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2M (OH)3 + 3H2

q?  d? _ W? O
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(Iron) bb(
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Fe(s) + Fe2O3(s)
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cO
l WAUMLK

WuL: dUM
(d) (d- Block elements)

WOzd
WO
UI dUMF

Main transition elements

WOKb
WO
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Inner transition element

WO
UI dUMF

Transition elements

W u*

t??O??? U????{u?? Y? b??( b
b??? K
r

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r

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dH
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cN
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b? u
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lu eO2 uK tO bO b

w U? U V? W? O
UI? d? UMF
(IA) (IIA) U? uL? : eK 5 dH?
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5O?
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w d( t?
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UD
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W
U
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nOMB w bL
3d wdH
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4d wdH
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WKK

5d wdH
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wb
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U
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U WKL? J UNUu?  lOL _ b? OM
bOU? U WO
UI? dUMF
s f WH
d? UM vL
w lu
f wd? H
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lu?
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r

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v
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bb( bO
2FeSO4 + 2NaOH

nUJ

bb( u

NaOH

(II) bb( u

Fe (OH)2 + Na2(SO4)

WUF
dE
w #U V wDF uOUu
bOUObb

3FeSO4 + 3K4 [Fe(CN)6]

Fe2[Fe(CN)6] + 2K2 SO4

qd s V wDF uOUu
bOUO bb

3FeSO4 + 2K3 [Fe(CN)6]

Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2+ 3K2 SO4

u
V uJ uOUu
UUOuO
tO nUJ
U w c pbb( bObO s w wM V

NaOH

pbb( u

UOd oU V uOUu
bOUObb

3K4 [Fe(CN)6] + 4FeCl3

Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 12KCl

wM u
uOUu
bOUO bb
FeCl3 + K3 [Fe(CN)6]

Fe[Fe(CN)6]+ 3KCl

(III) bb( UUOuO s u dL u
uJ uOUu
UUOuO

FeCl3 + 3K3CNS

KCl + Fe (CNS)3

qK
WID
c lML?  UL_ U* w c c
w? OUMG* bb( bO s?  WI suJ

qUH
dL s bb(
4s wd? H
u? * w d? J
bI?  v
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tKUH UM 3d wdH
u* w dJ

WOCL( VzuA
bOU s hKKK

tUU s t W
uN dJ bu
e b' qJ vK kU p
c WOOzd
WO
UI? dUMF
u s ULNu
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WOLKF WOHK)

W
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r' Wd( WF

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qU? H?
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H2 + 2 O 2

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Thermochemistry

Wd( UOLOJ

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WOzUOLOJ
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Potential Chemical Energy
WOuM
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Specific Heat
Wd( WF

Heat Capacity
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Exothermic Processes
WU* UOKLF

Endthermic Processes
dF

Calorie
u'
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U qUH
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system
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CaCl2

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Ca+ + 2Cl + 162 KJ / mole

aq

aq

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+

NH4 NO3 + n Callg U NH4 + NO3

(S)

aq

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aq

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dK
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NH4 + NO3
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aq

H =+ 77 KJ/ mole

b u .uI WK

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Ca (OH)2

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2NaHCO3

(s)

Na2CO3+H2O+CO2
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(l)

(g)

H = +129 KJ/ mole

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W
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CaO + H2O
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Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

(s)

C3H8

(g)

H = -56.2 KJ /mole

Ca (OH)2

(l)

(aq)

+ 5O2

(g)

(l)

3CO3 + 4H2O
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H = 2x + 129 KJ /mole

(s)

H = -2219.29 KJ /mole

(l)

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uU d tUA U* UJ
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d? ? U??H? * suJ d? u??L? ?  "uM
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H2O + NH4Cl

H2O + NaCl

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Na+ + Cl-

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(aq)

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U uJ w
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Oxidation number
bU
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bR* qUF

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WOzUOLOdNJ
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wzUOLOdN qUH
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Cathode
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Corrosion
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Dry Cell
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uKJK Wc WKJ

[

Te + Y

Mg +

U? ?
w u? u* wU? O?  r? d v u? dU
w uM vK WF `C VUD
s?  q?  c?  U? b????????? w? ?  W? u? _
dI d
uJ np UNO uJ
5 c?  Ub????? u? J w?  W? u_

W uCF
5dOM
Ud

b_

WU) b u

W
bI*

c W s UN? bF VUD s l
u
vK U
uJ bu
iL( bO UM? O_ s  dF
wMO_
bO_ UMO_ Ud dC% nO `{u
UMO??? W???OzU??O???L??O? J ??U???H???  5
bO_
W??????O?  UM? O?????? v?  UM? O??????_ n? MB?
WOU UMO WuU UMO
UMO WOzUeOH u) b
b??O??_ UMO??_ 5 W??
??F Z? M??
wMO_ iL(
u???u U??I??? W???OMO???_ u???L??( nM? B
qOudJ WuL 5_ WuL
WHK< WOMO_ uL( 5 dH

w
b w Wu? CF 5d? OM U? d

bF Wu? CF UO? LOJ lO{u?  fb nB c
s d? A U? ( dU? F nB w
VUD
d bF U? N b w w WuCF U? OLOJ
Wu? CF U? OL? OJ rK WO? L s dU? F nB w

dO Ud* WuCF Ud* 5 dH UO( w

w
U??L?? U??u? KF* s d?? v W? u??C??F
s W??O? U??_ U????d? * s d??A?? U???( nB
W? O? U? _ U? ??d* 5 WU? I? * U? N? ??O? L?  Y? O?
U? ? d??LK wzUM VO??d?  W? OU? H? O? _ U? ? d*
a WOzUOLOJ WOzUeOH UN u WOU_
U* U??LJ?? VUD b? O?? b??u c w

UMO? _ ndF u t 5? IU 5HB?  w
t
WOzUOLOJ U? H wMO_ iL( bO_
UL WOU WuU WO v UMO_ nOMB UN
5 W
F UMO WOzUe? OH u) s bO
UI WOMO_ uL( nOMB bO_ UMO_
UL qOudJ WuL?  5_ WuL uu
vK dF r nO v b? u c w
dFO
U0 p j UNMO dH WHK< WOMO_ uL(
W? OMO_ u? L( s U? O? _ U w
VUD t?
UO( U UNOL WOKOudJ

WOLKF WOHK)
U??????d* s d???O?????? w?
5d??????OM q? b
U? ? U? O?? w
U? L??N?  VFK w?  Wu? C??F
iF? l 5d??????O? M b??????? YO??? W???UM? B
b? uN?
WKU
W? uL?  UuJ d_ d? UMF
b (CN) bOUO W? uL UuJ udJ l
(NO) d????OM W??u? L???? uJO??
5????_ l
uMO??_ W??u? L???  U? uJ 5b??O? N l?  b? ??
(NH2)

Uud??b??O??N l U??u??L??: c U??%U

dB? UuL?  uJ
W? OU_ WOU? HO
5dOM vK Wu; WuCF Ud* s UN
Amines : UMO_
UU? ? sJ1 w?  U? d* s W? u? L?  w
5_ w_ 5_ U??NM U??Ou? _ U??I? ? A?? s
nOMB c bLF YO w 5_ wzUM
5d???????O? MU W? KB????* (R) W???u????L?????? v? K

u? c* UMO? _ U b? ' s k

5 u 5? _ qO?? w? zUM b?? W???O UMO??? w
uJ w?  UMO? _ iF b??u U? L?? wzUM
WHK WK?  UNM WIK w
uC UN? O
5dOM
5O 5U* dF
Pyridine sbdO

Piperidine sbdO

N
H

R3N
wU w 5

R2NH
uU wzUM 5

R
N
H

RNH2

IUPAC V r

lzUA
r
5 qOO
5 qO
5 qO qOO

UOuMO
U uMO
U uMO qO

H
U w 5

WGOB

CH3 NH2
CH3 CH2 NH2
CH2 NH CH2 CH3

CH3

CH3

w qOuO 5

CH3

Ud qOO uMO

NH2

CH3

5_ qO wzUM
5KO

5KO uMO wzUM

seM uMO

H2N

CH2

CH2

NH2

NH3

W?
U tU? A b? F p Hetrocycles W? U? * d? O? U? O? IK( rU W? OI? K( U? d* v U? A U?

WIK(
O W dO `z UN UNOU UMu_ q WHOF{ bu
UMO_
WK? _ iF?  UM d? F? M C_NH2 W? O? H? Ou W? u? L? : uu? eO? L? U? ? d?  wN?
b?O_ U?
O
O
wU
CH3

NH2

bOUO

C
N

bOUMOuJO

NH2
O

NH2 H N
2

bOeM

Uu

NH2

c v U? MO?? Wb??U??I?  W??O?? U??) ld

t _ U???Ou???_ pc??? Ud???J s?  e
U* s W??e H+ ud U????I???? v? K b??I
e??O? d U? v R U2 uK?? t??F?  u?? c
qObON Uu

UM? O???_ X? M??? t? v U???? b???&

qU????H??? c s?  ZM? qOJ? b???OU? l W???O????
u? % UNU? d?  uOu? _ Q tN? O? U? d
5d?????O? M c WD? d?? U???u??L????? l? vK
WOUd uOu_ Q vL

H
H N:+H-OH
H

R
R-+ R N
R

H
H H:H +OH
R

UMO_ WOL

R
N
R

R + -

UJ_ UMO WO_ UMO_

W&U UU sJ1 R_NH2 WUF UN? GO

R_NO2 W? U? F W??G? O? B d? ? OM?  e? ? s
i? L??????????? d??b???????????B???????????I?  s?  j? O??K? W? D? u?
bbO qJOM 5bON puKbON
uOMu_ uOOK

YO? Uu_ U? EM U? I? UMO??_ vL? 

U??C r
d? 5_ W??u??L???? l
u?? b??
UMO???_ U?? UJ W? U??N v 5 W???LK
lDI* l{u VUG w
vL
b? OIF d_
_ WKK r q
(Amino) uMO
H2N - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - COOH

R-NO2+3H2

NH2 - CH2- CH2 - CH2 -OH

R-NO2+ 3H2 TiSn/HCL R-NH2+2H2O

UJ_ dO UJ_ uMO

wdJ
VOd

Ud? J W? L v? K 5d? OM u? %
UdJ W v U% c wU? ) UN
w

uJ? 5d?????OM S???
pc t? U??LJ? ??
5b? O??N w l W? O? LU?? j
5d? OM rN?  UJ Wu? L?  ud
c s q?  rN?? W? D w
b?? d??? JS
kH??????????% U????C? b???? d?????J? S d?????_
r c U? d??J s?  b?? e 5d?????OM
vL?? ?  jd s?  suJ w
d? ??A
dA* dO eU UdJ s e c

Br

NH2
Br

CH3

NH2

sbuu

5KOud w
O2N

NH

R-NH2+2H2O

R-NO2 LiAlH4 R- NH2

puUuOuMO
uUuMO
j? d U???N??O???
W???OU???_ UMO???_ U???
U? NS??
W? OU? _ W? IK? (U d? U? ?  5d??? OM
s U??I????A?? U??NQ?? W??U?? W??H??B vL??
U?? 5KO_ W? DO???? W??OU??_ UMO??_
U??? U??? U???L?? w? DF t? S??
s? buu? uMO???_
.(Toluidine) sbuu
Br

Ni

NO2

5 qOMO
wzUMdO wzUM \

NH2

5 qOMO
wzUM

N:H
.

X vK W? O? e' W? G? O? B u? % U? bM v_
dQ
ud
q?  W? O? DI WKOK?
U? c* w
UMO? _ c
seM uJ dO_
u??N w
W??OU?? UMO??_ b???? qN??
U??b? M uK W? 1b?? U??N???LEF?? l?  u??'
"u WO uJ U U? d UNMJ WOI uJ
b_
UO? u_ t? A Wu? C bu?
WOU? HO_ UM? O_
U? Ou? _ Wb? U?
ld U? N? b? U?
w
U? NM be
vK Ud??Js u? v U? MO? _
s?  e?  c? (NH-) 5? d????????????????????????O? M? 
vK U??
5d????OM q? F? ? Ud??J
w
d????O????I????H c?  s U? d???O???? W????U????A????
W U? ) UuUJ Uud?  q Ud? J
UdO qOudJ WuL w
uu* eKHU
buI UMO_
U* l UMO_ qUH
U* l?  uJF???? qJA? UMO????_ qU???H????
u? Ou_ b? O? b? O s oA?  WuJ
u? OU?  wDF u? Ou?  W? I? ? A* b? U?
sQ
b? O??? b??O? N u??O W? I??? A* u? O? u? _
WG? UMO W? OzU* qOU; e pc
WuU?? W??O_ U? MO??_ tU??A?? fL??A
WO U) cN WO

5?  l? zU?????A r? vK? u?????B?????( sJ? 1

WOK? OJ WuL? : r v 5 lDI* W?
U{S
W??u??L??0 5_ W??u??L???  U??N q? B? ? w
5 uU qOu? O 5_ vL?  WuU 5u? O
W? E? ??????????? l?  (Sec. Bulyl Amine)
U??M? v??K? b?? (Sec u??U? l??D? I??*
uU u 5_ fO WOKOJ WuL:
CH3

CH3-N-CH-CH2-CH3/CH3-CH2-NH CH3
CH3

5 qOO uU qOuO 5 qOO qO

UuO 5 qOO wzUM UuMO qO
b? F W??U? W? H? B? W? OMO? _ ??_ vL? 
5KO_ U uOu lDI*U 5 lDI b
r U??C r u??OMOKO l? DI*U b??? ??? O??

Ud dO buK buK
uO_
NH3 CL (CH3) 3- NHNO3
buK uOMOKO dO uOu qOO w

UMO_ u

s U??????? UMO???_ W? KzU??? s?  v_ d???
_

s UNUOze u? % w d
_ U U
wN?
5 qO? ? O?  w b? U?  ud? 
w d?
_ U?? W?
d? G d? W? w?
WKzU?
WK u wN
UNOK
U??N W??C??H? ? M* W??O? ? e? ' q? J UMO??_
pL?  t? A W? z l U? Ou? _ t? A W? z
WHOH Wz UNK WKB UMO_ U
b W? U W? U WH? B WOU? _ UMO_
R bK' od s W? uN?  h9 U? N U? L? 
UUI bL WKU
ZzU v
j? d?????????  vK? b????????I?  U? M? O????????_ nzu? D? 
S???
p? c W??????O???? U* l w? MO???b???O????N
c d? O??G? B W? O??e? ' qJ U? MO? _
Ub? v Uc W? OKU
qB U? * w
WuN? 

R-NH2 + H2O
R-NH3 + OH
- uOu WIA* bUI
+
R-NH3 + OH

w
b? O? b? ON u? Od?
u s nAJ sJ1

b? _ wzU?? uK?  W?
U? {S? UMO?  W? OzU? * qOU? ;
Vd? YO bb? ( q WKO? I eKH?  
Uc `O t_ bObON
3(R-NH3+OH-) + FeCl3
Fe(OH)3+
+
3R-NH 3 + CL

Nitriles

dOM
WODI wzUM
5uO iL
5 qOMO

5U
5ud
5uO
5
5uOe
U
ud
5KO_
sbdO
sbdO

Dipolar
Leucine
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Methionine
Lysine
Iso-Leucine
Tryptophane
Anline
Pyridine
Piperidine

W u*

UL_ l UMO_ qUH

?  WuJ U? L? _ l?  UMO? _ qU? H?
5 qO? _ b? ? L?
WI? ? A* uOu? _
qO??? su? J pu? Kb??O???N iL??? l
qO? u d? rU? d? F* buK u? Ou? 
buKbO 5
C2H5NH2+HCl

uOu_ qO buK

C2H5NH3Cl
5_ 5 buKbO

buKJ ?  U? MO? _ ?  t? ? A
b?? v a?  U??d??J b???O??d??
u b? U b? ? ? u l d? O? ? 
oKD* uU w
c UMO_ 
b U U Uc WOKU
w
dH c
buK s UMO_ buKb? O qBH
uOu_

D q
s bF eU WOLOKF qzU
UMO_ Ue' WL U/
d< w
d
u UMO_ Ud s WMO
WuK dOU

WOMO_ uL(

w W? OMO_ U? L_ lO? L' W? d? A* `*

WuL b uMO?  WuL u q
_ vK
WU??? * d??OQ? ?  u? I b?? W? OKO??? u? d? 
iF?  UNC? F Ue? ' 5 UN? H U? e' q
W??OzU? e??O??H u??) w?
U b W??O??? e?? 5
bu W? HOu W? OzUM U? d* cN W? OzUO? LOJ
rN
v dO? GB Ue' cN UL? s dOJ
UMOd bO UM w
UMOK U

b u l u WD
c????H? M v?  b????u?  c l? u s? J1
u??? M vK p?  W??O?? h? B?? b??? vK
wU
hB( b

b
uM

UdOC% UNOL UMO_

WOzUOLOJ WOzUeOH u)
dOM UNUH bO_
WOMO_ uL(
bu .uI

C2H5NH3+Cl-

WOLKF U KDB*

Organic Nitrogen Compounds WuCF 5dOM Ud

Amines

Nomenclature
Amides

hB( b
uL

UMO_
WOL
bO_

 u/ d I

b u cOHM WD

WuCF
5dOM
Ud

b
dUM
UMO_

nBK Wu??C? F U? O? L? OJ W? F? d0 W? b?  r

u DK R tO? u r r dA U(
nd??F??? b?? r U???Ou??_U UM? O??_ W??
??

b_
UOu? _ s WI? A UN rN?  `{u UMO_
U VUD uJ b cOHM bF lu
vK

q??? W??u???L????? ?? ??? s p

UM? `{u? U????O? u????_ w
5? b????O?????N

d??? U? MF i? F l 5? d??????O? M U???% `? {u

WHK UuL suJ
UMO_ dF
UMO_ s WHK WK wDF
UMO_ Ud WOL ZM
UMO_ dOC% 5

W UMO_

UMO? _ WU? ?  s U? MO_ W? O? L?  r

UMO??_ pc?  U? N??? O? L?? W? O? H??O?  U? N??uQ
WOIK(
b? ? U U? MO_ d? O? C? % d `O? {u r

b cOHM WD

pc?  W? O? L? OKF?  qzU? u c?  b? F? ?  WK? 

U? N? OL? d W? OzUe? OH U? N u? U? NU? H
p `{u WK dc WOuO UO( w

UMO??_ s D R?  b? * b?
nd? F v rNF?  q u U? NUI? A?  s s
UMO_ WU UMO_
b??u?
WU??J b?? UMO ? ?_ W ? ?O? L? ? U ? ? OU
wL UN s uK vK UMO_ WOL
d UMO VJ p bF UMO_ iF
`O?????B? l U??N?????O???L??? D s V? KD
WU w
D eeF
V?? U??? ?? s UMO ? ? ? _ d? ?O? ? ? C? ?% U ? ? ? U
W???b????I0 b* b???? UMO????_ u_U???I? U???
VKD r qU? H?  d? Ud?  l 5? IdD
iuF? uK vK UF* WU?  rN? CF s
e?????? d???_ W??I? dDU? qOJ o? s
WbNU 5dOM WuL

b??O??_ d???O??C??% d `{u? W??IdD f? HM

dOM dOC% pc UNUH
WOHO UN? HdF WOMO_ UL_ DK 5
WuCF?  UL_ s WOMO_ U? L_ uJ
U?????L?????_ j? Q? Wb??????  uJ? WK? ?????Q
WOMO_
WK?  d?  l W? OM? O? _ U? L? _ UM `{u
r? VUD U????? w?
U?? V??? U???N
U? F* ? s?  W? OzUe? O? H u??) `O? {u
u? L? ( qU? H? U? F*U 5 W? OzU??O? L? OJ
WO U) WbUI WOCL( UNuL0 WOMO_
WdOuH_

b u .uI WK

UU

VUD U w
U V wMO_ iL( bO_ UMO_ ]dF

NH3 + R X
+

H3N R X

w 5 dOC%

H3N R X + NH3

R NH2 + NH4X

uU 5 dOC%

R
+

HN R + HR X

R
R NH X
R

wU 5 dOC%

O H

RCOH+HNR
uC iL

R C N R + H2O bO_ dOC%

w 5

bO

w
5bO? N b? UNO
r w?  bUIU WO W? uU WO v WHK? < UMO_ nOMB

vL (R) Wu? L0 5b? O Xb? S
R w q_ qOJ Wu? L0 UOu? _ VOd
Xb???????? uU 5 w? L?? (R) W??u???L??? 0 5b??O? w Xb???????? w 5
WO Ud* t{u UL wU 5_ c wL WU WuL0 WU 5bON
..
N

..
N

..
N
H

wU 5

uU 5

w 5

NH C CH3 + H2O (H )

NH2 + CH3 C OH

wCL j w

O
+

NH C CH3 + Na OH

O
NH2 + CH3 C ONa

bU
j w

5 qOM uKJU

NH2 b U VUD U w
U V UMO WOzUeOH u)

UM uKJU uMO

UL?  w VUD U?  w
w WOL?  bu?
V WOMO? dOM U? d* lOL? vL
VUD U w

VUD U w
u UL wzUM VOd VJ
qUH s o? A bO_ S
b? O uJ uL? ( UIA?  l UNKUH bM UMO? _ s
U Te eM WOKOudJ UL_ l WuU WO_ UMO_
O

H
R C OH + H N H

H
R C N H + H2O

wzUOLOJ UNOd V nMB

NH2
CH2 COOH + CH3CO Cl

5_ WuL
CH3CO NH CH2 COOH + HCl

NH2
CH2 COOH + CH3OH

qOudJ WuL
NH2 CH2 COOCH3 + H2O

VUD U w
U V WdOuH_ WO U) `{u

W uO( UOLOJ

Q??AM?
s nAJK?
U????
iF? d??

u
w dJ
s
.eU uBI* `{u

W
bI*
V
UDK
W? ? M?
U b? W? U b? u
c d? ? ? F
d???????F wN??? tU??O??? s W??U???N
WKd? * c w
w W? 
W? O? LKF
W? d? F* t? OK vM c
U? _
wK w
WKd* w WOLKF
UB? B
s dOJ

W??O? ? D
U??B? B????
p
U???? U? F?
rOKF??

V? 
c? N
W? O? u
u? O?
W? OzU? O? L? OJ
W? O? e

qL? F
b? u
c vK e? O? d?
rKF* vK V
w V
UD
U? O U? NL? OU? H U? NF? O{u?  j vK
WF? UM
UB? B?
u U? OU UU? & tb
uJ
s tM? J9 U??N?? U??????? u?? b?? v? F??
U? F? L??? : W? F? L? ? ?? duD w d? L? * W??LU? *
d_

WOLKF WOHK)
U? O? L? OJ
d?  s d?  w? Wu? O? ( U? O? L? OJ

U???O????_ rK? U???O???L????OJ?
rK 5? lL???? c

u?? W??b W??b?
U r??N U??O??u?
u??O??

U?  c? w WKb
u* VO? d ? U? H
WOU WOuO UB s U oA w

udJ
WUD

qB??% s b W??O?? UMzUJ?
vI? ? wJ

w
W??U q?  b? B?? w fL??A
W??UD?
vK
w? zu?????C?
q??????L??????
UM? zUJ?
U?????N??????OK? q? B?????%
U??N??Du r? W??OKL?? w :(Photosynthesis)
q?  s c? G
lOMB?
W? O? ? L? A
W? UD
b? ? ?
e? vK u? % w
dC? ) UU? M
w U? )
v
U? NKu? % WO? zuC
W? UD
UM?  W? LE U? Nb

udJ
bO?  wU h9 UN UL WOzUO? LO WU
u' uN
s
s U? N? OK u? B? ( r? w
W? UD
b? ? ? 
v
udJ
b? O? ?  wU e? w fL? A
u? {
U? U?? uJC-H j vK? u? ??% U??? d??
(C6H12O6) uuK' dJ WO vK
6CO2 + 6H2O+E

wzu{ q2

WU
bu

b_
b?? u fb s? U??N? ? b?? F lu??
vK U VUD uJ

U??????????????d? * UM?  W???????O???????L d???????A?

tUO w WOzUOLOuO

W? ? U? B* Wu? O? ( U? OK? L? F
W? O? L `{u
UFD
qO9 rC WOKLF

s q U? Oze? ' wzU? O? L? O? J
VO? d?
e? O1
WOzUOLOuO
Ud* UM
sb
Xe
U uBI* `{u
W????O? MO????_ u????L????( 5? W????????F
`? {u
UMOd
bOK

C6H12O6 + 6O2

 bOudJ

W
U? F* s `C? W? UD
q9 E YO

O2 oKD U UM
CO2 b?  UM

u' uN
w

udJ
v? K U? N? U? e?? u? ??% U??? d?? w

s UM W b? u 5? _ 5bO? N

w WOOzd
bOudJ

UdJ? WDO??  b?O?udJ
WU_
U? Oze? ' j vK? u? ? % b? Oud?  w
b? Oud vL?  b W? OzUM b? W? O vK
Ud? J
U U???C v? L??? U??L??? (mers) b??u

q? J? A
d? E? (Monosa charides) W? U????????_
u??uK' p
WK?? s V
UD?
U? ?? w
udH

UL 5HM v
rIM bIF* bOudJ

WOzUM
UdJ

WOzUM UudbO s U w
d? J???
p?
W? K??? ? ? ? ? ? ? s?  (Diamers)
V
UD
U dE uJK
u
U*
(Plyoysacharides) bb????F?
UdJ? 

W??? O?? u? OK? OK
U??AM
p
WK?? s
U_ dJ
b s b? vK UNzu
(Pelymer) dLO
u vL wN

u??N?  (Melabolism) wzc??G
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C-H
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8- General Chemistry. principles and Structure Fifth Edition James E. Brady.

9- An Introduction to Practical Chemistry
K.K. Sharma.
D.S. Sharma.
VIKAS Publishing House , P V T LTD.

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