help
breadfruit trees survive wind damage and are a primary
sourceforpropagationmaterial.photo:D.Ragone
8 Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)
Diseasesandpests
It is relatively free of diseases and pests, although mealy-
bugs can be a problem locally. Phellinus noxius, a root
rot, and fruit rots caused by Phytophthora, Colletotrichum
(anthracnose), and Rhizopus can be a problem. Fruit fies
infestripefruitsonthetreeandground.Treedeclineand
dieback have been a problem throughout the Pacifc and
Caribbean islands, especially on atolls. No pathological
causehasbeenidentifed.Itisconsideredtobetheresult
of storm damage, drought, aging of the trees, and salin-
ity.Properhusbandrypractices,suchasremovingdeadand
dyingbranchesandmulching,areessentialtomaintaining
thehealthandvigorofthetrees.
PROPAGATION
Breadfruit is easy to propagate from root shoots or root
cuttings, by air-layering branches, or from seeds. Bread-
fruit can also be grafted using various techniques. Stem
cuttingsarenotused.Seedsarerarelygrownbecausethey
do not develop true to type. Vegetative propagation is a
mustforseedlessvarieties,androotshootsorrootcuttings
arethepreferredmethodsforbothseededandseedlessva-
rieties.
Propagationbyrootshootsandrootcuttings
Itisbesttocollectrootshootsandrootcuttingsafterthe
fruiting season is over and when the tree is in an active
vegetativestage,producingnewleaves.Tisgenerallycoin-
cideswiththeendofthedryseason,androotshoots/cut-
tings should be collected as the rainy season commences.
Tisistheperiodwhencarbohydratestoresintherootsare
attheirhighestlevels.
Collectionandhandlingofpropagatingmaterial
Rootshoots
Te use of root shoots to propagate breadfruit is the tra-
ditional method in the Pacifc, and some varieties, such
asPuou, produce numerous root shoots. Collect healthy
shootswhentheyareatleast2025cm(810in)talland
thestemhasbecomewoodyandisproducinglobedleaves.
Shootsupto1m(3.3ft)tallcanbeused.Removebycut-
tingtheattachedroot1015cm(46in)oneithersideof
the shoot and carefully lifting out the shoot and any at-
tachedrootsystem.Useasharpmacheteorclipperstosev-
ertheshootfromtheparenttreeandtofacilitatewound
healing. It is difcult to avoid damaging the shoots root
system when the shoot is removed, so root shoots need
tobegrownundernurseryconditionsbeforeoutplanting.
Tesuccessrateofdirectlytransplantingshootstoanother
locationislow,around25%.Trimoftheleavesandcutthe
tip at a 45 degree angle at a height of 1530 cm (612 in;
seephoto).Trimmingthetipmakestherootshootmore
manageable,andtheapicalshoottendstodiebackanyway.
Plantinorganic,welldrainedmediaina12gallon(10-20
cm) pot. Keep shaded (up to 60% shade) and moist, but
notwet,andmistingisrecommended.Itshouldneverbe
allowedtodryout.Dependingonthesizeoftheshoot,it
will need to be grown under nursery conditions for 36
months before outplanting. Te percentage of successful
rootingandshootgrowthrangesfrom50to90%.
Rootcuttings
Rootshootsarenotalwaysavailablefromadesiredvariety,
and root cuttings can be used to mass-propagate bread-
fruit.Collectrootsfromhealthy,vigoroustrees.Carefully
excavate roots that are growing just beneath the surface
ofthesoil.Donotusesurfacerootsbecausethesetendto
dryoutandhavealowersuccessrate.Lookforrootswith
small rounded bumps on the surfacethese adventitious
buds will develop into new shoots. Roots 1.56 cm (0.6
2.4in)indiametercanbeused,and34cm(1.41.8in)is
suggested for best results. Removing roots larger than 6
cm (2.4 in) can be detrimental to the tree, damaging the
rootsystem,andbecausethewoundedareawillhealmore
slowly. Use a sharp machete or clippers to sever the root
andfacilitatewoundhealing.Teremainingattachedroot
willoftendeveloparootshootatthecutend.
Cutrootsinto1525cm(610in)sections.Itisbesttowash
andscrubtherootstoremovesoil.Discardanypiecesthat
are damaged or misshapen. Treatment with fungicide is
recommendedtopreventgrowthofpathogensthatcause
rootrots.Hormonetreatmentisnotrequiredbutstandard
hormonemixescanbeusedaccordingtothemanufactur-
Rootshootsandrootcuttings,bothpicturedhereinnursery
containers,aretheprimarymeansofpropagatingbreadfruit.
photo:D.Ragone
SpeciesProhlesforPacihcIslandAgroforestry(www.traditionaltree.org) 9
ersrecommendation.
Place the roots in a propagating bed, fats, or individual
pots.Spaceroots1015cm(46in)inarowand1520cm
(68 in) between rows in beds or fats. Use well drained
potting media or clean, washed silica sand. Do not use
beachsandbecauseitistoosalineandalkaline.Cuttings
areplacedeitherhorizontal(coveredwithmedia)oratan
angle,butnotupright,withasmallupperportionofthe
rootexposed.
Root cuttings should be kept shaded (up to 60% shade)
andmoist,butnotwet;mistingisrecommended.Teroots
shouldneverbeallowedtodryout.Tepercentageofroot-
ingrangesfrom75to85%.Shootsbegintodevelopfrom
adventitiousbudsafter34weeks.Whenshootsare2025
cm (810 in) tall with their own root systemusually in
46monthscarefullyuprootandtransplantinto23gal-
lon (2030 cm) pots. Use a well drained medium. If add-
ing fertilizer (such as balanced 888) use only sparingly,
lessthanhalfthemanufacturersrecommendations.Keep
plants in partial shade and weed-free. Grow to a size of
0.61.6m(2464in)in69months.
Propagationbyair-layering
It is best to air-layer branches at the beginning of the
rainyseasonwhenthetreeisinanactivevegetativestage,
producing new shoots and leaves, and before fruits ap-
pear. Select newly developed shoots, and do not use the
endsofbranchesthathavepreviouslyfoweredorfruited.
Branches24cm(0.81.6in)arepreparedforair-layering
byremovingastripofbark35cm(1.42in)widearound
the circumference of the branch. Use a sharp knife and
becarefulnottocutintothewood.Rootinghormoneis
notrequiredbutifused,followthemanufacturersrecom-
mendations. Wrap moistened sphagnum moss, or other
organicmedia,aroundthisareaandholditinplacewith
apieceofplastic,aluminumfoil,burlap,orcoprabagtied
around the branch. Up to 50% of air-layers will not root
butinsteadformaringofhardenedcallusalongtheend
ofthecut.Also,thebranchesarebrittleandmaysnapof
in high winds. Tey can be braced with bamboo splints
placedoverthewrappedair-layer.After24months,new
rootswilldevelopandgrowthroughthemedium.Remove
theair-layerbycuttingthebranchdirectlybelowtheroots.
Placeina12gallon(10-20cm)potinawelldrainedme-
diumuntiltheplanthasanestablishedrootsystem(about
ayear).Tetipofthebranchoftendiesandtheair-layer
will fail to take unless a new shoot develops from buds
loweronthebranch.
Establishmentinthenursery
Youngbreadfruitplantsgrowbestinpartialshade,sofull-
sun hardening is often not necessary. However, if plants
are to be planted in full sun, gradually move to full-sun
conditionsinthenurserytohardenthemtothesitecon-
ditions,atabout2months.Youngplantsshouldneverbe
allowedtodryoutorbeexposedtostrongwind.
Outplanting
Outplant when the plants have reached the desired size.
Becauseoftheirlargesurfaceareaitisbesttoreducethe
sizeoftheleavestoreducetranspiration.Carefullyremove
1/2to2/3ofthelowerleaves.Donotremoveordamagethe
growingpointoftheplantwherenewleavesdevelop.Pro-
tect from wind and excessive heat during transport. Dig
aholethesamedepthofthecontainerandtwiceaswide
asthecontainer.Addasmallamountoffertilizer,suchas
888slow-releasefertilizer,tothebottomoftheholeand
coverwithsoil.Topreventinjurytothedelicaterootsys-
tem,carefullycutofthecontainerratherthanpullingthe
plantout.Placethebreadfruittreeinthehole,addsoilno
higherthantheleveloftheplantinthepot,top-dresswith
compost, and water well. Close to 100% success rate can
beexpected.
Youngplantspreferpartialshade.Itisbesttoplantatthe
onsetoftherainyseason,butiftheweatherisdry,irrigate
forthefrst13monthsofestablishment.Onceestablished,
breadfruittreescanwithstandadryseasonof34months,
although it prefers moist conditions. Mulching young
plantsisbenefcialbyhelpingkeepthesoilmoistandadd-
ingasteadysupplyofnutrients.Italsohelpscontrolweeds
Although a less common means of propagation than root
suckers and root cuttings, air-layering of breadfruit also
works well. Air-layers are shown here wrapped in alumi-
num foil to reduce evaporation and keep them cool. photo:
C.elevitCh
10 Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)
aroundtherootsystem.Useofherbicidestocontrolweeds
aroundthebaseofthetreecandamagethetreeifitcomes
in contact with the surface roots or young trunk. Young
trees need to be protected from cattle, goats, horses, and
pigsthatwilleatthebarkandtendershoots.
DISADVANTAGES
Potentialforinvasiveness
Breadfruit has no potential for invasiveness. Most of the
varieties are seedless and can only be propagated veg-
etatively, requiring humans to distribute and spread this
species. Breadfruit does produce root shoots, so clonal
ofspringsspreadalimiteddistancefromtheoriginaltree.
Since seeds lose viability quickly, the seeded varieties are
notreadilyspread.
Susceptibilitytopests/pathogens
Breadfruit is a relatively trouble-free plant to grow, with
its disease and pest problems localized. Te major prob-
lem is fruit rots caused by Phytophthora, Colletotrichum
(anthracnose), andRhizopus. Phellinus noxius rootrot can
be a problem; it spreads through root contact, especially
whenthetreeisplantedinareasofnativeforestthathave
beenrecentlycleared.
Hosttocroppests/pathogens
Fruitfiesareattractedtoripefruitsonthetreeandground
andinfestmanyfruitcrops.
Otherdisadvantagesordesignconsiderations
Tespreadingsurfacerootscaninterferewithotherplants
andareeasilyhitanddamagedbymowersorotherequip-
ment.
AGROFORESTRY/ENVIRONMENTAL
PRACTICES
Mulch/organicmatter
Telargeleavesofthisevergreenspeciesprovideabundant
mulchforthetreeandotherplantsgrowingbeneaththe
canopy.
Soilstabilization
Breadfruitisoftengrownonsteephillsides,especiallyon
thehighislandsofMicronesia,whereitisthecanopyspe-
ciesintraditionalagroforestrysystems.
Cropshade/overstory
Breadfruitcanbeinterplantedwithawiderangeofcrops
andplantssuchasyams,bananas,medicinalplants,aroids,
gingers,Indianmulberry,kava,etc.
Breadfruit remains a common tree in homegardens in much of the Pacifc, such as pictured above in Apia, Samoa. photo: C.
elevitCh
SpeciesProhlesforPacihcIslandAgroforestry(www.traditionaltree.org) 11
Homegardens
Breadfruitiswellsuitedforhomegardens,providingben-
efcialshadeandnumerousnutritiousfruits.
Animalfodder
Allpartsfesh,peel,core,andseedsofbothmatureand
ripefruitsareedibleandarefedtopigsandotherlivestock.
Teleavesarealsoedible.
Nativeanimal/birdfood
Breadfruitisanimportantfoodsourceforfyingfoxes,na-
tivedoves,andotherbirdsinthePacifcislands.
Hostplanttrellising
Breadfruitisusedasatrellistreeforyam(Dioscoreaspp.),
especiallyinPohnpei.
Beeforage
Honeybeesvisitmaleinforescencesandcollectpollen,es-
peciallyfromfertile,seededvarieties.Beesalsocollectlatex
thatoozesfromthefruitsurface.
Ornamental
Breadfruitisanattractive,evergreentreewithlarge,strik-
ingleaves.
USES AND PRODUCTS
Staplefood
Breadfruit produces abundant nutritious fruits that are
typicallyconsumedasastarchystaplewhenfrmandma-
ture.Tefruitsarehighincarbohydratesandagoodsource
ofvitaminsandminerals.Breadfruitiscannedinbrineand
soldintheCaribbeanandspecialitymarketsintheUnited
States,Europe,andCanada.
Nut/seed
Seedsarehighinproteinandlowinfatandagoodsource
ofvitaminsandminerals.Teyarecookedinthefruitsand
eatenthroughoutthePacifcislands,butrarelyinPolyne-
sia.
Medicinal
AllpartsareusedmedicinallyinthePacifcandCaribbean,
especially the latex, leaf tips, and inner bark.Te latex is
massagedintotheskintotreatbrokenbonesandsprains
andisbandagedonthespinetorelievesciatica.Itiscom-
monlyusedtotreatskinailmentsandfungusdiseasessuch
asthrush,whichisalsotreatedwithcrushedleaves.Di-
luted latex is taken internally to treat diarrhea, stomach-
aches, and dysentery.Te sap from the crushed stems of
leavesisusedtotreatearinfectionsorsoreeyes.Teroot
isastringentandusedasapurgative;whenmacerateditis
usedasapoulticeforskinailments.Tebarkisalsoused
totreatheadachesinseveralislands.IntheWestIndiesthe
yellowingleafisbrewedintoteaandtakentoreducehigh
bloodpressureandrelieveasthma.Teteaisalsothought
tocontroldiabetes.
Timber
Te wood is lightweight, fexible, and may resist termites.
TallervarietiessuchasMaopoandAveloloaarepreferred
forhousebuildinginSamoa.
Iuelwood
BreadfruitisusedasfrewoodthroughoutthePacifc,but
generallyolder,lessproductivetreesareutilized.
Craftwood/tools
Tewoodiseasytoworkandcarveintostatues,bowls,and
otherobjects.
Canoe/boat/raftmaking
Telight-weighttimberisusedthroughoutthePacifcis-
landstomakesmallone-ortwo-personcanoes.
Iiber/weaving/clothing
Teinnerbarkisusedtomakebarkcloth(tapa),butthis
formerlywidespreadcustomisnowonlypracticedinthe
Marquesas.
Rope/cordage/string
Teinnerbastwastraditionallyusedtomakestrongcord-
age used for fshing and animal harnesses in Samoa, Mi-
cronesia,andthePhilippines.
Wrapping/parcelization
Telarge,fexibleleavesareusedthroughoutthePacifcto
wrapfoodsforcookinginearthovens.
Resin/gum/glue/latex
Testickywhitelatexisusedasachewinggumandasan
adhesive. It was widely used to caulk canoes and as bird-
lime(tocatchbirds).
Toxin/insecticide/hshpoison
Driedmalefowerscanbeburnedtorepelmosquitoesand
otherfyinginsects.
URBAN AND COMMERCIAL
FORESTRY
Testatelyandattractivebreadfruittreeisafamiliarland-
12 Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)
scapetreeinthePacifcislands.Widelyplantedthrough-
outtheregion,breadfruitprovidescomfortableshade,de-
liciousandnutritiousfruits,timber,andotherusefulprod-
ucts. A common element in home landscapes, breadfruit
trees are typically grown around and near homes so the
fruitscanbeeasilyandquicklyharvested.Afewmagnif-
centspecimentreescanbefoundinparksandotherpublic
places. Unfortunately, in large metropolitan areas such as
Honolulu,manybeautifuloldtreeshavedisappearedfrom
the urban landscape in recent yearscut down to make
room for larger homes and buildings, and to open view
planes.
Alargetreecutbacktoopenaviewplane.photo:C.elevitCh
Sizeinanurbanenvironment
Trees can reach heights of 18 m (60 ft) or more but are
typically 1215 m (4050 ft). Some varieties are relatively
short-statured,reachingaverageheightsof9m(30ft).Te
canopyisgenerallyabouttwo-thirdsoftheheight.
Rateofgrowthinalandscape
Itismoderatelyfastgrowinginfavorableconditions,grow-
ing0.51.5m(1.55ft)peryear.
Rootsystem
Rootsarespreading,growonorslightlybelowthesurface
oftheground,andcanformraisedbuttresses.Surfaceroots
areeasilyhitanddamagedbymowersorotherequipment.
ProductscommonlyusedinaPacifcisland
household
Primarilygrownforfood,thenutritious,starchyfruitsare
usuallyconsumedwhenmature.Tematurefruitmustbe
cookedwhenstillgreenandfrm,butitcanbeeatenraw
whensoftandripe.Tesemultipurposetreeshavealight-
weight, easy-to-work timber well suited for carvings and
handicrafts,canoes,andhouseconstruction.Leaves,buds,
latex, and bark all have medicinal uses.Te sticky sap is
widelyusedforglueandasatraditionalcaulk.
Lightrequirements
Young trees can be grown in 2050% shade when young
but develop a more compact, dense canopy when grown
infullsun.
Water/soilrequirements
Newlyplantedtreesmayrequiredailywateringduringdry
periodsuntilestablished,butmaturetreesnormallytoler-
atedryconditionsanddonotrequireirrigation.Breadfruit
preferslightandmediumsoils(sands,sandyloams,loams,
andsandyclayloams)andrequiresgooddrainage.
Lifespan
Trees begin bearing in 35 years and are productive for
manydecades.
Varietiesfavoredforuseinahomegardens
Shorter-statured,morecompactvarietiessuchasPuouor
MaafalafromPolynesiaortheMicronesianvarietyMei
uhwpareidealforhomegardens.
Seasonalityofleaffush,fowering,fruiting
Male fowers and fruits develop at the tips of branches,
with the male fowers occurring frst.Te fruiting season
typically coincides with the wet, rainy summer months,
but a smaller fush may occur about 5 months later for
somevarieties.Newleavesareproducedyear-round,with
aheavyfushafteraperiodofrestthatfollowstheendof
thefruitingseason.
Useaslivingfence,hedgeorvisual/noisebarrier
Becauseofitsstatureanddensefoliagewhengrowninthe
SpeciesProhlesforPacihcIslandAgroforestry(www.traditionaltree.org) 13
open,breadfruitiswellsuitedasaspecimenor
shadetreethatcanserveasavisualscreenwhen
sitedcorrectly.
Birds/wildlife
Birdsandhoneybeesareattractedtothefruits
and/ormalefowers.
Maintenancerequirements
Mulching with fallen breadfruit leaves and
other organic material is benefcial. Tis rela-
tively low-maintenance species can be fertil-
izedonceayearwithabalancedNPKfertilizer,
but trees can produce abundantly and thrive
foryearswithoutsupplementalfertilizer.Small
tip branches often die back after fruiting and
shouldbeprunedandremovedtomaintainthe
long-termhealthofthetree.
Specialconsiderationsregardingleaf,
branch,andfruitdrop
Some fruits may drop prematurely, but most
fruits develop and should be harvested when
mature. High, out-of-reach fruits will ripen
andfalltothegroundthroughoutthefruiting
period. Heavily laden branches may break of
thetreeduringstrongwinds.
Nuisanceissues
Soft,ripefruitsthatremainonthegroundafter
fallingdrawcloudsoffruitfiesandquicklybe-
gintorotintoagooey,unsightlymass.
Hazards
Sincesomebreadfruitvarietieshavefruitsthatweighup
to5.5kg(12lb),treesshouldnotbeplantedclosetoside-
walks or other public areas where falling fruits could hit
andinjureapassingpedestrianortrippassers-by.
Commonpestproblems
Te tree is relatively pest free. Te main problems with
breadfruitarefruitfiesandfruitrotsfromfungaldiseases.
Vigilanceinharvestinganddisposingoffruitsafectedby
fungaldiseaseistheeasiestwaytolimitproblems.House
yard or farm pigs readilypig out on damaged and ripe
fruits,solvingdisposalproblemsforthehomeownerwhile
beneftingfromanutritiousfoodstuf.
Othercommentsaboutthisspeciesinurbanenvi-
ronments
Breadfruit trees are an essential component of homegar-
dens and should be more widely planted throughout the
islands.Teyarenotaswellsuitedasstreetorparktrees.
Soft, ripe fruits can make a mess of sidewalks, streets, or
parkedcars,andthestickylatexcouldadheretoanddam-
agethefnishofvehicles.
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
Breadfruit is grown primarily as a subsistence crop
throughoutthePacifcislandsandotherregionswhereit
iscultivated.Itisavailableinvillageandtownmarketsfor
localconsumption.Breadfruitisproducedandsoldlocally
aschipsinFiji,Samoa,Guam,Hawaii,andotherislands.
Freshmaturefruits,treatedforfruitfiesbyhotforcedair,
arebeingexportedtoNewZealandfromFijiandSamoa.
Tefruitsareharvestedfromsmallplantingsandbackyard
Authorwithbreadfruittreebearingnicely28monthsafterplanting.pho-
to:J.Wiseman
14 Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)
trees.TerearenoorchardsinthePacifcislandswiththe
exceptionofafarminHawaiiwithmorethan180treeson
approximately2.5ha(6acres).
Spacing
Trees should be planted 1214 m (4046 ft) apart under
orchard conditions, although in the Caribbean trees are
oftenspaced812m(2740ft).
Managementobjectivesanddesignconsider-
ations
Breadfruit is traditionally grown in integrated mixed
agroforestrysystems.Littleinformationisavailableabout
managingbreadfruitforcommercialproduction.Itisbest
tokeeptreesmulched.Provideacompletefertilizeratthe
beginningandendofthefruitingseasontomaintainthe
health and vigor of trees, especially trees that are 10 or
moreyearsold.Pruningshouldbelimitedtotheremoval
of dead branches, but trees are often topped to make it
easiertoreachandharvestfruits.However,thenewshoots
andbranchesarebrittleandreadilybreak.
Yields
Under orchard conditions, yield estimates range from 16
to50mtperha(723t/ac)offruitbasedon100trees/ha
(40 trees/ac). Approximately 5.5 mt per ha (2.4 t/ac) are
produced in a traditional mixed agroforestry system on
Pohnpei.
Processing
Breadfruitisgenerallypickedandconsumedwhenmature
but not yet ripe. Careful harvesting is essential for main-
taining fruit quality. Fruits that fall to the ground may
be bruised and soften sooner than those that are gently
handled. Fruits quickly ripen in just 13 days after har-
vest.Shelflifecanbeextendedbycarefulharvestingand
pre-coolingfruitswithchippediceinthefeldandduring
transport.Coveringfruitswithwatercanalsodelayripen-
ingforafewdays.
Markets
Breadfruitisusuallyavailableforsaleinmarketsthrough-
out the Pacifc and Caribbean islands. An estimated
100300tonsofbreadfruitissoldinSamoaannually,with
60130tonssoldintheFugaleiMarketinApia.
INTERPLANTING/FARM
APPLICATIONS
Breadfruit trees provide shade, mulch, and a benefcial
microclimate.Tey are generally planted as part of a ho-
megarden or mixed agroforestry system with a wide ar-
rayofusefulplants.Widelyspacedtreesinanorchardcan
be interplanted with small fruit trees, such as citrus, and
a leguminous cover crop. Short-term fruit crops, such as
pineapple,banana,andpapaya,orfeldandvegetablecrops
including taro, tomato, and eggplant, can also be grown
betweenbreadfruittrees.Aleguminouscovercropshould
replacetheseintercropswhentheybegintointerferewith
orchardoperations.Someinterplantingsystemsinclude:
Example1
Location
FederatedStatesofMicronesia(Pohnpei).
Description
Breadfruit is typically grown with yam (Dioscorea spp.).
TevinesclimbtrellisesofHibiscus tiliaceusandgrowinto
thecanopyofthetreeduringthenon-fruitingperiodand
aredormantwhenthefruitsareharvested.Tisallowsthe
fruitstobepickedwithoutdamagingtheyamvines.
Example2
Location
AmericanSamoa.
Description
Breadfruitisgrowninamixedplantingwithtaro,cassava,
bananas,citrus,andcacao.
PUBLIC ASSISTANCE AND
AGROFORESTRY EXTENSION
Extension ofces for agroforestry and forestry in the Pa-
OneofthegreatstaplesofPacifcislandcultures,breadfruit
isshownhereforsaletogetherwithtwootherstaples,sweet-
potatoandcookingbanana.photo:C.elevitCh
SpeciesProhlesforPacihcIslandAgroforestry(www.traditionaltree.org) 15
cifc:http://www.traditionaltree.org/extension.html
Te Cooperative Extension Service (CES) of the Univer-
sityofHawaiicanassistlandownerswithquestionsrelat-
ingtotreecrops.
UniversityofHawaiiatMnoa
CollegeofTropicalAgricultureandHumanResources
CooperativeExtensionService
KomohanaAgriculturalComplex
875KomohanaSt.,Hilo,HI96720
Tel:808-959-9155;Fax:808-959-3101
Web:http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/
GERMPLASM RESOURCES
Te National Tropical Botanical Garden can provide se-
lected varieties from an extensive breadfruit germplasm
collection.
Te USDA Clonal Germplasm Repository, Waiakea,
Hawaii,canprovideselectedbreadfruitvarieties.
Te National Tropical Botanical Gardens Kahanu Garden,
Maui,Hawaii,hasthelargestcollectionofbreadfruitvariet-
iesintheworld.photo:D.Ragone
INTERNET
TeBreadfruitInstitute:<http://www.breadfruit.org>.
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SpeciesProhlesforPacihcIslandAgroforestry(www.traditionaltree.org) 17
TraditionalTreeInitiativeSpeciesProflesforPacifcIslandAgroforestry(www.traditionaltree.org)
Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit)
Author: Diane Ragone,Te Breadfruit Institute, NationalTropical Botanical Garden, 3530 Papalina Road, Kalaheo, Hawaii 96741
USA;Web:<http://www.ntbg.org>,<http://www.breadfruit.org>.
Acknowledgments:TeauthorandpublisherthankDaleEvans,KentLighter,JohnParrotta,andArtWhistlerfortheirinput.Photo
contributionsbyJimWisemanaregreatlyappreciated.
Recommendedcitation:Ragone,D.2006.Artocarpus altilis(breadfruit),ver.2.1.In:Elevitch,C.R.(ed.).SpeciesProflesforPacifc
IslandAgroforestry.PermanentAgricultureResources(PAR),Hlualoa,Hawaii.<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.
Sponsors:PublicationwasmadepossiblebygeneroussupportoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgricultureWesternRegionSus-
tainableAgricultureResearchandEducation(USDA-WSARE)Program;SPC/GTZPacifc-GermanRegionalForestryProject;
USDANaturalResourcesConservationService(USDANRCS);Kaulunani,anUrbanForestryProgramoftheDLNRDivision
ofForestryandWildlifeandtheUSDAForestService;StateofHawaiiDepartmentofLand&NaturalResourcesDivisionof
Forestry&Wildlife;USDAForestServiceForestLandsEnhancementProgram;andMurielandKentLighter.Tismaterialis
baseduponworksupportedbytheCooperativeStateResearch,Education,andExtensionService,U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,
andAgriculturalExperimentStation,UtahStateUniversity,underCooperativeAgreement2002-47001-01327.
Serieseditor:CraigR.Elevitch
Publisher:PermanentAgricultureResources(PAR),POBox428,Hlualoa,Hawaii96725,USA;Tel:808-324-4427;Fax:808-324-
4129;E-mail:par@agroforestry.net;Web:<http://www.agroforestry.net>.Tisinstitutionisanequalopportunityprovider.
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