The Calculus AB Bible

The 2nd most important book in the world

Derivative Formulas
Derivative Notation: For a function f(x), the derivative would be f ' ( x) Leibniz's Notation: For the derivative of y in terms of x, we write
dy dx

For the second derivative using Leibniz's Notation: Product Rule:

y dy dx f ( x) g( x) f ' ( x) g( x) g' ( x) f ( x)
y x 2 sin x dy 2 x sin x dx dy 2 x sin x dx

d2y dx 2

cos x ( x 2 ) x 2 cos x

Quotient Rule:
y dy dx f ( x) g( x) f ' ( x) g( x) g' ( x) f ( x) ( g ( x )) 2
y dy dx dy dx sin x x3 cos x ( x 3 ) 3x 2 sin x x6 x cos x 3 sin x x4

Chain Rule:
y dy dx ( f ( x )) n n( f ( x )) n 1 ( f ' ( x ))

y ( x 2 1) 3 dy 3( x 2 1) 2 2 x dx dy 6 x ( x 2 1) 2 dx

Natural Log
y ln( f ( x )) dy 1 f ' ( x) dx f ( x)

y ln( x 2 1) dy 1 2x dx x2 1 dy 2x 2 dx x 1

Power Rule:
y dy dx xa ax a
1

y dy dx

2x5 10 x 4

Constant with a Variable Power:

y dy dx a f ( x) a f ( x ) ln a f ' ( x ) y dy dx 2x 2 x ln 1
2

y dy dx

3x

3x

ln 3 2 x

Variable with a Variable power

y
y ln y ln y

f ( x) g ( x )
x sin x ln x sin x

Take ln of both sides!

sin x ln x

1 dy 1 cos x ln x sin x y dx x dy 1 x sin x [cos x ln x sin x ] dx x

Implicit Differentiation: Is done when the equation has mixed variables :

x2 x2 y3 y4 2x 5 [ 2 xy 3 3y 2 2x dy 2 x ] dx 2 xy 3 4y3 dy dx 0

derivative 3y 2 x 2 dy dx

dy dy 4y3 dx dx 2 x 2 xy 3 3y 2 x 2 4 y 3

Trigonometric Functions:
d sin x dx cos x

d cos x dx
d tan x dx d sec x dx

sin x

sec 2 x

sec x tan x

Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

y dy dx
y dy dx

arcsin x 1 1 x2
arcsin x 4 1 1 x
8

y arctan x dy 1 1 dx 1 x 2 y arctan x dy 1 3x 2 6 dx 1 x

4x 3

Integral Formulas
Basic Integral

5 dx 5x C
,where C is an arbitrary constant

x C
Variable with a Constant Power

x a dx xa 1 C a 1
Constant with a Variable Power

x 3 dx x4 4 C

a x dx ax ln a C

5 x dx 5x ln 5 C

32 x dx 32 x 2 ln 3
Fractions if the top is the derivative of the bottom

1 dx x4 x dx x 3 3
4

-unless-

1 dx x ln| x| C

dx x4 1 1 ln| x 4 1| C 4

x3

Substitution When integrating a product in which the terms are somehow related, we usually let u= the part in the parenthesis, the part under the radical, the denominator, the exponent, or the angle of the trigonometric function
x x2 1 dx; u du x2 1
cos 2 x dx; u du 2x 2 dx

2 x dx

1 2 x ( x 2 1) 1/ 2 dx 2 1 u 1/ 2 du 2 1 2 3/ 2 u C 2 3 1 2 (x 1) 3/ 2 C 3

1 2 cos 2 x dx 2 1 cos u du 2 1 sin u C 2 1 sin 2 x C 2

Integration by Parts When taking an integral of a product, substitute for u the term whose derivative would eventually reach 0 and the other term for dv. The general form: uv Example:
x e x dx u du x dv e x dx ex e x dx ex C
vdu

(pronounced "of dove")

1 dx v

x ex xe x

Example 2:

x 2 cos x u du x2 dv cos x dx sin x 2 x dx v

x 2 sin x

2 x sin x

u 2 x dv sin x dx du 2 dx v cos x x 2 sin x [ 2 x cos x 2 cos x

x 2 sin x 2 x cos x 2 sin x C

Inverse Trig Functions Formulas:
1 a2 arcsin x2 x a C
2

1 a x2 1 x arctan a a
x

Examples:
1 9 x2 x 3 C ; a 3; v

arcsin

; a 4; v 16 x 2 1 x arctan C 4 4

More examples:
1 ; a 2; v 3 x 4 9x 2 1 3 3 4 9x 2 1 3x arcsin 3 2 C
a 4; v 3 x 16 1 3 2 3 9 x 16 1 1 3x arctan C 3 4 4 1 3x arctan C 12 4 9x
2

Trig Functions
sin x dx cos 2 x dx tan x dx cos x C sin 2 x 2 ln cos x C C sec 2 x dx tan x C

sec x tan x sec x C cot x dx ln sin x C

Properties of Logarithms
Form logarithmic form y = loga x Log properties y = log x3 => y = 3 log x <=> <=> exponential form ay = x

log x + log y = log xy log x log y = log (x/y) Change of Base Law This is a useful formula to know.
y log a x log x log a or ln x ln a

Properties of Derivatives
1st Derivative shows: maximum and minimum values, increasing and decreasing intervals, slope of the tangent line to the curve, and velocity 2nd Derivative shows: inflection points, concavity, and acceleration - Example on the next page -

Example:
y 2x 3 3x 2 36 x 2

Find everything about this function

dy 6 x 2 6 x 36 dx 0 6( x 2 x 6) 0 6( x 3)( x 2) x 3, 2

1st derivative finds max, min, increasing, decreasing

max (-2, 46) increasing ( , -2] [3,

min (3, -79) decreasing (-2, 3)

d2y 12 x 6 dx 2 0 6( 2 x 1) 1 x 2

2nd derivative finds concavity and inflection points

inflection pt ( , -16 ) concave up ( , )

concave down (1/2, )

Miscellaneous
Newtons Method Newtons Method is used to approximate a zero of a function
c f (c ) f ' (c )

where c is the 1st approximation

Example: If Newtons Method is used to approximate the real root of x3 + x 1 = 0, then a first approximation of x1 = 1 would lead to a third approximation of x3:
1 f (1) 3 or .750 x 2 f ' (1) 4 3 f( ) 3 59 4 or .686 x 3 3 4 86 f '( ) 4

f ( x)

x3

x 1 1

f ' ( x) 3 x 2

Separating Variables Used when you are given the derivative and you need to take the integral. We separate variables when the derivative is a mixture of variables Example:
dy 9 y 4 and if y = 1 when x = 0, what is the value of y when dx 1 x= ? 3

If

dy dx dy y4

9y4 9 dx

dy y4 y

9 dx
3

9x C

Continuity/Differentiable Problems f(x) is continuous if and only if both halves of the function have the same answer at the breaking point. f(x) is differentiable if and only if the derivative of both halves of the function have the same answer at the breaking point Example:

x2 , x 3 f ( x) 6 x 9, x 3
f ' ( x)

2 x 6( plug in 3) 6 6

At 3, both halves = 9, therefore, f(x) is continuous At 3, both halves of the derivative = 6, therefore, f(x) is differentiable

Useful Information We designate position as x(t) or s(t) The derivative of position x(t) is v(t), or velocity The derivative of velocity, v(t), equals acceleration, a(t). We often talk about position, velocity, and acceleration when were discussing particles moving along the x-axis. A particle is at rest when v(t) = 0. A particle is moving to the right when v(t) > 0 and to the left when v(t) <0 To find the average velocity of a particle:
1 b a
b

v(t )dt
a

Average Value Use this formula when asked to find the average of something
1 b a
b

f ( x)dx
a

Mean Value Theorem NOT the same average value. According to the Mean value Theorem, there is a number, c, between a and b, such that the slope of the tangent line at c is the same as the slope between the points (a, f(a)) and (b, f(b)).
f ' (c) f (b) f (a) b a

Growth Formulas Double Life Formula : y Half Life Formula: y Growth Formula: y
y 0 e kt y 0 (2) t / d

y 0 (1 / 2) t / h

y = ending amount y0 = initial amount t = time k = growth constant d = double life time h = half life time Useful Trig. Stuff Double Angle Formulas:
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x cos 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x

Identities:
sin 2 x
2

cos 2 x 1
2

1 tan x sec x 1 cot 2 x csc 2 x

1 cos sin cos

sec tan

1 sin cos sin

csc cot

Integration Properties
Area
b

[ f ( x)
a

g ( x)]dx

f(x) is the equation on top

Volume f(x) always denotes the equation on top About the x-axis:
b

About the y-axis:

b

[ f ( x)] dx
a b

2
a b

x[ f ( x)]dx

[( f ( x)) 2
a

( g ( x)) 2 ]dx

2
a

x[ f ( x)

g ( x)]dx

about line y = -1
b

about the line x = -1

b

[ f ( x) 1] 2 dx
a

2
a

( x 1)[ f ( x)]dx

Examples:

f ( x)

x 2 [0,2]

x-axis:
2 2

y-axis:
2 2

( x 2 ) 2 dx
0 0

x 4 dx

2
0

x[ x 2 ]dx 2
0

x 3 dx

about y = -1 In this formula f(x) or y is the radius of the shaded region. When we rotate about the line y = -1, we have to increase the radius by 1. That is why we add 1 to the radius
2 2

[x
0

1] dx
0

(x 4

2x 2

1)dx

about x = -1 In this formula, x is the radius of the shaded region. When we rotate about the line x = -1, we have the increased radius by 1.
2 2

2
0

( x 1)[ x ]dx 2
0

(x3

x 2 )dx

Trapeziodal Rule Used to approximate area under a curve using trapezoids. Area
b a f ( x0 ) 2 f ( x1 ) 2 f ( x2 ) .... 2 f ( xn 1 ) 2n f ( xn )

where n is the number of subdivisions Example: f(x) = x2+1. Approximate the area under the curve from [0,2] using trapezoidal rule with 4 subdivisions
a 0 b 2 n 4 A 2 0 f (0) 8 2 f (.5) 2 f (1) 2 f (1.5) f (2)

1 1 2(5 / 4) 2(2) 2(13 / 4) 5 4 1 76 (76 / 4) 4.750 4 16

Riemann Sums

Used to approximate area under the curve using rectangles. a) Inscribed rectangles: all of the rectangles are below the curve Example: f(x) = x2 + 1 from [0,2] using 4 subdivisions (Find the area of each rectangle and add together) I=.5(1) II=.5(5/4) III=.5(2) IV=.5(13/4) Total Area = 3.750 b) Circumscribed Rectangles: all rectangles reach above the curve Example: f(x) = x2 + 1 from [0,2] using 4 subdivisions I=.5(5/4) II=.5(2) Total Area = 5.750 III=.5(13/4) IV=.5(5)

Reading a Graph
When Given the Graph of f(x) Make a number line because you are more familiar with number line. This is the graph of f(x). Make a number line. - Where f(x) = 0 (x-int) is where there are possible max and mins. - Signs are based on if the graph is above or below the x-axis (determines increasing and decreasing)

min x = -4, 3 increasing (-4,0) (3,6]

max x=0 decreasing [-6,-4] (0,3)

- contd on next page -

To read the f(x) and figure out inflection points and concavity, you read f(x) the same way you look at f(x) (the original equation) to figure out max, min, increasing and decreasing. For the graph on the previous page: Signs are determined by if f(x) is increasing (+) and decreasing (-) concave down (-2,2) (4,5)

inflection pt x = -2, 2, 4, 5 concave up (-6,-2) (2,4) (5,6)

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