Professional Documents
Culture Documents
"
i!
$
"
#
"# !# "#
"
4
(a) x
"!
#
"
#
and xi ix
i
#
a lower sum is ! #i
(b) x
"!
%
"
%
and xi ix
i
%
a lower sum is ! 4i
(c) x
"!
#
"
#
and xi ix
i
#
an upper sum is ! #i
(d) x
"!
%
"
%
and xi ix
i
%
an upper sum is ! 4i
2. faxb x$
i!
2
i1
%
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)
"
#
#
"# "# +1#
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4
#
#
#
4" 4" #" 4$ +1#
i"
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%
(
)
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%
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(
$#
&
)
"&
$#
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i!
$
"
#
"# !$ "#
"
4
"
#
and xi ix
i
#
a lower sum is ! #i
(b) x
"!
%
"
%
and xi ix
i
%
a lower sum is ! 4i
(c) x
"!
#
"
#
and xi ix
i
#
an upper sum is ! #i
(d) x
"!
%
"
%
and xi ix
i
%
an upper sum is ! 4i
(a) x
"!
#
i!
2
i1
%
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$'
#&'
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$
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4" 4" #" 4$ +1$
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*
)
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#&'
*
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#&
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258
Chapter 5 Integration
3. faxb
"
x
(a) x
&"
#
(b) x
&"
%
(c) x
&"
#
(d) x
&"
%
4. faxb % x#
i"
%
!"
xi
i"
"
i!
$
!"
xi
i!
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$
" ""
"
#
&"
"
%
"'
"&
"
$
((
'!
)
$
"%
#&
"#
(a) x
# a#b
#
(b) x
# a#b
%
"
i!
i$
# a#b
#
(d) x
# a#b
%
i"
i#
"
#
"
%
Using 2 rectangles x
#
"# "% $%
"!
$#
"!
#
"# f "% f $%
&
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#"
'%
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#
"
%
"# "% $%
(
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7. faxb
"
x
"!
#
Using 2 rectangles x
#)
# '%
%*'
% )$
Using 2 rectangles x
# "# "% $#
"# f "% f $%
(
$#
"#%
)$
&"
#
$"
"#)
# #afa#b fa%bb
8. faxb % x#
#
&
#
(
#*
"%))
$&(*
Using 2 rectangles x
#a$ $b "#
259
# a#b
#
%*'
&(*
%*'
$"&
# #afa"b fa"bb
9. (a) D (0)(1) (12)(1) (22)(1) (10)(1) (5)(1) (13)(1) (11)(1) (6)(1) (2)(1) (6)(1) 87 inches
(b) D (12)(1) (22)(1) (10)(1) (5)(1) (13)(1) (11)(1) (6)(1) (2)(1) (6)(1) (0)(1) 87 inches
10. (a) D (1)(300) (1.2)(300) (1.7)(300) (2.0)(300) (1.8)(300) (1.6)(300) (1.4)(300) (1.2)(300)
(1.0)(300) (1.8)(300) (1.5)(300) (1.2)(300) 5220 meters (NOTE: 5 minutes 300 seconds)
(b) D (1.2)(300) (1.7)(300) (2.0)(300) (1.8)(300) (1.6)(300) (1.4)(300) (1.2)(300) (1.0)(300)
(1.8)(300) (1.5)(300) (1.2)(300) (0)(300) 4920 meters (NOTE: 5 minutes 300 seconds)
11. (a) D (0)(10) (44)(10) (15)(10) (35)(10) (30)(10) (44)(10) (35)(10) (15)(10) (22)(10)
(35)(10) (44)(10) (30)(10) 3490 feet 0.66 miles
(b) D (44)(10) (15)(10) (35)(10) (30)(10) (44)(10) (35)(10) (15)(10) (22)(10) (35)(10)
(44)(10) (30)(10) (35)(10) 3840 feet 0.73 miles
12. (a) The distance traveled will be the area under the curve. We will use the approximate velocities at the
midpoints of each time interval to approximate this area using rectangles. Thus,
D (20)(0.001) (50)(0.001) (72)(0.001) (90)(0.001) (102)(0.001) (112)(0.001) (120)(0.001)
(128)(0.001) (134)(0.001) (139)(0.001) 0.967 miles
(b) Roughly, after 0.0063 hours, the car would have gone 0.484 miles, where 0.0060 hours 22.7 sec. At 22.7
sec, the velocity was approximately 120 mi/hr.
260
Chapter 5 Integration
13. (a) Because the acceleration is decreasing, an upper estimate is obtained using left end-points in summing
acceleration ?t. Thus, ?t 1 and speed [32.00 19.41 11.77 7.14 4.33](1) 74.65 ft/sec
(b) Using right end-points we obtain a lower estimate: speed [19.41 11.77 7.14 4.33 2.63](1)
45.28 ft/sec
(c) Upper estimates for the speed at each second are:
t
0
1
2
3
4
5
v
0
32.00 51.41 63.18 70.32
74.65
Thus, the distance fallen when t 3 seconds is s [32.00 51.41 63.18](1) 146.59 ft.
14. (a) The speed is a decreasing function of time right end-points give an lower estimate for the height (distance)
attained. Also
t
0
1
2
3
4
5
v
400
368
336
304
272
240
gives the time-velocity table by subtracting the constant g 32 from the speed at each time increment
?t 1 sec. Thus, the speed 240 ft/sec after 5 seconds.
(b) A lower estimate for height attained is h [368 336 304 272 240](1) 1520 ft.
15. Partition [! #] into the four subintervals [0 0.5], [0.5 1], [1 1.5], and [1.5 2]. The midpoints of these
subintervals are m" 0.25, m# 0.75, m$ 1.25, and m% 1.75. The heights of the four approximating
1
125
343
$
$
rectangles are f(m" ) (0.25)$ 64
, f(m# ) (0.75)$ 27
64 , f(m$ ) (1.25) 64 , and f(m% ) (1.75) 64
Notice that the average value is approximated by
"
length of [!#]
"
#
$
$
$
$
4" #" 43 #" 45 #" 47 #"
$"
"'
16. Partition [1 9] into the four subintervals [" $], [3 &], [& (], and [( *]. The midpoints of these subintervals are
m" 2, m# 4, m$ 6, and m% 8. The heights of the four approximating rectangles are f(m" ) "# ,
f(m# ) "4 , f(m$ ) 6" , and f(m% ) 8" . The width of each rectangle is ?x 2. Thus,
Area 2 "# 2 4" 2 6" 2 8"
average value
25
1#
area
length of ["*]
25
12
8
25
96 .
17. Partition [0 2] into the four subintervals [0 0.5], [0.5 1], [1 1.5], and [1.5 2]. The midpoints of the subintervals
are m" 0.25, m# 0.75, m$ 1.25, and m% 1.75. The heights of the four approximating rectangles are
"
#
f(m" )
"
#
"
#
sin#
1
4
"
#
"
#
1, and f(m% )
1, f(m# )
"
2
sin#
71
4
sin#
"
#
31
4
"
#
"
#
1, f(m$ )
"
2
sin#
51
4
"
#
"2
"
2
area
length of [02]
2
#
1.
18. Partition [0 4] into the four subintervals [0 1], [1 2 ], [2 3], and [3 4]. The midpoints of the subintervals
are m" "# , m# #3 , m$ 5# , and m% 7# . The heights of the four approximating rectangles are
f(m" ) 1 cos
%
1 "#
4
f(m# ) 1 cos
%
1 3#
4
%
1 7#
4
%
1 #5
4
1 cos 581
261
19. Since the leakage is increasing, an upper estimate uses right endpoints and a lower estimate uses left
endpoints:
(a) upper estimate (70)(1) (97)(1) (136)(1) (190)(1) (265)(1) 758 gal,
lower estimate (50)(1) (70)(1) (97)(1) (136)(1) (190)(1) 543 gal.
(b) upper estimate (70 97 136 190 265 369 516 720) 2363 gal,
lower estimate (50 70 97 136 190 265 369 516) 1693 gal.
(c) worst case: 2363 720t 25,000 t 31.4 hrs;
best case: 1693 720t 25,000 t 32.4 hrs
20. Since the pollutant release increases over time, an upper estimate uses right endpoints and a lower estimate
uses left endpoints:
(a) upper estimate (0.2)(30) (0.25)(30) (0.27)(30) (0.34)(30) (0.45)(30) (0.52)(30) 60.9 tons
lower estimate (0.05)(30) (0.2)(30) (0.25)(30) (0.27)(30) (0.34)(30) (0.45)(30) 46.8 tons
(b) Using the lower (best case) estimate: 46.8 (0.52)(30) (0.63)(30) (0.70)(30) (0.81)(30) 126.6 tons,
so near the end of September 125 tons of pollutants will have been released.
#
21. (a) The diagonal of the square has length 2, so the side length is #. Area # #
(b) Think of the octagon as a collection of 16 right triangles with a hypotenuse of length 1 and an acute angle measuring
#1
1
"' ) .
Area "' " sin 1 cos 1 % sin 1 ## #)#)
#
(c) Think of the 16-gon as a collection of 32 right triangles with a hypotenuse of length 1 and an acute angle measuring
#1
1
$# "' .
Area $# " sin 1 cos 1 ) sin 1 ## $!'"
#
"'
"'
(d) Each area is less than the area of the circle, 1. As n increases, the area approaches 1.
22. (a) Each of the isosceles triangles is made up of two right triangles having hypotenuse 1 and an acute angle measuring
#1
1
1
"
cos 1n "# sin #n1 .
#n n . The area of each isosceles triangle is AT # # sin n
(b) The area of the polygon is AP nAT
n
#
sin
#1
n ,
n
n_ #
so lim
sin
#1
n
lim 1
n_
sin #n1
#n1
lim AP 1r
#1
n
n_
262
Chapter 5 Integration
Avg[n] := evalf(add(y,y=Ylist)/nops(Ylist));
end do;
avg := FunctionAverage( f(x), x=a..b, output=value );
evalf( avg );
FunctionAverage(f(x),x=a..b,output=plot);
# (d)
fsolve( f(x)=avg, x=0.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=avg, x=2.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=Avg[1000], x=0.5 );
fsolve( f(x)=Avg[1000], x=2.5 );
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a and b may vary):
Symbols for 1, , powers, roots, fractions, etc. are available in Palettes (under File).
Never insert a space between the name of a function and its argument.
Clear[x]
f[x_]:=x Sin[1/x]
{a,b}={1/4, 1}
Plot[f[x],{x, a, b}]
The following code computes the value of the function for each interval midpoint and then finds the average. Each
sequence of commands for a different value of n (number of subdivisions) should be placed in a separate cell.
n =100; dx = (b a) /n;
values = Table[N[f[x]], {x, a dx/2, b, dx}]
average=Sum[values[[i]],{i, 1, Length[values]}] / n
n =200; dx = (b a) /n;
values = Table[N[f[x]],{x, a + dx/2, b, dx}]
average=Sum[values[[i]],{i, 1, Length[values]}] / n
n =1000; dx = (b a) /n;
values = Table[N[f[x]],{x, a dx/2, b, dx}]
average=Sum[values[[i]],{i, 1, Length[values]}] / n
FindRoot[f[x] == average,{x, a}]
5.2 SIGMA NOTATION AND LIMITS OF FINITE SUMS
2
1. !
k1
2. !
k1
6k
k1
6(1)
11
6(2)
21
6
2
k1
k
11
1
21
2
31
3
12
3
0
1
2
2
3
7
6
4. ! sin k1 sin (11) sin (21) sin (31) sin (41) sin (51) 0 0 0 0 0 0
k1
5. ! (1)kb1 sin
k1
1
k
(1)"" sin
1
1
(1)#" sin
1
#
(")$" sin
1
3
01
3
#
3 2
#
6. ! (1)k cos k1 (1)" cos (11) (1)# cos (21) (1)$ cos (31) (1)% cos (41)
k1
(1) 1 (1) 1 4
"
8. (a) ! (2)k
k1
5
(b) ! (1)k 2k (1)! 2! ")" 2" (1)# 2# (1)$ 2$ (1)% 2% (1)& 2& 1 2 4 8 16 32
k0
3
(c) ! (1)k1 2k2 ")#" 2## (")"" 2"# (")!" 2!# (1)"" 2"# (")#" 2##
k 2
(")k "
k1
9. (a) !
k2
2
(b) !
k0
1
(c) !
k
"
(1)# "
21
(")k
k1
(1)!
01
(")k
k2
(1) "
1 2
(")$ "
31
(")"
11
(")!
02
(")#
21
(")% "
41
1
1
(")"
12
"
#
1
"
#
"
#
"
3
"
3
"
3
(a) and (c) are equivalent; (b) is not equivalent to the other two.
4
"
(a) and (c) are equivalent to each other; (b) is not equivalent to the other two.
6
11. ! k
12. ! k#
k1
13. !
k1
15. ! (1)k1
14. ! 2k
k1
k1
k1
"
k
16. ! (1)k
k1
(b) !
k1
n
bk
6
"
6
k1
n
! bk
k1
"
6
(6) 1
k1
n
k1
n
k1
n
k1
n
k1
n
k1
(c) ! (ak bk ) ! ak ! bk 5 6 1
(d) ! (ak bk ) ! ak ! bk 5 6 11
n
k1
"
#k
k1
k
5
263
264
Chapter 5 Integration
n
k1
n
k1
k1
k1
(c) ! (ak 1) ! ak ! 1 0 n n
k1
10
19. (a) ! k
k1
10(10 1)
#
k1
k1
k1
k1
(b) ! k#
55
k1
10(10 1)(2(10) 1)
6
385
13(13 1)(2(13) 1)
6
819
10
13
20. (a) ! k
k1
13(13 1)
#
13
(b) ! k#
91
k1
13
k1
k1
k1
k1
k1
k1
k1
k1
24. ! ak# 5b ! k# ! 5
22. !
k1
6(6 ")(2(6) 1)
6
6(6 ")(2(6) 1)
6
1k
15
1
15
!k
1
15
k1
5(5 # 1) 1
73
5(6) 61
k1
k1
k1
k1
k1
k1
k1
k1
1)
25. ! k(3k 5) ! a3k# 5kb 3 ! k# 5 ! k 3 5(5 1)(2(5)
5 5(5 # 1) 240
6
1)
26. ! k(2k 1) ! a2k# kb 2 ! k# ! k 2 7(7 1)(2(7)
6
27. !
k$
225
k1
k1
! k
7
28. ! k !
k1
k1
k$
4
"
2 #5
k1
k1
! k $ ! k
#
! k
k1
"
4
"
#25
7(7 1)
#
308
! k$ 7(7 1)
#
k1
"
4
7(7 # 1) 588
500
k1
k1
264
262
k3
j1
36
28
28
28
k9
j1
j1
j1
28a28 1b
2
)a28b 630
17
15
k3
j1
15
15
15
j1
j1
j1
j1
! a j2 4j 4b ! j2 ! 4j ! 4
15a15 1ba2a15b 1b
6
4
15a15 1b
2
4a15b
54
54
54
54
54
j1
j1
j1
j1
54a54 1ba2a54b 1b
6
33
54a54 1b
2
31. (a) ! 4 4n
(b) ! c cn
k1
n
k1
k1
k1
k1
(c) ! ak 1b ! k ! 1
n an 1 b
2
n
(c) !
k1
k
n2
1 n an 1 b
n2
2
n2 n
2
(b) !
k1
c
n
c
n
nc
n1
2n
33. (a)
(b)
(c)
34. (a)
(b)
(c)
35. (a)
(b)
(c)
265
266
Chapter 5 Integration
36. (a)
(b)
(c)
37. kx" x! k k1.2 0k 1.2, kx# x" k k1.5 1.2k 0.3, kx$ x# k k2.3 1.5k 0.8, kx% x$ k k2.6 2.3k 0.3,
and kx& x% k k3 2.6k 0.4; the largest is lPl 1.2.
38. kx" x! k k1.6 (2)k 0.4, kx# x" k k0.5 (1.6)k 1.1, kx$ x# k k0 (0.5)k 0.5,
kx% x$ k k0.8 0k 0.8, and kx& x% k k1 0.8k 0.2; the largest is lPl 1.1.
39. faxb " x#
Let x
"!
n
n
n$
# $n n"#
'
. Thus,
n_
Let x
#
'
$!
n
"
n#
$
n
!#ci $ ! 'i
n
n
i"
i"
Thus,
lim ! 'i
n_ i" n
Let x
$!
n
"
n
#( ! #
i
n
i"
n_ i1
"
"
$
#
$
and ci ix
$
n
")
n#
!i
i"
#
lim *n n# *n
n_
$
n
n
and ci ix
$i
n.
")
n#
$
n
i"
$
n
#n$ $n# n
'n$
*n# *n
n#
lim * n* *.
i"
i1
$
n
!an# i# b
"
n$
i1
"
lim "
40. faxb #x
!" i #
"! #
i
n$
i1
"
"
n
i1
"
n
n_
$i
n.
$
n
n$
'
! *i## "
n
i"
$
*
") #(
*a#n$ $n# nb
n n#
$
$ Thus,
#n $
#
n
#(
") n n*#
lim !ac#i "b $n lim
$
#
n_ i"
n_
* $ "#.
"!
n
Let x
n
"
n
i"
#n$ $n# n
#n$
lim
n_
i"
# $n n"#
#
# $n n"#
#
"!
n
"
n
Let x
#
#
$
n$
i"
".
n
"!
i
n#
i"
i"
" n a n "b
n#
#
" "n
#
n$
'
! i#
i"
lim
n_
" "n
#
Let x
"!
n
"
n
# $n n"#
'
"
#
#
'
n
$!
i
#
n
i"
n
#! #
i
$
n
i"
$n# $n
#n#
#n# $n "
$n#
i"
i"
$ n a n "b
n#
#
$ $n
#
n_ i"
lim
$ $n
#
Let x
"!
n
n
"
n
# $n n"#
$
i"
i"
$
#
#
$
"$
' .
Thus,
n#
&' .
n
"! #
i
n$
i"
#
$
#
" nan "ba#n "b
n #n# n #n '$nn$ n
'
n$
n
# $n n"#
. Thus, lim !aci c#i b "n
'
n_ i"
n_
267
n# 2n "
#n #
n
#! 3
i
n4
i"
" #n n"#
#
" # "
lim !a2c3i b "n lim n# n#
n_ i"
n_
# n a n "b
#
n4
"
#.
268
Chapter 5 Integration
46. faxb x2 x3
Let x
! a"b
n
n
"
n
2
$
hand sum is !ac#i ci3 b "n !" ni " ni n"
i1
! 2
i1
n
!2
n
i"
2n anb
n# 2n "
4n#
4 6n n#2
1
4
5n 5
#n
4n2 6n#
3n2
lim 2
5
#
5
n
2
n_
2
n
2
"
n#
5 5n
#
2
5
2
4 6n n#2
3
1 2n
4
7
12 .
4
3
1
4
5i
n
n
5!
i
n2
i"
%i
n2
n
%! 2
i
n3
i"
5 n an "b
n2
#
"
n#
i
"
n3 n
3
i1
n
! n2
i1
n
1! 3
i
n4
i"
5i
n2
n3
'
%i2
n3
i3
n4
1 nan "b
n4
#
1.
'02 x# dx
2.
'"! 2x$ dx
3.
4.
'"% "x dx
5.
'#$ 1 " x dx
6.
'0" 4 x# dx
7.
' ! % (sec x) dx
8.
'0 % (tan x) dx
1
9. (a)
(c)
(e)
(f)
10. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
11. (a)
(c)
"
&
'#2 g(x) dx 0
(b) ' g(x) dx ' g(x) dx 8
&
"
&
&
2
'"2 3f(x) dx 3'"2 f(x) dx 3(4) 12
(d) ' f(x) dx ' f(x) dx ' f(x) dx 6 (4) 10
#
"
"
&
&
&
'" [f(x) g(x)] dx '" f(x) dx '" g(x) dx 6 8 2
'"& [4f(x) g(x)] dx 4 '"& f(x) dx '"& g(x) dx 4(6) 8 16
(b)
(d)
12. (a)
(c)
(b)
14. (a)
(b)
(5 2)(6) 21
21 square units
"
#
(3 1)(1) 2
"
#
(B b)h
"
#
(B b)h
'# #x 3 dx
%
(d)
13. (a)
(b)
'"#
$#
(2x 4) dx
2 square units
9
#
"
#
1r#
"
#
1(3)#
269
270
Chapter 5 Integration
"
4
1 r#
"
4
1(4)#
"
#
bh
"
#
(1)(1)
"
#.
(2)(2)
bh
"
#
"
#
"
#
bh
"
#
(2)(1) 1
"
#
bh
"
#
(2)(1) 1.
22. y 1 1 x# y 1 1 x#
(y 1)# 1 x# x# (y 1)# 1, a circle with
center (! ") and radius of 1 y 1 1 x# is the
upper semicircle. The area of this semicircle is
A "# 1r# "# 1(1)# 1# . The area of the rectangular base
is A jw (2)(1) 2. Then the total area is 2
1
#
24.
25.
26.
(b)
27. (a)
28. (a)
(b)
271
'01 3x 1 x2 dx '01 3x dx '01 3x dx '11 1 x2 dx "# a1ba3b "# a1ba3b 2" 1a1b2 12
29.
'"
31.
'1#1 ) d) (2#1)
33.
'0
35.
'!"# t# dt 3
37.
'a#a x dx (2a)#
39.
'!
x dx
2
#
(1)#
#
1#
#
31 #
#
"
#
30.
'!&#& x dx (2.5)#
32.
'& # # r dr 5#2
x dx
3
7
7
3
34.
'!!$ s# ds (0.3)3
"
24
36.
'!1# )# d) 3
a#
#
3a#
#
38.
'a
$
b
b
3
40.
'!$b x# dx (3b)3
(0.5)#
#
1 $
#
$a
x# dx
" $
#
3
#
2
#
24
0.009
1$
#4
x dx
3a
#
a#
#
a#
9b$
272
Chapter 5 Integration
41.
43.
44.
'!
45.
'#" 1 #z dz '#" 1 dz '#" #z dz '#" 1 dz "# '"# z dz 1[1 2] "# 2# 1# " "# 3# 74
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
t 2 dt
'!
'!2 5x dx 5 '!2 x dx 5 2#
42.
t dt
'!
2 dt
0#
#
0#
#
'!"
u# du
'!"#
0$
3
0$
3
51. Let ?x
b0
n
b
n
1#
0#
#
"3
u# du 24 13
3 13
5(1 0) 3# 5
0$
3
0#
#
3[0 3] 9 9 0
0$
3
"# $
3
2#
3 23
24
0#
#
78
3
1$
3
5[2 0] (8 2) 10 0
7
#
k1
1)
3(?x)$ ! k# 3 bn$ n(n 1)(2n
6
$
k1
b
#
2
3
n
"
n#
b$
#
2
3
n
"
n#
3 37 7
10
2 2 0 1 2 1
u# du 24
0#
#
3(2 0) 4 6 2
#
b$ .
b0
n
b
n
k1
1)
1(?x)$ ! k# 1 bn$ n(n 1)(2n
6
$
k1
1b
6
2
53. Let ?x
3
n
b0
n
"
n#
b
n
1 b$
6
2
3
n
"
n#
1 b$
3 .
k1
2(?x)# ! k
k1
b# 1 "n
54. Let ?x
b0
n
#
2 bn# n(n 2 1)
'!b 2x dx n lim
_
b
n
b# 1 n" b# .
f(c" ) ?x f(?x) ?x ?x
# 1 (?x) # (?x) ?x
f(c# ) ?x f(2?x) ?x 2?# x 1 (?x) "# (2)(?x)# ?x
f(c$ ) ?x f(3?x) ?x 3?# x 1 (?x)
"
#
(3)(?x)# ?x
"
#
(n)(?x)# ?x
k1
k1
"
4
b# 1 1n b
'! x# 1 dx n lim
_
b
"
#
k1
k1
(?x)# ! k ?x ! 1
4" b# 1 n" b
"
4
"
#
b# b.
273
274
Chapter 5 Integration
'!
"
3
'!
x# dx
"
3
3
3
'!
"
3
ax# 1b dx
"
3
1 dx
3 0 1 1 0.
"6 33 3# ; x# 3# .
'!" a3x# 1b dx
"
"
3 ' x# dx ' 1 dx 3 13 (1 0)
!
!
#.
'!" a3x# 3b dx
"
"
3 ' x# dx ' 3 dx 3 13 3(1 0)
!
!
#.
'!$ (t 1)# dt
$
$
$
3" ' t# dt 32 ' t dt 3" ' 1 dt
!
!
!
"
3
33 32 3#
0#
#
3" (3 0) 1.