Professional Documents
Culture Documents
o. D.
CORNER
Ball Bearing
t
Outer Ring _ /
fi)---Shoulders
SE P A R A T O R
Inner Ring -
Outside Diameter
I A M E T E R
UACE
~----SEPARATOR
RETAINING
LIP
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ANTI-FRICTION
BEARING MAINTENANCE
3. Radial-Thrust
*4. Duplex
Roller Bearings
*1,2,4, 5, 6, & 8. These bearings are all separable either as to inner or outer rings. *5. Double Row tapered roller, adjustable through cones. Also made adjustable through the cups. *10. In some cases needle bearings may have inner rings which are separable.
*2. Straight Roller *3. Straight Roller *4. Tapered Separable inner ring Non-separable Roller
* 6 Barrel Roller
7. Barrel Roller
Double Row
9. Concave Roller
Double Row
ANTI-
FRICTION
BEARING
MAINTENANCE
Things to Remember
DONTS
1. Dont work in dirty surroundings.
DOS
1. Work with clean tools, in clean surroundings. 2. Remove all outside dirt from housing before exposing bearings. 3. Handle with clean, dry hands. 4. Treat a used bearing as carefully as a new one. 5. Use clean solvents and flushing oils. 6. Lay bearings out on clean paper. 7. Protect disassembled dirt and moisture. bearings from
2. Dont use wooden mallets or work on rough or dirty bench tops. 3. Dont use dirty, brittle or chipped tools. 4. Dont handle bearings with dirty, moist hands. 5. Dont spin uncleaned bearings. 6. Dont spin any bearings with compressed air. 7. Dont use same container for cleaning and final rinsing of bearings. 8. Dont use cotton waste or dirty cloths to wipe bearings. 9. Dont expose bearings to moisture or dirt at any time. 10. Dont scratch or nick bearing surfaces.
11. Dont remove grease or oil from new
8. Use clean, lint-free rags if bearings are wiped. 9. Keep bearings wrapped in oil-proof paper when not in use. 10. Clean inside of housing before replacing bearings. 11. Install new bearings as removed from packages, without washing. 12. Keep bearing lubricants clean when applying and cover containers when not in use.
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ANTI-FRICTION
BEARING
MAINTENANCE
Keep bearings in their original boxes and wrappings nntil they are to be mounted.
Clean hands plus clean rags r;lean cleaner bearings and less chance of corrosion from perspiration.
Get the habit of wiping tools and work benches. Clean too!s are half the battle in keeping bearings clean.
Never wash the grease or oil out of new bearings. It is carefully selected and put there for bearing protection.
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Press or pull straight and square to keep ring from cocking which might score the shaft or housing and could damage the bearing. Never press or pull against bearing shields or separators.
Bearing pullers are essential to most field work. Many are designed to push bearings into place as well as pull them.
to
pull
Typical bearing pullers which may be used separately or in various combinations or push complete bearings or individual rings.
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WRONG-
RIGHT-
Use steel blocks that are the same size and squared up on all sides to assure even contact by both blocks.
Where there is enough space behind a bearing or bearing ring to admit a puller, always be sure that the puller is adjusted so that it will not slip over the inner ring when pulling pressure is applied. If this happens bearing parts can be severely damaged
Never pound directIy on a bearing or ring. It will likely damage both shaft and bearing.
If ring has been cut to remove, squeeze in vise as shown above and strike smartly at points indicated to fracture it. Be careful of shaft.
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Bearings with removable seals should be washed and inspected, after removal of seals in the same manner as bearings without seals. Bearings with shields or seals on both sides should not be washed. Wipe them off to keep dirt from working inside. Smooth turning bearings can be coated with protective lubricant then wrapped and stored or used in their original application.
If bearings with two shields or seals stick or feel too rough for further use, send them to depots where special shielded bearing cleaning and lubricating equipment is available. If a small tank and wire baskets fos soaking and washing bearings are not available, a clean grease can or bucket filled with solvent can be used. Let the bearings soak long enough to loosen the grease and dirt. That may take several hours or longer. Then slosh the bearing around near the top of the container, giving it a turn now and then until it is clean. Rinse in a clean container of clean solvent.
. O.K.-but dont. spin by force of air hold both rings. Use clean, dry air
Better than pail if available. Put in only one layer of bearings. Keep basket off bottom of tank. 8
Oil spray cleaner is desirable and efficient equipment. Use it with a filter in the air line. E- 667
After cleaning, put oiled bearings in covered box if to be reused in a short time. Any clean pan or bos will serve if tightly covered.
For longer storage, coat all surfaces of bearings with a light protective grease. Dont handle more than necessary before greasing.
Y.
--I I
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If no cartons are available, give the bearings a final wrapping of water resistant paper and mark outside to identify bearing. E-667
Wrap bearings in grease-proof paper to keep lubricant from escaping before placing bearings in boxes or cartons.
Hold clean bearing like this when rotating outer race during inspection.
The following types of defects are such as to cause the bearings to be rejected: a. Broken or cracked rings. b. Dented seals or shields. c . Cracked or broken separators. d . Broken
OS
e . Flaked areas on balls, rollers or raceways. f. Eearings which have been overheated. These bearings are generally darkened to brownish blue or blue-black color. g. Eearings lvhose race\vays are indented OS brinelled by impressing balls or rollers into the races.
Outer race or shell dented by wrong use of hammer and chisel. E- 667
ANTI-FFUCTION
BEAFUNG
MAINTENANCE
Spalled cone, cup and rollers of tapered roller bearing. Spalled bearings of any kind should never be returned to service. E-667
ANTI-
FRICTION
BEARING MAINTENANCE,
Press bearings on straight and square. Press only on the ring which takes the tight fit. Press bearings until they are seated against the shaft or housing shoulder. Bearing installation is just the reverse of bearing removal. Use an arbor press if available and press the shaft into the bearing, supporting the inner ring on blocks as shown in the sketch. Be sure the blocks dont scrape the shaft or threads. If the distance between the end of the shaft and the bearing seat is fairly short, hold the shaft in a vise and press the bearing onto the shaft with a clean tube. This can be done either in an arbor press or by tapping with a hammer evenly around the tube.
Use tubing with squared ends to avoid cocking bearing. Center it before pressing.
Be sure blocks will clear threads before forcing shaft into bearing.
A tough hardwood block used like this is O.K. -protects end of tube . E-667
ANTI-FRICTION
BEARING
MAINTENANCE
Use the right tools and use them the right way
If the end of the shaft is flush with the bearing, use a drift or bearing installer. These are made with flat ends to use with shafts which are Hush with the bearing and with counterbores, as shown at the right, to use where the shaft projects beyond the end of the bearing for a short distance. Tap lightly at first to make sure the bearing or ring goes on square and does not scrape or burr the bearing seat. Ge sure bearing is tapped to a firm seat against the shaft shoulder. Do not leave bearings exposed in partial assemblies. Cover the bearings until ready to complete the assembly, to prevent damage by moisture, dirt or other foreign matter. Any clean cloth or paper will do so long as the bearings are well covered.
After bearing is on far enough to align itself with shaft, drive to firm seat against shoulder.
Bearings in partial assemblies like this will collect harmful dust or dirt if left standing too long.
Cover parts with clean cloth or paper, especially if they are to be left several hours or over night.
Support bearing on blocks, well away from bottom. Dont keep bearings in hot oil or oven after correct temperature is reached. 13
Fig. 4. Exert even pressure over hearing and rotate slowly when testing condition of balls and races by feel.
Fig: 2 Fig. 1 Self-aligmng Open Banded or Shielded Grooved Race Grooved Race
Follow all precautions as to cleanliness and cleaning as outlined in the foregoing pages. When testing for roughness, do not spin as shown in photographs at top of pages 10 and 12, but place bearing flat face down on clean table and rotate slowly by exerting pressure and turning movement with the palm and heel of the hand, see Figure 4. Characteristics of good and bad bearings are as described on pages 12 and 13.
Assembly
Ball thrust bearings of the open type may be a slip fit on the shaft or in the housing. Be sure to start the bearing square and straight. If cocked, the bearing may jam.
Fig. 5. Be sure parts Fig. 6. Wipe ends of tubing to are clean so race can be sure a metal chip or dirt isnt be pressed to a firm seat forced against the ball race. against shaft shoulder.
Ball thrust bearings of the open type may have one race tight on the shaft, or in the housing, or both. Press the individual races into place separately, see Figures 5 and 6, adding the ball separator as the assembly is completed. Never apply pressure through the complete bearing to seat a race, or use a hammer as in Figure 7. Brinelling or nicking of the ball path will be liable to result. Banded ball thrust bearings, where the races are inseparable and are tight either on the shaft or in the housing, should have one race slowly rotated while being pressed into position. On small assemblies, a drill press may be utilized as illustrated on page 17.
Disassembly
Slip fit ball thrust bearings are removable by hand pressure. To remove individual ball races present in housing or on shaft, use the various tools described, making sure that the jaws of the puller or edge of sleeves do not contact the ball path. Never exert or apply pressure on the band or shield of a bearing.
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Fig. 7. ii hammer applied to a hall thrust hearing like this is almost certain to cause serious damage. Dont do it. 14
5.
6.
2. 3.
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AS
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ANTI- FRICTION BEARlNG MAINTENANCE wheels, for example, may crack the spindle, cause shimmy, make the vehicle hard to steer and Bearing Fits and Adjustment front wear the tires. Follow Instructions Carefully.
Fits
Ball and roller bearings are usually installed with either the inner ring or the outer ring a tight fit. If the inner ring is a tight fit it means that the bore of the ring is slightly smaller than the shaft diameter and some force is needed to remove or replace it. If the outer ring is a press fit in the housing, as in a wheel hub bore, the outside diameter of the ring is slightly larger than the housing bore. This fit or interference usually amounts to a few ten-thousandths of an inch (. 0001) in the case of small bearings; to several thousandths in the case of large bearings. Certain bearings are applied with tight fits on both rings and some with a loose fit on both rings. If a shaft becomes scored and is polished down for that or some other reason and loses the necessary fit, dont try to roughen it by knurling or prickpunching the bearing seat. That will iron out quickly under load and the looseness will return. Rely on end retainment only until a new shaft can be obtained or the old shaft can be plated or metal sprayed oversize and ground back to proper diameter.
Bearing Lubrication
Use the right KIND of lubricant Keep it clean Dont use too much
Every piece of equipment is supplied with a Lubrication Chart which specifies the kind of grease or oil to be used, how often and how much. Follow instructions. Use only grease where grease is specified and oil where oil is specified. Be sure to use exactly the kind of lubricant the instructions call for. Store grease in clean containers. Handle grease with clean paddles or grease guns. Keep grease containers covered. Dont overfill. Grease or oil will ooze out of overfilled housings past seals and closures, collect dirt and cause trouble. Too much lubricant will also cause overheating. This is particularly true of bearings running at high speeds where the churning of the lubricant will cause the bearings to run excessively hot. Dont let any machine stand around for months without turning it over once in a while so that all surfaces of the bearings will be covered with lubricant. Oil tends to drain down off a standing bearing and moisture may condense in the housing and cause corrosion. Inspect seals and vents regularly.
Adjustment
Certain types of ball bearings and most so-called dual-purpose bearings with tapered or barrel shaped rollers require adjustment in assembly. Specific instructions covering bearing adjustment are given in Technical Manuals and Instruction Books covering each piece of equipment. If a bearing is set up too tight, it will heat up and fail. Loose bearings cause pounding which in
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GENERAL@ E L E C T R I C