Report Writing

Member: Aqmal Hidayat Adio J Abhen Erit Fernando Rahmadian Pratama Rice Putra Effendi Teguh Maulana Hardi

Univesitas Andalas 2013

CHAPTER I Introduction
1.1 Background In past, the production system is done manually or by using human power. We know that, people have different strengths, and it led to less effective in an industrial production process. The effectiveness of the production can be seen from how many products are produced in a short time. Now, then comes a new branch of science that mechatronics is a synergistic combination of mechanics, electronics and information systems science that can not be separated from one another. At the present time, Mechatronics very useful in the industrial world because it can help the process of the production process a raw material into a product in a short time and can also directly save on production costs.. Mechatronic applications at this time have been found and functions facilitate human work. However still rarely applied in people's lives. This is due to the lack of public knowledge about the working principles of mechatronics applications and people are still accustomed to using the old technology. So in this report the author discusses in more depth about mekatonika applications so that people can know the many benefits of technological advances such as mechatronic applications. 1.2 Purpose Purpose of this report are: To know the definition of mechatronics. To know the applications of mechatronic. To know the working principles of mechatronics. To know the mechatronic applications in the industrial world.

1.3 Limitation of Problem Limitation of problem of this report are : Only discuss the application of mechatronics.

Only discuss the working principle of mechatronics. Only discuss about the components used in mechatronic applications. Not discuss the electronic circuit.

1.4 Hypothesis Mechatronic applications is very important in life, and will affect the quality of a product or work of any individual. In addition mechatronic applications also facilitate human work and shorten the time of the production process.

1.5 Significant of Study In order for the reader to know and recognize the application of mechatronic components of the mechatronic applications.

1.6 Overview Mechatronics is the combination of Mechanical engineering, Electronic engineering, Computer engineering, Software engineering, Control engineering, and Systems Design engineering in order to design, and manufacture useful products]. Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field of engineering, that is to say it rejects splitting engineering into separate disciplines. Originally, mechatronics just included the combination between mechanics and electronics, hence the word is only a portmanteau of mechanics and electronics. However, as technical systems has become more and more complex the word has been "updated" during recent years to include more technical areas. Many mechatronic engineers work with the electronic and computer control systems which nearly all machinery relies on for efficient and reliable operation. We take it for granted that automatic systems monitor process plants for leaks and faults, and keep the plant operating all the year round. All modern aircraft, cars and appliances rely on mechatronic engineering. Mechatronic engineers build and design these systems and need expertise in computing and electronics, core mechanical engineering knowledge, and the ability to bring these together to make working systems which meet the safety and reliability levels we take for granted.

CHAPTER II Literature Review

Definition of Mechatronics Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary area of engineering that combines mechanical and electrical engineering and computer science. A typical mechatronic system picks up signals from the environment, processes them to generate output signals, transforming them for example into forces, motions and actions. It is the extension and the completion of mechanical systems with sensors and microcomputers which is the most important aspect. The fact that such a system picks up changes in its environment by sensors, and reacts to their signals using the appropriate information processing, makes it different from conventional machines. Examples of mechatronic systems are robots, digitally controlled combustion engines, machine tools with self-adaptive tools, contact-free magnetic bearings, automated guided vehicles, etc. Typical for such a product is the high amount of system knowledge and software that is necessary for its design. Furthermore, and this is most essential, software has become an integral part of the product itself, necessary for its function and operation. It is fully justified to say software has become an actual "machine element". Mechatronics is a new word that was born in Japan in the early 1970s which is a combination of two words namely mechanics and electronics . Now we often see around us mechatronics stuff like robots , NC lathes , digital cameras , printers , and so forth . Equations of goods mechatronics is that the object is a motion controlled machine . When compared with a conventional engine movement then move the machines more flexible and have more intelligence . This is possible because the use of advance iptekmicro - electronics . The point is that with the help of micro - electronics machine can move more intelligently . If someone gave a command , then all can be handed over to the machine that can move automatically . It really helps to create machines or tools that are practical and easy to use . So that human resources such as time and the brain can be used for other work to further create value.

Picture 2.1 Mechatronics

System of Mechatronics

Sensor

Contoller
Picture 2.2 Mechatronics Simple Chart

Actuators

1. Sensor A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of other environmental phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing. Here are a few examples of the many different types of sensors: a. Magnetic sensor Magnetic sensor is a device that will be affected the magnetic field and will give you change the output conditions. Like the switch two conditions (on

/ off) which is driven by a magnetic field around it. This sensor is usually packaged in the form of empty packaging and free of dust, moisture, fumes or vapors.

Picture 2.3 Magnetic Sensor

b. Light Sensor Light sensor consists of 3 categories. Photovoltaic light sensor is a device that converts light energy directly into electrical energy, with the irradiation of light will cause the movement of electrons and produces a voltage. Similarly, the photoconductive (fotoresistif) that will give you change in resistance (resistance) in the cells, the higher the intensity of light received, the smaller the value prisoners. While the Photoelectric sensor which is a work based on the reflection principle due to changes in position / distance of a light source (infrared or laser) or deflection targets, which consists of a light source and receiver.

Picture 2.4 Light Sensor

c. Pressure Sensor This sensor has a wire strain gauge transducers, which convert mechanical stress into electrical signals. Penginderaannya basic introduction on the change in resistance (transducer) that change due to changes in long and broad cross-section.

Picture 2.5 Pressure Sensor

d. Temperature Sensor There are 4 main types of temperature sensors that are commonly used , namely thermocouples ( T / C , resistance temperature detector ( RTD ) , thermistors , and IC sensors . Thermocouple consists essentially of a pair of hot and cold transducer connected and merged together , where there are differences that arise the connection between the reference junction that serves as a comparison . Resistance temperature Detector ( RTD ) has the basic principle that the electrical resistance of metals varies proportional to the temperature . Comparison of this variation is consistent with the level of precision / high stability in the detection of resistance . Platina is material which is often used because it has a temperature resistance , kelinearan , stability and reproducibility . Thermistors are resistors that are sensitive to heat that usually has a negative temperature coefficient , because when the temperature increases, the resistance decreases and vice versa . while sensor is a temperature sensor IC with an integrated circuit that uses chipsilikon for sensory weakness . Has the voltage and current output configuration is very linear .

Picture 2.6 Temperature Sensor

2. Controller The controller is a control element in a mechatronic system that receives input from sensors and forward them to the actuators. One type of controller is the microcontroller. Microcontroller is an IC with a very high density usually consists of CPU and RAM. Most microcontrollers have instructions, manipulation of access to the input / output and the process is streamlined.

Picture 2.7 PLC

Picture 2.8 Microcontroller

3. Actuators Actuators are elements that receive and execute commands from the controller. The concrete form of such actuators: electric motors, hydraulic tubes, pneumatic tubes. Some examples and types of actuators including: Relay, Solenoid, and Motor DC.

Picture 2.9 Motor DC

Picture 2.10 Solenoid Valve

Mechatronic Applications The following are some examples of applications of Mechatronics Systems : 1. Automatic Gate Gate in the office or the company is now equipped automatic settings. If there is a vehicle or a man who came in who had qualified the identification of the door will open, if not eligible identification doors remain closed. 2. Refrigerators system (Refrigerant) Refrigeration system or so-called refrigerator is one simple mechatronic applications that synergize with the disciplines of energy conversion. 3. Air conditioning systems Ac system is one of a mechatronic system applications in which there are control systems, electronics and mechanics. Air space is controlled using the remote control (remote control). At AC room, there are 2 very important component that must be there is the condenser and compressor.

Definition and Component function 1. Belt Conveyor Belt Conveyor is used is basically a fairly simple equipment. The tool consists of a belt that is resistant to transport solid objects. Belts used in belt conveyor can be made from various types of materials such as rubber, plastics, leather or metal depending on the type and nature of the material to be transported. For transporting hot materials, used belts made of metal that is resistant to heat.

Picture 2.11 Belt Conveyor 2. DC motors Used as actuators on the conveyor belt, working principles related to sensors, objects will move above the conveyor belt when detected by the sensor DC motor will automatically perform the action that has been in the program in the microcontroller.

Picture 2.12 Motor DC DC motors have two basic parts : 1 . Stationary part called the stator . The stator generates a magnetic field , both generated from a coil ( electro magnet ) or a permanent magnet . 2 . Rotating part is called the rotor . The rotor in the form of a coil in which an electrical current flows . Electromagnetic force in a DC motor occurs when there is current flowing in the conductor is in a magnetic field . The magnetic field itself is generated by a permanent magnet . The lines of magnetic force flowing between two magnetic poles of the north pole to the south pole . According to the law Lourentz force , the flowing current in the conductor located in a magnetic field will cause the force . Force F appears depends on the direction of the current I and the direction of the magnetic field B.

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF DC MOTOR DC motor is a type of motor that uses DC voltage as the energy source . By providing different voltages at both terminals , the motor will rotate in one direction , and when the polarity of the voltage is reversed then the direction of rotation of the motor will be reversed as well . Polarity of the voltage applied to the two terminals determines the direction of rotation of the motor while the big difference on both terminal voltage determines the motor speed .

3. Relay Relay is an electronic switch that can open or close the circuit by using control of other electronic circuits . Composed of a relay coil , spring , switch ( connected to the spring ) and 2 electronic contacts ( normally closed and normally open ) Normally closed ( NC ) : switch contact is connected to this when the relay is not active or can be said to be a switch in the open condition . Normally Open ( NO ) : a switch connected to this contact when the relay is active or can be said to be the switch in the closed condition . Based on the basic principle of how it works , the relay can work because of the magnetic field used to drive the switch . When the coil voltage supplied by the working voltage relay will display the magnetic field in the coil due to the current flowing in the wire windings . Electromagnetic coil that is as it would then pull the switch from NO to NC . If the voltage to the coil is switched off then the magnetic field in the coil will be lost so that the spring will pull the switch NC . WORKING PRINCIPLES OF RELAY Relay is a switch lever with wire windings on an iron rod (solenoid) nearby. When the solenoid electrified, the lever would be interested because of the magnetic force that occurs in the solenoid so that the switch contacts will close. By the time the flow is stopped, the magnetic force will be lost, the lever will return to its original position and the contact switch back terbuka.Relay typically used to drive a current / voltage is large (eg electrical equipment 4 amperes AC 220 V) using a current / voltage is small (eg 0.1 ampere 12 Volt DC). The

simplest relay is an electromechanical relays that provide mechanical movement while getting electrical energy.

Picture 2.13 Relay 4. Microcontoller Microcontroller is an IC with a very high density usually consists of CPU and RAM. Average microntroler have instructions, manipulations access to input / output and efficient process. Microcontroller is where all the controls on a circuit.

Picture 2.14 Microcontroller

5. LED Basically, the LED component is a component made of semi-conductor diodes capable of emitting light. LED is a product of the other findings after diode. The structure is also similar to the diode.

Picture 2.15 LED

At this time the colors of the existing LED light is red, yellow and green. Blue LED is very rare. To produce the perfect white color, the spectrum of light colors are combined, with the most common ways that merging red, green, and blue, which is called RGB. Basically, all colors can be produced, but it would be very expensive and inefficient. In addition to choosing LED color, keep in mind the working voltage, maximum current and power capacity. House (chasing) LED and shape also vary there are rectangular, round and oval. WORKING PRINCIPLES OF LED LED is a type of diode has 2 poles, namely the anode and cathode. In this case the LED will light when an electric current flows from the anode to the cathode. Installation of LED poles should not be overturned because if the poles reverse then the LED will not light. LEDs have different characteristics according to the resulting color. The higher the current flowing in the light of the LED generated light anyway, but it should be noted that the amount of current that is allowed 10mA-20mA and the voltage is 1.6 V - 3.5 V according to the character of the resulting color. If the current flowing over the 20mA LED will burn. To keep the LEDs do not burn we need to use a resistor as a barrier to flow. 6. Selenoid Valve The working principle of the solenoid valve is a valve that has the power as a driving coil when the coil where the coil gets the supply voltage will be changed to move the plunger so that the magnetic field on the inside when the plunger moves the position of the outlet of the solenoid valve pneumatic pressurized air will come out derived from the supply (service units), in general pneumatic solenoid valve has a working voltage of 100/200 VAC but some are having working DC voltage.

Picture 2.16 Solenoid Valve

7. Phototransistor Phototransistor is a transistor that is designed to catch the light. Sensitivity phototransistor is much better than the photodiode. Cause the flow of light received at the base area of the phototransistor and produce current gain ranging from a hundred to a few thousand times.

Picture 2.17 Phototransistor

8. Weight Sensors Weight sensors are sensors used to measure the weight or load of an object. The working principle of this sensor is to change the weight of the mechanical into electrical signals. Weight is based on the principle that the resistance changes with the weight of an object.

Picture 2.18 Weight Sensors