Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia Second Edition

Volume 14, Special Edition
December 2010
Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia Second Edition

%SATURATE
0 100 600 Immature II Mature I Overmature
By: Roberto Aguilera , Vctor Sotelo , Carla Burgos , Carolynna Arce , Clemencia Gmez , Jairo Mojica , Hardany Castillo , Diana Jimnez and Jos Osorno 1 2 RA GEOLOGIA E.U. and ANH
Hydrogen Index (mg HC / gTOC)
0.5% Ro
400
50
50
1.35% Ro
200 III
100 0 50 100
0 0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
%AROMATIC
%NSO
Tmax (oC)
D E C E M B E R
2 1 0
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... CAGUN - PUTUMAYO BASIN.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. CATATUMBO BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ CAUCA-PATIA BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... CESAR - RANCHERA BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ CHOC BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EASTERN CORDILLERA BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... EASTERN LLANOS BASIN..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... GUAJIRA BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. LOS CAYOS BASIN ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................. SIN OFFSHORE BASIN......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... SIN - SAN JACINTO BASIN.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. TUMACO BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................ URAB BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ APPENDIX - ANH ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY DATABASE DATA SOURCES .........................................................................................................................................
1 3 5 20 31 39 47 53 61 77 83 89 93 105 118 123 132 137 141 157 162 164
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Earth Sciences Research Journal Special Edition
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Second Edition
Roberto C. Aguilera RA GEOLOGIA E.U. Vctor A. Sotelo RA GEOLOGIA E.U. Carla A. Burgos RA GEOLOGIA E.U. Carolynna Arce Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos Clemencia Gmez Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos Jairo Mojica Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos Hardany Castillo Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos Diana Jimnez Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos Jos Osorno Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos
2010 Earth Sciences Research Journal Bogot
Letter of Editor
Science is the knowledge of consequences and the dependence of one fact on another Thomas Hobbes. In a short time we are here again to offer you a new version of the Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia. This effort is supported by the ANH, and extends the geochemical knowledge disposed in the previous version to new basins, and updated information up to 2009. We hope that this document may be helpful to developers of projects of oil exploration and production, in a moment, when the exploration of new basins increases, and the oil associated activities are extended to new business. This Atlas will serve as a guide for the oil industry as well as research centers and academic institutions, who may consult on their pages the state of knowledge in this field in Colombia, and the need to continue carrying out projects of this nature. Can these pages help to answer questions like: Has the trap received economic quantities of petroleum?. What types of hydrocarbons are likely to be present (oil and/or gas and in what relative proportion)?. What are the oil or gas properties (e.g., viscosity, API gravity, sulfur content, etc.)? Is reservoir compartmentalization an issue? We let the answers to our readers, from whom we hope to hear their findings and if possible their contribution.
Luis Montes ESRJ Chief Editor
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction........................................................................................................................................ Methodology........................................................................................................................................ Cagun-Putumayo Basin.......................................................................................................................... Catatumbo Basin.................................................................................................................................. Cauca-Pata Basin................................................................................................................................. Cesar-Ranchera Basin............................................................................................................................ Choc Basin......................................................................................................................................... Eastern Cordillera Basin.......................................................................................................................... Eastern Llanos Basin............................................................................................................................. Guajira Basin....................................................................................................................................... Guajira Offshore Basin........................................................................................................................... Los Cayos Basin.................................................................................................................................. Lower Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. Middle Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. Sin Offshore Basin............................................................................................................................... Sin-San Jacinto Basin........................................................................................................................... Tumaco Basin...................................................................................................................................... Tumaco Offshore Basin.......................................................................................................................... Upper Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. Urab Basin........................................................................................................................................ References.......................................................................................................................................... Appendix - ANH Organic Geochemistry Database Data Sources.............................................................................. 1 3 5 20 31 39 47 53 61 77 83 89 93 105 118 123 132 137 141 157 162 164
Introduction
This new and updated edition Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia provides the explorationist with an overview of the existing information on source rocks and crude oils in Colombia. The data compiled in this work is updated to 2009, and is found in the Organic Geochemistry Database of the Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH). This updated version of the database includes 10329 new samples and 190836 associated geochemical data from pyrolysis, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and surface geochemistry reports, from works developed by the ANH and exploration companies since 2003 to 2009. The references of the data sources included in this database can be found at the end of this volume. This document is presented in a simple and graphical way to provide a quick look of the state of the art of the colombian basins, useful for newcomers or experts alike. The Atlas is alphabetically organized, following the nomenclature and boundaries proposed by the ANH for the Colombian sedimentary basins (Barrero et al. 2007). Includes geochemical information, from 18 basins, corresponding to source rock analyses, organic matter content (%TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, organic petrography, crude oil and extract analyses, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, biomarkers and isotopes. All the graphs and conclusions are drawn from the information existing in the organic geochemistry database ,and were used for source rocks quality assesments and to generate crude oil and gas characterization graphs of depositional, maturity and quality parameters, along with quality and maturity maps of some of the main source rocks in Colombia. Two new topics are present in this version of the Atlas, one about hydrocarbons origin from surface geochemistry data and the other about petroleum systems from crude-rock 1 correlations. These topics are treated in those basins in which surface geochemistry data, and where crude oil and rock extracts information, from reservoir and source rock units properly identified, exists. Based on this information some insights on the source rocks, the origin of the hydrocarbons and petroleum systems found in the Colombian basins are presented. The Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia is intended to assist E&P professionals interested in understanding the origin and evolution of source rocks and crude/gas accumulations present in any of the colombian basins, and additionally as a guide on the future work that might be needed to improve the knowledge and reduce the exploratory risk, especially in frontier areas of Colombia. Therefore, this new version of the Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia is expected to become a valuable tool for exploration and educational purposes as well.
Methodology
Based on the organic geochemistry database of the ANH, compiled in 2010, an updated version of the Organic Geochemistry Atlas of the Colombian basins has been made. In order to provide an overview of the knowledge on crude oil and source rock characteristics in the colombian basins, this volume has been structured in chapters containing information on the following subjects, depending on the information available for each basin: - Generalities: Including location, stratigraphy, structural sections and highlights on the organic geochemistry data available and used in the interpretations presented. - Wells and Seeps: location map of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information and oil and gas seeps in the basin. - Crude Oil Quality: Crossplots of quality-related, bulk analysis parameters like Ni/V, sulfur content, API gravity. These parameters give insights on the preservation or degradation of the oils, their maturity (API gravity and sulfur content), depositional conditions (sulfur content and Ni/V) and/or lithology of the source rocks (sulfur content). - Depositional Environments: Crossplots of environment and organic facies related biomarkers and ratios (Peters and Moldowan, 1993), like Oleanane Index, Homohopane Index, Pristane, Phytane, Pristane/nC17, Phytane/nC18, C27, C28 and C29 steranes. These parameters provides information on the type of organic matter terrestrial, marine or mixed (pristane/nC17 vs phytane/nC18, C27-C29 steranes, oleanane index), bottom oxicity (homohopane index, pristane/nC17vs phytane/nC18), depositional environments(homohopane index, oleanane index, pristane/phytane) and even age of the source rocks (oleanane index). - Chromatography : Typical examples of whole oil chromatograms and fragmentograms (m/z 191and m/z 217) 3 showing the degree of preservation and processes affecting the accumulations like mixing of different thermal maturity oils ( refreshing) and biodegradation. - Source Rock Characterization: In order to show the quality and maturity of the source rocks, crossplots based on Pyrolysis Rock-Eval and organic petrology data has been made. The parameters used to estimate quality are organic matter content (%TOC),Hydrogen Index, Oxygen Index, and generative potential (S2 peak).The maturity parameters used were Pyrolysis Tmax in degrees Celsius, and vitrinite reflectance (%Ro). In the following tables are summarized the general values used for interpretation of these data. Organic matter generation potential:
Generation Potential Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent TOC (wt %) 0 - 0.5 0.5 - 1 1-2 2-4 >4 Rock-Eval S2 Peak (mg HC/ g rock) 0 - 2.5 2.5 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 20 > 20
Kerogen Type
Hydrogen Index (mg HC/ g TOC)
I II III IV
> 600 300 - 600 50 -200 < 50
Methodology
Thermal Maturity Immature Early Mature Generation Peak Late Mature Overmature Rock-Eval Tmax (C) < 435 435 - 445 445 - 450 450 - 470 > 470 Vitrinite Reflectance Ro (%) 0.2 - 0.6 0.6 - 0.65
Level of Certainty Criteria Symbol
3. The symbol expressing the level of certainty. The table below shows how the level of certainty is determined for a petroleum system (Magoon and Dow, 1994).
0.65 - 0.9 0.9 - 1.35

Known A positive oil-source rock or gas -source rock geochemical correlation (!)
> 1.35
- Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps: These maps were generated based on organic matter content (%TOC), Hydrogen Index and Tmax information available. - Gas Characterization: Crossplots of gas molecular composition and stable carbon isotopes of methane, ethane and propane were made in order to establish the origin and generation conditions of the gases found in the basins. - Surface Geochemistry: Bernard and compositional plots of sorbed gases in soil samples were made to help establishing its origin (thermogenic or biogenic) (Whiticar, 1990). - Petroleum Systems (Crude - Rock Correlations): Based on the crossplots used for depositional environments determination, a series of correlations of crude oil from reservoirs and extracts from potential source rocks were made in order to better establish petroleum systems, following the nomenclature proposed by Magoon and Dow (1994), in which the name of a petroleum system contains three parts: 1. The source rock in the pod of active source rock. 2. The name of the reservoir rock that contains the largest volume of petroleum. 4
Hypothetical
In the absence of a positive petroleumsource rock correlation, geochemical evidence
(.)
Speculative
Geological or geophysical evidence
(?)
Based on these crossplots and maps some general conclusions on the crude oils , source rocks, gases and petroleum systems are presented for each basin.
CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
Generalities Wells and Seeps Crude Oil Quality Depositional Environments Chromatography Source Rock Characterization Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
Generalities
CAGUAN - PUTUMAYO BASIN
LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
78 77 76 75 74 73 72
Villavicencio
4
Caribbean Sea
Cali Neiva SM San Jose del Guaviare

3
PANAMA VENEZUELA
Pacific Ocean
R.F .S.
COLOMBIA
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Cagun-Putumayo Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 2912 samples taken in 64 wells; additionally 335 organic petrography samples from 56 wells were interpreted. Crude oil and extracts information from 124 bulk analysis samples, 403 liquid chromatography samples, 330 gas chromatography samples,582 biomarker samples and 90 isotopes samples were also interpreted.
Pacific Ocean
Florencia
1
ECUADOR BRAZIL
02
0
PERU
24 SCH
BOUNDARIES
ECUADOR
Northwest: Eastern Cordillera Foothills fault system Northeast: Sierra de la Macarena (SM) East: Structural high, including the Serrana de Chiribiquete (SCH) South: Ecuadorian-Peruvian International border
2
PERU
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
Paleozoic sedimentary rocks forming structural highs Basement high
From Barrero et al., 2007
SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION
PUTUMAYO BASIN
NW
ft
SE
Sea level
10000
TD 9715ft
Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
Paleozoic Paleogene
Jurassic
Lower Cretaceous Neogene
Upper Cretaceous
Sandstone
Shale
Basement
Source
Reservoir
Seal
From Mojica et al., 2010
Wells and Seeps
850000
800000
0 50 100kms
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Cagun Putumayo Basin is 116. Oilseeps are located at the northern and western parts of the basin, as well as the oil fields
Capella
750000
700000
EA
650000
MOCOA
R TE
CO
RD
IL
R LE
FLORENCIA
600000
Orito
Mary Costayaco Burdine/Maxine
550000
Hormiga Loro
Alea
500000
ECUADOR
450000
Oil and gas fields

400000
Wells with geochemical information Oil seeps
350000
Map datum: Magna Sirgas Coord. origin: Bogot
PER
Gas seeps Undetermined seeps Cities/Towns
300000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
Crude Oil Quality

3
LEGEND
0 0
10
15
20
API Gravity
25 30
35
40
45
50
55
60
CABALLOS Fm. PEPINO Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm.
Biodegraded Oil 2000
4000
2
6000
% Sulfur
at
ur i ty
Depth (Feet)
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Heavy Oil Normal Oil Light Oil Condensates
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
18000
API Gravity
3
20000
Anoxic Marine
2
% Sulfur
- Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 10 to 40 and sulfur content between 0 and 3% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship between sulfur and API gravity, but oils above 30 API have sulfur values below 1%, and oils below 30 show higher dispersion in sulfur content with values up to 3%. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal maturities,the more mature have higher API gravity and lower sulfur content; but there are also crudes that having similar API gravities have different sulfur contents, which might indicate biodegradation, increasing sulfur content, and/or different source rocks, considering that oils sourced from shales usually have lower sulfur content than oils from carbonates (Figure A).
- There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating that similar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related to vertical migration in faulted reservoirs. But additionally there is the fact that different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation (biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
Lacustrine or Continental
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 0.5, suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic environment with low terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
0 0 1 2
Ni / V
Depositional Environments
100
A
e III ro Ke n ge
B
0.8 Marine Deltaic (CENOZOIC)
II -I II t
10
Pristane / nC17
rre Te
en en nm og viro r d Ke n II g E ixe e M p cin Ty du e l, R a g Al ge ro e K n
Oleanane / C30Hopane
al tri
p Ty
0.6
g xin idi Ox
d Re uc ing
0.4
1
Bi eg od ra
da
n tio
at M
it ur
0.2
LEGEND
CABALLOS Fm. MACARENA Fm. PEPINO Fm. RUMIYACO Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm.
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic (CRETACEOUS)
0.1 0.1 1 10 100
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phytane / nC18
3
Pristane / Phytane
C
2.5
Marine Carbonatic
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have origin from terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing environment and have suffered low biodegradation. There are also some samples in the mixed kerogen range suggesting a source with terrestrial and marine organic matter (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions (Figure A).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that most of the oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2) which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine environments. There are some samples with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph (>2) indicating that these oils were generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks (Figure B). - The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that most oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane below 1, indicating that these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a shelf marine environment. Additionally there are some samples with low homohopane index but higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments (Figure C).
5
C35 / C34 Hopane
1.5
0.5
Shelf Marine
0 0 1 2 3
Marine Deltaic
Pristane / Phytane
%SATURATE
0 100
LEGEND
50 50
CABALLOS Fm. PEPINO Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm.
100 0 50 100
%AROMATIC
%NSO
- The liquid chromatography data (saturates, aromatics and NSO compunds) from oils in the basin are plotted in the ternary diagram above, and their distribution indicate that oils are well preserved having low biodegradation (low %NSO compounds). - In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in siliciclastic environments ranging from marine to deltaic with an important terrestrial organic matter input. These rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their low oleanane index values corresponding to the Villeta and Caballos formations.
- These crude oils are of good quality with API gravities above 25 and sulfur content below 1% for most of them, and are well preserved (low biodegradation).
- Hydrocarbons have been found in reservoirs corresponding to the Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations of Cretaceous age and the Cenozoic Pepino and Rumiyaco formations.
10
Chromatography
Tricyclics
Crude oil of the Orito-16 well shows predominance of low molecular weight paraffins and Pristane/Phytane ratio close to 1. This crude shows predominance of tricyclics over hopanes indicating high thermal maturity. The diasteranes abundance suggests that the oil was generated from clay-rich rocks but also increased thermal maturity.
Hopanes
Fragmentogram m/z 191
Diasteranes
C9
Well Orito - 16
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17 C18 Phytane C19
Pristane
C20 C21
C22
C23
C24
Chromatogram
11 CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
C25
C26
Chromatography
Crude oil of the Unicornio-1 well shows a bimodal chromatogram with high molecular weight paraffins abundance and very high Pristane/Phytane ratio (>5.0), indicating generation from organic facies deposited in deltaic environments. The predominance of hopanes over tricyclics indicates low thermal maturity of the oil. The low diasteranes abundance suggests that the oil was generated from clay-poor rocks.
Tricyclics Hopanes
Pr/Ph = 5.2
Well Unicornio - 1
Diasteranes
Pr
Ph
Chromatogram
CAGUN-PUTUMAYO BASIN 12
Source Rock Characterization

900
1000
I
800
A
900
700
800
600
Excellent Generation Potential Low thermal maturity
700
600
II
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
LEGEND
100 Poor Generation Potential and/or High thermal maturity
ARRAYAN Fm. CABALLOS Fm. MACARENA Fm. MIRADOR Fm. PALEOZOIC RUMIYACO Fm. TOROYACO Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm.
200
100
III
IV
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
Immature 1000 I Mature Overmature
Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
C
0.5% Ro
800
II 600
The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). Taking into account that these units are deeply buried in the basin, the poor generation values obtained from some samples could reflect the depletion effect caused by the high thermal maturity of these rocks. The data also indicate that the Cenozoic rocks (Mirador, Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations) all have poor generation potential (Figure A). - The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. There are also samples from these formations with type III gas-prone characteristics. In the case of the Cenozoic units (Mirador, Arrayn, Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations) their samples are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. The Paleozoic samples have very low HI values and correspond mainly with type IV kerogen (Figure B). - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to oil generation peak conditions in the basin (Figure C).
400
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
13

50 0 Immature 1000 2000 3000 Overmature (Gas Window)
LEGEND
A
40 Excellent
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
4000
Depth (Feet)
30
5000 6000 7000 8000

Oil Window
20
9000 10 Very Good 10000 11000 12000 2 4 6 8 10 0.1
Good Fair 0
Poor
10
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
ARRAYAN Fm. CABALLOS Fm. MACARENA Fm. MIRADOR Fm. PALEOZOIC RUMIYACO Fm. TOROYACO Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm.
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from Cretaceous units (Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations) with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). In the case of the Cenozoic units (Mirador, Arrayn, Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations) their samples indicate poor oil generation potential (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature or close to early maturity in the basin. This behavior does not correspond with the Tmax values indicative of early to oil generation peak, and would not explain the oil accumulations and crude oil quality found in the basin (Figure B). -In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations. The Cenozoic rocks of the Mirador, Arrayn, Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations have poor oil generation potential. Tmax maturity data indicates that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are mature and the sources for the hydrocarbons in the basin.
UNKNOWN ACAE-1 ACAE-10 ACAE-2 ALEA-1 AZUL GRANDE-2 BAGRE WEST-1 BURDINE-1 CAFELINA-1 CAIMAN-1 CAIMAN-2 CAIMAN-4 CALDERO-1 CARIBE-1 CARIBE-4 CENCELLA-1 CHIGUACO-1 CONDOR-1 CONEJO-1 DOLORES-1 EVELYN-1 GARZA-1 GAVILAN WEST-1 GAVILAN WEST-2 GAVILAN-1A GUAMUES-1 HORMIGA-1X LAS CHICAS-1 LOSADA S.E.-1 LUCILLE-1 MANDUR-1 MANDUR-3 MANDUR-5 MIRAFLOR-1 NANCY-1 ORITO SUR-1 ORITO-20 ORITO-80 PINUNA-1 PUERTO ASIS-1 PUTUMAYO-1 QUILILI-1 QUILLACINGA-1 QUILLACINGA-2 RIO MOCOA-1 RIO PESCADO-1 RIO SEVILLA-1 SETUKO-1 SUCUMBIO-2 TAMBOR-1 TAPIR-1 TEMBLON-1X TOROYACO-1 TUCAN-1 UMBRIA-2 VENADO-1
14
Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps

Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro)
850000 850000 800000 800000 750000 750000 700000 700000 650000
19 5 33 28 28
650000
19 27 5 33 34 9 12 6 11 16 22 36 4 7 21 20 3 30 14 13 31 8 1 17 18 25
600000
12 6 11 16 22 21 20 18 25 29
600000
550000
13 32 2 24
550000 500000 500000 450000

0.8 %Ro
15 24 226 10
0.9% Ro
0.8% Ro
450000 400000
0.6 %Ro
0.7% Ro
400000 350000
0.4 %Ro
0.6% Ro
0.5% Ro
0.2 %Ro
350000
0.4% Ro
300000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000 300000 650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000
950000
1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
Caballos Fm.
LEGEND
1. ACAE-2 2. AZUL GRANDE-2 3. BAGRE WEST-1 4. BURDINE-1 5. CAFELINA-1 6. CALDERO-1 7. CARIBE-4 8. CONDOR-1 9. CONEJO-1 10. DOLORES-1 11. EVELYN-1 12. GARZA-1 13.GAVILAN WEST-2 14. HORMIGA-1X 15. LAS CHICAS-1 16. LUCILLE-1 17. MANDUR-1 18. MANDUR-3
Villeta Fm.
19. MIRAFLOR-1 20. NANCY-1 21. ORITO SUR-1 22. ORITO-20 23. PINUNA-1 24. PUERTO ASIS-1
25. QUILILI-1 26. QUILLACINGA-1 27. RO MOCOA-1 28. RO PESCADO-1 29. RO SEVILLA-1 30. SETUKO-1
31. SUCUMBIO-2 32. TEMBLN-1X 33. TOROYACO-1 34. TUCN-1 35. URIBE-1 36. VENADO-1
15

Hydrogen Index
850000
35
850000
800000
800000
750000
750000
700000
700000
650000
650000
33
600000
12 22 16
600000
12 22 16
33
550000
550000
23
500000
500000
200mg HC/g TOC
450000
350mg HC/g TOC
450000
160mg HC/g TOC
400000
250mg HC/g TOC
400000
120mg HC/g TOC
80mg HC/g TOC
350000
150mg HC/g TOC
350000
40mg HC/g TOC
50mg HC/g TOC
0mg HC/g TOC
300000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000
300000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
Caballos Fm.
LEGEND
Villeta Fm.
16

Organic Matter Content (TOC)
850000
35
850000
800000
800000
750000
750000
700000
700000
650000
650000
600000
9 12 6 22 16
33
600000
12 6 22 16
33
550000
31
550000
23
500000
500000
1.8% wt
2.6% wt
450000
1.5% wt
450000
2% wt
400000
1.2% wt
400000
1.4% wt
350000
0.9% wt
350000
0.8% wt
0.2% wt
0.6% wt
300000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000
300000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
Caballos Fm.
LEGEND
Villeta Fm.
17
Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)

1
100
A
B
e III ro Ke n ge
10
Pristane / nC17
s rre Te
a tri
yp lT
0.6
0.4
en en nm og viro r d Ke n II g E ixe e M p cin Ty du e l, R a g Al ge ro e K n
II
-I
II t
g xin idi Ox
d Re uc ing
1
o Bi g de r
at ad
n io
0.2 Shelf Marine Marine Deltaic (CRETACEOUS)
LEGEND
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm. CRUDE- PEPINO Fm. CRUDE- RUMIYACO Fm. CRUDE- VILLETA Fm. ROCK- CABALLOS Fm. ROCK- RUMIYACO Fm. ROCK- VILLETA Fm.
at M
it ur
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.1 0.1 1 10 100
Pristane / Phytane %C27 Steranes

100 90 80 70
PLANKTON
Phytane / nC18
0 10 20 30 40
MARINE
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that oils from the Caballos, Villeta, Pepino and Rumiyaco reservoirs have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2), and correlate well with rock extracts from the Villeta and Caballos formations, suggesting that these units are the sources for the hydrocarbons found in those reservoirs at the basin. Additionally the low oleanane values correlate well with the Cretaceous age of the sources (Figure A).
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
LACUSTRINE
50 60
ESTUARINES
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph shows good correlation between the crude oils found in the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs with rock extracts from samples of the Caballos and Villeta formations. Indicating that the oils have origin from terrestrial organic matter and to a minor extent from mixed kerogen (type IIIII), but additionally that the crudes and rocks have similar thermal maturities (Figure B).
70 80
TERRESTRIAL
SUPERIOR PLANTS
90 100
- The steranes ternary plot shows good correlation of crude oils from the Caballos, Villeta, Pepino and Rumiyaco reservoirs with rock extracts from Caballos and Villeta Formations, and that these rocks were deposited in an estuarine to marine environment which is conformable with terrigenous input and shelf marine depositional environment indicated by other parameters (c.e. Pristane/Phytane, Oleanane Index, Homohopanes Index, Pristane/ nC17) (Figure C).
20
10
%C28 Steranes
%C29 Steranes
18

2 2
LEGEND
A
DECREASING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES) OR HIGH REDUCING CONDITIONS (ANOXIC)
1.6
C35/C34 Hopane Ratio
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm. CRUDE- PEPINO Fm. CRUDE- RUMIYACO Fm. CRUDE- VILLETA Fm. ROCK- CABALLOS Fm. ROCK- RUMIYACO Fm. ROCK- VILLETA Fm.
B
1.6
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT
0.8
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT (SHALES) OR LOW REDUCING CONDITIONS (OXIC)
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.4
DECRESING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES)
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Diasteranes / Steranes
- The Homohopanes Index (C35/C34 Hopane ratio) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between the crude oils from the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs with rock extracts from the Caballos and Villeta formations, indicating also that these crudes were formed from rocks deposited in suboxic environments with variable clay content (Figure A). - The Ts/(Ts+Tm) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between crude oils from the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino formations with rock extracts from the Caballos and Villeta formations. In this graph there is better correlation of Caballos formation crudes with Villeta formation extracts than with Caballos formation extracts, and of Villeta formation oils with Caballos and Villeta extracts. Additionally this graph suggests that oils were formed from clay-poor rocks. Crude - Rock correlations from samples at the basin suggest the following: - Good correlation between crudes from the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs and extracts from the Villeta and Caballos formations (low diasteranes/steranes, low Ts/Tm, C35/C34 hopane ratio < 1, low oleanane index, Pristane/Phytane < 2, and predominance of C27/C29 steranes). - This indicates the presence of several active petroleum systems at the basin named as follows: Caballos (!), Villeta - Caballos (!), Villeta (!), Villeta - Pepino (!) and Caballos - Pepino (!).
19
CATATUMBO BASIN
Generalities Wells and Seeps Crude Oil Quality Depositional Environments Chromatography Source Rock Characterization Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps Gas Characterization
Generalities
CATATUMBO BASIN
75 74 73 72 71
Caribbean Sea
11
PANAMA VENEZUELA
Santa Marta Barranquilla Valledupar
11
Pacific Ocean COLOMBIA
10
10
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Catatumbo Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 1195 samples taken in 33 wells; additionally 343 organic petrography samples from 21 wells were interpreted. Crude oil information from 146 bulk analysis samples, 235 liquid chromatography samples, 275 gas chromatography samples, 242 biomarker samples and 170 isotopes samples were also interpreted.
ECUADOR
BRAZIL
9
PERU
. B.S.M.F
03 Cucuta
VENEZUELA
8
BOUNDARIES
North: Geographic Border with Venezuela East: Geographic Border with Venezuela South: Eastern Cordillera Cretaceous rocks West: Santader Massif igneous and metamorphics
Bucaramanga
75
74
73
72
71
STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
LITHOLOGY
ENVIRONMENT
B.S.M.F. Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault System

NEOGENE Guayabo Fm. Len Fm.
Fluvial Fluvial
CATATUMBO BASIN
W
Catatumbo flexure zone Eastern flexure zone
PALEOGENE
Carbonera Fm.
Mirador Fm. Los Cuervos Fm. Barco Fm. Catatumbo Fm. Mito-Juan Fm. Coln Fm.
Stream
CRETACEOUS
La Luna Fm. Capacho Fm. Aguardiente Mercedes Tib

Ro Negro
Modified from Yurewicz, et al., 1998
1000m
Basement Cenozoic
Lower Cretaceous
Upper Cretaceous
10Km scale approx..
JURASSIC
Girn Gp. La Quinta Fm.
Uribante Gr.
From Barrero et al, 2007
21
CATATUMBO BASIN
Wells and Seeps

The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Catatumbo Basin is 56.
Puerto Barco Ro de Oro
1500000
10
20Kms
Seeps are located at the northwestern and eastern parts of the basin. Oil fields are mostly located to the east of the basin.
1480000
VENEZUELA
1460000
Tib - Socuavo
TIB
Yuca
1440000
Sardinata
Petrolea
1420000
Carbonera
PUERTO SANTANDER
EAS TER
Ro Zulia
1400000
NC DI OR LLE
1380000
Oil and gas fields Wells with geochemical information

CUCUTA
RA
Oil seeps Gas seeps Undetermined seeps
1360000
1340000
Cities/Towns
1120000
1140000
1160000
1180000
CATATUMBO BASIN
22
Crude Oil Quality

2
LEGEND
0 0
10
15
20
API Gravity
25 30
35
40
45
50
55
60
A
1.6
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm. BARCO Fm. BARCO - LOS CUERVOS Fm. COGOLLO Fm. LA LUNA Fm. MITOJUAN Fm. UNKNOWN URIBANTE Gr.
4000
1.2
6000
% Sulfur
Depth (Feet)
at ur ity
8000
0.8
10000
12000
0.4
14000
16000
0 20 30 40 50 60
18000
API Gravity
2
20000
Anoxic Marine
- Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 25 to 45 and sulfur content
between 0 and 1.2% are present in the basin. There is a straight relationship between sulfur and API gravity, showing that high API gravity mature oils have low sulfur content regarding low API gravity less mature oils. (Figure A). - There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating that similar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related to vertical migration in faulted reservoirs. But additionally there is the fact that different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation (biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B). - The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1, suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic to anoxic environment with marine organic matter input (Figure C). -The oils of the Catatumbo Basin are of excellent quality, with high API gravity and low sulfur content and its high thermal evolution explains the high API gravity.
% Sulfur
0 0 1 2
Ni / V
23
CATATUMBO BASIN
100
0.8
A
e yp lT II og er K I II en t en
0.7
Stability boundary
0.6
10
Pristane / nC17
0.3
1
ad gr e iod
io at
0.2
M it ur at y
LEGEND
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm. BARCO Fm. ESCANDALOSA Fm. MITOJUAN Fm. UNKNOWN URIBANTE Gr. YURUMA SUPERIOR Fm. LA LUNA Fm. COGOLLO Fm.
0.1
0.1 0.1 1 10 100
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Phytane / nC18
3
at ur
n m ge n ro viro e d K En II ixe e i ng M p c Ty du e l, R a g Al
g ro Ke
en
II
-I
C29 abb / C29 abb+aaa
ia s tr re r Te
0.5
0.4
Marine Carbonatic
2.5
x idi Ox ing
it y
Re c du i ng
API Gravity
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have origin
from mixed terrestrial-marine organic matter (Type II-III kerogens), have suffered low biodegradation and are thermally mature. There are some samples in the terrestrial kerogen range suggesting a source with terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in more oxidizing conditions (Figure A). - The API Gravity vs C29aBB/C29aBB+aaa graph, shows that oils with higher API gravity has higher C29 isomerization and close to equilibrium (stability boundary) as a result of their high thermal maturity (Figure B). - The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that most oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane above 1, indicating that these oils were generated from rocks with variable carbonatic input deposited in a shelf marine environment. Additionally there is one sample with low homohopane index but higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments (Figure C).
C35 / C34 Hopane
1.5
0.5
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
CATATUMBO BASIN
24
1
LEGEND
BARCO Fm. MITOJUAN Fm. UNKNOWN URIBANTE Fm.
0.6
0.4
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that most of the oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2) which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine environments. There is one sample with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph (>2) indicating that these oils were generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks. - In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in marine carbonatic and siliciclastic environments, with low terrestrial organic matter input. These rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their low oleanane index values and the C35/C34 Hopane ratio above 1.0, suggests that the deposit environment of the source rocks was anoxic (carbonatic), which correspond to the La Luna and Capacho formations and the Uribante Group.
- These crude oils are of good quality with API gravities above 25 and sulfur content below 1% for most of them, and are well preserved (low
biodegradation).
25
CATATUMBO BASIN
Chromatography
The crude oil of the Tib-366 well is characterized by showing in gas chromatography, predominance of low molecular weight paraffins (high thermal maturity) and Pristane/Phytane ratio < 1.0. The high degree of thermal evolution of the oil has reduced the hopanes and steranes abundance and increased the tricyclics in the oil.
Abundance Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): C-TIB366.D

16000
Tricyclics
14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Hopanes
Time--> Abundance
counts
FID1 A, (GEOQ1107\2897755.D) Well Tib - 366

3500 3000 2500
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): C-TIB366.D
70000
60000
2000 1500 1000
Diasteranes
50000
Time-->
500
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
40000
N -C14
30000
N -C12 N -C13
N -C11
N -C15
N -C16
N -C18 Phytane
20000
N -C17
N -C19
Pristane
N -C20
N -C21
N -C22
N -C23
N -C24
N -C25
N -C27
N -C28
10
15
20
N -C29
25
N -C30
10000
N -C26
30
min
Chromatogram
CATATUMBO BASIN 26

LEGEND
500
I
500
II
400
300
200
BARCO Fm. CARBONERA Fm. CATATUMBO Fm. COGOLLO Fm. COLN Fm. COLON/LA LUNA Fm. CAPACHO Fm. GUAYABO Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LA LUNA/COGOLLO Fm. LEN Fm. LOS CUERVOS Fm. MIRADOR Fm. MITO JUAN Fm. OSTREA Fm. UNKNOWN URAMITA Fm. URIBANTE Gr.
400
300
200
III
100
IV
0 0 10 20 30 40
0 0 50 100 150 200 250
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
Immature II 600 Mature I Overmature
400
- The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that most samples have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock), and there are few samples with good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock).In the case of the Cretaceous rocks should be considered that these units are deeply buried in the basin, and the poor generation values obtained from some samples could reflect the depletion effect caused by the high thermal maturity of these rocks. The data also indicate that most of the Cenozoic rocks (Mirador, Los Cuervos, Len and Guayabo formations), have poor generation potential with the exception of the Barco and Carbonera formations which have samples with good generation potential (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Cretaceous Uribante Group and La Luna, Capacho and Catatumbo formations, along with the Cenozoic Barco and Carbonera formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. Some samples of these units also have type III kerogen values. The Cretaceous Mito-Juan Formation and the Cenozoic units (Mirador and Los Cuervos formations) have samples predominantly of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure B). - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to overmature conditions in the basin, being the Cretaceous units more mature than the Cenozoic units, explaining the high thermal maturity indicated by the oils found in the basin (Figure C).
0.5% Ro
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
27
CATATUMBO BASIN

40 0 Immature 1000 2000 30 Excellent 3000 4000 Overmature (Gas Window)
LEGEND
CARBONERA-4K CARBONERA-5K CERRITO-1 CERRO GORDO-1 CERRO GORDO-3 ESPERANZA-3 LEONCITO-2 MUCURERA-3 PETROLEA-108 PETROLEA-90 PETROLEA-91 RIO DE ORO-14K RIO ZULIA-14 SARDINATA-3K TIBU-178K TIBU-2K TIBU-408K TIBU-87 TIBU-91K SARDINATA-1
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
Depth (Feet)
Very Good
5000 6000 7000 8000
20
Good Fair
Poor
10000 11000 12000
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
0.1
Oil Window
10
9000
10
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
BARCO Fm. CARBONERA Fm. CATATUMBO Fm. COGOLLO Fm. COLN Fm. COLON/LA LUNA Fm. CAPACHO Fm. GUAYABO Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LA LUNA/COGOLLO Fm. LEN Fm. LOS CUERVOS Fm. MIRADOR Fm. MITO JUAN Fm. OSTREA Fm. UNKNOWN URAMITA Fm. URIBANTE Gr.
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from Cretaceous units (Uribante Group, La Luna, Capacho and Catatumbo formations) and Cenozoic units (Barco, Los Cuervos and Carbonera formations), with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 35 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). In the case of the Upper Cretaceous Mito-Juan Formation and the Cenozoic Guayabo and Len formations their samples indicate poor oil generation potential (S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 1) (Figure A). Generation potential is reduced by high thermal maturity, especially in units like La Luna and Capacho formations and the Uribante Group. -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence deposited in the basin is mostly mature to overmature which is in good agreement with the API Gravity and high thermal maturity of the oils found (Figure B). -In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the Uribante Group, and La Luna, Capacho and Catatumbo formations. The Cenozoic rocks of the Barco and Carbonera formations also have good to excellent generation potentials. Thermal maturity data (Tmax and %Ro) indicates that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are the more mature sources for the hydrocarbons in the basin, and that the Cenozoic Barco and Carbonera formations are also in an earlier maturity stage in the basin.
CATATUMBO BASIN
28

La Luna Formation
1500000
1500000
1500000
1480000
1480000
1480000
1460000
13
1460000
12
13 14 12
1460000
13 14 12
1440000
11 78 1
1440000
11
1440000
11
1420000
5 4
1420000
5 4
1 2
1420000
5 4
1 2
1400000
2.9% Ro
1400000
6
10 15
1400000
7.5% wt
10 15
160mg HC/g TOC
1380000
2.2% Ro
3
1380000
120mg HC/g TOC

3
1380000
5% wt
3
1.5% Ro
80mg HC/g TOC
1360000
0.8% Ro
1360000
40mg HC/g TOC
1360000
2.5% wt
1340000
0.1% Ro
1340000 1140000 1160000 1180000
0mg HC/g TOC
1340000 1140000 1160000 1180000
0% wt
1120000
1120000
1120000
1140000
1160000
1180000
Hydrogen Index
LEGEND
1 .CARBONERA-4K 2. CARBONERA-5K 3. CERRITO-1 4. CERRO GORDO-3 5. ESPERANZA-3 6. MUCURERA-3 7. PETROLEA-108 8. PETROLEA-91 9. RO DE ORO-14 10. RO ZULIA-14 11. SARDINATA-3K 12. TIBU-178K 13. TIB-2K 14. TIB-91K 15. ZULIA EAST-1
29
CATATUMBO BASIN
Gas Characterization
C2 + (%)
0 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 M
0.5
10
20
30
40
50
13 Ro d CCH4 (ppt) (%) -70
Early
B
-60
Immature / tertiary
B T To/Tc TT(m)
Diag
Late
d13CCH4 (ppt)
Tertiary basin
TT(h)
Mature / Mesozoic
-50 Ms -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20

4 Primary cracking 2
TO
-50
T
TT(m) Shallow
1.2 -40
Oil
M Md Ms
Biogenic gas Crude oil gases Crude and condensate gases Dry gases associated to sapropelic organic matter. Gases associated to humic organic matter Mixed gases Deep Migration Shallow Migration
LEGEND
Overmature / Paleozoic
Deep Md Mixed TT(h) 12% Ro 20% 30% Migration?
TC
2.0 3.0 -30 1.2 2.0 3.0 -20
TT(m)
TT(h)
CARBONERA Caa Brava CERRITO-1 PETROLEA-29 RIO ZULIA-29 SARDINATA N3K SARDINATA S32K TIBU -4K TIBU 191K TORTEROS
Open system trend
NSO secondary cracking
dC13C2 - dC13C3 (%PDB)
-2
Hydrocarbons secondary cracking
-4 0.9 - 1.1 -6 Close system trend
- The samples analized in the Catatumbo Basin include gases associated to samples from coal mines (Torteros and Caa Brava - Carbonera). - The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppt) diagram (Schoell, 1983), suggests that the well samples correspond to thermogenic gases, sourced from organic matter at different maturity levels. These gases indicate deep to shallow migration. On the other hand the gas samples taken from the El Tortero and Caa Brava - Carbonera mines, correspond to humic organic matter sources. - The C2/C3 vs d13C C3 diagram, suggests that the gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking.
Gas secondary cracking

-8 1.3 - 1.5
-10
-12 1.8 - 2.0 -14
Ro %
-16 0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)
CATATUMBO BASIN
30
CAUCA- PATA BASIN

Generalities Wells and Seeps Depositional Environments Source Rock Characterization Surface Geochemistry
Generalities
CAUCA - PATA BASIN
79 6 78 77 76 75 74 6
Caribbean Sea
PANAMA VENEZUELA
Bogot
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Cauca Pata Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 326 samples; additionally 96 organic petrography samples were interpreted. Crude oil information from 54 liquid chromatography samples, 395 gas chromatography samples, 24 biomarker samples, 66 isotopes and 1239 surface geochemistry samples were also interpreted.
.Z. G.F
Cali
ECUADOR BRAZIL
3
PERU
23 04 Popayan
C.F .S.
Pacific Ocean
22
R.F .S.
BOUNDARIES
East: Romeral fault system (R.F.S.), Central Cordilera (22) West: Cauca fault system (C.F.S.), Western Cordillera volcanic and sedimentary rocks (23) Pasto
1
ECUADOR
79 78 77 76 75 74
STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT
G.F.Z. Garrapatas fault system

Molasse
CROSS SECTION
NWW
CAUCA-PATA BASIN
SEE
Mosquera/Guachinte
Collision related oceanic basin
P. Morada/Chimborazo
First oblique collision
Ro Guabas/Agua Clara, Chapungo/ Nogales
Remnant oceanic basin
Diabasico/Amaime
Taken from Barrero-Lozano D., et al. 2006
Ridge and plateau basalts
Cretaceous
Paleogene
Neogene
From Barrero et al., 2007 From Barrero et al., 2007
CAUCA- PATA BASIN
32
Wells and Seeps

1050000
PEREIRA
Two seeps are reported at the southern part of the basin and one in its northern part.
1000000
0 25 50Kms
ARMENIA
950000
NC
OR
DIL
900000
LE
RA
CALI
ST
ER
WE
850000
POPAYAN
750000
Oil seeps Gas seeps Cities/Towns
700000
CE
650000 650000 700000 750000
NT
Map datum: Magna Sirgas Coord.origin: Bogot
800000
RA
LC
OR
DIL
LE
RA
800000
33
CAUCA - PATA BASIN
100
A
pe Ty III g ro Ke en
B
10
Pristane / nC17
rre Te
st
e en nm og viro r d Ke n II g E ixe e M p cin Ty du Re al , g Al g ro Ke
en
II
III nt
l ria
0.6
id Ox ng ixi
Re c du i ng
0.4
1
od Bi ra eg
da
ti
on
u at
y ri t
0.2 Shelf Marine
LEGEND
0.1 0.1 1 10 100
CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE CHIMBORAZO Fm. OIL SEEP UNKNOWN PEA MORADA Fm.
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phytane / nC18
3
Pristane / Phytane
C
2.5
Marine Carbonatic
C35 / C34 Hopane
The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph that the rock extracts from outcrop samples and two seep samples in the basin have origin from terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing environment. Another oil seep sample with very high Phytane/nC18 value suggests generation from marine organic matter (Type II kerogen) in very reducing conditions (Figure A). - The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that half of the rock extracts have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2) which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine environments, and the other half have low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph (>2) indicating that these extracts were generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks (Figure B).
Shelf Marine Marine Deltaic
1.5
0.5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that all the rock extracts have C35/C34 Hopane values below 1 and variable Pr/Ph (from 1 to 5), indicating that these extracts were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in shelf marine and marine deltaic environments. (Figure C).
Pristane / Phytane
CAUCA- PATA BASIN
34
%C27
0 100
LEGEND
CHIMBORAZO Fm. PEA MORADA Fm. CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE UNKNOWN
50
50
100 0 50 100
%C28
%C29
- The steranes ternary diagram (%C27, %C28 and %C29) shows that the rock extracts from the Chimborazo and Pea Morada formations have a higher proportion of C27 steranes, indicative of more marine organic matter input, and extracts from the Chapungo sequence have a higher proportion of C29 steranes indicative of more terrestrial organic matter input. - In summary, rock extracts from the Paleocene Chimborazo Formation are characterized by showing Pristane/Phytane > 2.0, C35/C34 hopanes < 1.0, and Oleanane/C30 Hopane < 0.2 and predominance of C27/C29. Indicative of rocks deposited under marine deltaic conditions with terrigenous input. - Rock extracts from the Paleocene Pea Morada formation and Cretaceous Chapungo sequence are characterized by showing Pristane/Phytane < 2.0, C35/C34 hopanes < 1.0, and Oleanane/C30 Hopane < 0.2. Indicative of rocks deposited under marine conditions with low terrigenous input.
35
CAUCA - PATA BASIN

600
600
A
500
500
II
400
400
300
300
200
200
LEGEND
100 Poor Generation Potential and/or High thermal maturity 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
AGUA CLARA Fm. CHIMBORAZO Fm. DIABASICO Gr. MOSQUERA Fm. PEA MORADA Fm. RIO GUABAS SECTION CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE UNKNOWN CINTA DE PIEDRA Fm. ESMITA Fm. FERREIRA Fm. GUACHINTE Fm.
III
100
0 0 50 100 150
IV
200 250 300
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
- The data obtained from pyrolysis of outcrop samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that most of the samples collected in the basin have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock) however samples with good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock) were obtained from the Cretaceous Chapungo Sequence, and from the Cenozoic Chimborazo, Guachinte, Mosquera and Esmita formations (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Cretaceous Chapungo Sequence and Cenozoic Chimborazo, Guachinte, Mosquera and Esmita formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. There are also samples from these formations with type III gas-prone characteristics along with samples of the Cenozoic Cinta de Piedra, Pea Morada and Ferreira formations (Figure B). - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned are mature to overmature in the basin (Figure C). There is no clear correlation between stratigraphic position and thermal maturity, because younger and older rocks have similar maturities, which suggests that there is some process in the basin affecting in the same way the whole stratigraphic sequence, possibly related to the extensive presence of intrusive rocks in the basin.
400
0.5% Ro
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
CAUCA- PATA BASIN
36

40
LEGEND
0 Immature
Oil Window
A
30
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
Depth (Feet)
Excellent
AGUA CLARA Fm. CHIMBORAZO Fm. DIABASICO Gr. MOSQUERA Fm. PEA MORADA Fm. RIO GUABAS SECTION CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE UNKNOWN CINTA DE PIEDRA Fm. ESMITA Fm. FERREIRA Fm. GUACHINTE Fm.
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Overmature (Gas Window)
20 Very Good
10 Good
9000 10000 Fair

Poor
11000 12000
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
0.1
10
%TOC
%Ro
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from Cretaceous (Chapungo sequence) and Cenozoic units (Mosquera, Ferreira, and Esmita formations) with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). Additionally this graph shows that samples from the Cretaceous Ro Guabas Formation and Cenozoic Mosquera and Cinta de Piedra formations, although have good to excellent TOC values (up to 10 wt%), do not have good S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock), indicating that the kerogen in these formations is not labile and appropriate for liquid hydrocarbons generation (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that most of the samples are immature or close to early maturity in the basin. However some samples are in the oil generation window and even overmature in accordance with Tmax data. In this graph it is important to notice that due to the fact that the samples were taken from outcrops, the depth is a relative depth corresponding to the stratigraphic position of the samples in the field column and not burial depths (Figure B). -In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the Chapungo Sequence and the Cenozoic rocks of the Mosquera, Ferreira and Esmita formations. Maturity data from outcrop samples indicate that the oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation, and that good quality oils could be expected from the high thermal maturity reached by some potential source rocks in the basin.
37
CAUCA - PATA BASIN
Surface Geochemistry
1000
A
Microbial gas
LEGEND
C1/(C2+C3)
100 Mixed deep gas Condensate 10 Oil
Dry gas
UNKNOWN
Mixed
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
100000 Bacterial Predominantly methyl type fermentation
10000
Predominantly CO2 reduction
C1/(C2+C3)
1000 Microbial oxidation 100
Type II Kerogen
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that most of the hydrocarbons in the basin are thermogenic, formed mainly during oil generation window with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window). There are very few samples of microbial gas to consider biogenic gas an important process in the basin.(Figure A). Isotopic data from these type of samples indicate thermogenic origin of the gases with mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons, generation from type II and III kerogens, and to a minor extent microbial oxidation (Figure B).
Mixed 10
Type III Kerogen
Thermogenic 1 -100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20
d13C Methane (o/oo)
CAUCA- PATA BASIN
38
CESAR RANCHERIA BASIN

Generalities Wells and Seeps Source Rock Characterization Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps Surface Geochemistry
Generalities
CESAR RANCHERA BASIN
75 74 73 72 71
Caribbean Sea
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
12
12
Riohacha Santa Marta Barranquilla 23
11
11
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Cesar - Ranchera Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 417 samples taken in 4 wells and 81 samples from outcrops; additionally 91 organic petrography samples from 4 wells and 62 samples from outcrops, and 417 surface geochemistry samples were also interpreted. Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oil interpretation can not be made for the basin.
ECUADOR
BRASIL
B.S .M.F
Valledupar 05 22
10
PERU
10
BOUNDARIES
NE: Oca Fault (O.F.) E-SE: Pre-Cretaceous rocks of the Serrana de Perij (22); Colombian-Venezuelan boundary. SW: Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault (B.S.M.F) NW: Pre-Cretaceous rocks of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (23)
75 74 73 72 71 9 9
22 VENEZUELA

SOURCE
CESAR
LITHOLOGY
CESAR RANCHERIA
RANCHERIA RESERVOIR
STRAT. UNITS
C R
NEOGENE
Time sec 0
STRAT. UNITS
TRAP
CESAR - RANCHERIA BASIN
GENERATION MIGRATION
C R
Conjunto Conglomertico
? ? ? ?
Conjunto Calcreo
HIATUS
PALEOGENE
Palmito Sh. Tabaco Ss.
La Jagua Barco Fm. Delicias Fm.
Cerrejn Fm. Manantial Fm. Hato Nuevo Manaure Fm. Laja/La Luna Aguas Blancas Lagunitas Fm. Ro negro Fm.
? ?
Molino Fm.
CRETACEOUS
Laja/La Luna Aguas Blancas Lagunitas Fm. Ro negro Fm.

HIATUS
Basement
Cretaceous
Upper Cretaceous
Cenozoic
JURA.
La Quinta Fm. Cachiri Gp.
La Quinta Fm. Cachiri Gp.
Volcanoclastics
Limestones
Sandstones
Shales
Conglomerates
Coals
40
Wells and Seeps

1720000
CH31 CERREJON-1 PAPAYAL-1 MS63
1700000
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Cesar - Ranchera Basin is 18.
25
50Kms
1680000
FONSECA
MOLINO 1-X EL MOLINO-1
1660000
VALLEDUPAR
1640000
1620000
1600000
M75
MM194
LOS VENADOS-1
CESAR H-1X
1580000
RIO MARACAS-1 COMPAE-1 Cesar F-1X
1560000
EL PASO-4 EL PASO-3 CESAR A-1X
Cities/Towns
EL PASO-2
1540000
EL PASO-1
LA JAGUA DE IBIRICO
1520000
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000
1120000
1140000
1160000
1180000
41
CESAR-RANCHERIA BASIN

600
LEGEND
I
500
II
A
500
400
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LAGUNITAS Fm. MOLINO Fm. RIO NEGRO Fm. UNKNOWN LA QUINTA Fm. LOS CUERVOS Fm.
400
300
300
200
200
III
100
100
Poor Generation Potential and/or High thermal maturity
0 0 10 20 30 40
0 0 50 100 150
IV
200 250 300
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
C
The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino formations and the Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formations have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). (Figure A).
0.5% Ro
400
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Cretaceous Lagunitas, Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. The Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formation also has type II kerogen, but there are samples from this formation and the Cretaceous Molino Formation with type III gas-prone kerogen in the basin. (Figure B).
1.35% Ro
200 III
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity overmature conditions in the basin. Maturity increases with burial depth being the Early Cretaceous rocks (Ro Negro, Lagunitas and Aguas Blancas formations) more mature, with samples of the Lagunitas, La Luna and Molino formations at the oil generation peak (Figure C).
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
42

40 0 1000 2000 30 Excellent 3000 4000 Immature Overmature (Gas Window)
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
Depth (Feet)
Very Good
5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
20
10 Good Fair
Poor
10000 11000 12000
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
0.1
Oil Window
10
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LAGUNITAS Fm. MOLINO Fm. RIO NEGRO Fm. UNKNOWN LA QUINTA Fm. LOS CUERVOS Fm.
LEGEND
CESAR A-1X COMPAE-1 EL MOLINO-1X EL PASO-3
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from Cretaceous (Lagunitas, Aguas Blancas, La Luna, and Molino formations ) and Cenozoic units (Los Cuervos Formation) with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). Additionally this graph shows that samples from the Cretaceous Lagunitas Formation and Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formation, although have good to excellent TOC values (up to 10 wt%), do not have good S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock), indicating that the kerogen in these formations is not labile and appropriate for liquid hydrocarbons generation (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that many samples in the basin are mature or overmature at the Cesar A-1X and Compae-1 well locations to the south of the basin, and less mature at the El Molino-1X and El Paso-3 wells to the north. (Figure B). -In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the Lagunitas,Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino formations and the Cenozoic rocks of the Los Cuervos formation. Maturity data indicate that the oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation, and that good quality oils could be expected from the high thermal maturity reached by potential source rocks in the basin.
43

La Luna Formation
1720000
1720000
1700000
1700000
1680000
EL MOLINO-1X
1680000
1660000
1660000
1640000
1640000
1620000
1620000
1600000
1600000
1580000
COMPAE-1
1580000
COMPAE-1
1560000
1560000
253mg HC/g TOC
1540000 0.46% Ro to 0.61% Ro 0.61% Ro to 0.75% Ro 1520000
1540000
1520000
1020000
1040000
1060000
1080000
1100000
1120000
1140000
1160000
1180000
1020000
1040000
1060000
1080000
1100000
1120000
1140000
1160000
1180000
Hydrogen Index
44

La Luna Formation
1720000
MS63
CH31
1700000
1680000
1660000
1640000
1620000
1600000
M75
MM194
4% wt
1580000
COMPAE-1
3% wt
1560000
2% wt
1540000
1% wt
1520000
0% wt
1020000
1040000
1060000
1080000
1100000
1120000
1140000
1160000
1180000
45
1000 Microbial gas
A
LEGEND
C1/(C2+C3)
Dry gas
UNKNOWN
Mixed
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
B
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during late oil generation window (condensates) with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window) with some mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons. Isotopic data indicates thermogenic generation from probably type II and type III kerogens There is no evidence of microbial gas in the basin.
10000
C1/(C2+C3)
Type II Kerogen
Mixed 10
Type III Kerogen
Thermogenic 1 -100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20
d13C Methane (o/oo)
46
CHOC BASIN
Generalities Wells and Seeps Source Rock Characterization Surface Geochemistry
Generalities
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Choc Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 168 samples taken in 2 locations; additionally 68 organic petrography samples from 2 locations, and 333 surface geochemistry samples were interpreted. Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oil interpretation was not made for the basin.
Atrato Sub-Basin
THICKNESS(m) FORMATION PERIOD GROUP
San Juan Sub-Basin

TOC SCI LITHOLOGY
SANDSTONES
PLIOCENE D PLEISTOCENE
ATRATO
1 000
BASAL CONGLOMERATE, SANDSTONESAND MUDSTONES.
UPPERMIOCENE
MUNGUID
2500
SANDSTONES, CONGLOMERATIC SANDSTONESAND SILTSTONES.
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
CHOC BASIN
80 79 78 77 76 75
Caribbean Sea
. S. U.F
CONDOTO
CONGLOMERATES CLAYSTONES LIMESTONES 0.35% -0.70% - AVERAGE: 0.57%
PANAMA VENEZUELA
PANAMA
M .F.
LOWERMIOCENE
2.5 -5 -AVERAGE3.75
SAN JUAN CONGL. LA MOJARRA 4500
M.B. SB
6
ECUADOR BRAZIL
CONGLOMERATES
06
Medellin
6
Pacific Ocean
Quibd WC Ibagu
5
PERU
ISTMINA
SILTSTONESAND CLAYSTONESWITH BEDSOF CONGLOMERATESAND SANDSTONES.
BOUNDARIES
N-NW: Geographic border of Panam NW: Serrana de Baud (SB) East: Mande quartzdiorite (M.B.), the Cretaceous rocks of the Western Cordillera (WC) and partially the Murind fault (M.F.) South: Garrapatas fault zone (G.F.Z.) SW: Present Pacific coastline
4
G F.
.
3 80 79 78
Z.
SIERRA
OLIG
500
LIMESTONES, SANDSTONESAND MUDSTONES. LIMESTONESAND MARLS INTERBEDDED WITH CHERT AND MUDSTONES. SANDSTONE INTERCALATIONSIN THETOP .
3 77 76 75
PALEOCENE-EOCENE
0.23% - 13.6% -AVERAGE: 3.8%
3-8 -AVERAGE5.5
4300
IR
SANDSTONESINTERBEDDED WITH MUDSTONES. LIMESTONESAND MUDSTONES INTERBEDDED WITH IMPURE SANDSTONES. DIABASES, BASALTSAND BASIC TUFFS,WITH DIFFERENT SEDIMENTARY BEDS DARK MUDSTONES, MARLSAND CHERTS.
CHOCO BASIN
W E
sec 0
STA. CECILIA LA EQUIS
CRETACEOUS
CAASGORDAS
MANDEBATHOLITH
3
LIMESTONES, MUDROCKS, CHERTS. SILTSTONESAND LITHIC SANDSTONES
From Mojica et al.,, 2010
Oceanic Crust
Paleocene
Neogene
CHOC BASIN
48
Wells and Seeps

1350000
PANAM
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Choc Basin is 2.
RA LLE I D R CO
1300000
RIOSUCIO
Oil seeps are mainly located at the southern and eastern parts of the basin.
1250000
1200000
BUCHADO-1
PACIFIC OCEAN
1150000
BAHA SOLANO
QUIBD
1100000
ITSMINA
1050000
1000000
ER N WE ST
Gas seeps Undetermined seeps Cities/Towns
950000
0 25 50Kms
600000
650000
700000
750000
49
CHOC BASIN

600
700
A
600
B
I
500
500 Excellent Generation Potential Low thermal maturity 400
II
400
300
300
200
200
100
LEGEND
IR Fm. UNKNOWN CONGLOMERADOS DE LA MOJARRA Fm. ISTMINA Fm.
100
III
IV
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
400
- The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerados de la Mojarra formations have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock) but considering the high thermal maturity reached according to Tmax data, their present values could be evidence of organic content depletion, and samples from the Paleogene Ir Formation have good to excellent generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). l (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Paleogene Ir Formation have type I and II oil-prone kerogens. In the case of the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerado de la Mojarra formations their samples are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure B). - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that most samples from the Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to overmature generation conditions in the basin, being the samples from the Itsmina Formation the most mature in the basin, and this high thermal maturity reached by these rocks could cause depletion in the organic content, giving low HI and S2 values. Considering this, it is very unlikely that these samples represent the real generation potential of these formations in the basin (Figure C).
0.5% Ro
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
CHOC BASIN
50

80 800
A
70 Excellent 60 700
600
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
50
500 Shelf Marine (Immature) 400
40
30
300
20 Very Good 10 Good Fair 0 0

Poor
200
100
Proximal Marine to Continental (Overmature)
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
%TOC
LEGEND
IR Fm. UNKNOWN CONGLOMERADOS DE LA MOJARRA Fm. ISTMINA Fm.
%TOC
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from the Ir Formation with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9) (Figure A). - The Hydrogen Index vs Organic content (%TOC) graph shows that samples from the Ir Formation have the best source rock characteristics (HI values > 300 mg HC/g TOC and %TOC > 2), which are typical from rocks deposited in shelf marine environments. Again the low HI and %TOC values for the samples of the Itsmina Formation could be affected by the high thermal maturity reached by this unit, and the data could not be reliable to determine the depositional conditions of the source rock(Figure B). -In summary, the best source rock at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals is the Paleogene Ir Formation. However, the high thermal maturity reached by the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerados de la Mojarra formations precludes discarding these units as good oil sources in the basin. Additionally the thermal maturity data suggests that all these units have reached maturity for good quality hydrocarbons generation in the basin.
51
CHOC BASIN
1000 Microbial gas
LEGEND
C1/(C2+C3)
Dry gas
UNKNOWN
Mixed
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that the hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during late oil generation window (condensates) with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window). Mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is also indicated by the data. There are very few samples of microbial gas to consider biogenic gas an important process in the basin.
CHOC BASIN
52
EASTERN CORDILLERA BASIN

Generalities Wells and Seeps Crude Oil Quality Source Rock Characterization Surface Geochemistry Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
Generalities
76 75 74 73 72 71
Caribbean Sea
Cucuta S.M.
VENEZUELA
PANAMA VENEZUELA
7
Bucaramanga
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Eastern Cordillera Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 1512 samples taken in 9 locations; additionally 369 organic petrography samples from 8 locations were interpreted. Crude oil and extracts information from 4 bulk analysis samples, 111 liquid chromatography samples, 114 gas chromatography samples, 125 biomarker sample,42 isotopes and 349 surface geochemistry samples were also interpreted.
B.
S.
F. S
Tunja 10
G .S .F .
ECUADOR
BRAZIL
Yopal
5
PERU
Bogot
Villavicencio
BOUNDARIES
North: Igneous and metamorphic rocks from the Santander massif (S.M.)
A.
. .F
S.
East: frontal thrust system of the Eastern Cordillera South: Algeciras-Garzn Fault System (A.G.F.S.) West: Bituima and La Salina Fault System (B.S.F.S.)
76
75
74
73
72
71
LITHOLOGY-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS WESTERN FOOTHILLS

Mesa Fm.
CENTRAL REGION V
EASTERN FOOTHILLS
Guayabo F. Real Gp. Colorado F. Carbonera Mugrosa F. Esmeraldas F. Concentracion Len
NW
CHAMEZA FAULT SALINAS FAULT
GUAICARAMO FAULT
SE
CUSIANA FAULT
La Paz Fm.
Picacho Fm.
Mirador Fm.
MIDDLEMAGDALENA VALLEY
ARCABUCO ANTICLINE
PESCA FAULT
Arc. de Socha Aren. de Socha Lisama F. Guaduas Fm.
Los Cuervos Barco Fm.
Umir Fm. Guadalupe Gp. La Luna F. Simiti Fm. Tablazo F. Une Fm. Fomeque Fm. Ermitao Fm. Une Fm. Aren. de Las Juntas Lutitas de Macanal Chipaque Fm.
20 km
Middle Miocene - Recent
Eocene - Lower Miocene
Upper Maastrichtian - Paleocene
Coniacian - Lower Maastrichtian
Albian - Turonian
Berriasian - Aptian
Jurassic
Basement
Paja Fm.
Modified from Cooper et al., 1995
Rosablanca Fm. Los Santos Fm. Girn Fm. Girn Fm.
Mainly conglomerates
Mainly Sandstones
Shales
Limestones
V: Volcanoclastics
54
Wells and Seeps

VENEZUELA
1300000
BUCARAMANGA
BA
1250000
LE N M AG DA
SI N
25
50Kms
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Eastern Cordillera Basin is 12 . Oilseeps are located widespread all over the basin
SANTA N D ER
MASS
1200000
M ID DL
IF
1150000
CORRALES-1 BOLIVAR-1 (BOLVAR FIELD) TAMAUKA-1 CORMICHOQUE-1
1100000
TUNJA
SUESCA NORTE-1
YOPAL
1050000
CHITASUGA-1
NA B
ALE
AGD
950000
APICALA-1 VILLARRICA-1
VILLAVICENCIO
UPP
ER M
LL
AN
BA
SI
1000000
ASIN
BOGOT
900000
Wells with geochemical information

ALPUJARRA-1
Oil seeps Gas seeps
850000
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
800000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000
1150000
1200000
55
Crude Oil Quality

3
LEGEND
0 5 10 15 20
API Gravity
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 0 Biodegraded Oil 2000
PICACHO Fm. UNKNOWN
4000 2 6000
% Sulfur
ur
ity
Depth (Feet)
at
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
18000
API Gravity
3
20000
C
Anoxic Marine
- Heavy oils with API gravities below 20 and sulfur content above 1% are present in the basin. There is correlation between sulfur and API gravity, indicating that the higher the API gravity the lower the sulfur content and hence crude oil quality (Figure A).
- The few crude oils reported in the basin suggests that API gravity should increase with depth and that hydrocarbons could be found relatively shallow in the basin (Figure B). - The sulfur content of the oils is above 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1, suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic to anoxic environment (Figure C).
% Sulfur
1
0 0 1 2 3
Ni / V
56

LEGEND
600 600
A
500
400
300
200
100 Poor Generation Potential and/or High thermal maturity 0 0 10 20 30 40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
BOGOTA Fm. CABALLOS Fm. CABALLOS-UNE Fm. CACHO Fm. CACHO_GUADUAS Fm. CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm. CHIPAQUE Fm. CHURUVITA Fm. CONCENTRACION Fm. CONEJO Fm. El DIAMANTE Fm. HILO Fm. LA NAVETA Fm. SOCOTA Fm. TRINCHERAS Fm. FOMEQUE Fm. NEVADA Gr. GUADALUPE Fm. GUADUAS Fm. LA FRONTERA Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LOS PINOS Fm. MONSERRATE Fm. PICACHO Fm. PINZAIMA Fm. PLAENERS Fm. SOCOTA SHALE Fm. TIBASOSA Fm. TILATA Fm. UNE Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm. YAV Fm. A. TIERNA Fm. Arc. DE SOCHA Fm. LIDITA SUPERIOR Fm. UMIR Fm.
B
II
500
400
300
200
III
100
0 0 50 100 150
IV
200 250 300
C
0.5% Ro
400
- The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Conejo, La Luna, Villeta, Guadalupe, Los Pinos and Umir formations and the Cenozoic Arcillas de Socha Formation have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). It is important to consider that these and other units with source rock characteristics, are or were deeply buried in the basin by thrusting, and the poor generation values obtained from many samples could reflect the depletion effect caused by the high thermal maturity reached by these rocks in sub-thrust sheets (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Conejo, La Luna, Villeta and Umir formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. There are also samples from these formations with type III gas-prone characteristics. In the case of the Cenozoic units (Guaduas, Concentracin and Bogot formations) their samples are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure B). - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to overmature conditions in the basin. Being the samples from the Cretaceous Fomeque, Chipaque and Hil formations the more mature in the basin (Figure C).
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
57

40 0 1000 2000 30 3000 4000 Immature Overmature (Gas Window)
LEGEND
Excellent
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
UNKNOWN CHITASUGA-1 CORMICHOQUE-1 CORRALES-1 SUESCA NORTE-1 TAMAUKA-1 VILLA RICA-1
Depth (Feet)
Very Good
5000 6000 7000 8000
20
10 Good Fair
Poor
9000 10000 11000 12000 0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10

Oil Window
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
BOGOTA Fm. CABALLOS Fm. CABALLOS-UNE Fm. CACHO Fm. CACHO_GUADUAS Fm. CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm. CHIPAQUE Fm. CHURUVITA Fm. CONCENTRACION Fm. CONEJO Fm. El DIAMANTE Fm. HILO Fm. LA NAVETA Fm. SOCOTA Fm. TRINCHERAS Fm. FOMEQUE Fm. NEVADA Gr. GUADALUPE Fm. GUADUAS Fm. LA FRONTERA Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LOS PINOS Fm. MONSERRATE Fm. PICACHO Fm. PINZAIMA Fm. PLAENERS Fm. SOCOTA SHALE Fm. TIBASOSA Fm. TILATA Fm. UNE Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm. YAV Fm. A. TIERNA Fm. Arc. DE SOCHA Fm. LIDITA SUPERIOR Fm. UMIR Fm.
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from Cretaceous units (Caballos, Villeta, La Luna, and Umir) and the Cenozoic Arcillas de Socha Formation, with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9) (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is mature to overmature in the basin. With variable maturity trends caused probably by different burial and thermal histories controlled by the structural development of the Eastern Cordillera (Figure B). -In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the Caballos, Conejo, La Luna, Villeta and Umir formations and the Cenozoic Arcillas de Socha Formation. Tmax maturity data indicates that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are mature and that the high thermal maturity reached by some source rocks, could produce crude oil with better characteristics than that already found, and depleted or exhausted some source rocks in the basin.
58
1000 Microbial gas
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
C1/(C2+C3)
Dry gas
Mixed
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during oil generation window with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window). Mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is also indicated by the data. There is no evidence of microbial gas in the basin.
59

3
%C27 Steranes
100 90 80 70
PLANKTON
0 10 20 30 40
MARINE
LEGEND
CRUDE- PICACHO Fm. ROCK- Arc. de Socha Fm. ROCK- GUADUAS Fm. ROCK- LOS PINOS Fm. ROCK- PLAENERS Fm. ROCK- GUADALUPE Fm.
B
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
LACUSTRINE
50 60
ESTUARINES
70 80
SUPERIOR PLANTS
TERRESTRIAL
90 100
20
10
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
%C28 Steranes
6
%C29 Steranes
C
Crude - Rock correlations from samples at the basin suggest the following:
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
- There is no good correlation between the few crude and extracts data available for the basin. The crude in the Picacho Formation has higher C29 steranes concentration than the rock extracts from the Guadalupe Formation, indicating more terrestrial organic matter input (Figure A). - The C35/C34 Hopanes, Ts/(Ts+Tm) and diasteranes/steranes indicate that the rock extracts correspond to poor-clay rocks probably carbonatic deposited under low reducing conditions (Figures B and C).
- This lack of correlation precludes a better determination of the active petroleum systems in the basin, however the existence of hypothetical petroleum systems can be stated from existing geochemical and geological information as follows: Los Pinos - Guadalupe (.), Villeta/La Luna - Guadalupe (.), Chipaque - Monserrate (.), Tibasosa - Une (.).
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
60
EASTERN LLANOS BASIN

Generalities Wells and Seeps Crude Oil Quality Depositional Environments Chromatography Source Rock Characterization Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps Gas Characterization Surface Geochemistry Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
Generalities
74 8
Caribbean Sea
73
72
71
70
69
68 8
VENEZUELA
PANAMA VENEZUELA
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Eastern Llanos Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 2402 samples taken in 129 wells; additionally 1326 organic petrography samples from 133 wells were interpreted. Crude oil and extracts information from 620 bulk analysis samples, 705 liquid chromatography samples, 978 gas chromatography samples, 771 biomarker samples, 271 isotopes samples and 1767 surface geochemistry samples were also interpreted.
G. F.S .
GS Yopal
5
5
ECUADOR BRAZIL
Bogot
11 Villavicencio
PERU
BOUNDARIES
North: Geographic Border Venezuela East: Guyana Shield Precambrian rocks (GS)
PM SM San Jose del Guaviare
VA BRAZIL
South: Serrana de la Macarena (SM), Vaups Arch (VA), and Precambrian metamorphic rocks (PM) West: frontal thrust system of the Eastern Cordillera
74
73
72
71
70
69
68

NW
m 1500 1000 500 0
SE
1 2
Cambro-Ordovician Cretaceous
Devonian Paleogene
Carboniferous Neogene
Jurassic
5Km

Mainly Sandstones Mainly shales
62
Wells and Seeps

ARAUCA
ARAUCA CAO LIMN
VENEZUELA
1200000
0 50 100Kms
1100000
TUNJA
S EA
R TE
CO
DI
E LL
RA
TOCARA YOPAL CUPIAGUA CUSIANA LA GLORIA
CAO GARZA TRINIDAD
LA FLORA REMACHE SUR CAO DUYA
SANTIAGO
1000000
BOGOT
CARACARA
VILLAVICENCIO
APIAY CHICHIMENE VALDIVIA/ALMAGRO CASTILLA RUBIALES
PTO. INIRIDA
900000
800000
MAC
ARE
NA R
ANG
SAN JOSE DEL GUAVIARE
1000000
1100000
1200000
1300000
1400000
1500000
1600000
1700000
Oil and gas fields Wells with geochemical information Oil seeps Gas seeps Undetermined seeps Cities/Towns
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Eastern Llanos Basin is 301. Oilseeps are located at the western and southern parts of the basin.
63
Crude Oil Quality

3
LEGEND
BARCO Fm. BARCO- LOS CUERVOS Fm. CARBONERA Fm. GACHETA Fm. GUADALUPE Fm. MIRADOR Fm. UNE Fm. UNKNOWN
API Gravity
0 0 Biodegraded Oil 2000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
4000
% Sulfur
at ur
6000
ity
Depth (Feet)
8000
10000
12000
14000
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
16000
API Gravity
3
18000
20000
Anoxic Marine
% Sulfur
- Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 10 to 50 and sulfur content between 0 and 2.5% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship between sulfur and API gravity, but oils above 25 API have sulfur values below 1%, and oils below 25 show sulfur content with values up to 3%. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal maturities and/or different degrees of preservation (biodegradation, water washing, etc.), because crudes having similar API gravities have different sulfur contents, which might indicate that biodegradation is increasing sulfur content and/or reducing API gravity, or different source rocks, considering that oils sourced from shales usually have lower sulfur content than oils from carbonates (Figure A).
- There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating that similar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related to vertical migration along faults. But additionally there is the fact that different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation (biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B). - The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1, suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic environment with some terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
0 0 1 2
Ni / V
64
100 1
A
e yp III n ge ro e K
B
II -I II
10
Pristane / nC17
Te
s rre
t en en onm g ro ir d Ke nv II g E ixe M pe in Ty d u c e l, R a g Al ge ro e K n
T al tri
0.6
O ng ixi xid
Re c du ing
0.4
1 0.45
e 0.54 od Bi
a ad gr0.6
n tio
ur at
ity
LEGEND
0.2
BARCO Fm. CARBONERA Fm. CHIPAQUE Fm. GACHETA Fm. GUADALUPE Fm. MACARENA Fm. MIRADOR Fm. UNE Fm. UNKNOWN
Shelf Marine
0.1 0.1 1 10 100
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phytane / nC18
3
Pristane / Phytane
C
2.5
Marine Carbonatic
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have origin from terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing environment, and have suffered low biodegradation. There are also some samples in the mixed kerogen range, suggesting a source with terrestrial and marine organic matter (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions (Figure A).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values ranging from 1 to 5, which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine to marine deltaic environments. There are some samples with higher oleanane index values (>0.2) and similar Pr/Ph values, indicating that these oils were generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments with important terrestrial organic matter input. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks (Figure B). - The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that oil samples have Pr/Ph values >1 and C35/C34 Hopane < 1, indicating that these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a shelf marine to deltaic environment. (Figure C).
5
C35 / C34 Hopane
1.5
0.5
Shelf Marine
0 0 1 2 3
Marine Deltaic
Pristane / Phytane
65
%C27
0 100
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
50
50
100
0 0 50 100
%C28
%C29
- The steranes ternary plot shows predominance of C27 steranes over C29 steranes, which indicates that marine organic matter predominates in the source rocks.
- In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in siliciclastic environments ranging from marine to deltaic with an important terrestrial organic matter input. Some of these source rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their low oleanane index values, but the higher Oleanane/C30 Hopane ratios (>0.2) along with high Pristane/Phytane ratios in some samples, suggest the possibility of Cenozoic generating facies deposited in deltaic marine environments. - These crude oils are of good quality with API gravities above 25 and sulfur content below 1% for most of them, and are well preserved (low biodegradation). - At the Apiay sector the oils show mixing of carbonatic marine (C35/C34 > 1.0) and deltaic marine facies (Pristane/Phytane > 1.0).
66
Chromatography
Abundance
Ion 191.20 (190.90 to 191.90): PALM-2.D
The Cusiana oil does not show biodegradation, has an abundant low molecular weight paraffins fraction and high diasteranes abundance, indicative of high thermal maturity. The Pristane/Phytane ratio > 1.0 and diasteranes abundance are indicative of generation from a siliciclastic (shale) source rock.
Tricyclics 15000
Hopanes
10000
5000
Time--> 25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00

Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): PALM-2.D Abundance
4000
Diasteranes
pA
Well Cusiana -4
3000 2000
1500
1000 Time--> 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
1250
750
N-C9 N-C17 Pristane N-C17 N-C18 Phytane N-C19 N-C20 N-C21 N-C22 N-C23 N-C24 N-C25 N-C26 N-C27 N-C28 N-C29 N-C30 N-C31 N-C32 N-C33 N-C34 N-C35 N-C36 N-C37 N-C10 N-C11 N-C12 N-C12 N-C14 N-C15 N-C16
250
10
20
N-C13 N-C13
500
N-C8
1000
30
40
50
60
70
min
Chromatogram
67 EASTERN LLANOS BASIN
Chromatography
The oil of La Gloria-8 well is representative of an oil group typical of the central part of the basin, where biodegradation processes have been identified and most normal alkanes have been lost. It is observed light oil refreshing from a second generation pulse that increases the API gravity. Crude oil mixing is common in the central and southern parts of the basin. The diasteranes abundance suggests that the oil was generated from clay-rich rocks but also increased thermal maturity.
Abundance Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): 03200106.D

70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Tricyclics
Hopanes
Time--> Abundance

Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): 03200106.D
Diasteranes
pA
Well La Gloria -8
300
55000 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Time-->
200
N-C17 Pristane N-C18 Phytane N-C19 N-C20 N-C21 N-C22 N-C23 N-C24 N-C25 N-C26 N-C27 N-C28 N-C29 N-C30 N-C31 N-C32 N-C33 N-C34 N-C35 N-C36
Refreshing 100
N-C10 N-C11 N-C12 N-C8 N-C13 N-C14 N-C16
N-C9
10
20
30
N-C15
40
50
60
70
min
Chromatogram
EASTERN LLANOS BASIN 68

A
500
LEGEND
ARENISCAS BASALES DEL CRETACICO Fm. BARCO Fm. CAQUEZA Fm. CARBONERA Fm. CHIPAQUE Fm. GACHETA Fm. GUADALUPE Fm. GUAYABO Fm. GUTIERREZ Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LEON Fm. LOS CUERVOS Fm. MACARENA Fm. MIRADOR Fm. PALEOZOIC SAN FERNANDO Fm. UNE Fm. UNKNOWN
700
600
B
I
400
II
500
300
400
300
200
200
100
III
100
0 0 10 20 30 40
0 0 50 100 150 200
IV
250 300
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0.5% Ro
The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Chipaque, Une and Gachet formations and the Paleocene Los Cuervos Formation have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). (Figure A). - The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Cretaceous Chipaque, Une, Gachet and Guadalupe formations along with samples from the Cenozoic Mirador, Los Cuervos and Carbonera formations and Paleozoic samples have type II-III oil-gas prone kerogen. Samples of the Len Formation have type III-IV kerogen values (Figure B). - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early to late oil generation conditions in the basin, with some samples of Paleozoic rocks overmature. The high thermal maturity reached by some samples explains the high API gravity of some oils found in the basin (Figure C). Additionally this high thermal maturity should explain the poor generation potential of many samples in the basin caused by kerogen depletion.
400
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
69

40 0 1000 2000 30 3000 4000 Immature
Oil Window
LEGEND
Excellent
5000 6000 7000 8000
20
Very Good
10 Good
9000 10000 11000 12000 0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
Fair
Poor
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
ARENISCAS BASALES DEL CRETACICO Fm. BARCO Fm. CAQUEZA Fm. CARBONERA Fm. CHIPAQUE Fm. GACHETA Fm. GUADALUPE Fm. GUAYABO Fm. GUTIERREZ Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LEON Fm. LOS CUERVOS Fm. MACARENA Fm. MIRADOR Fm. PALEOZOIC SAN FERNANDO Fm. UNE Fm. UNKNOWN
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from Cretaceous units (Chipaque, Une and Gachet formations) and Cenozoic units (Los Cuervos and Carbonera formations), with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 35 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). There are some samples of the Barco Formation with high %TOC but low S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock) suggesting that the kerogen in this unit has a low proportion of labile compounds and should not be a very good source for hydrocarbons in the basin. -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that in the foreland wells the sedimentary sequence deposited in the basin is mostly immature, and is mature in those wells in or close to the foothills of the Eastern Cordillera at the western part of the basin (Figure B). -In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the Chipaque, Une and Gachet formations and the Cenozoic rocks of the Los Cuervos and Carbonera formations have good to excellent generation potentials. Thermal maturity data (Tmax and %Ro) indicate that the rocks have reached different levels of maturity and thermal histories, that along with biodegradation explain the wide range of crude oil API gravities and oil mixing in the basin.
UNKNOWN ALMAGRO-1 ANACONDA-1 APIAY-3 APIAY-4P ARAUCA-1 ARAUQUITA-1 ARIMENA-1 BUENOS AIRES X-14 CABIONA-1 CANDILEJAS-1 CANO CUMARE-1 CANO DUYA-1 CANO LIMON-1 CANO VERDE-1 CASTILLA-1 CHAFURRAY-1 CHAFURRAY-5 CHAPARRAL-1 CHAVIVA-1 CHIGUIRO-1 COROZAL-1 CUMARAL-1AX CUSIANA M-1(CUSIANA-1) EL MORRO-1 ENTRERRIOS-1 FLORENA A-1(FLORENA-1) FLORENA N-2F GOLCONDA A-1 GUARAPITO-1 GUARILAQUE-1 GUARROJO-1 LA CABANA-1 LA GLORIA-1 LA HELIERA-1 LA MARIA-1 LETICIA-1 LOS KIOSCOS-1 LUNA ROJA-1 MEDINA-1 NEGRITOS-1 PALMA REAL-1 PATO-1 PIRIRI-1 PLANAS-1 POMARROSO-1 PORE-1 PUERTO RICO-1 QUENANE-1 (1127-1X) RANCHO HERMOSO-1 RIO ELE-1 RONDON-1 RUBIALES-1 RUBIALES-2 RUBIALES-3 S-11A (X-R-859) (STRAT-XR-11A) SA-1 SA-11 SA-15 SA-9A SAN JOAQUIN-1 SAN PEDRO-1 SANTIAGO-1 SANTIAGO-2 SANTIAGO-3 SIMON-1 SM-3 SM-4 SM-8 ST CN-7 ST GU-15 SURIMENA-1 SV-3 SV-4 SV-5 SV-8 TAURAMENA-2X TRINIDAD-1 TURPIAL-1 UNETE-1 VORAGINE-1 YALI-1
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
Depth (Feet)
70

Gacheta Formation
3 21
1.1% Ro
LEGEND
11
1200000
0.9% Ro
0.7% Ro
18
1100000
0.5% Ro
13
0.3% Ro
15 16 23 24 12
20 26 4 25
6 22
0.1% Ro
1. ANACONDA-1 2. APIAY-4P 3. ARAUQUITA-1 4. ARIMENA-1 5. BUENOS AIRES X-14 6. CAO DUYA-1 7. CAO VERDE-1 8. CASANARE-1 9. CASTILLA-1 10. CHAPARRAL-1 11. CHIGUIRO-1 12. ENTRERRIOS-1 13. GOLCONDA A-1 14. LA HELIERA-1
15. LA MARA-1 16. LETICIA-1 17. POMARROSO-1 18. PORE-1 19. QUENANE-1 20. RANCHO HERMOSO-1 21. RO ELE-1 22. SAN JOAQUN-1 23. SANTIAGO-1 24. SANTIAGO-2 25. SIMN-1 26. SURIMENA-1 27. YAL-1
1000000
2 9
900000
800000
Vitrinite reflectance (%Ro)

1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000
3 21
300mg HC/g TOC
11
1200000
250mg HC/g TOC
14 8
200mg HC/g TOC 150mg HC/g TOC
18
1100000
100mg HC/g TOC 50mg HC/g TOC 0mg HC/g TOC
15 5 16 24 17
20 26 25
6 22
1000000
1 9 27
19 2
900000
800000
Hydrogen Index
1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000
71

Gacheta Formation
3 21 7
LEGEND
11
3% wt
1200000
2.5% wt
8
14
2% wt
18
1.5% wt
1100000
1% wt 0.5% wt 0% wt
15 5 16 23 24 17 12 20 26 4 25
6 22
1000000
10
1. ANACONDA-1 2. APIAY-4P 3. ARAUQUITA-1 4. ARIMENA-1 5. BUENOS AIRES X-14 6. CAO DUYA-1 7. CAO VERDE-1 8. CASANARE-1 9. CASTILLA-1 10. CHAPARRAL-1 11. CHIGUIRO-1 12. ENTRERRIOS-1 13. GOLCONDA A-1 14. LA HELIERA-1
15. LA MARA-1 16. LETICIA-1 17. POMARROSO-1 18. PORE-1 19. QUENANE-1 20. RANCHO HERMOSO-1 21. RO ELE-1 22. SAN JOAQUN-1 23. SANTIAGO-1 24. SANTIAGO-2 25. SIMN-1 26. SURIMENA-1 27. YAL-1
1 9 27
19 2
900000
800000

1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000
72
C2 + (%)
0 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 M TO Ms B 20 40 60
13 Ro d CCH4 (%) (ppt) -70
Early
B
-60
Immature / tertiary
B T To/Tc TT(m)
Diag
Late
d13CCH4 (ppt)
Mature / Mesozoic
0.5 -50
Tertiary basin
TT(h) M Md Ms
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 TT(m) Shallow Deep Md Mixed TT(h) 12% Ro 20% 30% Migration?
T
1.2
TC
Oil
-40
LEGEND
TT(m)
APIAY- 3 BARQUERENA-3 CANO DUNA -2 CANO GARZA NORTE-1 CASTILLA-1 CHICHIMENE-12 CRAVO SUR -1 GUATIQUIA-3H GUAYURIBA -1K LA GLORIA NORTE-1 MORICHAL-1 SARDINAS -2 SURIA SUR-1 TOCARIA -9L VALDIVIA-1
2.0 3.0 -30 1.2 2.0 3.0 -20
TT(h)
4 2 0
Primary cracking Open system trend
-2 -4 0.9 - 1.1 -6 -8 -10 -12
Close system trend
- The samples taken in the Eastern Llanos basin correspond to crude oil gases.
1.3 - 1.5
- The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppm) diagram (Schoell, 1983), suggests that the gas samples correspond to a variety of processess like mixing, differential thermal maturity and biodegradation (Figure A). - The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 diagram, suggest that the gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking (Figure B).
Ro %
1.8 - 2.0 -14 -16
12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)
73
1000 Microbial gas
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
C1/(C2+C3)
Dry gas
Mixed
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that there are hydrocarbons of thermogenic and biogenic origin at the basin, formed mainly during oil and gas generation window indicative of a variable maturity level of the sources at the basin. The microbial gas found in the basin, characterized by its very high content of methane, could be related to bacterial degradation, considering the fact that it has similar C2/(C3+C4)ratios regarding thermogenic gases.
74

100
A
ro Ke n ge
B
t
10
Pristane / nC17
rre Te
en en nm g o ro vir d Ke n II g E ixe M pe cin Ty du e l, R ga l A g ro Ke en
II
-I
II
yp lT a i tr
III
0.6
g xin idi Ox
d Re uc ing
0.4
1
o Bi g de r
at ad
n io
at M
it ur
0.1 0.1 1 10 100
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phytane / nC18
Pristane / Phytane
LEGEND
CRUDE- CARBONERA Fm. CRUDE- GACHETA Fm. CRUDE- GUADALUPE Fm. CRUDE- MIRADOR Fm. CRUDE- UNE Fm. ROCK- BARCO Fm. ROCK- CARBONERA Fm. ROCK- CHIPAQUE Fm. ROCK- GACHETA Fm. ROCK- GUADALUPE Fm. ROCK- MACARENA Fm. ROCK- MIRADOR Fm.
- There are very few extract samples in the basin to provide strong
correlations with the oils found in the basin, but the few extracts from the Gachet Formation show some correlation with crude oils from the Une, Guadalupe, Mirador and Carbonera reservoirs (Figure A). - This indicates that the Gachet Formation could be the main source for the accumulations found in the basin. However the presence of oils with Oleanane/C30 Hopane > 0.2 is indicative of an alternate source in the basin of Tertiary age and/or with an important terrestrial organic matter input (Figure B). -The oils with Oleanane/C30 Hopane > 0.2 are found in Upper Cretaceous (Guadalupe Fm.) and Tertiary reservoirs (Mirador and Carbonera formations), which are interbedded or in close proximity to Tertiary shale sequences deposited in transitional marine environments, which might have high terrestrial organic matter input, causing the increase of Oleanane/C30 Hopane ratios in these oils (Figure B).
75

3 4
LEGEND
A
CRUDE- CARBONERA Fm. CRUDE- GACHETA Fm. CRUDE- GUADALUPE Fm. CRUDE- MIRADOR Fm. CRUDE- UNE Fm. ROCK- GACHETA Fm.
B
3
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
1
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 0 2 4 6 8
- The C35/C34 Hopanes, Ts/(Ts+Tm) and diasteranes/steranes indicate that the rock extracts correspond to poor-clay rocks deposited under suboxic conditions (Figures A and B).
- Based on the crude-rock correlations and the geochemical evidence available for the basin, the following active petroleum systems for the basin could be proposed: Gachet - Une (!), Gachet - Guadalupe (!), Gachet - Mirador (!), Gachet - Carbonera (!), Los Cuervos Guadalupe (.), Los Cuervos - Mirador (.) and Los Cuervos - Carbonera (.).
76
GUAJIRA BASIN
Generalities Wells and Seeps Source Rock Characterization Gas Characterization Surface Geochemistry
Generalities
GUAJIRA BASIN
75
Caribbean Sea
74
73
72
71
PANAMA VENEZUELA
12
Caribbean Sea
C.F
12
12
Riohacha Santa Marta Barranquilla

O.F
11
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Guajira Basin includes %TOC data from 10 samples taken in 2 wells; additionally 62 organic petrography samples from 3 wells and 361 surface geochemistry samples were interpreted. Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oil interpretation was not made for the basin.
PERIOD
RESERVOIR
11
ECUADOR
BRAZIL
Valledupar
10 10
PERU
BOUNDARIES
North and Northwest: Caribbean shoreline Northeast: Caribbean shoreline Southeast: Colombia-Venezuela border South: Oca Fault (O.F.)
75 74 73 72 71 9 9
TRAP
STRATIGRAPHIC
SOURCE
VENEZUELA
W
Q
Gallinas Fm. Castilletes Fm. Jimol Fm. Uitpa Fm. Siamana Fm.
SEAL
STRATIGRAPHIC LITHOLOGY UNITS
STRUCTURAL
GENERATION / SETTING / MATURATION / EVENTS
NEOGENE
Minor Compression Translation
Transtension HIATUS
PALEOGENE

SW
CUISA FAULT OCA FAULT MACUIRA FAULT
GUAJIRA BASIN
NE
HIATUS
Collision Suture
LOWER GUAJIRA SUB-BASIN
UPPER GUAJIRA SUB-BASIN
Time sec
Guaralamai (Coln)
0
Passive Margin
CENOZOIC CRETACEOUS BASEMENT
1 2 3 4
CRETACEOUS
La Luna Fm.
Cogollo Gp.
Yuruma Gp.
Palanz Fm.
Rift Stage
Basement
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleogene
Neogene
Sandstones Shales Limestones
GUAJIRA BASIN
78
Foreland Basin
Macarao Fm.
Transpression
Wells and Seeps

UASHIR-1
1850000
PUERTO ESTRELLA-1
25
50Kms
CARIBBEAN SEA
1800000
URIBIA
RIOHACHA-2
RIOHACHA
MAICAO-1
1750000
MAICAO
VENEZUELA
OCA F AULT
1100000
1150000
1200000
1250000
1300000
Wells with geochemical information Cities/Towns
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Guajira Basin is 4. There are no oil and gas seeps reported in this basin.
79
GUAJIRA BASIN

0 Immature 1000 2000 3000 4000 Overmature (Gas Window)
LEGEND
MAICAO-1 UASHIR-1
Depth (Feet)
5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 0.1 1 10

Oil Window
%Ro
- The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) maturity data of the wells sampled in the basin suggests that the stratigraphic sequence is immature.
GUAJIRA BASIN
80
C2 + (%)
0 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 M TO Ms B 10 20 30 40 50
13 Ro d CCH4 (%) (ppt) -70
Early
B
-60
Immature / tertiary
B T To/Tc TT(m)
Diag
Late
d13CCH4 (ppt)
Mature / Mesozoic
0.5 -50
Tertiary basin
TT(h) M Md Ms
Primary cracking
T
1.2 2.0 3.0 -30 1.2 2.0 3.0 -20 -40
Oil
LEGEND
TC
TT(m)
BALLENA TOTAL RIOHACHA-2
TT(h)
Open system trend

0 -2
- The C2+ vs d13C CH4 (ppt) and the relationship with organic matter maturity (Schoell, 1983), suggest that the gas samples mainly correspond to biogenic gases. - The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 (% PDB) diagram shows that the gases could reach a high thermal state of evolution which contradicts the biogenic character from the C2+ vs d13C CH4 graph.

-8 -10 1.3 - 1.5
-12 1.8 - 2.0 -14
Ro %
-16
12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)
81
GUAJIRA BASIN
1000 Microbial gas
LEGEND
C1/(C2+C3)
Dry gas
UNKNOWN
Mixed
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during oil generation window with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window). Mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is also indicated by the data. There is no evidence of microbial gas in the basin.
GUAJIRA BASIN
82
GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN

Generalities Wells and Seeps Source Rock Characterization Gas Characterization
Generalities
75 74 73 72 71
Caribbean Sea
PANAMA VENEZUELA
12
C S.
.D
.B
13
C.F
12
Caribbean Sea
Riohacha Santa Marta Barranquilla

O.F
11
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Guajira Offshore Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 588 samples taken in 4 wells; additionally 106 organic petrography samples from 4 wells were interpreted. Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oil interpretation was not made for the basin.
11
ECUADOR
BRAZIL
Valledupar
10 10
PERU
BOUNDARIES
North-Northwest: South Caribbean Deformed Belt deformation front (S.C.D.B.) East: Colombia-Venezuela border Southwest: Oca Fault (O.F.) Southeast: Continental Guajira shoreline
75 74 73 72 71 9 9
VENEZUELA
SW

Sea level
NE
Time sec
Basement GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN
Paleogene 84
Neogene
Wells and Seeps

1950000
1900000
25
50Kms
SAN JOSE-1 JARARA-1 SANTA ANA-1
1850000
CARIBBEAN SEA
ALMEJA-1
1800000
CHUCHUPA-15
CHUCHUPA-16 CHUCHUPA-8 CHUCHUPA-14 CHUCHUPA-13 CHUCHUPA-A

BALLENA RIOHACHA
RIOHACHA
MERO-1
J UA
IR
PE
NI
U NS
LA
1750000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000 1200000 1250000
1300000
1350000
Oil and gas fields Wells with geochemical information Cities/Towns
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Guajira Offshore Basin is 11. There are no oil and gas seeps reported in this basin.
85

I
500
II
A
500
400 Excellent Generation Potential Low thermal maturity
400
300
300
200
200
III
100
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
0 0 50 100 150
IV
200 250 300
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
C
0.5% Ro
The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that most samples in the basin have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock), and few good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). (Figure A). - The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that the rock samples in the basin have values indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure B).
1.35% Ro
400
200 III
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that the samples from the sedimentary sequence in the basin are immature to early mature for hydrocarbons generation (Figure C).
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
86

30 0 Immature 1000 Excellent 2000 3000 Overmature (Gas Window)
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
20
4000
Depth (Feet)
5000 6000 7000 8000

Oil Window
Very Good
10 Good
9000 10000
Fair 11000
Poor
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
12000 0.1 1 10
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
LEGEND
MERO_1 SANTA ANA-1
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there is a widespread distribution of samples from poor oil generation potential (S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 1) to very good oil generation potential (S2 up to 10 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 3) (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information from two wells shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature, however Tmax maturity data indicate that early maturity have been reached in the basin, and that along with the type III kerogen indicated by the pyrolysis data could explain the gas accumulations found in the basin (Figure B).
87
C2 + (%)
0 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 M
0.5
10
20
30
40
50
13 Ro d CCH4 (%) (ppt) -70
Early
B
-60
Immature / tertiary
B T To/Tc TT(m)
Diag Tertiary basin
Late
TT(h)
Mature / Mesozoic
d13CCH4 (ppt)
TO Ms
-50
T
1.2 2.0 3.0 -30 1.2 2.0 3.0 -20 -40
Oil
M Md Ms
TC
LEGEND
TT(m)
TT(h)
CHUCHUPA-13 CHUCHUPA-14 CHUCHUPA-15 CHUCHUPA-16 CHUCHUPA-8 CHUCHUPA-A CHUCHUPA-B PLACHUCHUPA-A
4 Primary cracking 2 Open system trend
-2
- The C2+ vs d13C CH4 (ppt) and the relationship with organic matter maturity (Schoell, 1983), suggest that the gas samples mainly correspond to a mixture of gases (thermogenic with possible biogenic input). - The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 (% PDB) diagram shows that the gases could reach a high thermal state of evolution, but maturity data (Tmax and %Ro) do not support this, suggesting that there is a source rock that has higher thermal maturity but has not been reached by the wells drilled in the basin.

-8 1.3 - 1.5
-10
-12 1.8 - 2.0 -14
Ro %
-16 0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)
88
LOS CAYOS BASIN

Generalities Source Rock Characterization
Generalities
LOS CAYOS BASIN
82 15
Caribbean Sea
12
81
80
79
78
77
25
50 Kms.
14
PANAMA VENEZUELA
Caribbean Sea
13
14
12
12
H.E
11
BRAZIL
08
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Cayos Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 50 samples taken in the Perlas-3 well located in the Nicaraguan shelf.
ECUADOR
10
PERU
25
50Kms.
Cartagena
BOUNDARIES
North, East and West: International boundaries South-Southeast: Hess Escarpment (H.E.)
PANAMA
Colombia-Jamaica Join Regime Area
.S. U.F
LOS CAYOS BASIN

W
Sea level
Time sec 0
Cretaceous
Paleogene
Neogene
LOS CAYOS BASIN
90

900 40 800
A
Excellent 30
700
500
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
600
20
400
Very Good
300
10 200 Poor Generation Potential and/or High thermal maturity 100 Good Fair
Poor
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
LEGEND
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
Immature Mature I Overmature
Late Oligocene Early to Middle Eocene
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
%TOC
1000
C
0.5% Ro
800
II 600
- The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that in general the samples from Early to Middle Eocene and Late Oligocene rocks have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock), and few Early to Middle Eocene samples have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock) (Figure A). - Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, the graph shows that there are samples from Early to Middle Eocene rocks with good to very good oil generation potential (S2 up to 10 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 4)(Figure B). - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that most samples from Early to Middle Eocene rocks have reached early maturity to oil generation peak conditions in the Nicaraguan shelf to the west of the basin (Figure C). Additionally the Hydrogen Index values suggests the presence of type II and III kerogens in these rocks.
400
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
91
LOS CAYOS BASIN

800
0
700
2000
600
4000
Shelf Marine (Immature) 400
Depth (Feet)
500
6000
8000
300
10000
200
Immature
Oil Window Overmature
100
Proximal Marine to Continental (Overmature)
12000
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
14000 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500
%TOC
LEGEND
Late Oligocene Early to Middle Eocene
Tmax (oC)
- The Hydrogen Index vs Organic content (%TOC) graph shows that samples from Early to Middle Eocene rocks have the best source characteristics (Hydrogen Index values > 200 mg HC/g TOC and %TOC >2) but are very few samples to establish the real potential of this sedimentary sequence. Considering that the samples taken in the well Perlas-3 have not reach high thermal maturity the data could indicate that these Eocene rocks were deposited in a proximal marine to continental depositional environments(Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence enters the oil generation window at approximately 11000 feet in the Nicaraguan shelf, and that the samples reach an early maturity condition (Figure B). - In summary, the best source rock close to Los Cayos basin are the Early to Middle Eocene rocks found in the Perlas-3 well drilled in the Nicaraguan shelf. However this information is too scarse to have a real picture on the potential source rocks in the basin.
LOS CAYOS BASIN
92
LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN

Generalities Wells and Seeps Crude Oil Quality Depositional Environments Chromatography Source Rock Characterization Gas Characterization Surface Geochemistry
Generalities
78 77 76 75 74 73 11
Caribbean Sea
11
PANAMA VENEZUELA
Caribbean Sea
11 11
Cartagena
10
VENEZUELA
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Lower Magdalena Valley Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 973 samples taken in 52 wells; additionally 179 organic petrography samples from 30 wells were interpreted. Crude oil and extracts information from 16 bulk analysis samples, 177 liquid chromatography samples, 694 gas chromatography samples, 15 biomarker samples,64 isotopes samples and 191 surface geochemistry samples were also interpreted.
STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
10
ECUADOR
BRAZIL
15
9
PERU
R.F.S.
E.
S.
F.S
B.S.M.F
SL
PANAMA
BOUNDARIES
North: Romeral fault system (R.F.S) East: Bucaramanga-Santa Marta fault system (B.S.M.F.) South and Southeast: Central Cordillera(CC) and Serrana de San Lucas (SL) Pre-Cretaceous rocks West: Romeral fault system (R.F.S.)
7
CC
Medium
PLEISTOCENE

SW
Romeral fault system (Transpression) Inversion Transpression Transtension
LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY

NE
Time sec 0 1 2 Porquero Fm. 3 NEOGENE 4 Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
Upp.
Basement
Upper Cretaceous
Paleogene
Neogene
Cienaga de Oro Fm.
Upper
PALEOGENE
Shales
Lower
Lower
Tubar Fm.
Corpa Fm.
Sandstones
Conglomerates
94
SEAL
78
77
76
75
74
73
LITHOLOGY
SOURCE
RESERVOIR
PERIOD
CYCLES FREQUENCIES
Low
Wells and Seeps

CINAGA
1650000
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Lower Magdalena Valley Basin is 67. Oilseeps are reported at the northern part of the basin, close to the Santa Marta - Bucaramanga Fault.
A-B ART TA M SAN
25
50Kms
UCA
1600000
BA SIN
EL DIFCIL
ANG RAM A FA
NT O
PLATO
ULT
1550000
-S
AN
JA
CI
AYHOMBE GUEPAJE
SIN
SINCELEJO
MAGANGU
CICUCO BOQUETE VIOL
1500000
MOMPOSINA
JOBO-TABLN
1450000
CASTOR
SUCRE
Oil and gas fields

R A
1400000
D IL
MONTELIBANO
LE
Wells with geochemical information Oil seeps Undetermined seeps Cities/Towns

850000
900000
1350000
EN
TR
O R
950000
1000000
95
Crude Oil Quality

3
API Gravity
LEGEND
0 0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
A
UNKNOWN
4000 2 6000
% Sulfur
ur
ity
Depth (Feet)
M at
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
18000
API Gravity
20000
Anoxic Marine
2
- Crude oils with API gravities ranging from 25 to 55 and sulfur content below 1% are
present in the basin. Light and condensate oils predominate in the basin and there is good correlation between sulfur and API gravity, with low API gravity oils having higher sulfur contents than high API gravity oils. The high API gravity of the oils also suggests that they are generated from high thermal maturity source rocks in the basin (Figure A). - There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating that similar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related to vertical migration along faults. But additionally there is the fact that different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation (biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B). - The sulfur content of crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1, suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic environment with terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
% Sulfur
1
0 0 1 2
Ni / V
96
100 1
A
e yp III en og r Ke
B
10
Pristane / nC17
s rre Te
t en en onm g ro vir K d Ke n II g E ixe M pe cin Ty d u e l, R a g Al og er en
II
-I
II
T al tri
0.6
O ng ixi xid
Re c du ing
0.4
1
od Bi r eg
ad
n tio
ur at
ity
0.2 Shelf Marine
0.1 0.1 1 10 100
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phytane / nC18
3
Pristane / Phytane
C
2.5
Marine Carbonatic
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that the oils have origin from
terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing environment and have suffered low biodegradation (Figure A).
C35 / C34 Hopane
1.5
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that most of the oils have high oleanane index values (>0.2) and Pr/Ph values (>2), which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments. There is one sample with low oleanane index values and Pr/Ph (<2), indicating that this oil was generated from source rocks deposited in a shelf marine environment. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks (Figure B). - The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that oil samples have Pr/Ph values above 2 and C35/C34 Hopane below 1, indicating that these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a marine deltaic environment. (Figure C).
0.5
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
97
%C27
0 100
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
50
50
100 0 50 100
%C28
%C29
- The steranes ternary diagram (above) shows that the only sample in the basin has predominance of C29 steranes over C27 steranes, indicative of terrestrial organic matter input. - In summary, the oils in the basin have Oleanane/C30 Hopane, C35/C34 Hopane, Pristane/Phytane and Pristane/nC17 ratio values supporting the presence of Cenozoic marine deltaic generating facies. They are very good quality oils with low sulfur content and high API gravities.
98
Chromatography
Chromatogram and fragmentogram of the Boquete-17 well, the presence of isoprenoids and normal alkanes along with biomarkers like 25 Norhopane suggests mixing of a biodegraded oil with fresh crude (refreshing). Oleanane abundance is indicative of Cenozoic generating facies.
Oleanane
Well Boquete- 17
25 Norhopane
Well Boquete- 17
N-C8 N-C9
N-C10
N-C11
N-C12
N-C13
N-C14
N-C15
N-C16
N-C17
N-C18
N-C19
N-C20
N-C21
N-C22
N-C23
N-C24
Chromatogram
99 LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN
N-C25 N-C26 N-C27 N-C28 N-C29 N-C30 N-C31 N-C32 N-C33 N-C34 N-C35
Chromatography
Chromatogram and fragmentogram of the Cicuco-22 well, the presence of isoprenoids and normal alkanes along with biomarkers like 25 Norhopane suggests mixing of a biodegraded oil with fresh crude (refreshing). Oleanane abundance is indicative of Cenozoic generating facies.
Well Cicuco -22
Oleanane
25 Norhopane
N-C8
Well Cicuco -22

N-C9
N-C10
N-C11
N-C12
N-C13
N-C14
N-C15
N-C16
N-C17
N-C18
N-C19
N-C20
N-C21
N-C22
N-C23
N-C24
Chromatogram
LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN 100
N-C25 N-C26 N-C27 N-C28 N-C29 N-C30 N-C31 N-C32 N-C33 N-C34 N-C35

600
600
A
500
I
500
II
400
400
300
300
200
200
III
100
LEGEND
CIENAGA DE ORO Fm. PORQUERO Fm. TUBAR Fm. UNKNOWN
0 0 50 100 150
IV
200 250 300
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0.5% Ro
The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cenozoic Cienag de Oro, Porquero and Tubar formations have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock). There are samples with good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock) of unknown origin. (Figure A). - The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Cenozoic Cinaga de Oro, Porquero and Tubar formations have type III gas-prone kerogen and type IV kerogen. There are also samples from unknown origin and the Cinaga de Oro formation with more type II oil-prone characteristics. Figure B).
400
1.35% Ro
200 III
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples have reached early maturity to oil generation peak conditions in the basi, with some samples of unknown origin at late maturity stages. The samples from the Cinaga de Oro and Porquera formations have reached early maturity conditions in the basin (Figure C).
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
101

40 0 Immature
Oil Window
A
30
1000 2000 3000 4000
LEGEND
Depth (Feet)
Excellent
5000 6000 7000 8000
20 Very Good
10 Good
9000 10000 Fair

Poor
11000 12000
ACHI-1 APURE-2 ARJONA-1 BARRO BLANCO-1 BETULIA-1 BOQUILLA-3 CICUCO-1 COCO-1 EL CASTILLO-1 EL DIFICIL-19 GUEPAJE-1 LA ESMERALDA-1 MAGANGUE-1 MAGANGUE-2 MARSELLA-1 MOJANA-1 MOMPOS-1 MONTELIBANO-1 PINONES-1 PINUELA-1 SAN BENITO-1 SAN JORGE-1 SUCRE-1 TACAMOCHO-1 TIERRAFIRME-1 VIOLO-1A YATI-1
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
0.1
10
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
CIENAGA DE ORO Fm. PORQUERO Fm. TUBAR Fm. UNKNOWN
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from the Porquero and Tubar formations, with poor oil generation potential (S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 1) and samples from the Cinaga de Oro with fair oil generation potential (S2 up to 5 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 2). There are samples from unknown origin with better oil generation potential in the basin (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is in most wells immature or close to early maturity in the basin. The wells with samples in the oil generation window and overmature values explain the high API gravities of the oils found in the basin (Figure B). -In summary, the best source rock at the basin, although without good source rock characteristics, seems to be the Cinaga de Oro Formation. However samples from unknown origin have the best generation potential in the basin, and might be the best generatin facies of the hydrocarbons found. Maturity data indicates that the sedimentary sequence is mature enough to generate high quality oils in the basin.
102
C2 + (%)
0 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 B 10 20 30 40 50
13 Ro d CCH4 (%) (ppt) -70
Early
B
-60
Immature / tertiary
B T To/Tc TT(m)
Diag
Late
d13CCH4 (ppt)
M TO Ms
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 TT(m) Shallow Deep Md Mixed TT(h) 12% Ro 20% 30% Migration? TC
-50
T
1.2 2.0 3.0 -30 1.2 2.0 3.0 -20 -40
Oil
Mature / Mesozoic
0.5
Tertiary basin
TT(h) M Md Ms
LEGEND
TT(m)
BOQUETE-3 CICUCO 15 GUEPAJE-1
TT(h)
-2
- The samples analized in the Lower Magdalena Valley Basin correspond to gases from crude oils. - The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppt) diagram (Schoell, 1983), suggests that the Boquete-3 and Cicuco-15 well samples correspond to thermogenic gases associated to the oils found in the basin, but with different levels of thermal evolution, while the Guepaje-1 sample could correspond to mixing of gases of different origin. - The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 diagram, suggest that the gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking. With increasing cracking of the Guepaje-1 sample.

-8 1.3 - 1.5
-10
-12 1.8 - 2.0 -14
Ro %
-16 0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)
103
1000 Microbial gas
C1/(C2+C3)
Dry gas
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
Mixed
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that there are hydrocarbons of thermogenic and biogenic origin at the basin, formed mainly during oil and gas generation window indicative of a variable maturity level of the sources at the basin. The microbial gas found in the basin, characterized by its very high content of methane, could be related to bacterial degradation, considering the fact that it has similar C2/(C3+C4)ratios regarding the thermogenic gases.
104
MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN

Generalities Wells and Seeps Crude Oil Quality Depositional Environment Chromatography Source Rock Characterization Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps Gas Characterization Surface Geochemistry
Generalities
77 76 75 74 73 72
Caribbean Sea
9
PANAMA VENEZUELA
Monteria
R.S.Z.
E.
S.
F.S SL
VENEZUELA
8
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 646 samples taken in 23 wells; additionally 636 organic petrography samples from 30 wells were interpreted. Crude oil and extracts information from 402 bulk analysis samples, 376 liquid chromatography samples, 294 gas chromatography samples, 150 biomarker samples,195 isotopes samples and 194 surface geochemistry samples were also interpreted.
STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS PRODUCING FIELDS LITHOLOGY ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS PROCESSES, GENERATION, MIGRATION
.F. B.S.M
7
ECUADOR BRAZIL
PERU
CC
6
16
F. S.
BOUNDARIES
5
Bogot
GFB Ibagu
77 76 75 74 73 72
B.
S.
North: Espirit Santo fault system (E.S.F.S) Northeast: Bucaramanga-Santa Marta fault system (B.S.M.F.) Southeast: Bituima and La Salina Fault System (B.S.F.S.) South: Girardot fold beld (GFB) West: Onlap of Neogene sediments over the Serrana de San Lucas (SL) and Central Cordillera (CC) basement From Barrero et al., 2007
Mesa Fm.
Real Gp.
La Cira Shale
Colorado Fm.

La Salina Thrust San Luis Thrust
Arrugas Thrust
Mugrosa Fm.
Time sec
Esmeraldas Fm.
La Paz Fm.
Lisama Fm.
Reservoir and seal (secondary)
Umir Fm. La Luna Fm.
4
Simiti Fm. Calcareous Basal Group Tablazo Fm.
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Paleogene
Neogene
Paja Fm. Rosablanca F.

Cumbre Fm.
Los Santos Fm. Giron Gp. Conglomerates Sandstones Shales Limestones
106
Wells and Seeps

1500000
EL BANCO
1450000
0 25 50Kms
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin is 320. Oilseeps are located widespread in the basin.
BUTURAMA
1400000
TOTUMAL LEBRIJA SAN ROQUE
SANTA LUCIA
1350000
RA
CACHIRA CRISTALINA BONANZA CANTAGALLO SOGAMOSO LLANITO CASABE/ GALN LISAMA LA CIRA/ INFANTAS SUERTE
OR
CE
1250000
NT
RA
LC
DIL
1300000
LE
BARRANCABERMEJA
AGUAS BLANCAS MUGROSA CHICAL
1200000
MORICHE VELSQUEZ TECA/NARE
OPN
1150000
ILL
ER
CO
1100000
RD
TUNJA
Oil and gas fields Wells with geochemical information Oil seeps Gas seeps Undetermined seeps
1050000
EA
HONDA
ST
ER
1000000 900000
BUNDE
BOGOT
Cities/Towns
950000
1000000
1050000
107
Crude Oil Quality

3
0 5 10 15 20 0
API Gravity
25 30
35
40
45
50
55
60
LEGEND
ARENISCAS DE CANTAGALLO Fm. AVECHUCOS Fm. CALCAREO MEMBER Fm. COLORADO Fm. COLORADO - MUGROSA Fm. DOIMA Fm. ESMERALDAS Fm. ESMERALDAS - LA PAZ Fm. HONDA Gr. REAL Gr. ZORRO DIAMANTE Gr. GUADALUPE Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LA PAZ Fm. LISAMA Fm. MUGROSA Fm. ROSABLANCA Fm. SIMITI Fm. TABLAZO Fm. TORO Fm. UMIR Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm.
4000
6000
% Sulfur
ity
Depth (Feet)
at ur
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
18000
API Gravity
20000
Anoxic Marine
2
% Sulfur
- Heavy to light oils with API gravities ranging from 5 to 40 and sulfur content between 0 and 3% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship between sulfur and API gravity, but there is a progressive decrease in sulfur content as API gravity increases. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal maturities,the more mature have higher API gravity and lower sulfur content; but there are also crudes that having similar API gravities have different sulfur contents, which might indicate biodegradation, increasing sulfur content, and/or different source rocks, considering that oils sourced from shales usually have lower sulfur content than oils from carbonates (Figure A). - There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating that similar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related to vertical migration in faulted reservoirs or regional faults. But additionally there is the fact that different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation (biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1.5 %, and its Ni/V ratio below 0.5, suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic environment with low terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).There are some samples with high Ni/V indicating high terrigenous input.
0 0 1 2
Ni / V
108
100
0.6
LEGEND
A
e yp lT II og er K I III nt en
10
Pristane / nC17
rre Te
ia s tr
n me ge n ro viro e d K En II ixe e i ng M p c Ty du e l, R ga l A ge ro Ke
II
ARENISCAS DE CANTAGALLO Fm. CALCAREOUS MEMBER COLORADO Fm. DOIMA Fm. ESMERALDAS Fm. ESMERALDAS - LA PAZ Fm. REAL Gr. GUADALUPE Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LA PAZ Fm. LISAMA Fm. MUGROSA Fm. ROSABLANCA Fm. SIMITI Fm. TABLAZO Fm. TORO Fm. UMIR Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm.
B
Marine Deltaic (CENOZOIC) 0.4
id Ox ng ixi
d Re uc ing
1
od Bi
d ra eg
io at
0.2
u at
y ri t
Shelf Marine
0.1 0.1 1 10 100
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phytane / nC18
3
Pristane / Phytane
C
2.5
Marine Carbonatic
C35 / C34 Hopane
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have origin from mixed kerogen suggesting a source with terrestrial and marine organic matter input (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions. There are also several oils with more type III kerogen characteristics, indicating more terrestrial organic matter input and oxidizing conditions of the source rock (Figure A). The data also suggests variable preservation of the crude oils (biodegradation).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that most of the oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2) which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine environments. There is one sample with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph (>2) indicating that this oil was generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks (Figure B).
1.5
0.5
Shelf Marine
0 0 1 2 3
Marine Deltaic
Pristane / Phytane
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that most oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane below 1, indicating that these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a shelf marine environment. Additionally there is one sample with low homohopane index but higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments (Figure C).
109
%C27
0 100
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
50
50
100 0 50 100
%C28
%C29
The steranes ternary diagram (above) shows that C27 steranes predominate over C29 steranes in the oil samples , indicating higher presence of marine organic matter than terrestrial organic matter in the source rocks. - In summary the oils in the basin correlate with generating facies deposited during the Cretaceous in siliciclastic marine shelf environments, with variable terrestrial organic matter input. The Cretaceous sedimentary sequence in the Middle Magdalena Valley includes units like the Paja, Tablazo,Simit, La Luna and Umir formations that could match the generating facies indicated by the crude oils in the basin.
110
Chromatography
There are crude oils correlatable with clay-poor (carbonatic?) marine facies, like those of the Cantagallo Field, which have low to medium molecular weight paraffins and Pristane/Phytane ratio < 1.0. This crude shows predominance of tricyclics over hopanes indicating high thermal maturity.
Abundance Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): C-CTAG15.D

20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Tricyclics Hopanes
Time--> Abundance Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): C-CTAG15.D
counts
FID1 A, (GEOQ0923\2897611.D)
3000
Well Cantagallo -15

5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Steranes
N -C17 Pristane
N -C18
2500
N -C16
Phytane
N -C19
N -C20
N -C11
N -C21
N -C22
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
2000
Time-->
N -C23
N -C15
N -C25
1500
N -C12 N -C13
N -C14
N -C24
N -C26
N -C27
N -C28
N -C29
1000
500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 min
Chromatogram
111 MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN
N -C30
Chromatography
Abundance Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): C-LC1153.D
In the central part of the basin (La Cira - Infantas Field), exist crude oils affected by biodegradation processes that have removed the normal alkanes. In some wells like La Cira 1153, are observed freshing with very light oils added during a second generation pulse. This crude shows predominance of tricyclics over hopanes indicating high thermal maturity.
18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Time--> Abundance
Tricyclics Hopanes
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): C-LC1153.D
counts FID1 A, (GEOQ0923\2897616.D)
Well La Cira-1153
5000
4000
6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Time-->
Steranes
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
3000 Refreshing
2000
Biodegraded Oil
N C17 Pristane 5
1000
N C18Phytane 10
15
20
25
30
min
Chromatogram
MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN 112

600
1000
A
500
LEGEND
COLORADO Fm. ESMERALDAS - LA PAZ Fm. GIRON Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LA PAZ Fm. LISAMA Fm. MUGROSA Fm. PAJA Fm. ROSABLANCA Fm. SIMITI Fm. TABLAZO Fm. UMIR Fm. UNKNOWN LISAMA - LA PAZ Fm. TABLAZO- SIMITI Fm. VILLETA Fm.
900
800
400
700
600
II
500
300
400
200
300
200

100
III
IV
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
400
The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous La Luna and Umir formations have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock), and that samples from Cretaceous Calcareous Basal Group (Rosablanca, Paja and Tablazo formations), The Simit Formation and the Cenozoic Lisama, La Paz, Esmeraldas, Mugrosa and Colorado formations have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock). Taking into account that the Cretaceous units are deeply buried in the basin, the poor generation values obtained from some samples could reflect the depletion effect caused by the high thermal maturity of these rocks (Figure A). - The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Cretaceous Simit, La Luna and Umir formations have type I- II oil-prone kerogen. There are also several samples from unknown origin with type III gas-prone characteristics. (Figure B). - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples from the Cretaceous mentioned, have reached maturity conditions for hydrocarbons generation in the basin (Figure C). There are samples that have Tmax values indicative of late to overmature maturity of the Paja, Tablazo, Simit, and La Luna formations, suggesting that the Lower Cretaceous units have reached the highest maturity in the basin.
0.5% Ro
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
113

40 0 Immature 1000 2000 30 Excellent 3000 4000 Overmature (Gas Window)
LEGEND
5000 6000 7000 8000
20
Very Good
10 Good
9000 10000 Fair 11000

Poor
ARENOSA-1 BERLIN-2 CAIMAN-1 CAPOTE-1 CASABE-199 COLORADO-34 ESCUELA-1 JERUSALEN-1 LA ROMPIDA-1 LA SALINA B-2 LLANITO-1 MONTERREY-1 MORALES-1 MUGROSA SUR-1 MUGROSA-5 NOREAN-1 PAYOA-25 PENA DE ORO-1 PICO-1 PIEDRAS-1 PPI-3 SAN FERNANDO X-1 TENERIFE-3 UNKNOWN ZARZAL-1
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
Depth (Feet)
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
12000 0.1 1 10
%TOC
LEGEND
EL TORO SHALE Fm. LA LUNA Fm. LA PAZ Fm. LISAMA - LA PAZ Fm. PAJA Fm. ROSABLANCA Fm. SIMITI Fm. TABLAZO Fm. TABLAZO SIMITI Fm. UMIR Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm.
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from Cretaceous units (La Luna, Simit and Unir formations) with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 30 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 6). In the case of the Cenozoic units their samples indicate poor oil generation potential. There are samples with good to excellent organic matter content (%TOC ranging from 1 to 9%) but fair to poor S2 values (< 5 mg HC/ g rock) indicating that there is a small portion of labile kerogen for hydrocarbons generation (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence ranges from immature to overmature in the basin, depending on the structural location in the basin, being more mature the wells located in the central and eastern part of the basin(Figure B). -In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the La Luna and Umir formations.The maturity of the samples ranges from immature to gas generation window with maturity increasing in the Simit Formation and Basal Calcareous Group. The high thermal maturity reached by the Lower Cretaceous sequence could exhaust this source rocks to its present day poor generation potential.
114
Oil Window
%Ro

La Luna Formation
1500000 1500000 1500000
1450000
11
1450000
1450000
11 14
11
1400000
1.5% Ro
1400000
750mg HC/g TOC
1400000
5% wt
16
1.2% Ro
600mg HC/g TOC
4% wt
1350000
0.9% Ro
1350000
450mg HC/g TOC
1350000
3% wt
1300000
0.6% Ro
7 1 4
1300000
300mg HC/g TOC
1300000
2 7 1
2% wt
3 5 2 4 7 1
0.3% Ro
15 12 13 10 9
4
150mg HC/g TOC
1250000
0% Ro
1250000
0mg HC/g TOC
15 12 13 10 9
15 6
1250000
1% wt
12 13 10 9
0% wt
1200000
1200000
1200000
1150000
1150000
1150000
1100000
1100000
1100000
1050000
1050000
1050000
1000000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000
1000000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000
1000000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000
Hydrogen Index
LEGEND
1. ARENOSA-1 2. BERLIN-2 3. BOSQUES-1 4. CASABE-199
5. CIMITARRA-1 6. INFANTAS-1613 7. LLANITO-1 8. MORALES-1
9. MUGROSA SUR-1 10. MUGROSA-5 11. NOREAN-1 12. PEA DE ORO-1
13. PICO-1 14. PITAL-1 15. TENERIFE-1 16. TOTUMAL-3
115
C2 + (%)
0 -75 -70 B -65 -60 -55 M
0.5 -60
10
20
30
40
50
13 Ro d CCH4 (%) (ppt) -70
Early
B
Late
Immature / tertiary
B T To/Tc TT(m)
Diag Tertiary basin
d13CCH4 (ppt)
TT(h)
Mature / Mesozoic
TO Ms
-50
T
1.2 2.0 3.0 -30 1.2 2.0 3.0 -20 -40
Oil
M Md Ms
TC
LEGEND
TT(m)
TT(h)
B
AGUAS BLANCAS-4 ANGELES-5 CANTAGALLO 15 CASABE 421 COCORNA 13 COLORADO 67 OPN -4 INFANTAS 16 LA CIRA 468 LISAMA 142 LLANITO-91 OPON-3 PALAGUA 188 SANTA LUCIA-2 SANTOS 102 TOQUI TOQUI-22
-2
- The samples taken in the Middle Magdalena Valley basin correspond to crude oil gases. - The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppt) diagram (Schoell, 1983), suggests that the gas samples are thermogenic in origin and from some mixtures taking place in the reservoirs (Figure A). - The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 diagram, suggest that the gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking with increasing thermal maturity leading to NSO secondary cracking (Figure B).

-8 1.3 - 1.5
-10
-12 1.8 - 2.0 -14
Ro %
-16 0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)
116
1000 Microbial gas
LEGEND
C1/(C2+C3)
Dry gas
UNKNOWN
Mixed
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during oil generation window with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window). No mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is indicated by the data. There are very few samples of microbial gas to consider biogenic gas an important process in the basin.
117
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN

Generalities Wells and Seeps Source Rock Characterization
Generalities
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN
78 77 76 75 74 73
Caribbean Sea
PANAMA VENEZUELA
Caribbean Sea
11
O.F.
Barranquilla Cartagena
11
10
VENEZUELA
S.C .D.B .
N.
ECUADOR BRAZIL
18
10
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Sin Offshore Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 218 samples taken in 5 wells; additionally 54 organic petrography samples from 10 wells were interpreted. Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oil interpretation was not made for the basin.
P.
D.
B.
PERU
BOUNDARIES
Northeast: Oca fault (O.F.) Northwest: South Caribbean Deformed Belt deformation front (S.C.D.B) Southeast: Present day shoreline Southwest: Uramita fault system (U.F.S)
PANAMA
.S. U.F
78
77
76
75
74
73
N.P.D.B. North Panama Deformed Belt From Barrero et al., 2007
SINU OFFSHORE BASIN

NW
Sea level
S.C.D.B.
SE
Depth ft 0
5000
Shale Diapir
10000
Modified from Amaral, et al., 2003.
Oceanic Crust
Upper Cretaceous
Paleogene
Neogene
119
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN
Wells and Seeps

1750000
SANTA MARTA
BARRANQUILLA-1 CIENAGA-1
SAN DIEGO-1
1700000
25
50Kms
CARTAGENA-1 CARTAGENA-2
BARRANQUILLA
CARTAGENA-3
1650000
CARTAGENA
RIB
SAN BERNARDO-2X
1500000
SIN
SINCELEJO
1550000
- SA
N JA
CA
CINT O BA
1600000
BE
AN
SE
SIN
Wells with geochemical information

FUERTE-1 UVERO-1AX (1638-1XA)
Undetermined seeps Cities/Towns

MONTERIA
1450000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Sin Offshore Basin is 9.
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN
120

I
500
II
A
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
III
IV
0 0 10 20 30 40
LEGEND
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
Immature II Mature I Overmature
UNKNOWN
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
600
C
0.5% Ro
- The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that the source rocks in the basin have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock) (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples in the basin have type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure B). - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples fhave reached early maturity to overmature conditions in the basin (Figure C). The high thermal maturity of these samples could cause kerogen depletion indicated by the low Hydrogen Index and S2 values of some samples in figure A.
400
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
121
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN

40 0
1000 2000
30 Excellent
3000 4000
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
Depth (Feet)
Very Good Good Fair
Poor
5000 6000 7000 8000
20
10
9000 10000 11000 12000 0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
%Ro
LEGEND
CARTAGENA-1 CARTAGENA-2 FUERTE-1 SAN BERNARDO-2X SAN DIEGO-1 UVERO-1AX (1638-1XA)
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that the samples from potential source rocks in the basin, have poor oil generation potential (S2 < 2.5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 2) (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature or close to early maturity in most wells in the basin, with some samples up to late generation window (Figure B). The high thermal maturity reached by the sedimentary sequence in some wells, according to Tmax and %Ro data, suggests that there are thermal conditions for hydrocarbons generation. Being the main concern in the basin the quality of the source rocks, because so far no good quality source for liquid hydrocarbons has been found, and the pyrolysis samples suggests the existence of gas-prone source rocks.
SIN OFFSHORE BASIN
122
SIN - SAN JACINTO BASIN

Generalities Wells and Seeps Crude Oil Quality Source Rock Characterization Surface Geochemistry Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
Generalities
78 77 76 75 74 73
Caribbean Sea
PANAMA VENEZUELA
11
Caribbean Sea Barranquilla Cartagena

R. F.S
11
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Sin - San Jacinto Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 836 samples taken in 32 wells; additionally 56 organic petrography samples from 11 wells were interpreted. Crude oil and extracts information from 13 bulk analysis samples, 160 liquid chromatography samples, 1534 gas chromatography samples, 129 biomarker samples, 71 isotopes samples and 854 surface geochemistry samples were also interpreted.
NW SE
10
VENEZUELA
10
ECUADOR
BRAZIL
Sincelejo
9
PERU
Monteria 17
8
North- northwest: Present Caribbean coast East: Romeral fault system (R.F.S.) West: Uramita fault system (U.F.S.)
78 77 7
.S U.F
BOUNDARIES
PANAMA
South: Cretaceous rocks of the Western Cordillera (WC)
WC
SIN
Corpa Fm.
SAN JACINTO
Sincelejo Fm.
76
75
74
73 Pajuil Fm.

NW
Sin Offshore Basin Sin-San Jacinto Basin
Romeral Fault system

Pavo Fm.
NEOGENE
Tubar Fm.
Floresanto Fm. Crmen
Cinaga de Oro Fm.
SE
Maralu Fm. San Jacinto Fm. Manantial Fm.
Sea level
PALEOGENE
Candelaria Fm.
Toluviejo
Chengue Fm.
Maco Fm.
San Cayetano Fm.
CRETAC.
Cansona Fm.
Oceanic basement
Oceanic Crust
Continental Crust
Paleogene
Neogene
Sandstones
Shales
Limestones
Volcanic rocks
124
Wells and Seeps

1700000
LAS PERDICES-4 LAS PERDICES-1 PERDICES WEST-1 CARACOLI-1 TUBARA-1 POLONUEVO-1 SANTA RITA-1 MOLINERO-1 MOLINERO-2
BARRANQUILLA
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Sin - San Jacinto Basin is 23. Oil and gas seeps are located widespread in the basin.
MANATI-1
1650000
25
50Kms
CARTAGENA
BALSAMO-2 GUAMO-1
SE A
1600000
1550000
CA
RI
BB
EA
PORQUERA-1
TOLU-1
LORICA-1
1500000
CHINU-1 COLOMBOY-1
LA YE-1
1450000
FLORESANTO-6 FLORESANTO-1
HECHIZO-1
1400000
PARUMAS-1
SIN
- SA
MONTERIA
N JA
CINT O BA
SAN ANDRES A-1
SIN
SINCELEJO
Oil and gas fields Wells with geochemical information Oil seeps
I RD E LL RA
URA B BAS
W T ES E RN CO
1350000
Gas seeps Undetermined seeps

IN
1300000 700000 750000
Cities/Towns
800000
850000
900000
950000
125
Crude Oil Quality

3
LEGEND
100
UNKNOWN LAS PERDICES Fm.
90
80
70 2
% Saturates
% Sulfur
40
1 30
20
10
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
API Gravity
0.8
API Gravity
0.7
Stability boundary
- Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 10 to 45 and sulfur content
C
below 2% are present in the basin. There is good correlation between sulfur and API gravity, with low API gravity oils having higher sulfur content than high API gravity oils. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal maturities and/or preservation (biodegradation) (Figure A). - Additional supporting evidence of different thermal maturities and preservation of the crude oils can be seen in the API gravity vs %Saturates graph. In this two trends, one of low API gravity (<25) in which saturates percentage diminishes as a result of biodegradation, and the other of high API gravity (>25) in which saturates percentage increases with maturity (Figure B). - The API Gravity vs C29aBB/C29aBB+aaa graph, shows that oils with high and low API gravity has similar C29 isomerization levels suggesting similar thermal maturity, and also that the low API gravity could be the result of biodegradation of a higher maturity crude oil. (Figure C).
0.6
C29 abb / C29 abb+aaa
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
at
ur
ity
API Gravity
126
Ma tu
rit
rity
at u
50
Bio de
gra
60
da
tion

I
500
II
A
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
III
100
LEGEND
ARROYO SECO Fm. CHENGUE Fm. CINAGA DE ORO Fm. EL FLORAL Fm. LURUACO Fm. SAN CAYETANO Fm. SINCELEJO Fm. TOLUVIEJO Fm. UNKNOWN
0 0 50 100 150
IV
200 250 300
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
C
The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Paleocene Arroyo Seco Formation have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). The rest of Cenozoic all have poor generation potential in the basin (Figure A). - The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Paleocene Arroyo Seco Formation have type II oil-prone kerogen. For the rest of the Cenozoic units (San Cayetano, Toluviejo, Chengue, El Floral, Luruaco, Cinaga de Oro and Sincelejo formations) their samples are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen (Figure B). - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that the samples from the Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to oil generation peak conditions in the basin (Figure C). - The presence of a source rock with type II kerogen (Arroyo Seco Formation) in the basin as shown by the pyrolysis data, suggests that the many oil seeps reported in the basin could have origin , at least in part from this formation.
400
0.5% Ro
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
127

40 0 Immature 1000 Overmature (Gas Window)
A
30 Excellent
2000 3000 4000
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
Depth (Feet)
Very Good
5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Oil Window
20
10 Good Fair
Poor
10000 11000 12000
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
0.1
10
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
ARROYO SECO Fm. CHENGUE Fm. CINAGA DE ORO Fm. EL FLORAL Fm. LURUACO Fm. SAN CAYETANO Fm. SINCELEJO Fm. TOLUVIEJO Fm. UNKNOWN
LEGEND
CHINU-1 GUAMO-1 MANATI-1 MOLINERO-1 MOLINERO-2 PORQUERA-1 SAN ANDRES A-1 SANTA RITA-1 TOLU-1
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from the Paleocene Arroyo Seco Formation with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). There are samples with good to very good %TOC but poor S2 values of the Chengue, Toluviejo and Cinaga de Oro formations, which suggest that the labile portion of the kerogen is poor to generate liquid hydrocarbons (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that in most wells the sedimentary sequence is immature or close to early maturity in the basin, with fewer wells reaching higher levels of thermal maturity. (Figure B). -In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Paleocene rocks of the Arroyo Seco Formation. The rest of the Cenozoic rocks have poor oil generation potential. Maturity data indicate that the sedimentary sequence has reached thermal maturity, explaining the very important presence of oil seeps in the basin.
128
1000
A
Microbial gas
C1/(C2+C3)
Dry gas
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
Mixed
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
10000
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that most of the hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during oil generation window with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window) (Figure A). Isotopic data indicates thermogenic origin and mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is also indicated by the data (Figure B). There are very few samples of microbial gas to consider biogenic gas an important process in the basin.
C1/(C2+C3)
Type II Kerogen
Mixed 10
Type III Kerogen
Thermogenic 1 -100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20
d13C Methane (o/oo)
129

1 100
A
B
pe Ty III n ge ro e K
10
Pristane / nC17
str re er
ial
0.6
0.4
t en en onm g ro ir K d Ke nv II g E ixe M pe in Ty d u c e l, R a g Al e og er n
II
-I
II
O ng ixi xid
Re c du ing
LEGEND
CRUDE- PERDICES N 9 CRUDE LAS PERDICES-1 CRUDE- LAS PERDICES-4 CRUDE- FLORESANTO-6 CRUDE- SAN SEBASTIAN N 3 CRUDE- SAN SEBASTIAN N 2 CRUDE- SAN SEBASTIAN N 1 CRUDE- PERDICES N 10 CRUDE- PERDICES N 8 CRUDE- RO SIN N 4 ROCK- ARROYO SECO Fm. ROCK- CINAGA DE ORO Fm. ROCK- EL FLORAL Fm. ROCK- TOLUVIEJO Fm.
od Bi
eg
d ra
at
ion
ur at
ity
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.1 0.1 1 10 100
Pristane / Phytane
%C27 Steranes 100 90 80 70
PLANKTON
Phytane / nC18
0 10 20 30 40
MARINE
C
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that oils from the San Sebastin-3, San Sebastin-2 and Ro Sin-4 wells have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2), and correlate well with rock extracts from the Arroyo Seco Toluviejo and El Flora formationsl, suggesting that these units are the sources for the hydrocarbons found in those wells. The oil from the San Sebastin-1 well has higher Pr/Ph value (>4) and seems to correlate well with rock extracts from the Arroyo Seco Formation (Figure A).
50 60
ESTUARINES
60 50 40 30 20 10
LACUSTRINE
70 80
SUPERIOR PLANTS
The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph shows good correlation between the crude oils found in the San Sebastin-1, San Sebastin-3, Perdices-10 and Floresanto6 wells with rock extracts from samples of the Arroyo Seco, Cinaga de Oro, El Floral and Toluviejo formations. Indicating that the oils have origin from terrestrial organic matter and to a minor extent from mixed kerogen (type II-III), but additionally that the crudes and rocks have similar thermal maturities (Figure B).
90 100
TERRESTRIAL
0 100 90 %C28 Steranes 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
- The steranes ternary plot shows good correlation of crude oil from the Perdices-1 well with rock extracts from the El Floral formation, and that these rocks were deposited in an estuarine to lacustrine environment (Figure C).
10 0 %C29 Steranes
130

3
LEGEND
CRUDE- PERDICES N 9 CRUDE- SAN SEBASTIAN N 2 CRUDE- PERDICES N 10 CRUDE- PERDICES N 8 CRUDE- SAN SEBASTIAN N 3 CRUDE- SAN SEBASTIAN N 1 CRUDE- RIO SINU N 4 ROCK- ARROYO SECO Fm. ROCK- CINAGA DE ORO Fm. ROCK- EL FLORAL Fm. ROCK- TOLUVIEJO Fm.
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
1
0 0 2 4 6 8
The diasteranes/steranes vs Ts/(Ts+Tm) graph shows that the oils and rock extracts were generated from poor-clay rocks. There is few crude and extracts information available for the basin, however some preliminary conclusions on the possible petroleum systems active at the basin can be obtained from this data. - The extracts from the Tertiary formations (Arroyo Seco, Cinaga de Oro, El Floral and Toluviejo) have low oleanane index values (< 0.2), indicative of low terrestrial organic matter input from angiosperms. - Most of the crudes in the basin have high olenanane index values (> 0.4), and high values of this index are indicative of high terrestrial organic matter input and/or Tertiary age of the source rocks (Peters and Moldowan, 1993). - Some crude oils correlate with the low oleanane extracts of the Tertiary formations, suggesting that these units could be the sources for those oils, particularly those with Pristane/Phytane < 2 (Arroyo Seco and El Floral formations). - From the existing information at the basin some hypothetical petroleum systems can be postulated: Arroyo Seco (.), Arroyo Seco Chengue (.), Arroyo Seco Toluviejo (.), Arroyo Seco Cinaga de Oro (.), Toluviejo (.), Toluviejo Chengue (.), Toluviejo Cinaga de Oro (.), Cinaga de Oro (.).
131
TUMACO BASIN
Generalities
TUMACO BASIN
80 5 79 78 77 76 75 5
Caribbean Sea
PANAMA VENEZUELA
Pacific Ocean
4 4
G.F.Z
Cali
3
WC
ECUADOR BRAZIL
The source rock geochemical information i n t e r p r e t e d f o r t h e Tu m a c o B a s i n includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 94 samples taken in 2 locations; additionally 64 organic petrography samples from 2 locations were interpreted. Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oil interpretation was not made for the basin.
2
PERU
19 Tumaco
BOUNDARIES
North: Garrapatas fault zone (G.F.Z.) East: Western Cordillera (WC) Volcanic rocks South: Colombian-Ecuadorian border West: Coast line of the Pacific Ocean
0
ECUADOR PERU
80 79 78 77 76 75
LINED03 COAST LINE
NW
0 1 2
P-1982-6600S Pacific Ocean
L-1973-43
TAMBORA-1
TB-1991-7810
SE
DEPTH(Km)
3 4 5 6 7 8
9
10 Km
Estimated Basement depth Pliocene-Pleistocene Upper Miocene Middle Miocene Lower Miocene
Mud diapirs Upper Oligocene
Cretaceous Basement: Gorgona terrane
Cretaceous Basement: Dagua Pin terrane
133
TUMACO BASIN
Wells and Seeps
950000
BUENAVENTURA
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Tumaco Basin is 2. There are five seeps reported in the basin.
900000
25
50Kms
800000
GUAPI
TUMACO
ST E
700000
RN CO R
DIL
LE
RA
750000
REMOLINO GRANDE-1
PA C
IFI
850000
OC
EA
MAJAGUA-1
Wells with geochemical information Oil seeps Gas seeps
650000
EC UA
WE
Undetermined seeps
PASTO
Cities/Towns
DO
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
TUMACO BASIN
134

500
A
500
II
400
400
300
300
200
200

UNKNOWN
100
III
LEGEND
0 0 50 100 150
IV
200 250
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0.5% Ro
- The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that the potential source rocks in the basin have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock) (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples have type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen, with some samples with higher Hydrogen Index, indicative of a type II-II kerogen (Figure B).
1.35% Ro
400
200 III
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that samples in the basin have reached early maturity conditions (Figure C).
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
135
TUMACO BASIN

40
0 1000 2000 Immature Overmature (Gas Window)
30
Excellent
3000 4000
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
Depth (Feet)
5000 6000 7000 8000
20
Very Good
10 Good
9000 10000 11000 12000 0 2 4 6 8 0.1 1 10

Oil Window
Fair
Poor
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
LEGEND
MAJAGUA-1 REMOLINO GRANDE-1
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, the graph shows that the samples have good to excellent organic matter contents (%TOC) but fair to poor S2 values, indicating that the labile fraction of the kerogen is small and generation of important volumes of liquid hydrocarbons from these rocks might be not very likely (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature or close to early maturity in the basin. (Figure B).
TUMACO BASIN
136
TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN

Generalities
80 5 79 78 77 76 75 5
Caribbean Sea
PANAMA VENEZUELA
Pacific Ocean
4 4
. G.F.Z
Cali
3
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Tumaco Offshore Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 22 samples taken in 2 locations; additionally 23 organic petrography samples from 2 locations were interpreted. Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oil interpretation was not made for the basin.
C. P.S .Z .
ECUADOR
BRAZIL
20
2
2
PERU
Tumaco
1 1
BOUNDARIES
North: Garrapatas fault zone (G.F.Z.) 0 East: Present shoreline South: Colombian-Ecuadorian border West: Trench of the Colombian Pacific subduction zone (C.P.S.Z.) ECUADOR PERU
80 79 78 77 76 75 0
NW
Time sec 0

Sea level
SE
1 SHALE DIAPIR 2 SHALE DIAPIR
Oceanic Crust
Paleogene
138
Neogene
Wells and Seeps

900000
TAMBORA-1
25
50Kms
850000
SANDI-1
800000
GUAPI
750000
700000
TUMACO
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
Wells with geochemical information Oil seeps Gas seeps Cities/Towns
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Tumaco Offshore Basin is 2. There are nine seeps reported in the basin.
139

I
500
II
Immature
1000 2000
400
3000 4000
Depth (Feet)
5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000

Oil Window
300
200
III
100
LEGEND
SANDI-1 TAMBORA-1
0 0 50 100 150
IV
200 250
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
12000 0.1 1 10

%Ro
C
0.5% Ro
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that the rock samples taken in the basin are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen (Figure A).
400
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature to early mature in the basin. There are two samples overmature off trend in the Tambora-1 well (Figure B).
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that the samples, have reached early maturity conditions in the basin, in agreement with the %Ro data. (Figure C).
1.35% Ro
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
140
UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN

Generalities Wells and Seeps Crude Oil Quality Depositional Environments Chromatography Source Rock Characterization Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps Gas Characterization Surface Geochemistry Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
Generalities
Caribbean Sea
VENEZUELA
Bogot GFB IIbague 21
ECUADOR
BRASIL
CC
PERU
Neiva
B.S
PANAMA
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Upper Magdalena Valley Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 3163 samples taken in 54 wells; additionally 827 organic petrography samples from 43 wells were interpreted. Crude oil and extracts information from 142 bulk analysis samples, 585 liquid chromatography samples, 1026 gas chromatography samples, 428 biomarker samples, 234 isotopes samples and 379 surface geochemistry samples were also interpreted.
Pacific Ocean
BOUNDARIES
North: Girardot fold belt (GFB) Northeast: The Bituima-La Salina fault system (B.S.F.S.) Southeast: Partially the Algeciras-Garzn fault system (A.G.F.S.) West: Pre-cretaceous rocks of the Central Cordillera (CC) ECUADOR

PALEOENVIRONMENT
A. G. F.S
.F.S
EPOCH
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
LITHOLOGY
NW
MAGDALENA FAULT SALADO BLANCO FAULT CENTRAL CORDILLERA LA PLATA FAULT 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
NEIVA SUB-BASIN
GALLARDO HIGH ACEVEDO FAULT GUACACALLO HIGH MAGDALENA RIVER SAN JACINTO FAULT
SE
NEOGENE
GARZON MASSIF SUAZA FAULT
Quaternary Pliocene
Terraces, Aluvian Fans

Guacacallo Fm., Lajar de Altamira and other Units
Gigante Fm. (Mesa) Miocene Honda Group Villavieja Fm. La Victoria Fm. Barzalosa Fm. Gualanday Group Doima Fm. Potrerillo Fm. Chicoral Fm. Teruel Fm.
San Francisco Fm.
Alluvial Volcanoclastic (lahars)

Fluvial
Rio Ceibas
Andalucia
Ktg
Kv
-1000 -2000
PALEOGENE
Upper Oligocene Upper to mid. Eocene

Paleocene to Lower Eocene Maastrichtian
Lacustrine
Alluvial
to Fluvial
Taken from Fabre, 1995 Precambrian Jurassic
Guaduala Fm. / Group(Guaduas)
Fluvial to coastal Plane Shallow Marine Platform to Marine Neritic

Dina-K Tello Cebu
Cretaceous
Paleogene
Neogene
CRETACEOUS
Monserrate / La Tabla / Tobo Shale And Sands Level Upper Shale

Shale Level / Arenisca el Cobre Lower Chert
Campanian Santonian Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian Upper Albian Mid. Aptian?Mid. Albian Lower Aptian (Barremian)
Olini Group
Villeta Group
SW
GIRARDOT SUB-BASIN
NE
La Luna Bambuca Tetuan Caballos Fm. Yavi Fm.
2000 m 1000 m 0 -1000 m -2000 m
Guadalupe Group
Shallow Marine Fluvial Estuarine Fluvial to Alluvial
Yaguara San Francisco Balcon
Pre - Cretaceous Basement (Saldaa Fm.)

LITHOLOGY
Sandstones Conglomerates Gray Shales Red and varicolored shales Siliceous Shales Marl Limestones Intrusive Igneous Rocks Vulcanites
Economic
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Main Reservoirs Main Sources Main Seals
Basement
Taken from Montes, 2001

Metamorphics Paleogene Paleozoic Neogene
Secondary Reservoirs, Seal And Sources.
Triasic-Jurassic
Lower Cretaceous
Upper Cretaceous
From Mora, J.A., 2003
142
MAIN FIELDS
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
PERIOD
Wells and Seeps

IBAGUE
GIRARDOT
950000
0 25 50Kms
Ortega
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Upper Magdalena Valley Basin is 192.
Tetun Venganza
Oil seeps are mainly located in the northern and central parts of the basin.
900000
850000
ER LL
A
San Francisco Tello
DI
LC
800000
OR
NEIVA
RA
NT
CE
La Caada
750000
EA
ST
ER
CO
RD
ILL
Yaguar
ER
700000
FLORENCIA
Oil and gas fields Wells with geochemical information Oil seeps
650000
Gas seeps Undetermined seeps

MOCOA
Cities/Towns
600000 700000 750000 800000 850000
900000
143
Crude Oil Quality

3
LEGEND
0 5 10 15 20
API Gravity
25 30
35
40
45
50
55
60
CABALLOS Fm. CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm. CHICORAL Fm. CHICORAL-ROSABLANCA Fm. DOIMA Fm. HONDA Gp. GUADALUPE Fm. MONSERRATE Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA - CABALLOS Fm.
0 Biodegraded Oil 2000
4000
6000
% Sulfur
at ur ity
Depth (Feet)
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
18000
API Gravity
3
20000
C
Anoxic Marine
% Sulfur
Heavy to light oils with API gravities ranging from 10 to 40 and sulfur content between 0 and 3% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship between sulfur and API gravity, but there is a progressive decrease in sulfur content as API gravity increases. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal maturities,the more mature have higher API gravity and lower sulfur content; but there are also crudes that having similar API gravities have different sulfur contents, which might indicate biodegradation, increasing sulfur content, and/or different source rocks, considering that oils sourced from shales usually have lower sulfur content than oils from carbonates (Figure A). - There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating that similar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related to vertical migration in faulted reservoirs. But additionally there is the fact that different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation (biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B). - The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 2%, and its Ni/V ratio below 0.5, suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic environment with low terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
0 0 1 2
Ni / V
144
100
LEGEND
0.6
A
yp lT ria e II og er K I II -I
en
10
Te
Pristane / nC17
n m ge n ro viro K e d K En II ixe e i ng M p c Ty du e l, R ga l A
og er
en
II
en
s rre
BAMBUC Fm. CABALLOS Fm. CABALLOS-TETUAN Fm. CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm. CHICORAL Fm. CHICORAL-ROSABLANCA Fm. DOIMA Fm. EL OCAL Fm. HONDA Gr. GUADALUPE Fm. LA LUNA Fm. MONSERRATE Fm. OLINI Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm. VILLETA - CABALLOS Fm.
B
Marine Deltaic (CENOZOIC) 0.4
x idi Ox ing
d Re uc i ng
od Bi
eg
d ra
n io at
0.2
u at
rit
Shelf Marine Marine Deltaic (CRETACEOUS)

0.1 0.1 1 10 100
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phytane / nC18
2.5
Pristane / Phytane
Marine Carbonatic
2
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have origin from terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing environment and have suffered low biodegradation. There are also some samples in the mixed kerogen range, suggesting a source rock with terrestrial and marine organic matter (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions (Figure A). The data also suggests variable preservation of the crude oils (biodegradation).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that most of the oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2) which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine environments. There are some samples with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph (>2) indicating that these oils were generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks (Figure B).
C35 / C34 Hopane
1.5
0.5
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that most oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane below 1, indicating that these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a shelf marine environment. Additionally there are some samples with low homohopane index but higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments (Figure C).
Pristane / Phytane
145
%C27
0 100
LEGEND
50 50
CABALLOS Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm.
100 0 50 100
%C28
%C29
The steranes ternary diagram (above) shows that C27 steranes predominate over C29 steranes in the oil samples , indicating higher presence of marine organic matter than terrestrial organic matter in the source rocks. - In summary the oils in the basin correlate with generating facies deposited during the Cretaceous in siliciclastic marine shelf environments, with variable terrestrial organic matter input. The Cretaceous sedimentary sequence in the Upper Magdalena Valley includes units like the Villeta and Olini groups that could match the generating facies indicated by the crude oils in the basin.
146
Chromatography
The Upper Magdalena crude oils are characterized by the presence of low molecular weight paraffins and Pristane/Phytane ratio > 1.0. Some crude oils, like the Hato Nuevo well, although having high API gravity, shows low levels of biodegradation eliminating the low molecular weight paraffins.
Abundance
50000 40000
Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): E-SN-1F.D
Hopanes Tricyclics
30000 20000 10000
Time-->
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): E-SN-1F.D Abundance

18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000
Steranes
Time-->
N-C8
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Fragmentograms
N-C10 N-C7 Pr N-C15 N-C20
Well Andaluca -34 34 API
Ph
N-C15 N-C20 N-C10 N-C25 Ph
Well Hato Nuevo 37 API
Pr
N-C30
Chromatograms
147 UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN

800
1000
I
700
A
900
800
600
700
500 Excellent Generation Potential Low thermal maturity
II
600
400
500
300
400
300
200
LEGEND
200
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
Immature 1000 I Mature Overmature
BAMBUC Fm. CABALLOS Fm. CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm. El OCAL Fm. PAYANDE Fm. GUADALUPE Fm. LA LUNA Fm. OLINI Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm. YAV Fm.
100
III
IV
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
C
0.5% Ro
800
II 600
- The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Calizas de Tetun, Bambuc, La Luna and Villeta formations have good to excellent generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock) (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Calizas de Tetun, Bambuc, La Luna and Villeta formations have type I - II oil-prone kerogen. Figure B).
1.35% Ro
400
200
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples from the Cretaceous units mentioned, have reached early maturity to oil generation peak conditions in the basin (Figure C).
III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
148

50 0 Immature 1000 2000 40 3000 Overmature (Gas Window)
LEGEND
4000
Depth (Feet)
30
Excellent
5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
20
10 Good 11000 Fair 0

Poor
12000 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
BAMBUC Fm. CABALLOS Fm. CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm. El OCAL Fm. PAYANDE Fm. GUADALUPE Fm. LA LUNA Fm. OLINI Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm. YAV Fm.
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from Cretaceous units (Caballos, Calizas de Tetun, Bambuc, La Luna and Villeta formations), with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 10) (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence ranges from immature to oil generation peak (Figure B). -In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the Caballos, Calizas de Tetun, Bambuc, La Luna and Villeta formations. Tmax and %Ro maturity data indicate that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation in the basin.
149
Oil Window
Very Good
UNKNOWN BALCON-6 BOGA-1 CHENCHE-1 CHIPALO-1 COELLO-1 GUADALAJARA-1 HATO NUEVO-1 LA CANADA-1 LA LAGUNA-1 LIBANO-1 LOS MANGOS-1 LOS MANGOS-31 LOS MANGOS-4 OLINI-1 ORTEGA-1 ORTEGA-12 OSO-1 PALERMO-2 PANTERA-1 PIGOANZA-1 PILU-1 QUIMBAYA-2 RIO SALDANA-1 RIO SALDANA-2 ROSITA-1 SAN FRANCISCO-50 SANTA CLARA-2 SUAREZ-1 TOCAIMA-1 TOLDADO-3 TOLIMA-1 TOMOGO-1 TOY-1 VENGANZA-1 YAVI-1 AMOYA-1 ANDINO-1 ESTAMBUL-1
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)

Maximum Temperature (Tmax)
950000
4 7 1 5
950000
4 8 7 1 5 2
900000
900000
850000
850000
800000
800000
750000
440C
750000
450C
420C
700000
435C
700000
390C
430C
360C
650000
425C
650000
330C
420C
300C
600000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
600000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
Tetun Fm.
LEGEND
1. BOGA-1 2. CHENCHE-1 3. MICH-1 4. PACANDE-1 5. ROSITA-1
La Luna Fm.
6. STRATIGRAPHIC-1 7. TOLDADO-1 8. TOY-1 9. YAV-1
150

Hydrogen Index
950000
4 7 1 5
950000
4 8 7 1 5 2
900000
900000
850000
850000
800000
800000
750000
640mg HC/g TOC
750000
1000mg HC/g TOC
600mg HC/g TOC
800mg HC/g TOC
700000
560mg HC/g TOC
700000
600mg HC/g TOC
520mg HC/g TOC
400mg HC/g TOC
650000
480mg HC/g TOC
650000
200mg HC/g TOC
440mg HC/g TOC
0mg HC/g TOC
600000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
600000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
Tetun Fm.
LEGEND
La Luna Fm.
151

950000
4 7 1 5
950000
4 8 7 1 5 2
900000
900000
850000
850000
800000
800000
750000
10% wt
750000
12% wt
10% wt
8% wt
700000
6% wt
700000
8% wt
6% wt
4% wt
4% wt
650000
2% wt
650000
2% wt
0% wt
0% wt
600000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
600000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
Tetun Fm.
LEGEND
La Luna Fm.
152
C2 + (%)
0 -75 -70 B -65 -60 -55 M TO Ms
0.5 -50 -60
10
20
30
40
50
13 Ro d CCH4 (ppt) (%) -70
Early
B
Late
Immature / tertiary
B T To/Tc TT(m)
Diag Tertiary basin
TT(h)
Mature / Mesozoic
d13CCH4 (ppt)
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 TT(h) 12% Ro 20% 30% Migration? TT(m) Shallow Deep Md Mixed
T
1.2 2.0 3.0 -30 1.2 2.0 3.0 -20 -40
Oil
M Md Ms
TC
LEGEND
TT(m)
TT(h)
BALCON -8 DINA K-2 DINA T -2 GIGANTE-1 MANGOS -3-SL RIO CEIBAS -27 SAN FRANCISCO-57 TOLDADO-1 VENGANZA -5
B
-2
The samples taken in the Upper Magdalena Valley basin correspond to crude oil gases. - The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppm) diagram (Schoell, 1983), suggests that the gas samples are thermogenic in origin with predominance of mixtures (Figure A).
-8 1.3 - 1.5
- The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 diagram, suggest that the gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking (Figure B).
-10
-12 1.8 - 2.0 -14
Ro %
-16 0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)
153
1000 Microbial gas
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
C1/(C2+C3)
Dry gas
Mixed
1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that the hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during late oil and gas generation window (condensates) with minor presence of early oil hydrocarbons (gas generation window). Mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is also indicated by the data. There are very few samples of microbial gas to consider biogenic gas an important process in the basin.
154

0.8 100
A
0.6 Marine Deltaic (CENOZOIC) 10
B
pe Ty l a t ri I en r og e II K
0.4
Pristane / nC17
s rre Te
II I II n nt n me ge o e r n g o ro Ke er vi d I K g En xe I i M pe in Ty du c e l, R a g Al
g in ix xid O
ng ci du Re
LEGEND
0.2
CRUDE- BAMBUC Fm. CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm. CRUDE- CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm. CRUDE- CHICORAL Fm. CRUDE- DOIMA Fm.
on at i d ra eg od i B ity tur Ma
Shelf Marine
CRUDE- HONDA Gp. CRUDE- GUADALUPE Fm. CRUDE- LA LUNA Fm. CRUDE- MONSERRATE Fm. CRUDE- VILLETA Fm. CRUDE-VILLETA - CABALLOS Fm.
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.1 0.1 1 10 100
ROCK- BAMBUC Fm. ROCK- CABALLOS Fm. ROCK - CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm. ROCK- VILLETA Fm. ROCK- LA LUNA Fm. ROCK- HONDA Gp.
Pristane / Phytane
%C27 Steranes 100 90 80 70
PLANKTON
Phytane / nC18
0 10 20 30 40
MARINE
C
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that oils from the Caballos, Monserrate-Guadalupe, Calizas de Tetun and Honda reservoirs have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2), and correlate well with rock extracts from the Caballos, Bambuca, Calizas de Tetun, La Luna and Villeta formations, suggesting that these units are the sources for the hydrocarbons found in those reservoirs at the basin. Additionally the low oleanane values correlate well with the Cretaceous age of the sources (Figure A).
50 60
ESTUARINES
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 90 %C28 Steranes 80 70 60 50 40 30
70 80
SUPERIOR PLANTS
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph shows good correlation between the crude oils found in the reservoirs mentioned above with rock extracts from samples of the Caballos, Bambuca, Calizas de Tetun, La Luna and Villeta formations. Indicating that the oils have origin from terrestrial organic matter and to a minor extent from mixed kerogen (type II-III), but additionally that the crudes and rocks have similar thermal maturities (Figure B).
90 100
LACUSTRINE
TERRESTRIAL
20
10 0 %C29 Steranes
- The steranes ternary plot shows less correlation between crude oils and rock extracts, because there are very few data from extracts in the basin, mainly from the Cenozoic Honda Group, which is not considered a good and active source rock in the basin (Figure C). The data suggests these oils were generated from rocks deposited in an estuarine to marine environment
155

2 3
A
1.6
0.8
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
1
1.2
0.4
0 0 1 2 3
0 0 2 4 6 8
LEGEND
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm. CRUDE- CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm. CRUDE- CHICORAL Fm. CRUDE- DOIMA Fm. CRUDE- HONDA Gr. CRUDE- GUADALUPE Fm. CRUDE- MONSERRATE Fm. ROCK- BAMBUC Fm. ROCK- CABALLOS Fm. ROCK- CALIZAS DE TETUN Fm. ROCK- HONDA Gr. ROCK- LA LUNA Fm. ROCK- VILLETA Fm.
- The Homohopanes Index (C35/C34 Hopane ratio) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows some correlation between the crude oils from the Caballos, Monserrate-Guadalupe, Calizas de Tetun and Honda reservoirs with rock extracts from the Calizas de Tetun, La Luna and Villeta formations, indicating also that these crudes were formed from rocks deposited in suboxic environments with variable clay content (Figure A). - The Ts/(Ts+Tm) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between crude oils from the reservoirs mentioned with rock extracts from the Calizas de Tetun, La Luna and Villeta formations. Additionally this graph suggests that oils were formed from clay-poor rocks. Crude - Rock correlations from samples at the basin suggest the following: - Good correlation between crudes from the Caballos, Guadalupe/Monserrate, Doima, Chicoral and Honda reservoirs and extracts from the Villeta and Caballos formations (low diasteranes/steranes, low Ts/Tm, C35/C34 hopane ratio < 1, low oleanane index, Pristane/Phytane < 2, and predominance of C27/C29 steranes). - This indicates the presence of several active petroleum systems at the basin named as follows: Caballos (!), Villeta Group - Caballos (!), Villeta Group - Monserrate/Guadalupe (!), Villeta Group - Doima (.),Villeta Group Chicoral (.), and Villeta Group - Honda (!).
156
URAB BASIN
Generalities
URAB BASIN
79 78 77 76 75
Caribbean Sea
Caribbean Sea
10 10
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
N.
P.D
.B
9
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for the Urab Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 3 samples taken in 1 location; additionally 3 organic petrography samples from 1 location were interpreted. Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oil interpretation was not made for the basin.
PANAMA SD
U.F.S
ECUADOR
BRAZIL
PERU
M
Pacific Ocean
7
22
.F .
7
BOUNDARIES
North-Northwest: Colombian-Panam Boundary East: Uramita fault system (U.F.S.) South: Cretaceous rocks of the Western 6 Cordillera (WC) Southwest: Mand batholith (M.B.) and Murind fault West: Serrana del Darien (SD)
WC M.B. Medellin
6
79
78
77
76
75
N.P.D.B. North Panama Deformed Belt

3

SW
URAB BASIN
Inversion Transtension
NE
Sea level
Time sec 0
Oceanic Crust
Paleogene
Neogene
URAB BASIN
158
Wells and Seeps

1500000
1480000
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Urab Basin is 1.
CARIBBEAN SEA
0 12.5 25Kms
1460000
There is one seep reported in this basin.
1440000
NECOCL
1420000
NECOCLI-1
SIN SAN
1400000
TURBO
JAC OB INT
1380000
APARTAD
ASI N
1360000
1340000
CHIGOROD
Wells with geochemical information Undetermined seeps Cities/Towns

U FA ND MU
1320000
RI LT
1300000
1280000
640000
660000
680000
700000
720000
740000
159
URAB BASIN

I
500
II
A
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
III
100
LEGEND
0
UNKNOWN
IV
0 50 100 150 200 250
10
20
30
40
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
0.5% Ro
The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that the potential source rocks have poor generation potential in the basin (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock) (Figure A). - The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that rock samples have type IV kerogen very poor for hydrocarbons generation (Figure B).
1.35% Ro
400
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that samples are immature to early mature in the basin (Figure C).
200 III
0 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
URAB BASIN
160

40 0
Immature 1000 2000
30 Excellent
3000 4000
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
Depth (Feet)
Very Good
5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
20
Good Fair
Poor
10000 11000 12000
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
0.1
Oil Window
10
10
%TOC
%Ro
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
LEGEND
NECOCLI-1
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that the samples have poor oil generation potential (S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 1) (Figure A). -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature or close to early maturity in the basin (Figure B). The existing data is too few to drawn definite conclusions on the exploratory potential of the basin, and much more has to be gathered to have a better idea on its real prospectivity.
161
URAB BASIN
References
BARRERO, D., PARDO, A., VARGAS, C., and MARTINEZ, J.F. (2007). Colombian Sedimentary Basins: nomenclature, boundaries and petroleum geology, a new proposal. Publicacin Especial ANH. Bogot. 92 p. COOPER, M. A., ADDISON, F. T.,ALVAREZ, R., CORAL, M.,GRAHAM, R. H., HAYWARD A. B., HOWE, S., MARTNEZ, J., NAAR, J., PEAS, R., PULHAM, A. J., and TABORDA, A. (1995) Basin Development and Tectonic History of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, V. 79, No. 10, p. 14211443. MAGOON, L. B., and DOW, W.G. (1994) The Petroleum System, in L.B. Magoon and W.G. Dow, eds., The Petroleum System - From Source to Trap: AAPG Memoir 60, p. 3- 24. MOJICA J., CASTILLO H., BRICEO L., ARCE C., CUARTAS C., GMEZ C., JIMNEZ D., PEAFORT C., KHURAMA S., REY C., RESTREPO J., CERN M.R., OSORNO J.F. (2009). Prospectividad de las cuencas ofrecidas para la Ronda Abierta Colombia 2010. Publicacin Especial ANH. Bogot. 116 p. PETERS, K.E. and MOLDOWAN, J.M. (1993), The Biomarker Guide. Interpreting Molecular Fossils in Petroleum and Ancient Sediments, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. SCHOELL, M. (1983), Genetic Characteristics of Natural Gases. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 67, No. 12, p 22252238. WHITICAR, M. (1994). Correlation of Natural Gases with Their Sources.in L.B. Magoon and W.G. Dow, eds., The Petroleum System - From Source to Trap: AAPG Memoir 60, p. 261 - 283.
162
APPENDIX ANH ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY DATABASE DATA SOURCES
Data Sources
ARVALO, O,( 2010) Mapa de rezumaderos -compilacin ANH. ANH (2008). Geoqumica de Superficie Proyecto Colombia Regional Lnea Ssmica Trasandina Anh-Tr-2006-4 A. 101 p. AIPC (1992). Puli-2 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. AIPC (1998). Applying sorbed soil gas and microbial oil survey techniques in the Guabina block (Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia). AIPC (1998). Final Report Applying Sorbed Soil Gas And Microbial Oil Survey Techniques In The Guabina Block (Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia). 251 p. AMOCO (1998). Source Rock and Seep Oil Extract Characterization North Coast Colombia Mud Volcano Extracts, Seep Oils, and Cretaceous ANSON DRILLING (1987). Informe geolgico final Las Parras-1. PETROCANADA. 109 p. ARCO (1997). Seismic Reprocessing and Geochemical Analysis San Miguel rea, Llanos Basin, Colombia. 66 p. BHP (1987). Pore-1. Geochemical evaluation. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Caribe-4. TEXACO. BIOSS (1998). Geochemical Analysis of Samples from Four Wells, Llanos Orientales Basin, Colombia. HARKEN. 12 p. BP (1985). Middle Magdalena Geochemistry. 26 p. BP (1997). Current Geochemical Understanding of the Cusiana Field. BPM-THE HAGUE (1957). Geochemical Investigations in Colombia Investigations into the Origin of the Oils from the Cordillera-Llanos Area. 18 p. CENPES (1995). Assessment of gas origin for the caribe-1 and sucumbios1 gas accumulations, Putumayo basin, Colombia. ECOPETROL. CENPES (1996). The petroleum system of the lower Magdalena basin, Colombia: a geochemical characterization of oils and potential source rocks. Petrobras. 118 p. CHEVRON (1992). Integrated Geologic and Seismic Interpretation Report of The Sumapaz Area, Colombia. 51 p. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Hormiga-1x. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Las Chicas-1. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Lucille-1. FARMLAND. CORE LAB LAND. (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Evelyn-1. FARM CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Conejo-1. TEXACO. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Dolores-1. FARMLAND. CHEVRON (1996). Anaconda-1. Evaluacin geoqumica. CHEVRON (1997). Geological Evaluation of The Sabana de Bogot Basin, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. 290 p. CONTINENTAL (1972). Informe Geoqumico Pozo Chaparral-1. CORE LAB (1979). Hydrocarbon source-bed evaluation well: San Diego no. 1. Texaco. 114 p. CORE LAB (1982). Crude oil characterization putumayo basin, Colombia. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Acae-2. TEXACO. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Bagre West-1. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Burdine-1. CAYMAN. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Cafelina-1. TEXACO. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Caimn-1. TEXACO.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Gavilan West-2 Cuenca del Putumayo, Colombia.
165
Data Sources
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Mandur-1. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Mandur-3. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Nancy-1. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Orito Sur-1. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Orito-80. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Puerto Asis-1. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Rio Mocoa-1. TEXACO. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Rio Pescado-1. TEXACO. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Rio Sevilla-1. TEXACO. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Setuko-1. CAYMAN. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Sucumbios-2. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Tambor-1. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Tucan-1. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Venado-1. TEXACO. CORE LAB (1988). Informe Operacional y Tcnico Ao Calendario 1987 Contrato de Asociacin La Plata. EUROCAN. CORELAB (1989). Castor-2 anlisis cromatogrfico. ESSO. CORE LAB (1989). Evaluacin Geoqumica De Dos Muestras De Crudo: Csn-1c Y Csn-1m. ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1998). Geochemical Evaluation of Twenty Outcrop Samples from Colombia. DEMINEX. 119 p. CORE LAB (1999). Regional Geochemical Study Crude Oils Llanos Basin, Colombia. ECOPETROL. 79 p. CORE LAB (2001). Geochemical Evaluation of Three Crude Oils Sis, S5s, and S6e-St2 for Reservoir Continuity. CORE LAB COLOMBIA (2003). Geochemical Evaluation of Source Rocks and Oil Seeps from the Tafura Block, Upper Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia. PETROBRAS. 178 p. DGSI (1988). La Canada-1 Anlisis Geoqumico. HOCOL. DGSI (1990). Estudio Geoqumico Sabana de Bogot. ELF AQUITAINE. DGS, (1990). Kerogen Microscopy of Twelve Isolated Kerogens Rio Saldana-2 Well. HOCOL. 15 p DGSI (1994). Luna roja-1. Geochemical analysis. ECOPETROL. ECOPETROL (1963). Suerte-1 Anlisis de Hidrocarburos. ECOPETROL (1968). Suerte-1 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. CORE LAB (1995). Geochemical Evaluation of Three Crude Oil Samples. ECOPETROL. 98 p. CORE LAB (1995). Geochemical Evaluation of Sixty Outcrops and Seven Seeps. 224 p. CORE LAB (1997). Tamauka-1 anlisis geoqumico. OXY CORE LAB (1998). Geochemical Evaluation of Sixty Two Outcrop Samples from Colombia. 227 p. CORE LAB (1989). Oil Seep Characterization Cauca-Patio Area. ECOPETROL. 23 p. CORE LAB (1990). Pitalito. Geochemical evaluation of cuttings samples from the Pantera-10 Pantera-11 Pantera-1 and Oso-1 wells. Final report. TEXACO. 32 p.
166
Data Sources
ECOPETROL (1971). Violo-3. Anlisis de gas. ECOPETROL (1973). Corozal-1 evaluacin roca madre. ECOPETROL (1973). Santos-27 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1973). Santos-32 Anlisis Cromatograficos. ECOPETROL (1986). Suria Sur-1 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1976). Informe Geolgico Final Pozo Uashir-1. ECOPETROL (1987). Apiay-10 anlisis de hidrocarburos. ECOPETROL (1979. Almeja-1 Informe geoqumico. TEXPET. ECOPETROL, (1987). Apiay-12 anlisis cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1979).Suerte-12 anlisis cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1987). Apiay-12 anlisis de hidrocarburos. ECOPETROL (1980). Geochemical Characterization of a Group of Petroleums from the Rio Magdalena Valley Colombia. SOHIO PETROLEUM. 35 p. ECOPETROL (1982). Reevaluacin Geolgica de la Estructura Cantagallo-Yarigui. 191 p. ECOPETROL (1982). Apiay-1 anlisis de hidrocarburos. ECOPETROL (1988). Anlisis cromatogrfico. pozo "Suria sur no 3". ECOPETROL (1982). Santos-41 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1988). Anlisis cromatogrfico. Quillacinga-1. ECOPETROL (1983). Evaluacin Geolgica Arenas "C" Campo Cristalina. 85 p. ECOPETROL (1984) Anlisis cromatogrfico Guayuriba-1. ECOPETROL (1984). Anlisis cromatogrfico Guayuriba-1. ECOPETROL (1988). Quillacinga-1. Anlisis muestras de fluido. ECOPETROL (1984). Santos-50 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1988). Suria Sur-2 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1985). Guatiquia-1 Anlisis Muestras De Fluidos. ECOPETROL (1989). Toldado-4 Anlisis de hidrocarburos. ECOPETROL (1985). Guatiquia-1. Anlisis muestra de fluidos. ECOPETROL (1989). La Libertad-4 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1985). Revisin Geolgica del Bloque Rio Ele. 98 p. ECOPETROL (1989). Quilili-1 Chromatographic Analysis. ECOPETROL (1985). Sumario Geolgico y Operacional Pozo LVT-IX. 195 p. ECOPETROL (1985). Suria-1 Anlisis de hidrocarburos. ECOPETROL (1989). Santa Clara Sur-2 Anlisis Geoqumicos. ECOPETROL (1990). Material Sntesis Cuenca de los Llanos Orientales. 35 p. ECOPETROL (1988). Apiay-8 anlisis cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1988). Compilacin de informacin pozos cuenca llanos orientales pruebas produccin y formacin. ECOPETROL (1987). Austral-1 anlisis cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1987). Evaluacin Geolgica rea Santa Ana Guajira. 17 p. ECOPETROL (1987). Toldado-1. Anlisis PVT. ECOPETROL (1985). Suria-1 Anlisis Cromatogrfico de Gases. ECOPETROL (1986). Apiay-8 Anlisis de hidrocarburos. ECOPETROL (1986). Proyecto N.W. de Colombia sector norte Evaluacin estratigrfica de proyecto. 176 p.
167
Data Sources
ECOPETROL (1990). Momposina-1 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1991). Informe Geolgico Final Pozo Sitionuevo-1. ELF AQUITAINE (1985). Morichal-1. Evaluacin roca madre. ECOPETROL (1991). Yurilla-1 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1992). Guayuriba-1 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. ECOPETROL (1992). Anlisis cromatogrfico pozo Tanane-3. ESSO (1987). Los Mangos-4 Anlisis Geoqumicos. ECOPETROL (1992). Pozo: Hechizo-1 Servicio de Registro Continuo de Hidrocarburos. ECOPETROL (1993). Anlisis cromatogrfico Monserrate-1. ECOPETROL (1994). Galeron-1. Geochemical characterization. ECOPETROL (1994). Integrated Technical Evaluation Santander Sector Colombia. 125 p. ECOPETROL (1995). Geochemical Evaluation of the Boga-1 Well Colombia. ECOPETROL (1996). Prospecto Lengupa. Cuenca Llanos Orientales. Bloque Medina. 74 p. ECOPETROL (1996). Tierra Negra. Geochemical study of rock samples from the Tierra Negra Llanos Orientales basin. 84 p. ECOPETROL (1997). Evaluacin Regional Geolgica y Geofsica de la Cuenca del Putumayo. ECOPETROL (2001). Determinacin de la Madurez Termal en el Pozo Mucurera-3. 26 p. ECOPETROL (2001). Proyecto Evaluacin Crudos Pesados Cuenca del Valle Superior del Magdalena. 23 p. ECOPETROL (2001). Proyecto Nacional de Crudos Pesados. 81 p. ECOPETROL (2002). Definicin de Eventos de Generacin de Hidrocarburos en la Subcuenca de Girardot, Valle Superior del Magdalena. GEMS (2006). Estudio de Prospeccin Geoqumica de Superficie del TEA EL TIGRE LLANOS. HOCOL. ESSO (1988). Rio Ceibas-1 Anlisis Geoqumicos. ESSO (1990). Libano-1 Anlisis Geoqumicos. ESSO (1991). Tierrafirme-1 Final Report. 100 p. EUROCAN (1990). Cormichoque-1 Anlisis Geoqumico. EXXON (1985). Geochemical Study of Oil Samples from the Llanos Basin, Colombia. INTERCOL. 31 p. EXXON (1988). Hydrocarbon Source Potential of Santa Clara Sur-1 Well. 27 p. EXXON (1994). Delta-Log-R Source Rock Evaluation of 6 Well In Colombia, Ecopetrol Protocol Project; Delta Log-R Stratigraphic Cross Section Llanos Foothills Protocol Area. EXXON PRODUCTION RESEARCH COMPANY (1971). Suesca norte-1. Anlisis geoqumico. ESSO. 48 p. GEMS (2002). Caracterizacin geoqumica detallada de los hidrocarburos gaseosos de las cuencas: Llanos Orientales, Catatumbo y Valle del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. GEMS (2003). Evaluacin Geoqumica de Rocas, Extractos e Impregnaciones del Pozo ANDINO-1 (VSM). NEXEN. ENERGY RESOURCE CONSULTANTS (1980). Organic Geochemistry of Las Monas Oils and Cretaceous Outcrops, Colombia Oil-Oil and Oil-Source Rock Correlations. CITIES SERVICES. 187 p. ECOPETROL (2003). Pacifico. Reevaluacin programa geoqumico pacifico-78. 248 p.
168
Data Sources
GEMS (2006). Estudio de Prospeccin Geoqumica de Superficie del TEA GUEPARDO LLANOS. HOCOL. GEMS (2007). 2061936 Convenio Fonade 95080. Caracterizacin geoqumica de rocas y crudos de las cuencas: Cesar-Ranchera, Sin-San Jacinto, Choco; 3 Vol. ANH. GEMS (2008). Ro Ariari. Estudio de prospeccin geoqumica de superficie. PETROMINERALES. GEO MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGIES (2000). Microbial Oil Survey Technique (Most) and Sorbed Soil Gas (SSG) Analysis, Baja Guajira Area, Guajira Basin. 97 p. GEOCHEM (1976). Crude Oil-Parent Rock Correlation Study Upper Magdalena Valley Basin Colombia. COLBRAS. GEOCHEM (1977). Estudio Geoqumico de las Muestras y del Petrleo del Pozo Unete-1 (Cuenca De Los Llanos). ECOPETROL. GEOCHEM (1979). Informe Geoqumico Pozo San Pedro-1. CONTINENTAL. GEOCHEM (1980). Estudio Geoqumico Integrado de La Cuenca del Valle Inferior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. GEOCHEM LABORATORIES INC. (1981). Geochemical Analysis of Pata Basin Outcrop Samples. ECOPETROL. 5 p. GEOESTUDIOS (2008). Levantamiento de Columnas Estratigrficas y realizacin de anlisis petrogrficos, petrofsicos, bioestratigrficos, y geoqumicos en las reas Pasto - El Bordo, Cali - Buga, y Buga - Cartago (Cuenca Cauca - Pata). 411 p. GEOLOGING (2000). Caracterizacin geoqumica de la secuencia cretcica como roca fuente de hidrocarburos en la cuenca valle del Cauca Pata. ECOPETROL. 119 p. GEOPETROCOL (1998). Base de datos geoqumica bsica proyecto cesarRanchera/pozo Compae-1. ECOPETROL. GEOPETROCOL (1998). Base de datos geoqumica bsica muestras diversas del proyecto cesar-Ranchera. ECOPETROL. GEORESPONSE (1991). Evaluacin Exploratoria del rea del Atlntico. ECOPETROL. 123 p. GEOSERVICES (1993). Volcanera-1 Anlisis Geoqumico. MAXUS. GEOTRACK (2002). Cretaceous outcrop samples. El Descanso block. Colombia geochemistry data. Geochemistry data and interpretive report. PETROBRAS. GEOTRACK (2002). Outcrop Samples Muisca Block, Colombia Geochemistry data and interpretive report. NEXEN. 87 p. GHK (1996). Rio Seco Association Contract Geological Studies. 162 p. GSI (1987). Near-Surface Light Hydrocarbon Gas Survey Northern Tesalia Area La Plata Concession Huila Department Colombia. EUROCAN. HALLIBURTON (2006). Anexo f. 7.16 proyecto de crudos pesados - cuenca Llanos. Caracterizacin geoqumica regional para el Terciario y Cretcico. HERITAGE (1998). Mateguafa-1. Informe geolgico final. HGA (1999). Estudio Geoqumico de Superficie Aplicando la Tcnica Sorbed Soil Gas (SSG) en el Bloque Sarare, Colombia. OMIMEX. HGA (2000). Informe Gasometra y Anomalas De C02 Bloque San GabrielValle Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. HGA (2001). Alcatraz. Informe final. Estudio gasomtrico Bloque Alcatraz. Cuenca Sin - geoqumica de superficie. ECOPETROL. HGA (2005). Estudio Geoqumico de Superficie TEA Guaimaral - VIM. HOCOL. HGA (2005). Informe de adquisicin de muestras de campo. Estudio Geoqumico de Superficie, Cuenca Cauca-Pata. 70 p. HGA (2005). Estudio Geoqumico de Superficie, Cuencas CesarRanchera y Sin - San Jaciinto. 92 p. HGA (2005). Estudio Geoqumico de Superficie, Cuencas Cordillera Oriental ,rea Soapaga y Cuenca Choc, rea San Juan. 975 p. HOCOL (1982). Dina Tertiary-30 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. HOCOL (1984). Hato Nuevo-1 Anlisis Cromatogrficos.
169
Data Sources
HOCOL S.A. (1987). Tenay- 1 anlisis de hidrocarburos. HOCOL (1988). Guarapito-1. Maturity and kerogen composition. HOCOL (1988). Ilona-1 Anlisis Geoqumicos. HOCOL S.A. (1988). Pigoanza-1 anlisis geoqumico. HOCOL (1988). Santa Clara-1 Chromatographic Analysis Final Report. HOCOL (2004). Pirolisis Rock-Eval Vi Pozos Tesalia-1, Cerro Buenavista1, Pedernal-1. 7 p. ICP (1982). Evaluacin Geoqumica Pozo Escuela-1 Valle Superior del Magdalena. GHK. 32 p. ICP (1988). Anlisis cromatogrficos. pozo "Pompeya no. 1". ICP (1988). Pompeya-1 anlisis de hidrocarburos. ICP (1988). Resultados Anlisis de Crudo, Pozos "Suria Sur 2" y "Apiay 13". ECOPETROL. 79 p. ICP (1988). Guatiquia-2 anlisis de hidrocarburos. ICP (1989). Informe Proyecto Servicios Quimbaya-2. ECOPETROL. 265 p. ICP (1990). Evaluacin del Potencial de Hidrocarburos de La Cuenca Valle Inferior del Magdalena, Subcuenca de Plato A Travs Del Modelo Computarizado Rasp. ICP (1990). Proyecto Pata. Anexo geoqumico. ECOPETROL. 87 p. ICP (1992). Evaluacin Geoqumica del rea Remolino-Pivijay. 19 p. ICP (1993). Evaluacin Geoqumica de dos Muestras de Manadero y un Aceite Contenido en Roca gnea de La Cuenca del Putumayo. ECOPETROL. 11 p. ICP (1994). Evaluacin Geoqumica Cuenca del Valle Superior del Magdalena Fase 1. ECOPETROL. ICP (1995). Caracterizacin de crudos y aguas distrito alto magdalena. ECOPETROL. ICP (1997). Evaluacin Geoqumica Pozos 1ppm2-5ppi3 Formacin Umir. ECOPETROL. ICP (1997). Evaluacin geoqumica pozos Buenos Aires x-14 y Florena-1 piedemonte - cuenca Llanos Orientales. ECOPETROL. ICP (1997). Evaluacin geoqumica pozos Buenos Aires x-14 y Florena-1. Piedemonte-cuenca llanos orientales. ECOPETROL. 131 p. ICP (1997). Evaluacin Geoqumica Pruebas DST Pozo Coporo-1. ECOPETROL. ICP (1997). Evaluacin Geoqumica Crudos Segundo-1 Y Quintero-2 Manaderos Fb1 Y Fb2 Cuenca VSM. ECOPETROL. 39 p. ICP (1997). Evaluacin Geoqumica de las Pruebas DST 1 Pozo Coporo-1 Cuenca de los Llanos Orientales Informe Preliminar. ECOPETROL. ICP (1996). Evaluacin Geoqumica Pozos Ortega-13 Pacande Sur-1 y Guasimo-1 Cuenca Valle Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. 40 p. ICP (1997). Coporo-1. Evaluacin geoqumica (pruebas DST). ECOPETROL. ICP (1997). Coporo-1. Evaluacin geoqumica (roca madre). ECOPETROL. ICP (1995). Geoqumica de Produccin Campos Loro-Hormiga-Acae Cuenca del Putumayo. ECOPETROL. 71 p. ICP (1996). Evaluacin Geoqumica Cuenca Putumayo. 67 p. ICP (1996). Definicin de los Sistemas Petrolferos del Valle Medio del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. ICP (1996). Evaluacin Geoqumica de la Prueba MDT 16665' Pozo Coporo-1 Cuenca Llanos Orientales. ECOPETROL. ICP (1996). Evaluacin Geoqumica de Las Pruebas MDT Pozo Coporo-1 Cuenca Llanos Orientales. ECOPETROL. ICP (1995). Evaluacin Geoqumica Muestras de Afloramiento y Pozo Arauca-1 Proyecto Ecopetrol-Corpoven Sector Arauca. ECOPETROL.
170
ICP (1997). Evaluacin Geoqumica Seccin Geolgica Mesitas del Colegio Pozo Anaconda-1 Pozo Tamauca-1. ECOPETROL. 61 p. ICP (1997). Evaluacin Regional de La Cuenca Yari-Caguan. ECOPETROL. 166 p. ICP (1998). Evaluacin Geoqumica Muestras de Afloramiento Formacin Payande Oil Seep - Cuenca Valle Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. 26 p. ICP (1998). Evaluacin Geoqumica Pozo Florentina-1 (Intervalo 7830'9150') Cuenca Valle Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. ICP (1998). Evaluacin geoqumica pozo Alpujarra_1 intervalo (30`5440). ECOPETROL. 48 p. ICP (1998). Evaluacin geoqumica pozo Alpujarra-1(intervalo 30'-5440') Formacin Guadalupe seccin geolgica Ro Venado norte del Huilaseccin geolgica vereda Montellano piedemonte occidental de la Cordillera Oriental. ECOPETROL. 48 p. ICP (1998). Evaluacin geoqumica quebrada San Antonio-Vara Santa, carretera a San Luis de Gacebo, Rio Lengupa y La Colorada. Piedemonte llanero de la cordillera oriental. ECOPETROL. 22 p. ICP (1998). Evaluacin Geoqumica Seccin Geolgica Escuela La Rosita Formacin La Frontera. ECOPETROL. 15 p. ICP (1999). Evaluacin Geoqumica de Secciones Estratigrficas en el Sector de Tauramena. ECOPETROL. 49 p. ICP (1999). Evaluacin Geoqumica de Los Pozos Nilo_1 (1110-3960) y Susana_1 (100-3810). ECOPETROL. ICP (2000). Estudio Geoqumico de Gases de la Guajira. ECOPETROL. ICP (2000). Evaluacin Geoqumica Pozos Mero - 1 (980 - 15710) Y San Jos - 1 (870 - 15330) Cuenca Baja y Alta Guajira. ECOPETROL. ICP (2001). Evaluacin Geoqumica de los Pozos Florea-N2f, Florea-3f Y Golconda-1.Cuenca de Llanos Orientales. BP. 108 p. ICP (2001). Evaluacin Geoqumica de Muestras de Roca y un Rezumadero de la Subcuenca Pata. ECOPETROL. 150 p.
ICP (2001). Evaluacin geoqumica del Bloque Altamizal. Cuenca del Valle Superior del Magdalena. SIPETROL. 105 p. ICP (2001). Evaluacin geoqumica del bloque San Antonio. Valle Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. 128 p. ICP (2001). Evaluacin geoqumica del Cretcico Superior en la Subcuenca de Girardot. Anexo 1 anlisis TOC y pirolisis. ECOPETROL. 58 p. ICP (2001). Evaluacin geoqumica muestras de aceite rezumaderos bloque San Gabriel y estudio petrolgico. ECOPETROL. ICP (2001). Evaluacin Geoqumica Preliminar de Crudos Pesados en la Cuencas Llanos-Yary-Caguan-Putumayo y VMM. ECOPETROL. 53 p. ICP (2001). Evaluacin y Modelamiento Geoqumico de la Formacin Ir Subcuenca San Juan (Choc). ECOPETROL. 211 p. ICP (2001). Generacin y expulsin de Hidrocarburos en la cuenca de Catatumbo. ECOPETROL. 100 p. ICP (2001). Valle Superior del Magdalena. Correlacin geoqumica de crudos de las provincias petrolferas: Valle Superior del Magdalena, Putumayo, geoqumica Maran geoquimica1 geoquimica2: informe final. ECOPETROL. 65 p. ICP (2002). Cintica de la materia orgnica y caracterizacin geoqumica de las rocas madre en la seccin de la qda. Bambuc-Neiva. ECOPETROL. ICP (2002). Evaluacin Geoqumica del rea de Cayos. ECOPETROL. 32 p. ICP (2003). Caracterizacin geoqumica y correlaciones crudo-roca en la cuenca Catatumbo. ECOPETROL. ICP (2003). Evaluacin de Crudos en las Cuencas Llanos Orientales y Valle Superior y Medio del Magdalena, Colombia: Caracterizacin Geoqumica e Implicaciones Exploratorias. ECOPETROL. INTERCOL (1983). Marsella-1. Geochemical study. INTERCOL (1987). Geochemistry of Core and Cuttings Samples from the Tame-2 Well, Llanos Basin, Colombia.
171
Data Sources
INTERCOL (1990). Necocli-1. Anlisis geoqumico. INTERCOL (1998). Evaluacin Geoqumica Pozo Sm-4 (Intervalo 540'12940') Cuenca Llanos Orientales. INTERSCIENCE (1990). Preliminary Discussion of Oil Samples From Torayaco #1, Nancy #1 and Burdine #4 Putumayo Basin, Colombia. ARGOSY. INTERSCIENCE (1991). Organic Geochemistry of Oil Samples from Putumayo Basin, Colombia. ARGOSY. 46 p. INTEVEP (1985). Estudio Geoqumico del Pozo Lvt-2x Estado Apure. ECOPETROL. INTEVEP (1986). Estudio Geoqumico Orgnico del Pozo Gf-5x Estado Apure. CORPOVEN. INVESTIGACIONES GEOTECNICAS (1995). Geochemical Report Rio Blanco SW Surface Sample And Oil Seep Evaluation. CHEVRON. 22 p. KOCH (1981). Final report Barranquilla no. 1. LASMO (1986). Geochemical Evaluation of the Santiago-2 Well, Colombia. LASMO (1986). Santiago-4 Anlisis de Hidrocarburos. LASMO (1990). El Palmar-1 y Los Trompillos-1. Anlisis geoqumico. LASMO. Guepaje-1. Geochemical analysis. LL&E (1989). Los Teques-1 anlisis geoqumico. NEW VENTURES STAFF (1978). Evaluation of the Arboletes Contract Area, Colombia S.A. CITIES SERVICES. OXY (1982). El Miedo-1. Informe final de perforacin. PETROMINEROS. Bituima-2 anlisis de fluidos. OXY (1982). Geochemical final well report occidental of Colombia inc. Well Arauquita no.1. OXY (1982). San joaquin-1. Anlisis de hidrocarburos.geologa de produccin. ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1960). Capote-1. Anlisis geoqumicos. COLCITCO. PETROBRAS (2003). Geochemical Evaluation of Outcrop Samples from the Rio Guape Block, Colombia. 226 p. PETROCANADA (1990). Cauca-pata surface oil seep. PETROCOL (1980). Maicao-1. Anlisis geoqumico. PETROBRAS (1999). A geochemical evaluation of oil samples dst-2a, dst4 and dst-5 from the Chenche-1 well, Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. PETROBRAS (1998). Reservoir Geochemistry of the Dina-T Oil Field, Upper Magdalena Basin. 134 p. PETROBRAS (1998). Santero rea Surface Geochemical Survey Report. OXY (1986). Contrato de asociacin Cravo Norte campo de Cao Limn OXY (1986). Review of Cao Limon Crude Oil Geochemistry. 60 p. OXY (1989). Geochemical Evaluation of Three Outcrop Samples and Two Surface Seep Samples Cauca Patio, Colombia. OXY (1991). Evaluation of Source Rock Potential of Outcrops Samples Cauca Pata, Colombia. 91 p. PERENCO (1977). Piedras-1 Anlisis Cromatogrficos. PERENCO (1979). Bunde-1. Anlisis geoqumicos. PERENCO. Guarilaque-1 anlisis geoqumicos. PETROBRAS (1987). Central middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia; petroleum evaluation: de mares - Sogamoso - Cristalina reas. PETROBRAS (1992). Geochemical evaluation of the el Olivo well (Upper Magdalena Basin, Colombia). 121 p.
172
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ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1977). Report on a Petroleum Geochemical and Petrographic Study of The Tauramena - 2x Well, Eastern Llanos Basin, Colombia. ECOPETROL. 148 p. ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1979). Geochemical Evaluation of Rondon-1, Corozal-1, and La Heliera-1, Wells, Llanos Basin, Colombia. ECOPETROL. 126 p. ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1979) Fuerte-1 anlisis geoqumico. COLCITCO. ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1981). Guayabito-1. Geochemical analysis of outcrop samples from Colombia. NATOMAS. 28 p.ROBERTSON RESEARCH, (1982). Guayabito Geochemical Analysis of Outcrop Samples from Middle Magdalena Valley Colombia, Sogamoso Area. NATOMAS. 24 p. ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1985). Pato-1. Geochemical analysis. SUN OIL. SUNRAY (1982). Organic Geochemistry of the La Esmeralda No.1. 72 p. ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1985). La Cabana-1 anlisis geoqumico. UNION TEXAS. ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1986). Geochemical, Petrographic and Petrophysical Evaluation of Paleozoic Core Piece Samples From Selected Wells, Llanos Basin Colombia, Phase II. ROBERTSON RESEARCH INC (1986). Gas chromatograms of alkaline fractions of oils llanos and Magdalena Basins: geochemical study - Llanos and middle Magdalena Basins, Colombia. ROBERTSON RESEARCH INC. (1986). Gas Chromatograms of Alkaline Fractions of Oils Llanos and Magdalena Gas1: Geochemical Study - Llanos and Middle Gas0 Gas2, Colombia. ROBERTSON RESEARCH INC. (1986). Gas Chromatograms of Unfractionated (Whole) Oils Llanos and Magdalena: Geochemical Study Llanos and Middle Magdalena Gas1, Colombia. ROBERTSON RESEARCH INC. (1986). Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry Traces Of Oils Llanos And Magdalena Basins. ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1987). Results of Surface Geochemical Survey in the Cirama Area, Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. ECOPETROL. ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1993). Geology of the Rio Blanco Block, Colombia. CHEVRON. 117 p. TENNECO (1969). Dina Tertiary-1 Anlisis de Hidrocarburos. TEXACO (1977). Cartagena-2. Anlisis geoqumico. TEXACO (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: Azul Grande-2. TEXACO (1982). Evaluacin de Roca Madre Pozo: El Tigre-1. TEXACO (1986). Arimena-1. Geochemical evaluation. TEXACO (1986). Contrato de asociacin Nare solicitud reconocimiento campo Nare informacin adicional y soporte tcnico. TEXACO (2003). Informe Tcnico Actividades Ao 2001 Asociacin Macuira Costa Afuera Guajira. 57 p. TEXACO. Ortega-1 Anlisis de Hidrocarburos. TEXICAN (1998). Informe Tcnico Anual Ao Calendario 1997 Contrato De Asociacin Maracas Cuenca Cesar Ranchera. 49 p. THE ROBERTSON GROUP (1989). Almagro-1. Anlisis geoqumico. REPSOL. TOTAL (1995). Geochemical data available in Paleozoic. Llanos basin Colombia. SUMARK (1979). Geochemical Report El Morro-1 Well. ECOPETROL. 61 p.SUN OIL (1986). Palma Real-1 Anlisis Geoqumicos. SUNMARK (1977). Santiago-1. Anlisis geoqumico. ELF AQUITAINE. SUNMARK (1979). La Gloria-1. Anlisis geoqumico. INTERCOL. SERVIGECOL (1997). Control geolgico lneas ssmicas, bloque Boquern. LASMO. SGL (1991). Interpretacin Geolgica de la Informacin Ssmica de la Subcuenca del Ranchera. ECOPETROL. 32 p. SOHIO PETROLEUM (1983). Informe Final Concesin de Opn Valle Medio del Rio Magdalena Colombia. HOUSTON OIL. 34 p.
173
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TRINITY (1997). Farallones. Surface geochemical evaluation. Preliminary data report. TROPICAL OIL (1905). De mares concesin general geological le Hers 1928-1939. UIS (1988). Evaluacin del Potencial Hidrocarburifero de Las Subcuencas Chimare y Portete en la Alta Guajira. ECOPETROL. 116 p. UNION TEXAS (1986). Final Geological Report La Maria-1. 660 p.UNIVERSIDAD DE AMERICA (1998). Delimitacin de Las Zonas Potencialmente Generadoras de La Formacin Villeta en el Valle Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS - ANTEK S.A. (2009). Geoqumica Orgnica de Slim Holes, Cuenca Sin - San Jacinto. 47 p. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL (1995). Anlisis geoqumico de las formaciones prealbianas Fomeque y Tibasosa en un rea al norte de Tunja entre los municipios de pesca, Nobsa, Santa rosa de Viterbo, Belen y Beteitiva. ECOPETROL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL (1995). Evaluacin geolgica y geoqumica de las unidades del cretceo superior, como posibles rocas generadoras de hidrocarburos. En el rea comprendida entre Tunja y Paz de Rio Boyac (Colombia). Ecopetrol. 118 p. WEBB (1982) Anlisis cromatogrficos pozo Escocia-2. WEBB (1982). Escocia-2 Anlisis Cromatograficos-1. WEBER, F., (1990). Geochemical evaluation of the Corrales no. 1 well, eastern cordillera, Colombia. ESSO. WESTERN ATLAS INTERNATIONAL (1992). Field: Santa Clara Crude Oil Analysis Final Report. HOCOL. 9 p. WESTERN ATLAS INTERNATIONAL CORE LABORATORIES (1989). Informe Operacional y Tcnico Ao Calendario 1989 Contrato de Asociacin Salado blanco. EUROCAN. WESTERN ATLAS INTERNATIONAL CORE LABORATORIES (1989). Western Atlas International Core Laboratories. MAXUS. 7 p. WESTERN ATLAS INTERNATIONAL CORE LABORATORIES (1991). San Francisco Field Crude Oil Analysis Final Report. HOCOL. 4 p. WESTPORT (1999). Detailed Characterization of Cusiana Oils. BPAMOCO.
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Volume 14, Special Edition

Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia Second Edition

Hydrogen Index (mg HC / gTOC)

1 3 5 20 31 39 47 53 61 77 83 89 93 105 118 123 132 137 141 157 162 164

EARTH SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL

INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS

Reference to a paper published in a Journal following Vancouver Style:

Earth Sciences Research Journal Special Edition

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Luis Montes ESRJ Chief Editor

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Hydrogen Index (mg HC/ g TOC)

> 600 300 - 600 50 -200 < 50

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

0.65 - 0.9 0.9 - 1.35

In the absence of a positive petroleumsource rock correlation, geochemical evidence

Geological or geophysical evidence

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Cali Neiva SM San Jose del Guaviare

Paleozoic sedimentary rocks forming structural highs Basement high

From Barrero et al., 2007

SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION

Lower Cretaceous Neogene

From Barrero et al., 2007

From Mojica et al., 2010

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Wells and Seeps

Mary Costayaco Burdine/Maxine

Oil and gas fields

Wells with geochemical information Oil seeps

Gas seeps Undetermined seeps Cities/Towns

1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Crude Oil Quality

CABALLOS Fm. PEPINO Fm. UNKNOWN VILLETA Fm.

Biodegraded Oil 2000

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

en en nm og viro r d Ke n II g E ixe e M p cin Ty du e l, R a g Al ge ro e K n

Marine Deltaic (CRETACEOUS)

0.1 0.1 1 10 100

C35 / C34 Hopane

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Fragmentogram m/z 191

Fragmentogram m/z 217

C17 C18 Phytane C19

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Fragmentogram m/z 217

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Source Rock Characterization

Hydrogen Index (mg HC / gTOC)

Excellent Generation Potential Low thermal maturity

Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)

Hydrogen Index (mg HC / gTOC)

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Source Rock Characterization

5000 6000 7000 8000

9000 10 Very Good 10000 11000 12000 2 4 6 8 10 0.1

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA