Optimal Size and Location of Distributed Generation Unit for Voltage Stability Enhancement

M. Abdel-Akher1
1

A. A. Ali1

A. M. Eid1
2

H. El-Kishky2
Department of Electrical Engineering University of Texas at Tyler 3900 University Blvd. Tyler, TX 75799, USA

Department of Electrical Engineering Aswan Faculty of Engineering South Valley University

81542 Aswan, Egypt

Abstract This paper presents the analysis of a distribution system connected with distributed generation (DG) units. The developed technique is based on the steady state voltage stability index. The weakest branches in the distribution system which are more likely go to the instability region are selected for DG allocation. Two optimization methods are utilized to find out the size of the DG corresponding to minimum losses or minimum stability index. The NewtonRaphson load-flow is used to find the steady-state solution of the studied distribution system. The AMPL software package is utilized for evaluating the size of the DG units. The developed methods are tested using a 90-bus distribution system with a variety of case studies. I. INTRODUCTION Distributed Generation (DG) has the potential to provide technical and economic benefits to the distribution system, such as the reduction of power losses and power quality improvement. On the other hand, it should be noted that, whether the DG is misused or misplaced, it may easily cause degradation of power quality, reliability, and control of the system or it may increase losses and affect voltage regulation. There are many approaches for deciding the optimum sizing and sitting of distributed generation units in distribution systems. In [1], the authors determined the optimum locations of DG in the distribution network. The work aimed to study several factors related to the network and the DG unit itself such as the overall system efficiency, system reliability, voltage profile, load variation, network losses and the DG loss adjustment factors. In [2], the authors aimed to determine the optimal sizing of a small isolated power system that contains renewable and/or conventional energy technologies to minimize the systems cost of energy. In [3], a genetic algorithm based technique along with optimal power flow (OPF) calculations were used to determine the optimum size and location of DG units installed to the system in order to minimize the cost of active and reactive power generation. In [4], the primal-dual

interior-point optimization procedure was employed to identify the optimal location and size of DG units introduced to the system. In [5], sensitivity analysis of power losses in terms of DG size, location and operating point has been performed to find the optimal size and location of DG units. In [6], authors proposed an analytical method to determine the optimum location size pair of a DG unit in order to minimize only the line losses of the power system. In [7], authors used an exhaustive search algorithm to optimally locate and size a single DG unit in a meshed system taking into consideration the system losses and short circuit level. In [8], the authors studied the impact of placing a DG unit of certain size at each node of the system on the system indices representing system losses, voltage profile, line loading capacity and short circuit level. As for placing multiple DG units many researches were presented. In [9], authors used a GA based algorithm to determine the optimum size and location of multiple DG units to minimize the system losses and the power supplied by the main grid taking into account the limits of the voltage at each node of the system. In [10], authors placed DG units at the most sensitive buses to voltage collapse. The units had the same capacity and were placed one by one. In [11], a genetic algorithm based algorithm was presented to locate multiple DG units to minimize a cost function including the system losses and service interruption costs. The penetration of distributed generation resources is increasing in worldwide power distribution systems. This leads to that the distribution system is no longer modeled as passive networks receiving electric power from the high voltage transmission networks and distributing it to consumers. The installation of DG units to the distribution system helps to reduce the line losses, improve the voltage stability and improve the power quality [12]. When the penetration of DG is high, the generated power of DG units not only alters the power flow in the distribution system, but in the transmission system as well. The location and size of DG units to enhance the voltage stability are different from

978-1-4577-0541-0/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

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that of loss reduction purpose. In the visible literature, there is no a specified direct formula to determine the size and location of the DG units. In this paper, an accurate and direct formula is derived to determine the optimal size and location of DG units and to study their effects on voltage stability enhancement of a radial 90-bus distribution system. The Newton-Raphson load flow analysis is used to find the steady-state power solution of the system. The results of this work demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed developed technique on enhancing the voltage stability of the studied system using a specified formula for DG allocation.

Q j = Qi

Pj2 + Q 2 j V j2

(6)

Where R, X are the resistance and the reactance of branch connecting nodes i and j. Substitute (1), (5), and (6) in (2) yields: 2 Pi + Qi2 = Vi (8) 2 2 P2 + Q2 Pj2 + Q 2 1 j j Pj + j R + Qj + X V j2 V j2 V j2 Rearranging (8) gives an expression for the power-flow equation at node j:

II. STEADY STATE VOLTAGE STABILITY INDEX If we consider a distribution line segment connected between two nodes as shown in Fig. 1. The static voltage stability index at bus j, Lj, is derived as follows [13]: The current flows in the line segment calculated at nodes i and j is calculated as follows:

aV j4 + bV j2 + c = 0 Where:

(10)

a =1

b = 2 Pj R + Q j X Vi 2
2 2 c = Pj2 + Q 2 j R + X

Ii

P + Qi2 = i Vi

(1)

)(

(11-1)

(11-2) (11-3)

The solution of the second order equation (10) can be directly as follows:

Fig. 1 Distribution line segment connected between two nodes

b b 2 4ac (12) 2a The visible solution of the terminal voltage at node j is obtained by applying this condition: V j2 =
b 2 4ac 0

Ii

Pj2 + Q 2 j V
2 j

(2)

[2(P R + Q X ) V ] 4[(P
2 2 j j i

2 j

2 2 + Q2 0 j R + X

)(

)]

(13 (13)

Where Pi, Qi, Pj, and Qj are active and reactive power injections at nodes i and j, Vi and Vj are the voltages of nodes i and j respectively. The active and reactive power losses are expressed in terms of the current flowing in the line as follows: Pj2 + Q 2 j (3) R Ploss = 2 Vj
Qloss = P +Q V j2
2 j 2 j

By some manipulation for (13):

1 2 2 Vi Pj R + Q j X + (Pi X Qi R ) 1 Vi 4

[ (

(14)

(4)

Then,
Pj = Pi Pj2 + Q 2 j V j2 R

The steady state voltage stability index at bus j is defined by: 1 2 L j = 4 (Pi X Qi R ) + Vi 2 Pj R + Q j X (15) Vi This formula has an advantage that the effect of node voltages is taken into account. The voltage stability index L, is defined by:

)]

(5)

L = max {L1 , L 2 , L 3 ,......... L N 1 }

(16)

105

L j PDGj

=0

(19)

Vj Vi Pij i Qij Qji PDGj Rij+jXij Pji j . . . . . . . N

PDGj

N 1 2 2 RVi + 2 X PLj + Pjk 2Q ji RX = 2X 2 k j k i , j

(20)

C) Minimum system losses The minimum value for the losses of distribution feeder can be calculated by forming the following objective function:

DG

PLj

F = PDG + PGrid + PLoss = PLoad + 2PLoss

(21)

Fig. 2 Distribution system including DG unit connected at bus j

III. OPTIMAL SIZE AND LOCATION OF DG UNIT A) DG allocation The optimal location of the distributed generation unit is determined based on the value of the stability index. The stability index is calculated using (16) at every node in the system. The DG is installed at the bus with the highest stability index. The size of the DG is determined using an optimization technique which can be implemented for stability index minimization or system losses minimization as given below. B) Minimum stability index The branch corresponding to the maximum value of the stability index L is called the weakest branch where the voltage collapse normally starts from it. The margin of voltage stability can be obtained according to the deviation between 0.0 at no load and the critical value of 1.0 when the system collapses. Considering the DG power, the total power at bus j, see Fig. 2, is given as:

The function F has minimum value at the minimum value of the PLoss. The minimum value for the power losses and the minimum value for the function F is at the same optimal DG size. The mathematical formulation of objective function is written as:
Minimize:
i F = K DG PDG + KL i =1 N DG N Load j =1

loss

+ K G Pgrid

(22) (23)

K DG + K L + K G = 1

Subject to:
i i PG PD Vi V j Gij cos ij + Bij sin ij = 0 i =1 N Bus

(24-a) (24-b) (25)

i i QG QD

V
i =1

N Bus

V j Gij sin ij Bij sin ij = 0

Pji = PDGj PLj

k j k i , j

jk

(17)

(PGrid )min (PGrid )min (PGrid )max

(P )

Vi min Vi Vi max
i DG min

i i PDG PDG

( ) ( )

max

(26) (27)

The static stability index is given by (18). The optimal DG size at bus j, PDGj, is calculated from (20) after differentiating and equating to zero as:

Where KDG, KL and KG are the weighting factors of equality constraint. When the values of the three weighting factors are equal, the minimum value of the function F is minimum at the same DG size corresponds to minimum total power losses.

2 N N 1 L j = 4 X ij PDGj PLj Pjk Rij Q ji + Vi 2 X ij Q ji + Ri j PDGj PLj Pjk Vi k j k j k i , j k i, j

(18)

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TABLE I RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT CASE STUDIES OF THE 90 NODE DISTRIBUTION FEEDER Case description and DG location and size DG Bus Power loss (MW) Grid Power PG (MW) DG Power PDG (MW) Weakest Branch Stability Index L % Normalized to case 1 PDG = PDG/PG-Case 1 Case 1 Without DG 0.50 19.95 42 0.24 0.00 Case 2 Location and size for Min. PLoss 10 0.30 8.77 10.98 42 0.23 54.59 Case 3 Location at weakest branch and size for min. L 42 0.53 15.28 4.70 43 0.11 23.56 Case 4 Location weakest branch and size for min. PLoss 42 0.41 17.75 2.11 43 0.11 10.58

Fig. 4 The 90 distribution test system

Fig. 3 DG allocation and sizing for stability enhancement

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The 90 node distribution feeder is used to validate the proposed DG allocation and sizing methodology with distribution system voltage stability enhancement. The 90

bus comprises of 90 buses and 89 branches with a radial structure [13]. The total load of 19.45 MW and 9.72 MVAR. The optimization problem described in chapter III section C is solved by using the student version of the AMPL solver [14]. The following different cases are simulated and studied: Case 1: This is the base case study. The 90 feeder is solved without DG. Case 2: The DG located and sized such that the total losses in the system is minimum. Case 3: Connecting a DG at the weakest branch and calculating the DG size which corresponds to minimum stability index. Case 4: Connecting a DG at the weakest branch and calculating the DG size which corresponds to minimum system losses. The power losses, grid power, DG power, weakest branch, and the stability index are calculated for different studied cases and summarized in Table I. The results of

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Case study 2 show that if the DG is sized and located for minimum power losses, the best location of the DG is at bus 10. The losses are 40 % less than the base case study without DG, i.e. Case 1. The stability indices for Cases 1 and 2 are similar. This shows the installation of the DG at bus 10 has no effect on the distribution system steady state voltage stability.
0.25 Stability Index 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

the stability problem should be considered prior to optimizing the distribution systems losses. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF) and the US Egypt Joint Science and Technolgy Fund Under the project no. 839 for providing research funding to the work reported in this paper.

Min Ploss

Min L

REFERENCES
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DG size Fig. 5: Stability index as a function of DG size for the DG located at the weakest branch, i.e. bus 42. [3]

According to the proposed methodology exhibited in Fig. 3, the DG is located at the weakest branch. The weakest branch corresponds to bus 42. Consequently, the DG is allocated at bus 42 in Cases 3 and 4. The DG size is calculated for minimum stability index in Case 3 whereas calculated for minimum power losses in Case 4. The results show that stability index is similar in both cases. The losses in Case 4 are less than that of Case 3. It is worth to note that, from Fig. 5, the stability index for minimum power loss case study, Case 4, and stability index case study, Case 3, are almost equal. This is for the reason that the stability index has a minimum value for a certain DG size and after that it saturates for any value of the DG size. In the minimum power loss case, there will be no information available about the stability of the distribution system. However, for stability index method, there is a direct measure of the system stability by the index itself. By using the proposed technique, the stability of the distribution system is enhanced and at the same time, the total losses of the system are reduced. V. CONCLUSION The paper has presented an efficient method to allocate and size distributed generation units in electrical distribution systems. The steady state stability index has been used to determine the location of the DG. The DG is located at the bus with maximum stability index. The DG is sized for minimizing the stability index or the network losses. In both cases, the maximum stability index is quite similar. Both cases cause a reduction in the stability index about 50 % compared to allocation and sizing based on losses without considering the voltage stability problem. The results show

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