MATH 170 Team 3 Group

Project ProbIem Set 2

ProbIem Set 2
Recall that reversing the order of the quantifiers in a
statement with two different quantifiers may change the
truth value of the statementbut it does not necessarily
do so. All the statements in the pairs on the next page
refer to the Tarski world of Figure 3.3.1. In each pair, the
order of the quantifiers is reversed but everything else is
the same. For each pair, determine whether the
statements have the same or opposite truth values.
Justify your answers.
Pg. 118 - 119 Discrete Mathematics With Applications
ProbIem Set 2 ProbIems:
ProbIem a:
(1) For all squares y there is a triangle x
such that x and y have different color.
(2) There is a triangle x such that for all
squares y, x and y have different colors.
ProbIem b:
(1) For all circles y there is a square x such
that x and y have the same color.
(2) There is a square x such that for all
circles y, x and y have the same color.
Tarski WorId
ProbIem 1
a. (1) For all squares y there is a triangle x such that x and y have different
color.
Statement: y D, x such that Square(y) and Triangle(x) have
different colors.
Truth Value: True
This statement has a truth value of true because for every Square(y) there is at
least one triangle(x) that has a different color.

Given Square y = Choose Triangle x = For every square, is there at least one
triangle that has a different color than that
of the square?
h or g (Light Grey) d Yes
e (Dark Grey) f or i Yes
j (Blue) f, i, or d Yes
ProbIem 1 - Reversed Quantifiers
a. (2) There is a triangle x such that for all squares y, x and y have different
colors.
Statement: x D, y such that Square(y) and Triangle(x) have
different colors.
Truth Value: False
This problem has a truth value of false due to the fact that there is no triangle(x)
that has a different color from all squares (y).

Choose Triangle x = Then, given Square y = s there at least one Triangle that has
a different color than that of every
square?
d e, g, h, and j No
f e, g, h, and j No
i e, g, h, and j No
ProbIem 1 - SoIution ExpIanation
As you can see with the examples in problem 1 (part 1 and part 2), by
switching the universal and existential quantifiers in a given statement, the
truth value does not always remain the same.
By switching the quantifiers, the statement has essentially been changed.
The statement in part one is declaring that for every square there is at least
one triangle of a different color.
The statement in part two is declaring that there is at least one triangle that
is a different color from every square.

ProbIem 2
b. (1) For all circles y there is a square x such that x and y have the same color.
Statement: y D, x such that Circles(y) and Squares(x) have
the same color.
Truth Value: True
This statement has a truth value of true because for every Circle(y) there is at
least one Square(x) that has the same color.
Pg. 118 - 119 Discrete Mathematics With Applications

Given Circles y = Choose Square x = For every circle, is there at least one square
that has the same color?
a j Yes
b g or h Yes
c j Yes
ProbIem 2 - Reversed Quantifiers
b. (2) There is a square x such that for all circles y, x and y have the same
color.
Statement: x D, y such that circles(y) and square(x) have
the same color.
Truth Value: False
This problem has a truth value of false due to the fact that there is no square(x)
that has the same color as all squares (y).

Choose Square x = Then, given Circle y = s there at least one Square that has
the same color as every circle?
e a, b, and c No
g a, b, and c No
h a, b, and c No
ProbIem 2 - SoIution ExpIanation
As you can see with the examples in problem 2 (part 1 and part 2), that
once again the truth value of the statement has been changed by switching
the quantifiers.
The statement in part one is declaring that for every circle there is at least
one square of the same color.
The statement in part two is declaring that there is at least one triangle that
has the same color as every square.