SKF Roller Bearing Handbook PDF

SKF INDUSTRIES, INC BEARINGS GROUP
SKF Industries Inc 1979 Although care has been taken to assure the accuracy of the data complied in this publication SKF does not assume any liability for errors or omsslons
REG NO. 47
Contents The History of Rolling Bearings . . . . . . . . . 2 Bearing Rolling Nomenclature Bearing Types . . . . . . . . . D . . . e . . . . . . . D 4 5
Bearing Types and their Function . . . . . . . . 6 Mounting of Bearings-Shaftsand Housings . . . . . 9 Dos and Donts for Bearings . . . . . . . . . 14 Troubleshooting . . D , O s a r . . . O . 19
SKF Industries, Inc. periodically conducts Bearing Maintenance Seminars at the Corporate Headquarters in King of Prussia, Pa. For information contact your local authorized SKF Distributor or SKF Sales Office.
THE HISTORY OF ROLLING BEARINGS

THE BASIC PRINCIPLES for one of design and application lessen of roiling bearings were conceived many centuries ago. They were developed purpose only--to friction.
History records that down through the but not always achieved. Regardless object sometimes made it impossible.
ages men desired to move heavy objects across the earths surface, Desired, of available manpower, sliding friction between the earths surface and the
As far back as 1 100 B.C., we know that such friction was reduced by the insertion of rollers between the object and the surface over which it was being moved. Fig. 1 illustrates how, in 1 100 B.C., the Assyrians and Babylonians used rollers to move enormous stones for their monuments and palaces. Throughout history are recorded many similar examples of mans war on friction.
In modern times, the first important victory over friction was the invention of the wheel. However, the early wheel was based on sliding friction (Fig. 2) and a long time elapsed before this principle was refined. Later, wheels rendered friction a body blow when they were rested on an assembly of balls or rollers. Cycling and
Fig. 1 -Anti-fricfion odoptafion, I IO0 B C
--
skating, which involved personal effort, boosted interest in rolling bearings (Fig. 3)-and started long years of slow development.
Anyone who has tried to move a heavy object by sliding, readily appreciates the ease with which it can be done when rollers are used. Weight of the object is not a factor-as long as both the rolling elements and the surface over which they pass can support it without being pressed out of shape.
Place a heavy book on a flat, smooth surface (Fig. 4) and as you push it across that surface, notice the amount of effort required. This is sliding friction.
Fig. 2-Early wheel, based on sliding friction
Fig. 3-Cycling boosted anti-friction interest
Fig. 4-Sliding
friction
Fig. S-Rolling motion
Now, place two round pencils under the book (Fig. 5). Note how easily it can be moved. This is the difference between sliding friction and rolling motion.
You will note that, when pushing the book with the pencils as rolling elements, a tracking effect is present. The book can go forward or backward with ease.
Now, substitute several balls for the rollers (Fig. 6),
and note the
added ease with which the book moves. Also, note the fact that it Fig. 6-Improved rolling motion can be moved in one direction as easily as in another. These advantages are due to point contact provided by the balls, rather than the line contact of the pencils.
In review - we noted that sliding the book on the surface required a certain effort - that rolling it over the pencils required less effort but that the direction was limited - and finally, when we substituted the balls, less effort was required and direction was unlimited.
The book, the surface and the pencils or balls are the three important, basic parts of a ball or roller bearing.
Fig. 7--Book becomes inner ring
If you performed this interesting experiment, you noted several important factors. First, that the book would run off the pencils and the balls. Second, and this may not have been so apparent, that there was a tendency for one roiling element not to follow or track the same as the other rolling element. This was true of both pencils and balls - but to a lesser degree in the bail experiment.
Let us imagine that the book in Fig. 6 is curled into the position of Fig. 7. The book is then the equivalent of the inner ring of a ball . bearing.
brl-------...._- - ----A
Fig. 8-Surface becomes outer ring
While our imagination is at play, picture the table surface of Fig. 6 curled into the position of Fig. 8 - and the balls in the position illustrated.
Actually, we have converted our early experiment into a basic ball bearing in design. The book becomes the inner ring - the surface the outer ring - and the balls the rolling elements (Fig. 9).
This
experiment,
however,
does
not
illustrate
one
other
important
part of a bearing. You will recall that we noted that the pencils or balls did not track - i.e., roll in the same direction, or keep the same distance apart. For this reason the bearing requires a cage, or retainer, to keep the rollers or balls in their proper position. In tapered roller bearings the inner ring is called the cone, - the
Fig. 9--Experiment illustrates bask bearing design
outer ring, the cup.
BEARING NOMENCLATURE
The illustrations below identify the bearing parts of the eight SKF basic bearing types. The terms used conform with the terminology section of the AFBMA* Standards+nd are mutually accepted by the anti-friction bearing manufacturers
*Anti-Friction Bearing
Manufacturers Association, Inc.
Self-Aligning Ball Bearing
Single Row Deep Groove Boll B e a r i n g
Angular Contact Boll Bwring
Double Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing
Spheric01 Roller Bearing
Cylindrkol Roller horing
Tapered Roller
Beoring
E Type
Spherical
Roller Thrust Spheric01 Roller Thrust Bearing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Inner Ring Inner Ring Corner tnner R i n g Loud Outer Ring Land Outer Ring 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Outer Ring Raceway Inner Ring Raceway Outer Ring Corner Spherical Roller Lubrication Feature (Hole and Groove) (W33) 14. Spherical Outer Ring Raceway 15. Floating Guide Ring 16. Inner Ring Face 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Outer Ring Face Cylindrical Roller Outer Ring Rib 25. Cone Bock Face
2 6 . Under Cut
27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Cone (Inner Ring) cage Cage Face Cage Guide Sleeve Shaft Washer (Inner Ring) Housing Washer (Outer Ring)
Cone Front Face

Cone Front Face Rib Cup (Outer Ring) Tapered Roller Cone Rock Face Rib
6 . Ball
7. Counter Bore 8. Thrust Face
ROLLING BEARING TYPES

BALL BEARINGS ROLLER BEARINGS
Single Row
Double Row
Radial Thrust Separable Outer Ring
Cylindrical Roller Separable Inner Ring
Cylindrical Roller Nonseparable
Tapered Roller
Duplex
Snap Ring and Shield
Shield
Seal
Multi-Row
Cylindrical
Roller
Self-Aligning
Magneto
Front
Wheel
.Spherical Roller Thrust
Spherical Roller Double Row
Needle Roller
BEARING TYPES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Designers have a wide variety of bearing types from which to choose. Each bearing type has characteristics which make it the best choice for a certain application. The original selection is made to assure maximum bearing performance. Therefore, a replacement should be made with the same type bearing, of each bearing type will aid you to better serve your replacement field. The following resume of the functions
SELF-ALIGNING
The Self-aligning
BALL
Ball
BEARINGS
with two rows of balls roiling on the spherical
Bearing,
surface of the outer ring, compensates for angular misalignment resulting from errors in mounting, shaft deflection and distortion of the foundation. It is impossible for this bearing to exert any bending influence on the shaft, a most important consideration in applications requiring extreme accuracy, at high speeds. Self-aligning Ball Bearings are recommended for radial loads and small thrust loads in either direction.
SINGLE ROW, DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARIYGS

The Single Row, Deep Groove Ball Bearing will sustain, in addition to radial load, a substantial thrust load in either direction, even at very high speeds. This advantage results from the intimate contact existing between the balls and the deep, continuous groove in each ring. When using this type of bearing, careful alignment between the shaft and housing is essential. This bearing is also available with seals and shields, which serve to exclude dirt and retain lubricant.
ANGULAR
CONTACT
BALL
BEARINGS
load. A steep contact angle, rigidity, is obtained by a high
The Angular Contact Ball Bearing supports a heavy thrust load in one direction, sometimes combined with assuring the highest thrust a moderate radial capacity and axial
thrust supporting shoulder on the inner ring and a similar high shoulder an the opposite side of the outer ring. These bearings can be mounted singly or, when the sides are flush ground, in tandem for constant thrust in one direction; mounted in pairs, also when sides are flush ground, for a combined load, either face-to-face or back-to-back.
DOUBLE ROW, DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS

The Double Row, Deep Groove Ball Bearing embodies the same principle rows of of design as the single row bearing. However, the grooves for the two
balls are so positioned that the load lines through the balls have an outwardly converging contact angle. This bearing has a lower axial displacement than occurs in the single row design . . . substantial thrust capacity in either direction . . . and high radial capacity due to the two rows of balls.
SPHERICAL ROLLER BEARINGS
The Spherical Roller Bearing, due to the number, size and shape of the rollers, and the accuracy with which they are guided, has unexcelled capacity. Since the bearing is inherently self-aligning, angular misalignment between the shaft and housing has no detrimental effect and the full capacity is always available for useful work. The design and proportion are such that, in~addition to radial load, heavy thrust load may be carried in either direction.
CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARINGS

The Cylindrical Roller Bearing has high radial capacity and provides accurate
guiding of the rollers, resulting in a close approach to true rolling. Consequent low friction permits operation at high speed. Those types which have flanges on one ring only, allow a limited free axial movement of the shaft in relation to the housing. They are easy to dismount even when both rings are mounted with a tight fit. The double row type assures maximum radial rigidity and is particularly suitable for machine tool spindles.
SPHERICAL ROLLER THRUST BEARINGS

The Spherical Roller Thrust Bearing is designed to carry heavy thrust loads, or
combined loads which are predominantly thrust. This bearing has a single row of rollers which roll on a spherical outer race with full self-alignment. The cage, centered by a cage guide sleeve, is constructed so that lubricant is pumped directly against the inner rings unusually high guide flange. This insures good lubrication between the roller ends and the guide flange. The spherical roller thrust bearing operates best with relatively heavy oil lubrication.
TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS

Since the axes of its rollers and raceways.form an angle with the shaft axis, the Tapered Roller Bearing is especially suitable for carrying radial and axial loads acting simultaneously. A bearing of this t y p e u s u a l l y m u s t b e adjusted toward another bearing capable of carrying thrust loads in the opposite (inner direction. with Tapered and Roller their cups Bearings (outer are rings) separable-their are mounted cones rings) rollers separately.
SHIELDS, SEALS AND SNAP RINGS
Ll OllP3 Shield Two Shields One Red Seal Two Red Seals Snap Ring On Outer Ring Snap Ring On Outer Ring On Opposite Side To One Shield Suffix ZNR
l.l Snap Ring On Outer Ring On Some Side As One Shield Suffix ZNBR Snap Ring On Snap Ring On Outer Ring On Outer Ring On Opposite Side Same Side T o O n e R e d S e a l A s O n e R e d Seal Sut%x RSNR Suffix RSNBR
Suffix 2
SufFix
22
Suffix RS
Sulfix 2RS
Suffix NR
ANGULAR IN
CONTACT BA L L BEARINGS DUPLEX MOUNTINGS
FACE-TO-FACE
BACK-TO-BACK
TANDEM
PARTS AND ASSEMBLY OF
SIC F ADAPTER BEARINGS
Tapered Bore Bearing
Adapter Mounting
MOUNTING OF BEARINGS -SHAFTS AND HOUSINGS

MOUNTING DESIGNS
The successful application of a ball or roller bearing depends to a great degree on two factors: l the mounting design
l
CLEANLINESS
The importance of protecting the bearing from the intrusion of dirt and other foreign matter cannot be over emphasized. Seals must be designed to prevent the entrance of any type of foreign matter to the bearing. Dirt will act as a perfect lapping compound and will grind the bearing surfaces. This will result in excessive wear of the rolling elements and of the inner and outer rings. In addition, foreign matter will contaminate the lubricant-and gradually break down the oil or greose to the point where effective lubrication cannot be obtained. Dirt will also cause noisy operation.
the accuracy of the various machined surfaces upon which the bearing is supported.
Unless care is exercised in both designing the bearing mounting and machining the various parts, a premature failure may result. This is true, even though the capacity of the bearing specified may be well above the applied load. The narrow width of a ball or roller bearing provides a comparatively small surface area for the applied load. Hence, the unit pressures are high and must be uniformly distributed to the supporting surfaces of both the shaft and the housing. Therefore, it is evident that both the inner and outer rings must be properly mounted on the shaft and in the housing respectively. Serious distortion is eliminated and uniform distribution of the Ioad is obtained.
The
cavity
in
the
housing
around
the
bearing
should
be large enough to provide for an adequate amount of lubricant. Seals should be effective in retaining the lubricant in the housing.
MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING

Bearings may be mounted directly on the shaft or on tapered odapter sleeves.
This same care must also be used with respect to the pedestal on which the bearing housing is mounted. Distortion of the bearing housing will occur, unless the pedestal is firm and the surface true. A bearing housing should be designed to permit a simplified assembly and disassembly of the component parts. Such design should also provide for simple methods of casting, with few machined surfaces-to reduce costs to a minimum.
When mounted directly on the shaft, the inner ring should height. be located shaft against a shaft heights shoulder are of proper in the Proper shoulder listed
Bearing Catalogs. This shoulder must be machined square with the bearing seat and a shaft fillet should be used. The radius of the fillet must clear the corner radius of the inner ring. This also applies when mounting the outer ring in the housing. Generally
Shaft filler Too Large
Correct
Shaft F i l l e t
Shaft Shoulder Diameter Too Small
Shaft Shoulder Diameter Too Large
Correct Shaft Shoulder Diameter
speaking, bearing applications have a rotating inner ring with a stationary load applied to the bearing. In such cases, it is necessary to mount the inner ring with a press fit on the shaft-and the outer ring with a slip fit in the housing. If the inner ring is loose on the shaft, creeping will occur. This will result in overheating, excessive wear and contact erosion between the shaft ond the inner ring. The explanation of creeping action can be simplified by the use of this comparison. Compore the action of on internal gear in mesh with a planet pinion. If the planet pinion (representing the shaft), hod one tooth less than the internal gear (representing the bearing inner ring), the latter would slip back one geor tooth in each full revolution of the shaft. Hence, the
speed of the shaft (planet gear) would be greater than the speed of the inner ring (ring gear)-and sliding would toke place. Therefore, it is an obvious conclusion that a preventive
measure must be token to eliminate creeping and its harmful results. Mount the inner ring with a sufficient press fit on the shaft! This will insure that both inner ring ond shaft act as a unit-and both rotate at the same speed. It is also desirable to use a locknut to clamp the inner ring agoinst the shaft shoulder.
If the opplied load is of a rototing nature, for example -vibrating screens where unbalanced weights are attached to the shaft, then the outer ring becomes the critical member. In order to eliminate creeping in this case, the outer ring must be mounted with a press fit
V-Belt ond Sprocket Drive, Resulting in Stationary Loads and Rotating Inner Rings
10
in the housing. The rotating inner ring, when subjected to a rotating load, can be mounted with a slip fit on the shaft It is evident, therefore, thot when the applied load is stationary with respect to the outer ring, a tight shaft fit is required When the applied load is stationary with respect to the inner ring, a tight housing fit is required Small bearings may be pressed on the shaft by using a piece of tubing. Pressure is applied to the inner ring of the bearing by the tubing. The assembly of larger open bearings can be simplified by a heating procedure Boil the bearing in an emulsion of 10% to 15% soluble oil in water. Make sure the bearing is placed on a grating so it does not touch the sides or bottom of the container Temperature control is automatic but sufficient time should be allowed to assure that the bearing is heated throughout This will sufficiently expand the bearing and permit it to slide easily over the shaft to its proper location Care should be taken to prevent cocking of the inner ring as this may cause it to seize before the bearing is properly located If this happens, it is best to remove the bearing promptly and reheat When the bearing coots, it will shrink and grip the shaft It requires only a little ingenuity to provide the tools to facilitate this procedure An electric hot plate or an induction heater can also be used to heat an open beoring. Temperature should not exceed 121 C (250F) Assembly of sealed bearings can be accomplished by heating the bearing to a maximum of 107C (225F) with either a hot plate or an induction heater and proceed as mentioned above for mounting the bearing.
A lockwasher between the inner ring and the locknut prevents the nut from loosening. The use of micronized graphite will greatly facilitate assembly -and help prevent contact erosion of the parts A light coating of graphite is applied on the 0.D adapter sleeve. It is good practice to apply a coat. of oil to the housing and component parts before the bearing unit is assembled.
INTERNAL BEARING FITS

It is evident that a press fit between the parts will stretch the inner ring. This holds true when mounting the bearing directly on the shaft or by means of an adapter sleeve. Thus, there will be a tendency to reduce the initial internal radial clearance in the bearing. If an excessive press fit is used, it is possible to reduce the bearing clearance sufficiently to make the bearing tight. However, if the recommended shaft fits are used and operating temperatures have been taken into account, the internal clearance remaining after mounting the bearing will be sufficient to insure proper operation. When an adapter mounting is used, some additional cautions should be heeded If these are taken into consideration, the bearing will not be tight internally. The following is the recommended practice for mounting selfaligning ball bearings on adapters. Mount bearing on adapter sleeve, starting with the large bore of the inner ring to match the taper of the adapter. With the bearing hand tight on the adapter, locate bearing to the proper axial position on the shaft [Do not apply lockwasher at this time because drive up procedure may damage lockwasher.) Apply the locknut with chamfered face toward the bearing after lubricating the face of the locknut next to the bearing. Hand tighten the nut with a spanner wrench until the adapter sleeve can neither be moved axially nor rotated on the shaft. Then with a hammer drive the spanner wrench until the locknut has been turned 90 or turn on the adapter sleeve. CAUTION: A loose adapter sleeve can lead to the inner ring turning on the adapter sleeve and/or the adapter sleeve turning on the shaft. To insure that the nut is not excessively tight, make certain the outer ring of the bearing rotates freely. When mounting a normal fit bearing, swiveling the outer ring will result in a slight drag If the bearing is a C3 fit, the outer ring will swivel freely. Before mounting spherical roller bearings on adopters, the internal cleoronce should be checked and recorded Measure the unmounted internal clearance in the bearing by inserting progressively larger feeler blades the full length of the roller between the most vertical unloaded roller and the outer ring sphere Do not roll the feeler blade through the clearance; slide it through Record the measurement of the largest size blade that will slide through. This is the unmounted internal clearance. The bearing should be resting upright on a table when making this check
SHAFT AND HOUSING FITS

A ball or roller bearing has extremely accurate component parts which fit together with very close clearances. The inner ring bore and the outer ring outside diameter must be manufactured within close limiis to fit their respective supporting members-the shaft and the housing It follows that the shaft and housing must also be machined to close limits Only then, will we obtain the required fits when the bearing is mounted. It is advisable to refer to the tables of shaft and housing fits as published in the SKF Engineering Data Catalog. These tables list recommended dimensions and tolerances for various types of shaft and housing fits suitable for various operating conditions.
ADAPTER SLEEVE
The use of a topered adapter sleeve on standard shafting will greatly simplify the mounting of the bearing. The outer surface of the sleeve is tapered to match the tapered bore of the beoring inner ring. This will provide the required tight fit between the inner ring and the shaft The adapter sleeve is slotted to permit easy contraction and is threaded at the small end to fit a locknut When the locknut is tightened to the recommended Reduction in Internal Radial Looseness, the correct interference between inner ring and shaft is achieved.
11
reduces
the
internal
clearance
in
the
bearing-in
addi-
tion to the reduction due to the tight fit on the shaft. To compensate with for an this additional reduction of internal than
clearance in the bearing, some provision must be made. Bearings internol clearance grearer standard should be used. This additional clearance will compensate for internal clearance reduction due to the temperoture differential between the inner and outer rings. There are other cases where internal clearance greater than standard bearings with are required.
Adapter Mounting
After
mounting the
the
bearing is
on
the
shaft
and to
adapter reduce
sleeve,
locknut
tightened
suficiently
Among these are dryer cylinder bearings in paper machinery where steam passes through the hollow shaft - shaker screens where tight housing required high speed applications where fits are the tem-
the initial clearance by the required amount. This is checked in the same manner as above, by using the feeler gauge. The decrease found in in internal SKF clearance after Data mounting can be Catalog 140-l 10. Engineering
perature rise in the bearing, due to speed and load, is abnormal - etc. It is desirable that such cases, and applications where
TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
Certain types of bearing applications require the consideration of variable temperature conditions. For Example: An induced draft fan handling gases at high temperature. The fan wheel is mounted on the shaft. Therefore, thatport of the shaft in the fan casing is subjected to the high temperatures. The bearings are usually mounted directly outside the fon casing. Thus, the temperature of the shaft at the bearing location is considerably higher than the room temperature. It follows that the inner ring of the bearing (mounted on the shaft) will be considerably hotter than the outer ring. This is true, as the outer ring is mounted in the housing which is isolated from the fan and not subjetted to the high temperoture. As a result, the inner ring will expand more than the outer ring. This action CLEARANCES TO PERMIT AXIAL MOTION
extremely
high
temperatures
are
involved,
be
referred
to the SKF Applications Engineering Department. If this additional internal clearance is not provided, the bearing will be excessively tight internally and cannot operate successfully. Excessive high operating temperotures lubricant due and to subsequent will break-down occur. of the carbonization
FREE AND HELD BEARINGS

A temperoture variation will expand or contract the component parts of any machine. Due to this condition, it is essential that such parts be permitted to expond or contract without restriction. For that reason, only one bearing on any one shaft should be fixed axially in the housing (called a held bearing) to prevent axial or end motion. STABILIZING RING TO LOCATE BEARING AXIALLY MOUNT IT ON LOCKNUT SIDE
Free
Bearing
Held Bearing
12
All other beorings on that same shaft should have adequate as free shaft to axial clearance in the housing (referred to bearings). Such free bearings will permit the elongate and contract without restriction.
adding lubricant to the bearing. After the lubricant is added, remove the plug (preferably at the lower holf of the housing) while the bearing is in operation. This permits the excessive lubricant to flow out of the housing and relieve the internal pressure. When the flow of grease ceases, be sure to replace the plug. Speed and other operating conditions, in some cases,
In gear reducers where herringbone gears are used, only one bearing on one of the shafts should be held, usually the input shaft. It is evident that the V shape of the gear teeth will locate the other shaft axially. When a flexible coupling is used to connect two shafts, a held bearing is required on each of the shaftsas a flexible coupling permits end motion of both shafts.
require that oil lubrication be used. In that event, the bearing housing should be equipped with adequate oil fittings. Such fittings should provide a static oil level at the center of the lowest ball or roller in the bearing. It is preferable to use sight glass oil gauges which can be clearly marked for static and operating levels. The operating level is slightly lower than the static level due to agitation of the oil. The static level can be marked on the gauge before the unit is assembled. The operating level can be determined only after the bearing is in operation. The gauge should also be marked for the operating level and the lubricant, at no time, should be permitted to drop to below static this point.
LUBRICATION
The bearing unit can usually be lubricated with a good grade of lithium base grease for normal loads, speeds and be operating filled conditions. The bearing full housing with should approximately one-third grease.
An excessive quantity of grease will build up internal pressure in the bearing housing and result in high temperatures-and subsequent damage to the bearing. Here is a safety measure to combat this danger when
But, never restore the oil level

the bearing is running.
the
marks
while
The subject of lubrication is discussed in greater detail in another publication, A GUIDE TO BETTER BEARING LUBRICATION, 144-l 10.
13
DOS AND DONTS FOR BEARINGS .s. assembly, maintenance, inspection and lubrication
Do work as close to the ideal conditions pictured here. Dividends in bearing performance will result. Dont work under the handicap of poor tools, rough bench, plenty of dirt.
DO DO
work
with
clean all
tools,
in dirt
clean from
surroundings. housing before
DONT work in dirty surroundings.
remove
outside
exposing
bearings.
DONT use wooden bench tops.
mallets
or
work
on
rough
or
dirty
DO handle with clean, dry hands. DO treat a used bearing as carefully as a new one.
DONT
use
dirty,
brittle
or
chipped
tools.
DONT
handle
bearings
with
dirty,
moist
hands.
DO use clean solvents and flushing oils.
DONT
spin
uncleaned
bearings.
DO lay bearings out on clean paper.
DONT from dirt and
spin
any
bearings
with
compressed
air.
DO protect moisture. DO use
disassembled
bearings
DONT rinsing
use same container of bearings.
for
cleaning
and
final
clean,
lint-free
rags
if
bearings
are
wiped.
DONT bearings.
use
cotton
waste
or
dirty
cloths
to
wipe
DO
keep
bearings
wrapped
in
oil-proof
paper
when
not in use.
DONT expose bearings to moisture or dirt at any inside new of housing as before replacing from bearings. packages, time.
DO DO
clean install
bearings
removed
DONT
scratch
or
nick
bearing
surfaces.
without
washing. DONT remove grease or oil from new bearings.
DO
keep
bearing
lubricants
clean
when
applying
and DONT use incorrect kind or amount of lubricant.
cover containers when not in use.
14
Proper core begins in the stock room. Store bearings in originol unopened packages, in o dry place. The bearing number isplainly shown on the wrapping. Before packaging, the manufacturer protected the bearing with a grease coating. An unopened pockage means continued protection. Do not open carton until reody to use.
To press becring oh shaft, Fit c, clean piece of tubing aver the shaft and rest it an inner ring Befare p r e s s u r e i s a p p l i e d t c b e a r i n g , a p p l y a c o a t o f Iighl oil or micronized graphite to the b e a r i n g s e a t a n d t h e bearing bare This will facilitate assembly Be sure bearing is square an shaft, then apply pressure by tapping end of pipe with hommer or using arbor press. Refer to illustration (A) an page 16
Open package only when ready to install bearing. Hondie bearing with clean, dry hands and with clean rags. Lay bearing on clean paper and keep covered. Never expose bearing on a dirty bench or floor. Never use o beoring as o gauge lo check either the housing bore or the shaft
fir.
Note: To shrink a sealed bearing an a shaft, use only method 2, and limit temperature to 107C (225F).
To shrink an open bearing an a shaft, expand bearing by: 1. Boiling in emulsion of 10% to 15% soluble oil in water for 15 to 30 minutes .Be sure to place supports under bearing to isolate it from bott container as contact will overheat bearing 2 Heat in a clean temperature-con. trolled electric oven or on a hot plate to a maximum of 121C 125OF) for about fifteen minutes Thoroughly bearing but do not overheat This will prevent seizing on the cold shaft Alter bearlng is in place against shaft shoul. der. lock it immediatelv with a lock nut Otherwise, in shrinking, bearing may move away from its proper posi. tion against shaft shoulder
Dont wash o new bearingit is already clean and the slushing oil should not be removed. Old grease can be washed from a used bearing with a solvent but fluid and container must be clean. After this cleaning, wash the bearing out thoroughly with light oil and then relubricate. Bearings should be washed only when necessary.
When mounting in a split housing, check bore of housing to see that it is within specified perfectly tolerances
round.
and
is
Bearing
must
not be pinched by small bore or because of a cocked outer
ring. Dont switch housing caps - t h e y a r e n o t interchangeable. An undersized housing bore or on out-of-round bore will pinch the bearing cause early failure.
and
Before mounting, be sure shaft size is within the specified tolerances recommended for the bearing. The bearing seat should be perfectly round and not tapered. It should be clean and free from nicks ond burrs. Shaft shown is too worn lo properly seat bearing-dont use it. Support shaft firmly in a clean place-if in a vise, protect it from vise jaws. Protectors can be soft metal, wood, cardboard or paper.
Some precaution must be exercised when mounting bearing in a solid housing; i.e., the outer ring should be perfectly square with the housing bore before any pressure is applied. Here again, the housing bore should be within the specified tolerances for the bearing size and should be perfectly round. The housing bore and bearing outside diameter should be coated with l i g h t o i l o r m i c r o n i z e d graphite to facilitate assembly.
15
(A)
Cover the unfinished job when left for only a few hours or until the next day. Rewrap each bearing to keep out dirt and moisture. When this & necessary, use grease-proof paper. lf you do not take care of bearings during installation, they will not lost long. An arbor press is equally good for either mounting or removing beorings.
Type of lubricant usually depends on operating conditions -follow machine builders instructions. When oil is used, cover about half of bottom ball or roller. It is preferred that o sight oil gauge be used and marked so as to show static and operating oil levels. This will greatly help to determine when additional oil is required. The operating level is different than the static level and can be determined only when the bearing is in operation. Bearing pullers Be sure bearing is square with and held fhmly against shaft shoulder. Secure it with a locknut and lockwasher. Housing covers must be tight to keep lubricant in and dirt wt. After heid beoring has been positioned, the free bearing should be located centrally in its housing to p e r m i t expansion a n d traction of the shaft. canwhich may be used separately or in various combinations to pull or push complete beorings or individual rings.
(Cl
Never pound directly on o bearing or ring. It will likely damage both shoft and bearing.
To remove o bearing from the shaft, force inner ring with press or draw bar and plate. Shaft shoulder must be smaller than inner ring to make such removal. A variety of beoring pullers are ovailable. The use of such speciaiized tools will more than pay for themselves by preventing damage to serviceable bearings. Refer to group at right. of illustrations (8)
To drive shoft 2 of beoring, use a soft metal slug which will not mar the shaft.
16
INSPECTION and ASSEMBLY REQUIRE CLEAN BEARINGS

it has been cleaned. Dont spin dirty bearings. Rotate them slowly washing.
Dont try to judge the condition of a beoring until after
while
Dont spin ony bearings with an air hose. Rotote one ring by hond when using air to expose all parts of bearing. Bearings with a shield or seal on one side only should be washed, inspected ond handled in the same manner as bearings without shields or seals.
Do not spin bearings before cleaning Dirt can cause serious scratching.
Bearings with shields or seals on both sides should not be woshed. Wipe them off to keep dirt from working inside. Smooth turning bearings can be coated with protective lubricant, then wrapped in their original application. and stored or used
If a small tank and wire baskets for soaking and washing bearings are not available, a clean grease can or bucket filled with solvent can be used. Let the bearings soak long enough to loosen the grease and
i
dirt. Thot may toke several hours or longer. Then slosh the bearing around near the top of the container, giving it a turn now and then until it is clean. Rinse in a clean Bearing container of clean cleaning solutions solvent. are generally petroleum sol-
vents intended for bearing cleaning and are preferred.

Soak bearings thoroughly in plenty of solvent
Rinse them in clean solvent, light oil or kerosene.
Do not
spin
by force of air. Hold both rings. Use clean, dry air.
17
All solvents are highly inflammable and precautions should be taken to prevent fires.
other
foreign
OS
matter.
Any
clean
cloth or paper
will
do I
as long
the bearings are well covered.
short,
clean
bristle
brush off
from is
which
the in
bristles
will dirt,
not come out or scale or chips.
break
helpful
removing
DOS ad DONTS on LUBRICATION

Follow instructions when furnished with machinery. Use only grease where grease is specified and oil where
After inspect
the
bearings
hove
been
thoroughly
cleaned,
oil is specified. Be sure to use exactly the kind of lubricant Store the instructions in clean specify. containers. Handle grease with
them
immediately.
Inspected to use
bearings but
which cant
are be
considered reossembled
good in the
enough equip-
grease
again,
ment on the same doy, should be dipped in slushing c o m p o u n d arid stored overnight in a tightly covered pan.
clean paddles or grease guns. Keep grease containers covered.
Dont
overfill.
Grease
or
oil
will
purge
out
of
overfilled
If inspected bearings are to be stored for more than a few days, dip them in a protective lubricant or coat all surfaces with a light grease, rototing them to work the grease thoroughly around the rolling members and on the raceways. Wrap the beorings in greaseproof paper and place in o clean box or carton. Where cartons ore not obtoinoble, wrap them in o waterproof paper and mark the outside of the pockage to identify the bearing. exposed in portial to assemblies. the
housings past seals and closures, collect dirt and cause trouble. Too much lubricant will also cause overheating. This is particularly true of bearings running speeds where the churning of the lubricant the bearings to run excessively hot. at high will cause
Dont permit any machine to stand around for months without turning it over once in a while so that all surfaces of the bearings will be covered with lubricant. Oil tends to drain down off a standing bearing and moisture may condense in the housing and cause corrosion.
DO
not
leave
bearings
Cover
the
bearings
until
ready
complete
assembly, to p r e v e n t d a m a g e b y m o i s t u r e , d i r t o r
Inspect
seals
and
vents
regularly.
Bearings
porfiolly
ossembld will collect harmful dust or dirt if left standing too long.
if assembly will not Cover with c/eon cloth or-paper, especially be completed for several hours or until next doy
18
TROUBLESHOOTING
This section presents some helpful hints on bearing troubleshooting-what complains, how to recognize the reason for the trouble and practical t o look for when a customer wherever possible. solutions, Complaints of bearing trouble can be reduced to a few classifications-listed in the following order. For ease of relating them to conditions and solutions, they are coded A to G inclusive.
Overheated
bearing
B-- Noisy bearing
CUSTOMERS COMPLAINT
- Replacements are too frequent
D - Vibration
E Unsatisfactory performance of equipment
F - Bearing is loose on shaft

G - Hard turning shaft
The
following
table
lists
some
typical
conditions
that
will
result
in
bearing
failures.
The f i r s t c o l u m n n u m e r i c a l l y c o d e s e a c h t y p i c a l c o n d i t i o n ( N o s . 1 t o 5 4 i n c l u s i v e ) .
The third column is the customer-complaint code (A to G) to which the condition
may apply.
TYPICAL CONDlTlONS RESULTING IN BEARING FAILURES

EACH CONDITION COULD CAUSE -ANY ONE OF THE COMPLAINTS LISTED OPPOSITE THE RESPECTIVE CONDITION IN COLUMN 3
CODE CONDITION COMPLAINT
1.
2.
3.
lnadequote lubrication (Wrong type of grease or oil). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insufficient lubrication

(Low oil level - l o s s of lubricant through seals). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A-5-C-G A-B-C-G I-
Excessive lubrication (Housing oil level too high or housing packed with grease). . . . . . . . Insufficient Foreign Foreign Bearings Bearings Uneven Chips High Seals clearance acting acting in in of in as as bearing on a (Selection of wrong carbon, acids, fit). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . etc.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . paints, etc.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A-G
A-B-C-E-G B-C-D-E-G B-C-D-E-G A-B-C-D-E-G A-B-C-D-E-G A-B-C-D-E-G B-C-D-E-G C A-G
4.
5. 6.
matter matter
abrasive corrosive (Bore
(Sand, (Water, out of
7.
8. 9. 10. 11.
12.
pinched pinched shimming in bearing velocity tight
the the
housing housing base
round). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Housing (Distorted or (Oil dirt
warped). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . housing in bore possible cracking of base). .
housing
housing over (Cup
(Chips
left
housing]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
air
bearings
leakage). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
too
seals). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
TYPICAL CONDITIONS RESULTING IN BEARING FAILURES (Continued)

CODE CONDlTlON COMPLAINT
13. 14.
15.
Seals
misaligned
(Rubbing
against
stationary
parts). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A-B-G A A-B-C-G A-B-C-E-G B-C-D-E-F B-C-D-E-F A-E-C-E-G C A-C-D-E B-D-E A-B-C-E-G A-C-E-G C-D-E C-D-E C-D-E-G A-B-C C-D-E-G
Oil return holes plugged (Oil leakage). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preloaded bearings (Opposed mounting). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preloaded bearings (Two held bearings on one shaft). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bearing loose on shaft (Shaft diameter too small). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bearing loose on shaft (Adapter not tightened sufficiently). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bearing too tight internally (Adapter tightened excessively), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Split pillow block with uneven surfaces (Oil leakage). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spinning of outer ring in housing (Unbalanced load). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noisy bearing (Flat on roller or ball due to skidding). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excessive shaft expansion (Resulting in opposed mounting). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excessive shaft expansion (Resulting in insufficient clearance in bearing). . . . . . . . . . . . . Tapered shaft seat (Concentration of load in bearing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tapered housing bore (Concentration of load in bearing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shaft shoulder too small (Inadequate shoulder support-bending of shaft) . . . . . . . . . . . Shaft shoulder too large (Rubbing against bearing seals). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Housing Housing shoulder shoulder too too small large (Inadequate (Distortion of shoulder bearing support). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seals). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22 . 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.
B-C-G
C-D-E-G C-D-E-G A-B-C-G A-C A-C-D-E-G A-C-D-E-G A-C A-C A-B-E-G A-B-C-G A-C-D-E-G B-C-D-E B C D-E D-E C-E-G A-F
Shaft fillet too large (Bending of shaft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Housing fillet too large (Inadequate support). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insufficient clearance in labyrinth seals (Rubbing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Shows incorrect oil level). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oil gauge breather hole clogged
Shafts out of line (Linear misalignment). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shafts out of line (Angular misalignment). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constant oil level cups (Incorrect level). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Constant oil level cups (Located against rotation of bearing]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lockwasher prongs bent (Rubbing against bearing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Incorrect positioning of fingers (Rubbing against covers). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pedestal surface uneven (Bending of housing causing pinching of bearing). . . . . . . . . . . Ball or roller denting (Hammer blows on bearing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Noisy bearing (Extraneous conditions). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in bearing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lubricant leakage and entrance of dirt into bearing (Worn out seals). . . . . . . . . . . . . Vibration Vibration (Excessive clearance (Unbalanced loading). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and center punching of shaft for bearing seat). . . . . . .
Hard turning shaft (Shaft and housing shoulders out of square with bearing seat). . . . . . . Bearing loose on shaft (Knurling Oversized Undersized Oversized Enlarged Noisy shaft Discoloration of bearings (Use of blow torch to remove bearing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Overheating and noise). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bore bore bore (Overheating (Overheating (Excessive of of bearing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bearing-spinning of non-ferrous of outer ring). . . . . . . . . . housings). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a
A-B-C-E-G A-B-C-E-G A-B-C-D-E A-B-C-D-E B
housing housing
housing
peening
bearing
(False
brinelling). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
The
following
pages complaint.
offer
PRACTICAL
SOLUTIONS
to
the
TROUBLE
CONDITIONS
which
originated
.your
customers Column Column
1 refers 2 is the
back reason
to for
the
code that
of condition
the
typical -ond
condition column
listed 3 is your
in the pracficol
foregoing solution.
table.
TROUBLE CONDITIONS
OVERHEATED
Complaint
REAS6N FOR CONDITION
AND THEIR SOLUTION

BEARING
A
PRACTICAL SOLUTION
Wrong type of grease ing break-down of
or oil causlubricant.
Insufficient
grease
in housing.
Purge bearing until only lower half of housing is rh to sh full of grease. Using oil lubrication, reduce level to
quate internal clearance ditions where external thru shaft, conducted ng excessively
for conheat is thereby the in-
Replacement bearing should have bearing for proper internal clearance. markings have become indistinct.
identical Check
marking as with SKF if
original bearing
Housing
bore
out
of
round.
Check and scrape housing bore to relieve pinching of bearing. Be sure pedestal surface is Rat, and shims cover entire area of pillow
Leather or with excessive
composition seals spring tension or
Replace leather or composition seals with ones having reduced spring tension. Lubricate seals.
Rotatinq
seals
rubbing
against
Check running clearance ing seal to eliminate Correct alignment.
of rotatrubbing.
21
OVERHEATED
BEARING
Complaint
(Continued)
Clean holes. Drain refilling to proper fresh lubricant.
out oil
used level
oilwith
Opposed
mounting.
insert cover loading
gasket flange of
between housing to relieve axial bearing.
and pre-
Back ings, quate permit
off covers in one of the housusing shims to obtain adeclearance of outer ring, to free axial bearing motion.
Loosen locknut and sleeve assembly. Retighten sufftciently to clamp sleeve on shaft but be sure bearing turns freely.
ing
with
one
having
proper
bore.
incorrect bricant
oil in
level. bearing.
Result:
no
lu-
Clean
out
clogged
hole
to vent
oil
LINEAR
MISALIGNMENT
ANGULAR
MISALIGNMENT
OVERHEATED
DE TO PICA1 IDITION
BEARING
Complaint
(Conrinuad)
REASON FOR CONDITION
PRACTICAL SOLUTION
-38
incorrect mounting of constant oil level cup. (Too high or too low.) Cup located opposite rotation of bearing permitting excessive flow of oil, resulting in too high oil level.
The oil level at standstill must not exceed the center of the lowermost ball or roller. Locate cup with rotation of bearing. Sketch illustrates correct position of constant level oil cup with respect to rotation. Better replace constant level oiler
i I IIATIC 01~ L*YGL * WC1).TWC OIL LVCL , wawnG . r
39
Prong
rubbing
against
bearing.
Remove prong
lockwasher or replace
with
straighten new wosher.
m\ ($L
-7 d 1 --Y
1 -L-!-iKnurling bearing and seat center punching on shaft. of Unsafisfactory because high spots are flattened when fit is loose, metallire shaft and regrind
48
when load is applied, to proper size.
50
Bearing seat diameter machined oversize, causing excessive expansion of bearing inner ring, thus reducing clearance in bearing. Pounding-out due to soft larged bore ningyf outer of housing bore metal. Result: en. . . causing spinring in housing.
Grind
shaft
to get
proper
fit between
inner
ring
of
bearing
and
shaft.
53
Rebore bushing
housing and press to correct size.
steel
bushing
in
bore.
Machine
bore
of
NOISY
Wrong causing cant. Low oil through Insufficient type of grease or oil break-down of lubri-
BEARING
B
proper type of lubricant. if oil or grease should
Complaint
Consult reliable lubricant manufacturer for Check SKF Catalog instructions to determine be used. Oil level standstill. Using should I be lower at center half of of pillow lowest block bail
level. seal.
Loss
of
lubricant
or should
roller be
in bearing, /2 to $+
at full.
grease
in housing.
grease,
See Illzrsfration-CornpIriillt
Bearings selected with inadequate internal clearance for conditions where external heat is conducted through shaft, thereby expanding excessively the inner ring. Foreign bon, housing. matter (dirt, etc.) entering sand, carbearing
A,
Condition
.?
Replacement bearing ing for proper internal become indistinct.
should have clearance.
identical Check
marking with SKF
as original if markings
bearhave
Cleon design
out bearing to obtain
housing. adequate
Replace protection
worn-out seals of bearing.
or
improve
seal
Corrosive agents (water, paints, etc.) entering the ing housing. Housing Housing tortion housing
acids, bear-
Addition
of
a shroud
and
(or)
finger
to throw
off
foreign
matter.
7-8
9-51
bore out of round. warped. Excessive disof housing. Undersized bore.
Check and sure pedestal block base.
scrape housing bore to relieve pinching surface is flat, ond shims cover entire
of beoring. Be area of pillow
See Iflllstratiofi-Conlplrrillt
A.
Coudibons
7-8-g-41-51
NOISY
DDE TO YPICAL NDITION
BEAIWG
Complainr
(Continued)
REASON
FOR CONDITION
PRACTICAL
SOLUTION
10
Failure to remove chips, dirt, etc. from bearing housing before assembling bearing unit.
Carefully
clean
housing,
and
use
fresh
lubricant.
13 3-40
Rotating stationary
seals rubbing parts.
against
Check Correct
running alignment
clearance
of
rotating
seal
to
eliminate
rubbing.
See Iliustrdtion
Insert gasket pre-loading
-Complaint
between bearing.
A,
housing
Condition
and cover
13-33-40
flange 1 i to relieve axial
15
Opposed
mounting.
of
See Illustration-Complaint
Back quote off covers clearance
A,
Condition
housings to permit
6-23
Two shaft.
held Excessive
bearings shaft
on one expansion.
in one of the of outer ring
using free
See Illz,stratjon-CornplJj,II
A,
Conditions
shims axial G-23-24
to obtain adebearing motion.
Shaft 7-18 Adapter ciently.
diameter not
too tightened
small. sufi-
Metallize rain proper Retighten on shaft.
shaft fit adapter
and to
regrind get firm
to
obgrip ,\~\, ,. A
~ :
.\ \. LOOSE ,
I
19 Adapter tightened excessively. Loosen sleeve locknut on shaft and but sleeve assembly. be sure bearing
-sufficiently to
r ;
Retighten turns freely.
clamp
See Illz~stratjon-Compl~jnt
Flat on skidding. Rbbbing against ball or roller (Result of fast of bearing shaft seals. due to starting.1 shoulder Carefully surface. Remachine examine Replace shaft bails bearing. shoulder or
rA,
rollers,
Condition
looking
19
for flat spots on the
22
28
to clear
seal.
See Ilhtration-Complaint
A,
Condition
28 --
30
Distortion
of
bearing
seals.
Remachine clear seal.
housing
shoulder
to
39
Prong
rubbing
against
bearing.
Remove
lockwasher-straighten
prong
or replace
with
new
washer.
incorrect Hammer method of mounting. blows on bearing. Replace with when mounting. new bearing.
A,
Condition
Dont hammer
39
any part of bearing
42
43
Interference parts of
of machine.
other
movable
Carefully provide
check necessary
every moving clearance.
part
for
interference.
Reset
parts
to
Distorted 49 of bearing
shaft
and
other
parts
assembly.
Only in extreme cases should a torch be used to faCihte of a failed bearing. Care should be exercised to avoid concentration at any one point so distortion is eliminated.
removal high heat
24
NOISY
ODE TO YPICAL lNDlTlON REASON FOR CONDITION
BEARING
Complaint
(Continued)
PRACTICAL SOLUIION
50
Bearing sear diameter machined oversize causing excessive expansian of bearing inner ring, thus reducing clearance in bearing.
Grind and
shaft shaft.
to
get
proper
fit
between
inner
ring
of
bearing
Unbalanced
load.
Housing
bore
Rebalance
unit.
Replace
housing
with
one
having
proper
bore.
Pounding-out of housing bore due to soft metal. Result: enlarged bore . . . causing spinning of outer ring in housing.
Rebore housing and press steel bushing in bore. Machine bore of bushing to correct size. If loads are not excessive, tighter fit in housing, without the use of the steel bushing, may correct the trouble.
54
Bearing while
exposed machine is
to idle.
vibration
Carefully equal to
examine the spacing
bearing for wear spots of the balls. Replace
separated bearing.
by
distance
REPLACEMENTS
ARE
Complaint
TOO
c
FREQUENT
wrong
type
of
grease
or
oil
causing Low oil through Insufficient
break-down level. seal. Loss grease
of lubricant.
Consult reliable lubricant manufacturer for Check SKF Catalog instructions to determine be used. Oil Using level should be lower at center half of of lowest ball block
of in
lubricant housing.
or roller should be
in bearing. /2 to $$ full.
grease,
pillow
See Illzi~t~ation-Complaint
Bearings selected with quate internal clearance ditions where external conducted thru shaf+, expanding ner ring. excessively inadefor conheat is thereby the in-
A,
Condition
Replacement bearing should have bearing for proper internal clearance. markings have become indistinct.
identical Check
marking as with SKF if
original bearing
Foreign matter (dirt, sand, carbon, etc.) entering into bearing housing. Corrosive agents (water, paints, etc.) entering the ing housing. Housing Housing tortion housing acids, beor-
Clean seal
out design
bearing housing. to obtain adequate
Replace worn-out protection of
seals bearing.
or
improve
Addition
of
a shroud
and
Ior)
flinger
to throw
ofF the
foreign
matter.
7-8-9 11-51
bore out of round. warped. Excessive disof housing. Undersized bore. dirt, be. unit.
Check and scrape Be sure pedestal pillow block base.
housing surface
is
bore flat,
to relieve and shims
pinching of cover entire
bearing. area of
See Ihtration-Complaiaint
A,
Conditions
7-8-9-4 I-5 I
10
Failure to remove chips, etc. from bearing housing fore assembling bearing
Carefully
clean
housing,
and
use
fresh
lubricant.
25
REPLACEMENTS
CODE 10 TYPICAL ONDITION
ARE
TOO
FREQUENT
C~mploint
(Continued)
REASON
FOR CONDITION
PRACTICAL
SOLUTION
11
Oil leakage resulting from air flow over bearings. (Example: forced draft fan with air inlet over bearings.)
Provide
proper
baffles
to. divert
direction
of
air
flow.
15
Opposed
mounting.
Insert gasket pre-loading
of
between bearing.
housing
and
cover
flange
to
relieve
axial
A,
Condition
IS
16
23-24
Two shaft.
held Excessive
bearings shaft
on expansion.
one
Back quote
off
covers clearance
in one of the of outer ring,
housings, to permit
using free
shims axial
A,
Conditions
16-23-24
17
,*
Shaft Adapter
diameter insufficiently
too
small. tightened.
Metallize Retighten
shaft adapter
and
regrind to get firm
to obtain grip on
proper shaft.
fit.
B,
Conditions
I 7- I 8
19
Adapter
tightened
excessively.
Loosen sleeve
locknut on shaft
and but
sleeve assembly. be sure bearing
sufficiently
to clamp
A,
Condition
19 UCVLH MFACES
20
Oil leakage at housing Jxcessive loss of lubricant.
split.
If not gasket Replace
severe, cement. housing
use thin layer of Dont use shims. if necessary.
--l OR I Ps / .OR i; P
L!I!QL
21-52 Unbalanced too large. lood. l-lousing bore Rebalance machine. Replace housing with one having proper bore.
A,
Conditions
2 I -52
25
26
Unequal bearing.
load
distribution
an
Rework shaft, obtain proper new shaft and
housing, or fit. May housing.
both, to require
27
Inadequate causing
bending
shoulder of
support shaft.
Remachine stress. May
shaft require
fillet to shoulder
relieve collar.
29
J
Inadequate causing
support cocking of
in housing outer ring.
Remachine stress. May
housing require
fillet to shoulder
relieve collar.
28
Rubbing against
of bearing
shaft seals.
shoulder
Remachine
shaft
shoulder
to
clear
seal.
A,
Condition
28
30
Distortion
of
bearing
seals.
Remachine
housing
shoulder
to clear
seal.
30
B,
Condition
26
REPLACEMENTS
ARE
TOO
FREQUENT
CornplaIn,
(Continued)
neven
expansion
Remachine
shaft
fillet
to
obtain
Distortion
of
housin
sing
fillet
to
obtain
earance stationary parts.
of
rotating
seal
to
eliminate
rubbing.
The ball level
oil
level
at
standstill Locate sight cup gage.
must with
not
exceed of
the
center
of the Replace
lowermost constant
or roller. oiler with
rotation
bearing.
Incorrect Hammer
method blows on
of
mounti bearing. when mountin
44
Excessively worn leather (or composition), or labyrinth seals. Result: lubricant loss; dirt getting into bearing.
Replace fresh
seals lubricant.
after
thoroughly
47
Shaft and housing face of locknut with bearing seat.
shoulders out-of-square
and Remachine parts to obtain squareness.
Bearing 50
seat
diameter
machined exring, in Grind and shaft shaft. to get proper fit between inner ring of bearing
oversize, causing excessive pansion of bearing inner thus reducing clearance bearing.
53
Pounding-out due to soft larged bore ning of outer
of housing metal. Result: . . . causing ring in
bore enspin-
Rebore bushing
housing to correct
and size.
press
steel
bushing
in
bore.
Machine
bore
of
housing.
VIBRATION
Complaint
Foreign 5 bon, housing. matter [dirt, etc.) entering sand, carbearing Clean design out bearing to obtain
D
housing. adequate Replace protection worn-out seals of bearing. or improve seal
27
VIBRATION
Complafnf
(Continued)
REASON
FOR CONDITION
PRACTICAL SOLUTION
Corrosive agents (water, points, etc.) entering the ing housing. Housing Housing tortion housing
acids, bear-
Addition
of
a shroud
and
(or)
flinger
to
throw
off
foreign
matter.
7-8 9-41
Check and scrape housing bore Be sure pedestal surface is flat, pillow block base.
to relieve and shims
pinching of cover entire
bearing. area of
See Ihtration-Corn/hint
A,
Conditions
7-8-P-41 -SI
10
Failure to remove chips, dirt, etc. from bearing housing before assembling bearing unit. Shaft diometer not too small. sufi-
Carefully
clean
housing,
and
use
fresh
lubricant.
Metallize Retighten
shaft adapter
and
regrind to get firm
to obtain grip
proper on shaft.
fit.
17-l
Adapter ciently. Unbalanced too large. Flat on skidding. Unequal bearing.
tightened
See Ihtration-Complaint
load. Housing bore Rebalance machine. Replace
B,
Conditions
with
17-l 8
one having proper bore.
21-52
housing
See Ibstration-Complaint
ball or roller (Result of fast load distribution due to starting.9 on Carefully surface. examine Replace balls bearing, or or
A,
rollers,
Conditions
looking
21-52
for fiat spots on the
22
25-26
Rework shaft, new shaft and
housing, housing.
both,
to
obtain
proper 25-26 require 27 May 29
fit.
May
require
shoulder of support shaft. in housing outer ring. Remachine shaft fillet to
C,
relieve
Conditions
stress. May
27
__
Inadequate causirig Inadequate causing
shoulder
collar.
bending
See Illustration-Compiaint
Remachine collar housing fillet to
C,
Condition
stress.
29
support cocking of
relieve
require
shoulder
See iliustration-Complaint
Remachine shaft fillet
C,
to obtain
Condition
proper
31
Distortion of shaft ring. Uneven expansion ing inner ring. Distortion of ring. Pinching
and
inner of bear-
support.
See Mustration-Complaint
Remachine housing fillet
C,
to obtain
Condition
proper
3I
support. 32 Be sure shafts are or more bearings
32
housing and of bearing.
outer
See Ihstration-Complaint
Correct coupled operate
C,
Condition
pillow
35-36
Incorrect linear ment of two shafts with two
or angular alignor more coupled or more bearings.
alignment by shimming in straight line--especially on one shaft.
blocks. when three 35-36 any
Replace with when mounting. Use bearings new bearing.
A,
Conditions
hammer
42
Incorrect Hammer Excessive resulting Vibration
method blows
of on
mounting. bearing. in bearing,
Dont
part
of
bearing
45
clearance in vibration. of machine.
with
recommended
internal
clearances.
46
Check Rebore
balance
of rotating
ports. steel
Rebalance bushing
machine. in bore. Machine bore of
53
Pounding-out of housing bore due t0 Soft metal. Result: enlarged bore . . . causing spinning of outer ring in housing.
bushing
housing and press to correct size
28
UNSATISFACTORY
PERFORMANCE Complaint I?
OF
EQUIPMENT
:ONDIllON
%X?
PRACTICAL SOLUTION
Bearings selected with quate internal clearance ditions where external conducted thru shaft, expanding excessively ner ring. Foreign matter (dirt, bon, etc.) entering housing.
inadefor conheat is thereby the in-
Replacement bearing should have beoring for proper internal clearance. markings have become indistinct.
identical Check
marking as original with SKF if bearing
sand, carbearing
Clean out seal design
bearing housing. to obtain adequate
seals bearing.
or
improve
Corrosive agents (water, paints, etc.) entering the ing housing. Housing Housing tortion housing
acids, bear-
Addition
of
a shroud
and
(or)
flinger
to
throw
off
foreign
matter.
7-8-9 41-51
Check and scrape housing Be sure pedestal surface pillow block base.
is
bore flat,
to and
relieve shims
pinching of cover entire 7-8-g-41-51
bearing. area of
See Illustration-complaint
A,
Conditions
10
Failure to remove chips, dirt, etc. from bearing housing before assembling bearing unit. -
Carefully
clean
housing,
and
use
fresh
lubricant.
16
23-24
Two shaft.
held Excessive
bearings shaft
on one expansion.
Back quate
off covers clearance
housings,using to permit free
shims axial
Metallize shaft adapter and regrind to get
A,
Conditions
proper on shaft.
16-23-24
fit. 17-i 8 sufficiently to clamp
Shaft 17-18 Adapter ciently.
diameter not
too
small. sufTi-
to obtain firm grip
tightened
Retighten
Loosen sleeve locknut on shaft and but
Conditions
19
Adapter
tightened
excessively.
21-52 Unbalanced too large. Flat on skidding. Unequal 25126 bearing. load. Housing bore Rebalance machine. Replace
A,
Cordition
with
19
one having proper bore.
housing
ball or roller (Result of fast load distribution due starting.) to Carefully surface. examine Replace balls bearing. or or
A,
rollers,
Conditions
looking
21-52
or flat spots on the
22
on
Rework shaft, new shaft and
housing, housing.
both,
to
obtain
proper
fit.
May
require
shoulder of support shaft. in of outer housing ring. ,Remachine shaft fillet to
C,
relieve
Conditions
stress. May
25-26
require shoulder collar.
27
Inadequate causing Inadequate
bending
See IhstrationRemachine collar.
-Complaint
housing fillet to
C,
Condition
stress.
27
May require shoulder
support cocking
relieve
29
causing
C,
Condition
29
29
UNSATISFACTORY
PERFORMANCE
OF
EQUIPMENT
Comploi~t
(Continued)
PRACTICAL SOLUTION
Remachine shaft fillet See Illustration-Complaint
to obtain c,
proper support. Condition 3 I
32
Distortion of outer ring. Pinching of
housing bearing.
and
Remachine housing See Iilustrafjon-Complain&
fillet
to obtain C,
proper Condition
support.
32
35-36
Incorrect linear or angular alignment of two or more coupled shafts with two or more bearings.
Correct alignment by shimming coupled in straight line-especially operate on one shaft. See Iffustration-Complaint A,
pillow
blocks. when three 35-36
Be sure shafts are or more bearings
Conditions
39
Prong
rubbing
against
bearing.
Remove lockwasher See Illustration-Complaint
-straighten A,
prong or Condition
replace 33
with
new
washer.
42
Incorrect Hammer
method of mounting. blows on bearing.
Replace with when mounting.
new
bearing.
Dont
hammer
any
part
of
bearing
45
Excessive resulting
clearance in vibration.
in bearing,
Use
bearings
with
recommended
internal
clearances.
46
Vibration
of
machine,
Check
balance
of rotating
parts.
Rebalance
machine.
47
Shaft and square
and face with
housing shoulders, of locknut out bearing seat.
of
Remachine
ports
to
obtain
squareness.
50
Bearing seat diameter machined oversize, causing excessive expansion of bearing inner ring thus reducing clearance in bearing. Pounding-aut of housing bore due to soft metal. Result: enlarged bore _ . . causing spinning of outer ring in housing.
Grind
shaft
to proper
fit between
inner
ring
of
bearing
and
shoft.
53
Rebore housing and press steel bushing in bore. Machine bore of bushing to correct size. If loads are not excessive, tighter fit in housing, without the use of the steel bushing, may correct the trouble.
BEARING
IS LOOSE
Complain! F
ON
SHAFT
17-18
Shaft Adapter ciently.
diameter not
too small. tightened
s&i-
Metallize shaft and regrind to obtain proper Retighten adapter to get firm grip on shaft. See Illustration-CompIaint B, Conditions Unsatisfactory plied. When
I
fit. I 7-18 load proper is apsize.
48
I
Knurling of bearing
ond center punching seat on shoft.
because fit is loose,
high spots metallize
ore shaft
flattened when and regrind to
HARD
TURNING
Complaint
OF SHAFT
G
Wrong type of grease ing break-down of
or oil causlubricant.
Consult reliable lubricant manufacturer for Check SKF Catolog instructions to determine be used.
HARD DDE 10 IPICA

UDlllON
TURNING
OF
SHAFT
Comptolnt
(Contlnuod)
PRACTICAL SOLUTION
Low oil through lnsuffrcient
level. seal.
Loss
of in
lubricant housing.
Oil level bearing. Using
should
be lower
just half
below of pillow
center block
of
lowest should
ball be /s
or to
roller h
in full.
grease
grease,
See III~~~lr~.~lif~if--C~~t~t~l~r~~~f A.
Housing packed with grease, or oil level too high . . . causing excessive churning of lubricant, high operating temperature, oil leakage. Bearings selected with quate internal clearance ditions where external conducted thru shaft, expanding excessively ner ring. Foreign matter (dirt, bon, etc.) entering housing. inadefor conheat is thereby the in-
Courlilj~JIl
2
t/2 to below sh full center of of
Purge bearing until only lower half of housing is grease. Using oil lubrication, reduce level to just lowest ball. 1 ee Ill// ,t11lti/,t(-Cf,t)lplrll111 A, Couditiou 9
-_
Replacement bearing should have bearing for proper internal clearance. markings have become indistinct. identical Check marking as with SKF if original bearing
sand, carbearing
Clean seal
out design
bearing housing. to obtain odequate
se.ais bearing.
or
improve
Corrosive agents (water, paints, etc.) entering the ing housing. Housing HousiLg tortion housing
acids, bear-
Addition
of
a shroud
and
[or)
flinger
to
throw
off
foreign
matter.
7-8 9-41
51
Check and scrape housing Be sure pedestal surface is pillow block base.
bore flat,
to and
relieve shims
pinching of cover entire 7-8-p-4 I-I I
bearing. area of
A,
Conditions
10
Failure to remove chips, dirt, etc. from bearing housing before assembling bearing unit.
Carefully
clean
housing,
and
use
fresh
lubricant.
12
Leather or with excessive dried out.
composition seals spring tension or
Replace spring
leather tension.
or composition Lubricate seals.
seals
with
ones
having
reduced
See IIIrfstr~rtinn-Conlplrlint
.A*
Cntlditiorz
12
13
13-40
Rotating stationary
seals rubbing parts.
against
Check Correct
running clearance alignment.
of
rotating
seal
to
eliminate
rubbing.
See Illustratjon-Complajllt
Insert gasket pre-loading between bearing.
A,
housing
Condition
and cover
I j-33-40
flange to relieve oxial
15
Opposed
mounting.
of
See Illustration-Complaint 16
13-24 Back quate off covers clearance
A,
Conditiarz
housings, to permit
II
using free shims to obtoin adeoxial bearing motion.
Two shaft.
held Excessive
bearings shaft
on one expansion.
Loosen sleeve locknut on shaft and but
A,
Conditions
16-23-24
sufficiently to clamp
19
Adapter
tightened
excessively.
See Illustration-Complaint 39
Remove lockwasher. Straighten
A,
Condition
prong or
I9
replace with new washer.
Prong
rubbing
against
bearing.
See Illwrtratiom-Complaint
A,
Condition
19.
31
:
HARD TURNING OF SHUT CornplaInt 0 (Continmd!
RR&OH
roll
C0NolYloN
causing
bending
of
shaft.
Distortion
of
bearing
seals.
shimming n-specially
pillow
blocks. when three
Be sure shafts are or more bearings
Shaft
and
housing
shoulders,
earing
seat
diameter
machined Grind shaft to get proper fit between inner ring
of bearing
32
680 A - Wharton Circle, S W

P 0 Box 43845 Atlanta, GA 30336 Telephone - 404-696-7750
ATLANTA, GA
HARTFORD. CT 750 Old Main Street Rocky Hill, CT 06067 Telephone - 203-529-6871 HOUSTON, TX Suite 126 4420 FM 1960 West Houston, TX 77068 Telephone - 713-440-3914 INDIANAPOLIS, IN Suite G-102A 2346 S Lyndhurst Drive Indianapolis, IN 46241 Telephone - 317-248-0702 LOS ANGELES, CA Suite 128 32107 Lindero Canyon Rood Westlake Village, CA 91361 Telephone - 213-991-9770 MEMPHIS, TN Suite 202 3Odf Getwell Road Memphis, TN 38118 Telephone - 901-795-5580 MILWAUKEE, WI 2401 N. Mayfair Road Milwaukee, WI 53226 Telephone - 414-771-9920 MINNEAPOLIS. MN Suite 546. Southtown Office Park 8120 Penn Avenue. south Bloomington, MN 55434 Telephone - 612-884-2402 NEW YORK, NY 409 Minnisink Road Totowa. NJ 07512 Telephone - 201-255-0864 ORLANDO, FL Surte 159 One Purlieu Place Winter Park, FL 32792 Telephone - 305-678-4100 PHILADELPHIA, PA Suite 1109 996 O l d S c h o o l R o a d Wayne, PA Eagle 19087 Telephone - 215-688-7775 PITTSBURGH. PA 9800 McKnight Road Pittsburgh, PA 15237 Telephone - 412-931-2955
PORTLAND, OR Suite 235 8835 SW Canyon Lane Portland, OR 97225 Telephone - 503-297-1751 QUAD CITIES Suite 223, Brenton Bank Bldg Davenport, IA 52803 Telephone - 319-322-7105 - RENO, NV Warehouse) !3 00 Edison Way. P 0 Box 10303 Reno. Washce CountY. NV 89502 Telephone - 702-323-0311 RICHMOND, VA Suite 105 Courtside at Brandermill 13630 Genito Road Midlothian. VA 23113 Telephone - 804-744-3900 ST. LOUIS, MO Suite 304. Clayton Plaza BIG 7750 Clayton Road St Louis, MO 63117 Telephone - 314X47-3444 SALT LAKE CITY, UT Suite 13 1270 East 8600 South Sandy. UT 84070 Telephone - 801~566-4281 SAN FRANCISCO, CA Suite 206 150 N Wiget Lane Walnut Creek, CA 94598 Telephone - 415-943-1800 SEATTLE, WA Suite 102 14042 N E 8th Ave Bellevue. King Co, WA 9800; Telephone - 206-746-6710
l
BIRMINGHAM, AL Suite 218 1 Riverchose Office Plaza Birmingham, AL 35244 Telephone - 205-988-4232 BOSTON, MA Telephone - 617-872-4643 BUFFALO, NY Suite 103 2777 Sheridan Drive Tonawanda, NY 14150 Telephone - 716-837-5244 CHARLOTTE, NC Suite 214 5501 Executive Center Drive Charlotte, NC 28212 Telephone - 704-568-5500 CHICAGO, IL Suite 320 2 Crossroads of Commerce Rolling Meadows, IL 60008 Telephone - 312-992-3732 CINCINNATI, OH Suite 3 - Colony Square 7770 Cooper Road Cincinnati, OH 45242 Telephone - 513-793-1990 CLEVELAND, OH 21403 Chagrrn Blvd.. Room 104 Beachwcod, OH 44122 Telephone - 216-491-9200
l
DALLAS, TX 2246-52 Vanta e Street Dallas, TX 7520 3 Telephone - 214-631-0831 DENVER, CO Suite 118 2305 E Arapahoe Road Littleton, CO 80122 Telephone - 303-794-8795 DETROIT, Ml Suite 200 21650 W. Eleven Mile Road Southfield. Ml 48076 Telephone - 313-353-5255
SKF INDUSTRIES, INC BEARINGS GROUP 1100 First Avenue King of Prussia, PA 19406 Telephone - 215265-1900
YOUNGSTOWN, OH (Warehouse) 100 Victoria Road P 0 Box Drawer D Youngstown, OH 44515 Telephone - 216-799-1561 AUTOMOTIVE DIVISION Suite 220 6735 Telegraph Road Birmingham, Ml 48010 Telephone - 313-644-9171
- Stock corned at these lbcatrons
II81 20M GP
~
Application Report
Uq %U U- ,4td/p ta . . .
No.592
600
DETERMINE THE CONDITION OF
ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS
by Robert E. Ellis Balancing & Consulting Service Manager IRD Corporation
INTERNATIONAL R E S E A R C H A N D D E V E L O P M E N T C O R P O R A T I O N
6150 Huntley Road, Worthington, Ohio
Subsidiary of H. H. Robertson Co.
(Col u mbus )
Phone 885-5376
Using IRD Model 600 Vibration Analyzer to DETERMINE T HE CONDITION OF ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS
How do you know when bearings are worn and need ? Many times the answer is obvious to be replaced because of machine failure, poor quality in finished parts, and unscheduled downtime. When you dismantle you may find pits in the raceways or on the balls or rollers. You may find flaked areas, discoloration, broken retainers, dirt, corrosion, and a host of others. If a faulty bearing is continued in operation it always gets worse, never better. The whole machine may become noisy, the shaft may become loose and other parts of the machine may fail. perpendicular to shaft axis or the shaft is not in line with the housing.
b) Angular and/or offset misalignment be-
tween different machine components of a system, such as a motor driving a fan through a gear box. This condition refers to misalignment between motor and gearbox or gearbox and fan, and occurs when the shaft axis is not parallel to the axis tbrough the bearing centers.
icles in the lubricant or from flaking will be Bearings with pitted or rough raceways and balls pressed between the rolling elements of the impose forces on the cages when the rolling elebearing and the raceway causing forces that ments contact the rough spots. These forces show produce indentation and pits. up as vibration in the machine structures. It is 3) Lack of Lubrication-A dry bearing may prothese forces that result in decreased bearing life, vide excessive heat, rubbing bearing disfatigue failure, heat and noise. Eventually, the tortion showing up as vibration. bearings become unserviceable. It is also these forces that allow us to detect the bearings condi4) Corroded Parts-can start from: rust, oxition through vibration analysis before a costly dation of lubricant, contaminating influence. failure occurs. In many cases the minute vibrations present in a machine structure close to the 5) Pits-can be caused by corrosion or electribearing contain the information needed to detercal arcing. Electrical leakage may occur mine the bearings condition. Vibration is often through bearings from static electricity on a good indicator of bearing performance. A high line shafts and in direct current motors. vibration level can indicate damage by unbalance Sparking at regular intervals burns away or misalignment, excessive radial or axial load, metal leaving holes and pits. dirt and corrosion, or brinelling in assembly. ap6) Lack of Concentricity-usually becomes The IRD Vibration Analyzer can be used to anaparant only at a low level of vihration-may lyze these and other vibrations so that a rapid show up as vibration at rotor speed. The evaluation of the bearings condition may be obcharacteristics are such that it acts like tained and corrective action taken if needed. unbalance which shows up on one radial dirCauses of Bearing Vibration ection (horizontal, vertical, or at some other specific angle). The equipment can generSources of vibrations in bearings are: ally be balanced to a low level of vibration 1) Misalignment-two kinds in one direction but will not show a low a) Angular misalignment between inner and level of vibration in another. outer races-the bearing rotates with the inner ring at an angle to the shaft axis, 7) Pinch and Overload-bearings installed in the balls will wear a track which wobout-of-round housings or on out-of-round bles from one side of the raceway to the shafts may distort enough to cause vibration other. Common causes of this condition overload, and failure. Early fatigue failure are: shoulder out-of-square, burr between at opposite sides of the raceways may result. the shoulder and bearing and fillet too large. 8) Bearing-Retainer Rattle-loose retainers may be a source of vibration. Misalignment difficulties can also arise 9) Excessive Clearance-mostly found in sleeve when bearing housing shoulders are not
2) Dirt or Foreign Matter-dirt or metal part-
bearings. Can be detected by the difference in amplitude readings taken on the bearing housing and on the shaft. Shaft readings are obtained by measuring directly on the shaft running in the bearing, using a shaft stick.
Analyzing Bearing Faults with the Model 600
M a k e all vibration measurements directly on the bearing housing as close to the bearing moving parts as possible. One exception is when making
direct shaft measurements using the shaft stick. Things to look for when analyzing bearing vibration:
Filter Out
10) Cracks in Rings and Parts-damage that has occurred during installation through excessive force, hammering or forcing the bearing onto a tapered seat.
Many of the above conditions will show vibrations in the axial direction on pre-loaded bearings. A rough anti-friction bearing where the roughness js due to pits, holes, dirt, etc., results in a relative high frequency of vibration. The vibration frequency may be several times the frequency of the rotating member which is mounted in the bearing. The frequency of vibration may not be a direct multiple of the shaft speed.
1) Small erratic increases and decreases in amplitude meter reading. May be random or periodic. Amount of vibration will depend on severity of fault.
2) Apparent erratic or multiple firing of the
strob lamp. Reference mark on the shaft will appear at several positions. May occur as a multiple image slowly rotating. Strob pattern appears related to s h a f t s p e e d .
3)
Unbalance
and
Critical
Speeds
Both unbalance and operation at critical speed will cause a rotating radial load, which consumes some of the bearings capacity and which, if excessive, can lead to beoring failure. Balancing is essential ; and limits should be set such that the unbalance load on the bearing is not more than one-tenth of the bearing capacity at speed. Ball bearings will sometimes operate for limited periods of time at or near a shaft critical speed, provided that the critical speed is low. The effect of operation at a critical speed is unpredictable because of the unknown damping factors, and it is, therefore, best to keep the shaft critical speed either well above operating speed or well below it. High vibrations on bearings that are misaligned, overloaded, etc., will show high frequency characteristics as noted above.
CAUTION L arge or forces due to unbalance of rotating parts moy mask many bearing trouand bearmisalignment
Apparent erratic frequency meter readings. Generally, the frequency meter will indicate a much higher frequency than shaft speed. Often the best frequency indications are obtained using the velocity position. vibration displacement or velocity readings-low amplitude-high frequencyfrequency indications not a direct multiple of shaft speed. Velocity measurements usually most useful.
Filter In 1) Steady
2) Steady frequency meter indications at high

speeds. May or may not be direct multiples of the shaft speed. vibration amplitude readings-rel-
3) Variable
atively low amplitude-high frequency. Amplitude readings beats or slowly varies up and down. Frequency meter steady. Frequency may or may not be a direct multiple of the shaft speed.
The vibrations due to rough bearings are easily distinguished from high frequency electrical vibrations . Vibrations due to rough hearings will continue after the electrical power has been shut off and while the rotating member is coasting to a stop. Vibrations from electrical causes, however, will cease immediately when the electrical power is shut off.
bles. Unbalance, misalignment, loose, damaged parts must be corrected before
ing analysis i s a t t e m p t e d . Balance the rotating parts to a low vibration level if required.
The information given below describes the use of the IRD Model 600 Vibration Analyzer for analyzing bearing faults.
Use of an Oscilloscope An Oscilloscope connected to the scope outlet jack of the IRD Vibration Analyzer will allow a
direct visual observation of the bearing vibration pattern as measured at the pickup location. The presence of high frequency noise and hash, spikelike pulses or erratic and rapid changes in amplitude are bearing condition indicators. Either displacement or velocity may be used but velocity measurements usually give better high frequency indications The higher the speed, the more sensitive the bearing is to theadverse effects of misalignment, poor lubrication, improper fitting practice, poor heat dissipation and contamination.
IRD #592
DOS AND DONTS FOR BEARINGS . . . assembly, maintenance, inspection and lubrication
Do work as close to the ideal conditions pictured here. Dividends in beoring performance will result. Dont work under the handicap of poor tools, rough bench, plenty of dirt.
DO DO
work
with
clean all
tools,
in dirt
clean from
surroundings. housing before
DONT work in dirty surroundings.
remove
outside
DONT use wooden mallets bench tops.
or work on rough or dirty
exposing
bearings.
DO
handle
with-clean,
dry
hands.
DONT new one.
use
dirty,
brittle
or
chipped
tools.
DO treat a used bearing as carefully as a DO use clean solvents and hushing oils.
DONT
handle
bearings
with
dirty,
moist
hands.
DONT
spin
uncleaned
bearings.
DO lay bearings out on clean paper.
DONT from dirt and
spin
any
bearings
with
compressed
air.
DO protect moisture. DO DO use
disassembled
bearings
DONT use same container for cleaning and final rinsing of bearings.
clean,
lint-free
rags
if in
beorings oil-proof
are
wiped. when
keep
bearings
wrapped
paper
DONT use bearings.
cotton
waste
or
dirty
cloths
to
wipe
not in use.
DONT expose bearings to moisture or dirt at any inside new of housing as before replacing from bearings. packages, time.
DO DO
clean install
bearings
removed
DONT
scratch
or
nick
bearing
surfaces.
without
washing. DONT remove grease or oil from new bearings. clean when applying and DONT use incorrect kind or amount of lubricant.
DO keep bearing lubricants
cover containers when not in use.
14
The illustrations below identify the bearing parts of the eight SKF basic bearing types. The terms used conform with the terminology H -, section of the AFBMA Standards - a n d are mutually accepted by the anti-friction bearing manufacturers.
*Anti-Friction Bearing Manufocturcr WN.,,, Association, Inc.
.-
S e l f Alrgnrng 6oll Bearing
Single Row D e e p Graove B o l l Eeorrng
Double Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing
Spherd Roller Beormg
Cyhndrrco/ Roller Benrtng
AT a p e r e d RoNer h7rrng
E Type
Spherical R o l l e r Thrust Spherical Roller
Thrurl
1 Inner Ring 2 Inner Ring Corner 3. Inner Ring Land 4 Outer Ring Lond 5. Outer Ring 6. Ball 7. Counter Bore 8. Thrust Face 9 Outer Ring Roceroy 10 Inner R i n g Raceroy I I Outer Ring Corner 12 Spherical Roller 13 Lubrication Feature (Hole and Groor.) (W33l 14 Spherical O u t e r Ring Roteray I5 Floating Guide Ring 16 Inner Ring Face 17 18 I9 20 21 22 23 24
Bearing
25 Cone Bock Pace 26. Under Cut 27. Cone (Inner Ring) 28. cage 29. Cogs 30. Face 31 Cage G u i d e Sleeve 32. Shoft Washer (Inner Ring) 33. Housing Washer (Outer Ring)
Ouler Ring F a c e Cylindrical R o l l e r Outer Ring Rib Cone Front Face Cone F r o n t Face R i b Cup (Outw Ring) Tapered Roller Cone Back Face Rib

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SKF Roller Bearing Handbook PDF

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SKF INDUSTRIES, INC BEARINGS GROUP

THE HISTORY OF ROLLING BEARINGS

Fig. 3-Cycling boosted anti-friction interest

Fig. S-Rolling motion

Now, substitute several balls for the rollers (Fig. 6),

and note the

Fig. 7--Book becomes inner ring

outer ring, the cup.

Manufacturers Association, Inc.

Self-Aligning Ball Bearing

Single Row Deep Groove Boll B e a r i n g

Angular Contact Boll Bwring

Double Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing

Spheric01 Roller Bearing

Cylindrkol Roller horing

Cone Front Face

ROLLING BEARING TYPES

Radial Thrust Separable Outer Ring

Cylindrical Roller Separable Inner Ring

Cylindrical Roller Nonseparable

Snap Ring and Shield

.Spherical Roller Thrust

Spherical Roller Double Row

BEARING TYPES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

SINGLE ROW, DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARIYGS

DOUBLE ROW, DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS

SPHERICAL ROLLER BEARINGS

CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARINGS

SPHERICAL ROLLER THRUST BEARINGS

TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS

SHIELDS, SEALS AND SNAP RINGS

CONTACT BA L L BEARINGS DUPLEX MOUNTINGS

PARTS AND ASSEMBLY OF

SIC F ADAPTER BEARINGS

Tapered Bore Bearing

MOUNTING OF BEARINGS -SHAFTS AND HOUSINGS

MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING

Shaft filler Too Large

Shaft Shoulder Diameter Too Small

Shaft Shoulder Diameter Too Large

Correct Shaft Shoulder Diameter

INTERNAL BEARING FITS

SHAFT AND HOUSING FITS

FREE AND HELD BEARINGS

But, never restore the oil level

surroundings. housing before

DONT work in dirty surroundings.

DONT use wooden bench tops.

DO use clean solvents and flushing oils.

DO lay bearings out on clean paper.

DONT from dirt and

DO protect moisture. DO use

use same container of bearings.

washing. DONT remove grease or oil from new bearings.

and DONT use incorrect kind or amount of lubricant.

cover containers when not in use.

not be pinched by small bore or because of a cocked outer

INSPECTION and ASSEMBLY REQUIRE CLEAN BEARINGS

Dont try to judge the condition of a beoring until after

vents intended for bearing cleaning and are preferred.

Rinse them in clean solvent, light oil or kerosene.

by force of air. Hold both rings. Use clean, dry air.

the bearings are well covered.

i I IIATIC 01~ LYGL WC1).TWC OIL LVCL , wawnG . r