PCM MODULATOR

KIRBY C. ALIPIO JOVAN N. FLORES RODOLFO B. GIER JR.

ECE 42B
Digital Communications Laboratory Tuesday 10:00 1:00 pm

Engr. Anthony Jagures Instructor

Objectives
1. To understand the operation theory of PCM modulator. 2. To understand the theory of PCM modulation circuit. 3. To design and implement the PCM modulator. 4. To understand the methods of measuring and adjusting the PCM demodulation circuit.

Circuit Diagrams:

Data Results: Input Signal

Output Signal Waveforms T1 T2

T2 500 Hz 250 mV NO READING T4 and T6

T3

T5 and T6

Table 5-2 Measured results of PCM modulator when J1 short circuit.

Input Signal

Output Signal Waveforms

T1 T2

T3 1 kHz 250 mV NO READING

OP

T4 and T6

T5 and T6

Table 5-2 Measured results of PCM modulator when J1 short circuit.

Input Signal

Output Signal Waveforms T1 T2

T3 500 Hz 250 mV NO READING T4 and T6

OP

T5 and T6

Table 5-2 Measured results of PCM modulator when J2 short circuit.

Input Signal

Output Signal Waveforms T1 T2

T3 NO READING T4 and T6

OP

1 kHz 250 mV

T5 and T6

Table 5-2 Measured results of PCM modulator when J2 short circuit.

QUESTION AND ANSWER:

1. From figure 5-3, what are the objectives of the first muA741? The first muA741 are part of the components that comprise a second order low-pass filter. The structure of this low-pass filter is a voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS) low-pass filter. 2. From figure 5-4, what are the objectives of the second mu741? The second A741 in the circuit is for impedance matching. Since the output of PCM modulator is bipolar junction transistor type not field effect transistor type, therefore, in order to prevent the load effect, we need to connect a buffer at the output terminal for impedance matching 3. From the PCM modulator circuit, how to generate the 2048 kHz and 8 kHz square wave signal? Figure 5.4 is the circuit diagram of 2048 kHz square wave generator. From figure 5.4, we use 2048 kHz crystal oscillator to match with the TTL inverter, which can produce the required signal. Sample clock (SCLK) is the sample frequency, which supplies the required operation frequency of the internal sampler. The sample frequency is 8 kHz, i.e. the sampler will sample the input audio signal in every 0.125 ms. The sampling frequency is obtained by using the counter to divided the 2048 kHz square wave signal by 256. 4. In figure 5-3, what are the functions of R5 and R6? The analog signal will pass through R5 and input to pin 10, which is the inverting input terminal. Then the signal will pass through R6 and feedback to pin 9. Therefore, The structure of these two pins is OPA structure and the expression of the gain is Av = -R6/R5

INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS:
KIRBY C. ALIPIO Transmission of signal from two communication links needs to undergo PCM modulation because some signals like audio, movies and music are analog in nature, thus, there is a need to convert this signals to digital form to be stored and transmitted. In our experiment, the analog input signal is modulated to convert these signals to digital form for the purpose of storage and transmission. JOVAN N. FLORES After the signal undergone modulation, I have observed that it is already different compared to the input signal. The signal is somehow like a square wave or is already a digital signal. Therefore, I can say that to convert analog signals to digital signals, there is need for PCM modulation. This is necessary to transmit signal from one link to another. RODOLFO B. GIER JR. In PCM modulation, the original input signal which is an analog sine wave signal is modulated, divided into levels and each level is assigned a binary number. In PCM the input signal undergoes the process of quantization/quantizing where the signal the continuously varying signal is represented as one of a number of discrete value. In our data results, its clear that the analog signal is changed after modulation.

CONCLUSION
Pulse Code Modulation Process: In PCM the available range of signal voltages is divided into levels and each is assigned a binary number. Each Sample is then represented by the binary number representing the levels closet to it amplitudes and this number is transmitted in serial form. PCM modulation is a kind of source coding. The meaning of source coding is the conversion from analog signal to digital signal. After converted to digital signal, it is easy for us to process the signal such as encoding, filtering the unwanted signal and so on. Besides, the quality of digital signal is better than analog signal. This is because the digital signal can be easily recovered by using comparator.

Theory Source: Digital Communications Systems Laboratory Manual