Contents

Preface Acknowledgments

xiii

xvii

Review of Electric Circuit Theory

1.1 1.2
1.3

1.4 1.5

Introduction Direct-Current Circuit Analysis Alternating-Current Circuit Analysis Three-Phase Circuits Power and Impedance Measurements Summary Review Questions Problems

2 3 7 20 29 52 53 55

Review of Basic Laws of Electromagnetism

63

2.1 2.2
2.3

2.4
2.5

2.6 2.7
2.8

Introduction Maxwells Equations Magnetic Materials and Their Properties Magnetic Circuits Self and Mutual Inductances Magnetically Coupled Coils Magnetic Losses Permanent Magnets

64 64
75 83

97 104 109 115

vii

viii

Contents

Summary Review Questions Problems

122 124 126

Principles of Electromechanical Energy Conversion

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8
Introduction Electric Field as a Medium Magnetic Field as a Medium A Coil in a Uniform Magnetic Field A Coil in a Time-Varying Magnetic Field Synchronous Motor Reluctance Motor Electromagnetic Relays Summary Review Questions Problems

138
139 140 146 156 170 181 182 186 190
193

194

Transformers
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.1 1 4.12
Introduction Construction of a Transformer An Ideal Transformer A Nonideal Transformer Voltage Regulation Maximum Efficiency Criterion Determination of Transformer Parameters Per-Unit Computations The Autotransformer Three-Phase Transformers The Constant-Current Transformer Instrument Transformers Summary Review Questions Problems

202
203 204 205 213 225 228 232 239 244 253 268 2 70 273 276 277

Contents

ix

Direct-CurrentGenerators

284

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16

Introduction Mechanical Construction Armature Windings Induced emf Equation Developed Torque Magnetization Characteristic of a DC Machine Theory of Commutation Armature Reaction Types of DC Generators Voltage Regulation Losses in DC Machines A Separately Excited DC Generator A Shunt Generator A Series Generator Compound Generators Maximum Efficiency Criterion Summary
Review Questions

Pro hlems

285 285 289 299 303 305 307 310 314 315 316 319 323 330 332 338 34 1 342 344

Direct-CurrentMotors

351

6.1

6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

6.7
6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11

Introduction Operation of a DC Motor Speed Regulation Losses in a DC Motor A Series Motor A Shunt Motor The Compound Motor Methods of Speed Control The Ward-Leonard System Torque Measuremenu Braking or Keversing DC Motors

352 352 356 356 356 362 368 372 379 382 386

Contents

Summary Review Questions Problems

392 393 395

Synchronous Generators
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.1 1 7.12 7.13
Introduction Construction of a Synchronous Machine Armature Windings Pitch Factor Distribution Factor Winding Connections Induced emf Equation The Equivalent Circuit Power Relationships Synchronous Generator Tests The External Characteristic Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generators Summary Review Questions Problems

403 404 405 409 41 2 414 418 422 429 434 440 445 452 460 463 464

Synchronous Motors
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7
Introduction Construction and Operation of a Synchronous Motor Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Motor Power Expressions Exact Condition for Maximum Power Effect of Excitation Power Factor Correction Summary Review Questions Problems

470
471 471 475 482 489 493 498 501 502 504

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xi

Polyphase Induction Motors

508

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14

Introduction Construction Principle of Operation Development of an Equivalent Circuit An Approximate Equivalent Circuit Maximum Power Criterion Maximum Torque Criterion Maximum Efficiency Criterion Some Important Conclusions Equivalent Circuit Parameters Starting of Induction Motors Rotor Impedance Transformation Speed Control of Induction Motors Types of Induction Motors Summary Review Questions Problems

509 509 511 514 523 526 528 533 533 536 542 547 550 554 555 560 561

Single-Phase Motors

565

10.1 10.2 10.3

10.4

10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8

Introduction Single-Phase Induction Motor Analysis of a Single-Phase Induction Motor Types of Single-Phase Induction Motors Analysis of a Single-Phase Motor Using Both Windings Testing Single-Phase Motors Shaded-Pole Motor Universal Motor Summary Review Questions Problems

566 566 572 578 583 592 598 602 607 608 609

xii

Contents

Dynamics of Electric Machines

614

11.1 11.2 11.3

Introduction DC Machine Dynamics Synchronous Generator Dynamics Summary Review Questions Problems

615 616 640 653 654 655

Specid-Purpose Electric Machines

658

12.I 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7

Introduction Permanent-Magnet Motors Step Motors Switched-Reluctance Motors Brushless DC Motors Hysteresis Motors Linear Induction Motors Summary Review Questions Problems

659 659 666 673 675

676

678 684 685 685

System of Units

687

The Laplace Transform

690
692

Bibliography

Index

693