RISK FACTOR AND

SURGERY DEFINITION INDICATION

COMPLICATION

broadly covers surgical Diseases affecting • Bleeding

procedures that involve abdominal cavity. • Infection
ABDOMINAL
opening the abdomen. • Post-surgical
SURGERY
adhesions
• Shock
• Paralytic ileus
TYPES:
LAPAROTOMY This refers to the opening • To locate a source of • Bleeding
of the abdominal cavity for bleeding or trauma. • Infection
“coeliotomy”
direct examination of its • Therapy for patients • Shock
contents. who have peptic • Paralytic ileus
It may or may not be ulcer and colon
followed by repair or cancer.
removal of the primary • In cases of pelvic
problem. sepsis.
APPENDECTOMY • An emergency • Pneumoperitoneum
procedure during
acute appendicitis.
• Appendectomy is the
Appendicitis
surgical removal of
the vermiform
appendix.
•
HYSTERECTOMY Is the surgical removal of • Uterine fibroids • Earlier than the
the uterus (myomas) average menopause
Types of HYSTERECTOMY
• Endometriosis • Cardiovascular
• Radical
(growth of tissue disease
hysterectomy:
PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
 complete removal of outside of the • Osteoporosis
the uterus, upper uterine cavity.) • Fractures
vagina and • Adenomyosis • Urinary incontinence
parametrium. (uterine lining has • Ectopic pregnancy
• Subtotal grown through the
hysterectomy: uterine wall.)
removal of the • Vaginal prolapsed
fundus of the uterus, • Heavy or abnormal
leaving the cervix in vaginal bleeding
situ • Uterine, advance
cervical and ovarian
• Total cancer.
hysterectomy: • Obstetrical
complete removal of hemorrhage.
the uterus including
the corpus and
cervix.
LAPAROSCOPY • Minimally invasive • hemorrhage • are from trocar
• Performed through • blood transfusion injuries to either
small incisions and pain medication blood vessels or
• Belong to the field of • reducing the risk of small or large bowel.
endoscopy infection, The risk of such
injuries is increased
in patients who are
obese or have a
history of prior
abdominal surgery.
• Hypothermia
• Coagulation
disorders
• Dense adhesions
PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
e.g. CHOLECYSTECTOMY is the surgical removal of • carcinoma • Injury to the
the gallbladder common bile duct.
• Infection
THORACIC
SURGERY
LUNG VOLUME • a large area of damaged • Chronic obstructive • INFECTION
REDUCTION SURGERY lung is removed to allow pulmonary disease • BLEEDING
the remaining lung tissue
• Emphysema
to expand when you
breathe in.

LUNG TRANSPLANT • Is a surgical procedure of • Chronic Obstructive • Rejection of the

transferring lungs from Pulmonary Disease transplanted lung
newly diseased person to
• The medicine you
a lung-ill individual
must take will
suppress your
immune system,
thus you will be
prone to severe and
life threatening
infections

PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
BULLECTOMY • Surgical removing of the • When there is bullae • 3 to 5 years after surgery,
enlarged air-sac • Chronic Obstructive lung function deteriorates
to the level it was before
Pulmonary Disease
surgery
LUMPECTOMY • common surgical • TUMOR • Infections
procedure designed to
remove a discrete lump,
usually a tumor, benign
or otherwise, from an
affected man or
woman's breast
MASTECTOMY • is the medical term • Breast Cancer • infections
for the surgical
removal of one or
both breasts,
partially or
completely
CARDIAC SURGERY • is surgery on the • Coronary artery • Neurological damage
heart and/or great bypass • Stroke
vessels performed • Other heart failure • Post-perfusion syndrome
by a cardiac diseases • Blood clotting
surgeon. Frequently, • hemolysis
it is done to treat
complications of
ischemic heart
disease (for
example, coronary
artery bypass
grafting), correct
congenital heart
PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
disease, or treat
valvular heart
disease created by
various causes
including
endocarditis. It also
includes heart
transplantation.

PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
 BACK SURGERY Back surgery is an procedure in which a specially trained doctor (the surgeon) uses instruments
to make incisions to repair damaged spinal tissues.
SPINAL FUSION • designed to help limit pain
caused by the joints.
LAMINECTOMY • is a spine operation to
remove the portion of
the vertebral bone
called the lamina.
• Lumbar spine fusion
surgery is generally not
recommended until a
patient has tried 6 to 12
months of adequate non-
surgical care
• Treatment of severe spinal
stenosis by relieving
pressure in the spinal cord
or nerve roots.
• Assess to a tumor or other
mass lying in or around
the spinal cord.
• Step in tailoring the
contour of the
vertebral column to
correct a spinal
deformity such as
kyphosis
• The biggest risk for spine
fusion procedure is
continued pain, meaning
that the surgery did not
substantially reduce or
eliminate the patient’s
pain. The number one
reason this occurs is that
the fused disc was
improperly identified as
the cause of the patient’s
pain, so fusing the disc
was unnecessary and
irrelevant. This is why
getting an accurate
diagnosis is critical.
• Nerve root damage (1
in 1000) or bowel or
bladder incontinence
(1 in 10000). Paralysis
would be extremely
unusual since the
spinal cord stops at
about the T12 or L1
level, and surgery is
usually done well
below this level.
• Cerebrospinal fluid
leak (1 to 3% of the
time) may be
encountered if the
PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
 dural sac is breached.
This does not change
the outcome of the
surgery, and generally
a patient just needs to
lie down for about 24
hours to allow the leak
to seal.
• Infections happen in
about 1% of any
elective cases, and
although this is a
major nuisance and
often requires further
surgery to clean it up
along with IV
antibiotics, it generally
can be managed and
cured effectively.
• Bleeding is a possible
but uncommon
complication as there
are no major blood
vessels in the area.
• Postoperative
instability of the
operated level (5 to
10% of cases) can be
encountered. This
complication can be
minimized by avoiding
the pars interarticularis
during surgery, as this
is an important
PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
 structure for stability
at a level. Weakening
or cutting this bony
structure can lead to
an isthmic
spondylolisthesis after
surgery. Also, the
natural history of a
degenerative facet
joint may lead it to
continue to degenerate
on its own and result in
a degenerative
spondylolisthesis.
Either of these
conditions can be
treated by a spinal
fusion surgery for the
affected joint at a later
date.
• General anesthetic
complications such as
myocardial infarction
(heart attack), blood
clots, stroke,
pneumonia or
pulmonary embolism
can happen with a
lumbar laminectomy
as with any surgery.

PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
 EXTREMITIES
SURGERY
BONE GRAFTING is a surgical procedure that • Repairing fractures • Acquired bowel
replaces missing bone with herniation
material from the patient's • Infection
own body, an artificial, • Seroma
synthetic, or natural
• Urethral injury
substitute.
• hematoma
HAND SURGERY • deals with both • hand injuries • infections
surgical and non- • carpal tunnel
surgical treatment of syndrome
conditions and • carpometacarpal
problems that may bossing
take place in the • rheumatoid arthritis
hand or upper
• dupuytren’s
extremity
contracture
(commonly from the
• congenital defects
tip of the hand to the
shoulder)
UNICOMPARTMENTAL • is a surgical • Joint diseases • Contraindicated for
KNEE ARTHROPLASTY procedure used to • Poor bone density the patients that
relieve arthritis in • has active and
one of the knee suspected infection
compartments in in the knee joint.
which the damaged • Contraindicated to
parts of the knee are those have bone
replaced. infections or disease
that result in an
inability to support
PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
 or fixate the new
implant to the bone
• Risk for: blood clots,
infection,

PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
EPIPHYSIODESIS • is a Pediatric surgical • lengthening of the • bleeding
procedure in which short abnormal leg • infection
the epiphyseal • shorten an
(growth) plate of a abnormally long leg
bone is removed • limiting the growth
of a normal leg to
allow a short leg to
grow to a matching
length
CRANIAL SURGERY Refers to surgical procedure done into the skull
CRANIOTOMY • A so called “bone • Brain lesions • infections
flap” is removed in • Traumatic brain
“opening of the skull”
order to have access injury
to the brain • Parkinson’s disease
• Performed under • Epilepsy
general anesthesia • Cerebellar tremors
• For procedures such
as: brain imaging
and recording.

DECOMPRESSIVE • is a neurosurgical • to those who had • infections such as

CRANIECTOMY procedure in which traumatic brain meningitis
part of the skull is injury • brain abscess
removed to allow a • stroke
swelling brain room • lowering intracranial
to expand without pressure
being squeezed • improving cerebral
perfusion pressure

PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
 PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C
 ASSIGNMENT

PREPARED BY: DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.

BSN III-C

SUBMITTED TO: MR. C.J BARRIAS

PREPARED BY:
DE LA ROSA, KAREN N.
BSN III-C