American Mineralogist, Volume 66, pages 1022_1033, IggI

Surinagite, taaffeite, and heryllian sapphirinefrom pegmatitesin granulite-facies rocks of caJey Bay,Enderby Land, fntarctica
Eowano S. Gnew
Department of Earth and Space Sciences Univ ersity of Caldo rni a Los Angeles, Califurnia 90024

Abstrect Surinamite,taaffeite,berylliaa sapphirine,niobian rutile, chrysoberyl,and wagnerite occur in sillimanite-rich,medium-grainedsegregations in two pegmaiitesofprobable late Archean age which cut granulite-facies.rocks near Mclntyre llaia-1erzz,s,4go05,E) in casey Bay, Antarctica. Antarctic surinamite contains 30.9-32.1wt.za sior, 33.7-37.3wt.vo Alror,9.il3'4 wt.Eo Feo, 0.01-0.2wt.voMro, and 16.4-1g.4 wt.vo Mgo,0.5-r wt.vo Be, and 0.66+0.2 wt'VoH2O. Assuming water is absent,a constantBeO content of 3.5 wt.Vo, and possibleFe3* for Al substitution, surinamite analysesrecastto 32 oxygenscontain 22 cations. Antarctic taafeite conrains68.5-69.3,xt.voA12o3,9.7 w.vo Feo, 10.6-11.0wr.% Mgo, 4.7-5.2 wt.vo zno, and'0.5-l wt.% Be. cell parameterssre a :5.6g04 (2)A, c : +t.tC4-(zt1, ,"gg"r,;g that this taaffeiteis the gR polyrype.sapphirine contains zo.i wt.co sio2, 5 l. l wt.voAiror ani Be, indicating substitutionof Be for Al: Be + Si : 2Al. Associared garnet contains 9:-l Y.E" 33 to 42 mole vopyrope and associated cordierite, I wt.7aNarO. Stablemineral assemblages in the segregationsat the time the pegrnatitescrystallized are quartz-sillimanite-surinamitebiotite-orthopyroxene-garnet, quartz-surinamite-taafeite, sillimanite-garnet-biotite-surinamite-taaffeite-sapphirine,and siltim4nite-garnet-biotite-chrysoberyl_surinamite. Tem_ peraturesand pressures at the time of pegmalils emplacementare estimatedto have been 800-900"c and 7-8 kbar. The Archean beryllian pegmatitesare interpreted to be of magmatic origin and may be related to charnockitic plutonic rocks such as the body exposed& Tange Promontory 70 km to the west.

Introduction Surinamite, a rare Mg-Al-Fe silicate mineral re_

(Kozhevnikov et al., 1975). From the Musgrave Rangesof central Australia, Hudson et at. (196i) de_ scribed a taaffeite nodule sheathed by spinel and containing minor beryllian sapphirine (Wilson and Hudson, 1967);the nodule occursin a phlogopite re_ placementzone in metapyroxenite.Teale (19g0) re_ ports taaffeiteand hdgbomiteenclosedin spinel por_ phyroblasts in a phlogopite rock from the Flinders Ranges(South Australia). The type taaffeite is a cut gemstoneof unknown provenance(Anderson el a/..

r95 t).

I report here a new paragenesis for surinamite and taaffeite. These unusual minerals are present in sil_ Taaffeite,an oxide of Be, Al, Mg, and Fe, occursin limanite-rich segregations in two pegmatitescutting metasomatic rocks and in high-grade metamorphic granulite-facies rocks;associated mineralsare garnet, terrains. In China, taaffeite occurs with chrysoberyl beryllian sapphirine, chrysoberyl, wagnerite, and so_ and spinel in lepidolite veins and in reaction skarns dian cordierite. Prior to my finds, surinamite, taaf_ in linestone cut by these veins (Beus, 1966,p. 33) feite, chrysoberyl and wagnerite had not been reand in eastern Siberia, in nica-fluorite metasomatite ported from Antarctica (Grew, 1980a). I also present 000.3-oux/8| /09 I 0- I 022$02.00 to22

GREW: SITRINAMITE, TAAFFEITE, BERYLLIAN SAPPHIRINE

new X-ray powder and microprobe analytical data on taaffeite, surinamite, and on some of the associated minerals. The results of this study suggestthat beryllium is an essential constituent of the Antarctic surinamite; de Roever (personal communication, 1980) independently found significant beryllium in surinamite from the type locality. Geology of the pegmatltes CaseyBay and neighboring parts of Enderby Land (66"30'-67"45'5and 48-53oE,Fig. l) are underlain by a late Archean (2500 m.y.) granulite-facies terrain, the Napier zone or complex (Ravich and Kamenev, 1975,p. 2; Grew and Manton,1979; Sheratonet largely of oraL, 1980).The Napier complex consists thopyroxene-quartz-feldspar gneisses ("charnockitic" and "enderbitic" gneisses),pyroxene granulite, garnetiferous gneisses,and subordinate aluminous and siliceous rocks, which are locally intruded by anorthositicand charnockitic rocks (Fig. l).

The granutite-faciesrocks of the Napier complex are cut by two generations of pegmalilss. An early generation includes pegmatitesdated radiometrically at 2500 million years (m.y.) (Grew and Manton, 1979),some of which are shown in Figure l. These pegmatites are found at many exposuresin the Napier complex, but are nowhere abundant (see also of the early generaSheratonet al.,1980). Pegmatites planar veins up to I m across, tion form crosscutting irregular masses,some of which are associatedwith boudinage, or pods. The last are generally 0.5-2 m thick and extend up to 4 m; they lie at a higb angle to the compositonal layering. The early pegmatiteshave a granulite-facies mineralogy. Accessoryminerals include orthopyroxene, garnet, biotite, apatite' perrierite, zircon, sillimanite, ilmenite, rutile, monazite, and locally cordierite, hornblende, and the rare minerals to be described in more detail below' In a few cases,the early pegmatites have an aureole of darkened country rock a few cm thick. An example of + 6605 50"E

Minerols for Beryllium Locolities

( Indicoted by Be) Lond,Antorctico In Enderby

cz cnanNocKtlc RocKS
(,) EXPosuRE
67"s

. ARCHEAN PEGMATITES
\||fvvf rfv

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^ ANORTHOSITIC ROCKS
-Fflvf

Y-+rt,
,-)/

..- -.-.-.-.,

{I
.'..:..

{
":-Z

):

l. ;

, lf -

--t-,.. [-^ ) r u L 4 i(,"uLa Mrs. i 'j / r,. 4u t.p r,^.--.1.-._ ,r,^,:.1.-._. ./' ) ^^ ../"

.<+ar-7i
v

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p,oro.io,v $

:r,'t ffi'!if',,P.,ii; :-) (j -$... ecf

1.._-cil--,' l'
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CAStf

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HorrilUiil.itn|)2 /-oll-to lllngsv

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':':::6"1.-----'
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--t-sAP
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ANTARCTICA

Fig. l. Map of a portion of thc Napicr complcx in Enderby Land showing localitics for surinamite, taaficitc, and beryllian sapphirinc ncar trlclntyre IstanOin Caseylay (indicated by Bc), Archean pegmatitcs of possiblc plutonic origin (small circles) are planar veins and podiform bodies, one of which was dated by Grew and Manton (1979). Sourccs of data: intrusive charnockitic rocks (7) on Tange Promontory (Ravich and Kamcncv, 1975,p. 494 Sheraton el al., 1980),east end of CaseyBay (J. W' Sheraton, prsonal communication, l9E0), and north of the Tula Mouatains (Ravich and Kamcnev, l9?5, p. 4%). Spccifc localitics of Soviet samplcs provided by Ye. N. Kamenev (personal communication, l9?8) and of Shcraton et aL's (19E0)two anorthosites by J. W. Shcraton (pffsoml communication" l9E0).

GREW: SURINAMITE, TAAFFEITE, BERYLLIAN

SAPPHIRINE

such an aureole was sampled along a sillimanitebearing pegmatitenear Mt. Pyhagoras (Fig. l). The country rocks here are osumilite granulites.The aureole is darker in color than the country rock and appearsto be richer in biotite. In placesno increasein biotite was noted in the aureole;the darker color is due to darkening of orthopyroxeneas contact with the pegmatiteis approached. Near the contact,orthopyroxene is partly replaced by garnet or a garnetquartz intergrowth. The mineralogical changessuggest an increasein Fe/Mg ratio as well as in water content of the host rock; temperatureswere sufficiently high for osumilite to remain in some layers within the aureole. The later generationincludespegmatitesdated radiometrically at 520m.y. (Grew and Manton, lg79\. The later pegmatitesare abundant in CaseyBay but are rare elsewhere in Enderby Land. They form (l) cross-cuttingveins up to 4 m in width and up to at least 350 m in extent, (2) subconcordant pods, or (3) large masses severalmetersand more across.Retrogressionof the country rock by the pegmatitesoccurred under amphibolite-faciesconditions in aureoles generally no more than a few meters thick. Accessoryminerals include biotite, muscovite,hornblende, sphene, magnetite, allanite, beryl, kyanite, sillimanite, garnet, staurolite,tourmaline, dumortierite, and, locally, sodian cordierite. Columbite-tantalite is present at Mount H6llingsworth (Fig. l), which is the first reported locatty for this mineral group in Antarctica (Grew, 1980a). The later generationof pegmatitesappearsto be spatially and temporally related to tectonic zones of mylonitization and retrogressionunder amphibolitefacies conditions. These zones are more extensively developed in the astern part of Casey Bay than in other parts of the Napier complex. Description of the beryllim pegmatites Surinamite and other rare minerals were found in two podiform pegmatitesof the early generation (indicatedby Be on Figure l), one at "Christmas Point" (informal name), at the south end of an unnamed island 5 km WSW of Mclntyre Island (67"22'5, 49o05'E),and the second at"Zirenn Point" (infonnal name), a coastal exposure2 km soutl of Mclntyre Island. The "Christmas Point" pegmatite is 1.5 m thick and is one of a seriesof en echelonpods in a layer of quartz granulite containing sapphirine, orthopyroxene, sillimadls, and garnet. This granulite is part ofa block ofrelatively unalteredgranulite-facies

rocks within a tectoniczone of extensive deformation and retrogression. Pegmatites of the later generation are abundant. The surinamite-bearing pegmatite consists of (>l cm) quartz, microrcline,apatite, coarse-grained biotite and sillimanite, and of medium-grained (mostly 0.05-2 mm) dense segregations rich in sillimanite, garnet, cordierite, biotite, apatite, and surinamite. In hand specimen,much of the microcline is red. Sillimanite crystals(up to l0 cm long and 3 cm across)are white or brown; brown sillimanite is chatoyant. The medium-grainedsegregations form irregular veins,masses, and stringersup to 5 cm across.In addition to the above listed minerals, some samples of the medium-grained segregations contain orthopyroxene, wagnerite, pynte, ilmeno-hematite,magnetite, or monazite(Table l). In generalthe minerals exceptsillimanite lack preferredorientation. Sillimanite forms a few coarse prisms 0.5 to several cm in length and bundlesof prisms (mostly 0.05 to 0.2 mm acrossand up to 0.5 cm in length); someof the bundles appear as fans in thin section. Pleochroic haloes are conspicuousin biotite, which is pale green to brown, and in cordierite.Microveinlets(0.02-0.2mm thick) of biotite or cordierite cut garnet, sillimanite, and, rarely, surinamite. Cordierite typically forms aggregates engulfing surinamite, garnet, biotite and finer-grainedsilliminals. In places,surinamite-quartz grain contacts are preserved. Orthopyroxene grains (0.07-0.4 mm across),a minor constituent, locally have contacts with sillimanite and surinamite, or are
Table l. Mincralogy of the pegnatitic aggregates
Locality Sanple No. Section No. Quartz s i IliMni te SurinaEi te sapphirine Taa f feite chrysobe!yl Garnet Oathopy!oxene Cordierite Biotite Apatite Wagnerite Rutile Magneti te Mona zite X = present; 'Py!ite, sanples 2Incluales = abaentt (Xl = probe analysiE are present ln other sihila!.

(x) (x) (x) (x) x x x x

-x (x) (x) xx (x) (x ) xx -x -x

x x

x x

ilrenohenatite, and K-feltlspar pegmatite. of this several in specirens garnet only. which are

contrDsitionally

rAs inclusion qPlagioclase,

present kyanj-te, and apatite in quartz enclosing the aggregate. ssurinamite in quartz in smll and taaffeite offshoot of main present No quartz aggregate. in the Min aggregate. K-feLtlspar algo pregent in quartz encloging the aggregate.

GREW: STJRINAMITE, TAAFFEITE, BERYLLIAN SAPPHIRINE

(Grew, 1978, field seasons and 1979-1980 separatedfrom them by only a selvageof cordierite 1977-1978 (quartz also present).Wagnerite, (Mg,Fe)'POoF,oc- 1980a).Two samples from the "Christmas Point" curs in a yellow-brown aggregateI crn acrossand as pegmatite (22928,C) and three samples from the scatteredgrains to I mm ecrossin oee eection; grrbs "Zircnn Point" pegmatite (2234L(2,3,4))were selected for electron microprobe analyses(Table l) are in contact with quartz. "Zircon Point" is composedof a well-layered se- from a total of l0 samplesthat I collectedfrom each quenceof gneisses and granulitesshowingmuch less pegmatite. The chemical compositions(except for BeO and evidence of the retrograde metamorphism conof I spicuousat "Christmas Point." A few pegmatitesof HrO) are basedon electronmicroprobeanalyses microboth generationsare present.The beryllian pegma- to 4 grains per section (automatedARL-EMX tite, which has an indistinct contact aureole,consists probe). Minerals were analyzed in carbon-coated largely of quartz and yellow microcline. The quartz polished thin sectionsand the data were reducedby (up to 6 the Bence-Albeemethod. The microprobe data on 3 is cut by veinlets,stringers,and small masses were supplemented cm across) rich in sillimanite. These segregations minerals (hand picked separates) analycontain taaffeite,sapphirine,surinamite,garnet, bio- by semi-quantitativeemissionspectrographic tite (in separategrains and in microveinlets),chry- sesprovided by Richard V. Gaines.Water was detersoberyl,apatite, rutile, and rare monazite (Table l). mined in surinamite (2292C)at the U.S. Geological have a margin of biotite and gar- Survey (courtesyof J. R. O'Neill) by weighing hyNfost segregations net. Sillimanite, sapphirine,taaffeite,and surinamite drogen yield from a hand'picked 20 mg sample. X-ray diffraction patternswere obtainedwith Mncommonly have a marked preferred orientation; this foliation lies at a high angle to the contacts of the filtered iron radiation in a I14.6 cm diameterDebyesegregations.Sillimanite forms bundles of prisms Scherrercamera. Duptcates of surinamite,sapphirine,and taaffeite mostly 0.05 to 0.4 mm acrossand up to severalmm long. Taaffeite forms plates 0.2 to about 2 cm in di- have been donated to the Smithsonian Institution. ameter; some thicker plates appear to consist of la- National Museum of Natural History Catalog numsapminae differing in orientation. Sapphirine and su- bers are as follows: Surinamite 2292C-147434, 436' 2234L-147 435,and taaffeite rinamite form irregular, tabular grains. Those of phirine 2282G-147 sapphirine appear to be nearly 3 cm in diameter; those of surinamite, mostly 0.05 to 0.8 mm. ChryDescriptionand chemistryof the minerals soberyl forms anhedral grains a few tenths to a few in sillimanite or, in one case,in embedded mm across Surinamile taaffeite. Microveinlets of biotite (mostly 0.02-0.2 The Antarctic surinamite in hand specimen is a mm thick) commonly cut garnetand,locally, also sildark green-blue mineral resembling sapphirine. It limanite, sapphirine,and taaffeite. Quartz is absentfrom the sillimanite-rich segrega- forms tabular plates (flattened parallel to (010) actions. In section2234L(5)(Table l), surinamite,taaf- cording to de Roever et al., 1976) and appears to at a high angleto (010) cleavage feite, and biotite are in contact with quartz; these have (010)cleavage; (cf. de Roever et grains minerals are in a microveinlet that appearsto be an is not conspicuousin most properties the Antarctic suof Surinamite al., 1976).The optical offshoot of a sillimanite-rich segregation. material detype of the is in direct contact with quartz. Taaffeite is mantled rinamite are similar to those plane is parallel The optic by mica, but was probably in contact with quartz scribedby de Roeveret al. blue, Z-gteentsh (010). spectacular: is Pleochroism to prior to alteration. green. of Dispersion yellow X-pale In section 2234L(4\,kyanite, in prisms to 0.9 mm Y-purple, and is marked. long, and plagioclaseare presentin quartz near the the optic axes In sample 2234L(3), surinamite tablets have a The kyanite appearsto sillimanite-rich segregation. fixed orientation relative to a large, irregular sapphibe secondary. rine grain; the (010) planes of the two minerals are Field and analyticalmethods parallel and extinction is simultaneous.However, X and geologicalobser- and Z in surinamite are not parallel to the correThe two mineral occurrences vationsreportedin this paper are basedon field work spondingaxesin sapphirine.The pleochroiccolorsof which I undertook as a member of the Australian sapphirine in this sample appear to be less proNational Antarctic ResearchExpeditionsduring the nounced versionsof the surinamite colors: Z-green'

1026

GREW: SURINAMITE, TAAFFEITE. BERYLLIAN SAPPHIRINE Table 3. Chemical composition of surinamite

Strensavs Ranlez-

ish blue, I-blue, with a hint of purple, and X-very pale yellow-brown. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of "Christmas Point" (2292C) and of a "Zircon Point" (2234L(4)) surinamiteare identical, exceptthat a few high-angle reflections are less sharp in the pattern for 2292C (Table 2). All but two of the lines reporred by de Roever et al. (1976)which are accessible to Fe radiation are presentin the films of the Antarctic samples. A large number of weak reflectionsare also present in the Antarctic patterns. Many of these reflections may also belong to surinamite and could have been obscuredin the filn of de Roeveret al. (1976)by fluorescenoe ofiron excited by Cu radiation. The chemical composition of the Antarctic surinamite determined by electron microprobe analysesis
Table 2. X-ray powder diffraction data for surinamite
Intensityl

Localtty Sanple No. sectlon No. halysls No.

"Zlrcon 2234L (3)

Point" 2234L (4)

"christmesPolnt" 22C2C 22928 (1)

Surinanl

-r2-

wetsht Per Cen!

s1o2 Tio2 otzo3 ctzo3

Feo3 MnO M8o zno Beo! Caos Na^o5 x-os

3 2. 0 6 3 7 .3 0 0.01 9 t0 0.02 r7 59 0 .1 9 3,5 0 .1 8 00 0.05

100.01

3r-97 36 58 0.01 9.55 0.01 17. 13 0.13 3.5 0.24 0 03

99.25

31.60 30,89 31.37 0.03 35.20 0 r0.38 0.16 0.04 33.8A 0.0r 13.40 0.18 0.02 31.70 0.02 12.64 0.20 16.57 -

33.1 0,05 14.9 0 L2.25 r.05 16.45 0.05

33.25 0 14.67 10.64 0 18.50

18.40 16.37 0. 12

0.09 0 0.03 99.37

0.lr 0 0.03 98.53

0.05 001 0.01 98.09

0,05 0 0 101.35

0 0 0 100.56

lons NorDlized s1 Tt A1 Cr. Total Pe2+ h Ma To taI Zn Be 8.167 0.001 8.168 L.4t4 0.003 4.87L 6.2a8 0.025 t.562 8.tI3 0.001 8.114 I 498 0.002 L.79I 5.291 0.018 1.578 5 956 5-999 5.904 0 004 5.903 0.006 6.003 0.003

to 22 5.t52 0,007 7 615 0 7-545 1.904 0,165 4.558 6.627 0,007 1.563 1.555 0 1 554 0.100 1.654 1.545 0 5,099 5.544

22g2cr d

22i4Ll su!inah'? q C AA

2292C Intensity
ddd AAA

2234L

Surinm

<l -<1' <f 2 I 2 2 <l 2 2

r1 . 26 9.99 7.95 7 -O9

tr.30 10.03 1 -9a 7.I0

1r .30

7.O5

I 2 I <l 6

r.5ll 1.496 I.467 1.428 | 420 1.4rO r .395 1 .36r r.348 1.3I5 I.236 t-227 1.218 x 1.I47 r.170 x 1.087 1.064 1.O5Il 1.0443 L 0442 1.0374 1.0378 1.o325
L0208 I 02lo I 0128 l.oI23 t.0OI3 l.OOI2 0.9956 O.sgSA 0.9891 0.9887 0.9786d

1.510 1.495 1,465 1.445 t-421 I 4ta r.4lO 1 394 I 360 r.347 I.3I3

7.751 7.632 7.600 0 0.001 0.003 0.400 0.500 0,500 8.151 8.133 8,103 r.22r t.642 1.523 0.025 0,029 0.032 5.r24 4.663 4-127 6.370 6.134 6.242 t,571 0.017 1.607 1.609

t-432 r.420
l.4ll t.391 r.147

4 -64 4.5r 4.35 3-71t 3.544

4 -57 4.53 4.32 3 -170 3.6e4

4.68 4.52 4-36 3.79

3 3 6 2 2 2 I 2

32 010 1.316
Dash not analyzed. l* I <I 3 a I I 3

32-056
zero -

31 984 3t.976
bIow llmlt of

't2.Os7
detection.

31.981

3r.974

3 -341 J.255 l-166 3.OA7 2.9IO 2-450 2.745 2-135 2 673 2.635 2.515 2-424 2.364 2 324 2 -3r2 2 -264 2 .I99 2.064 I.997 1.9a8 1.915 1.841 l.aI7 1.789 1.76Id r.72Id 1.596d I-544 l.5I I.518

r.zeaa t|'lllul r.zes

L.262 l -234 I-225 1.216 r.20r Ll85 1.r58 Lr54 r.135 I.226

3.166 3.O84 2.9I0 2.453 2.743 2.735 2-610 2.635 2-51A 2.522 2.419 2-422 2-364 2-333 2.309 2 -26I 2.199 2 063 1.99a 1.985 1.914 1.839 t.816 L?aa l - 750d t.7l9d 1.594d I 543 I.528 I.5ra

3.r0 2 -9r
2.14 2 -615 2 -64

<l I <t <I 2 2 2

tde (1976). Roere. et aI. o.o5t F also reoorted 2uoodford (r976). a;a wtl6on 3A1r Fe as Feo. rAsmed Beo content. sAnounts in Antarctic sampLee are belleved Eeported not signlflcant. sEstlmtedl see text.

to

be

Ll88 1.173

I <l <1 IO

2.435 2.37 2-315 2 -27 2 -ta5 2-O4 r -99 1.96 r -92

I I 10l lc2 Ar lc2 Ar

r.o55 I 0502 I O43t I .0360 1.0360 1.03rt

I 02OO 1.0201 1.0115 l.ol14 1.0049 0_99971 O.9999'

2cr lc2 2cr lo2 <lc r lcl 2d2 3Ct 2d2 2ct <I02

1.816

r ' -n _ -^ _r

r -762 r 122 1.596

I 534 1.518
d diffuse

O.9944r ^ ^^. O.SSSO' "'"" 0 9880 O-9a79 0.9765

2dr

*Biotite present, rOtainea Film 2Pron 3vi$al

or

sillimnit cdnot

tupurity. be reasurd-

reflection,

= rftection

but with

Un-fittered for et shri*age al.

Fe radiation.

Camra

dimler

114.6

m.

@rlected de bever estinate-

(1976,

asfe

z).

similar to that of other surinamites,except that the Antarctic mineral contains less SiO, and in some cases,more ALO, (Table 3). Surinamite in sample 2292C contains 0.66*0.2 ,xl.VoH2O (J. R. O'Neill, personalcommunication, 1980;the large error is attributed to the small amount of sample analyzed, 20 mg). The sample analyzedfor HrO must contain an impurity of a few peroent biotite, for the most intense biotite lines appear in the X-ray powder pattern (Table 2); this biotite could contribute 0.I to 0.2 *.Vo HrO to the analysis.Sample2292Calso contains 0.5 to I wt.VoBe (spectrographic analysis, Table 4), equivalentto about 1.5to 3 wt.VoBeO.No other element analyzed spectroscopicallyis present in significant amounts.The small amount of zinc reported in the microprobe analysesmay not be significant; less was detectedspectroscopically. than O.OlVo

GREW: SUNNAMITE,

TAAFFEITE, BERYLLIAN SAPPHIRINE

lo27

Tablc 4. Emission spctrographic analyses of sapphirine, surinamite and taaffeite (F. Savino, Analyst). ln weigbt percent of the element(major elementsnot includcd).
Sapphirine 2234L(3't 22A2c
BA EE B Co Cu Ga Ni Taaffeite 2234L Surindite 2292C

<0.01 0.5-1.0 0.01-o.05 0.r-0.5 0.0r-0.05 <o.0r 0.1-o.5 <0.01 0.0r-0.05 < 0- 0 r <0.01 0.01-0.05 <0.01

<0.01 <0.0r <0.01 <0.0r <0.01 <o.01-0.05 0.01-0,05 <0.01 <0.0r <0.01-0.05 <0.01-0.05 0.0r-0.05 <0-0r
----

< 0. 0 1 0.5-r .o <0.01 0 . 0 5 - 0. r 0.0t-0 .05 0 . 0 1- 0 . 0 5 1-10 0 .or-0 .05 0.0r-0 .05 < o. 0 r < 0. 0 1 0.01-0.05 >10

<0.01 0 -5 - r . 0 <0.0r 0.01-0.5 < 0. 0 1 0 . 0 1 - 0. 0 5 o.0l-0 .r o.01-0.05 < 0. 0 1 < 0- o r 0 . 0 1 - 0- 0 5 0.01-0.0s

The high Fe3* contentsof the "Christmas Point" surinamite are consistent with compositions of associated minerals: sillimanite at "Christmas Point" contains 0.9 to l.l wl.VoFerOt but that at "Zitcon ffus highsr Mg/Fe2* and lower Point," oriy 0.4Vo. Mn/Fe2* ratios of the "Zirc'on Point" surinamite relative to sample 2292C from "Christmas Point" are in Mg/Fe and Mn/Fe with the differences consistent garnet (Table 5). However, suratios in associated rinamite in sample 22928 has the highs5f Mg/Fe2* ratio of the Antarctic surinamites, while associated garnethas a lower MglFe ratio than the ratios of the "Zireon Point" garnets. Taafeite Taaffeite in hand specimenforms dark-green platy (flattened parallel to (001)) having a superfimasses to chloritoid (seealso Hudson et a/, cial resemblance 1967).In thin section,taaffeiteis very pale green and corundum. resembles The X-ray diffraction pattern of the Antarctic taaffeite is similar to that for the 9R rhombohedral polytype of Hudson et al. (1967) from the Musgrave Ranges in Australia and reflections can be indexed
Tablc 5. Analysesofgarnet
Locality sample No. Section No. "Zircon 2234L 24 Point" 2234L "christms 22928 Point" 2292C I

Zn Li

Notdetected

de Roever(personalcommunication,1980)reports that a few wl.VoBeO (qualitative ion microprobe analysis)is present and that significant amounts of H* and OH- are not presentin surinamite from the type locality. In the absence of a detailedcrystal structuredetermination of surinamite (crystal fragmentshave been sent to P. B. Moore for study), a discussionof its chemistry can at best be tentative. For the purposes I assumethat water is not of the presentdiscussion, an essential constituent of surinamite, and that the deficiency in the microprobe analysesis made up by 3.5 wt. %BeO. This amount brings the analytical totals of the Antarctic samplesinto the 9$-lffiVo nnge and results in a reasonablestoichiometry (Table 3). However, the analytical total of the de Roever et a/. (1976)surinamite exceedsl0l7o. Cations total near 22 for analysesof the "Zircon Point" and type surinamites recastto 32 oxygens,the cell anion content proposed by Moore (1976). For convenience, cation totals have been normalized to 22, and the number of oxygens for 22 cations compared (Table 3). The number of oxygens for 22 cations in the "Zircon Point" and type surinamitesis close to 32, but that for the "Christmas Point," and to a lesserextent, the StrangwaysRange surinamites is less than 32. Ferric iron substituting for aluminum may explain this difference. Reasonable oxygen totals are obtained if one assumes that Al * Fe3* is constant at one value in the Antarctic samples and at another value in the other two samples(Table 3). The differencesbetweenthe two setsof samplesmay be related to the substitution(Mg + Fe2*+ Mn) + Si: 2(Al + Fe'*).

sio2 Tio2
AI2O3 Cr2O3 Feo I MnO M9o

39.70 0-0 22.75 0 26.2L 0.r8

11 1l

weight Per Cent 39.43 39.62 2 3 .1 8 0.01 28.01 0.14

tn q?

38.98 0.02 zz.>3 0,02 30.28 1.05 9.02 0.44 0.02 0.04 LOz.37

22.49 0 27.82 1.55 9.94 0.68 0.02 0.0s 102.15

1.18
ZnO Na^O Kzo TotaI

L.27 0 0.03 r02.70

0,01 0.04 101.37

si
Ti A1 Cr Fe Mn Mg Ca

2.98L 0 2.013 0 1.646 o.oll L.265 0.095 8.012

Fe as FeO.

cations per 12 oxygen 2.988 2.948 0 1.999 2.042 0 0.001 1,755 1.751 0.009 L.172 0.102 8.031 0.099 1.rl8 0.055 8.013

2.962 0.001 2.017 0.001 1.924 0.068 1.021 0.036 8.029

Total 'AII

r028

GREW: SURINAMITE, TAAFFEITE, BERYLLIAN SAPPHIRINE

on the basisof their pattern (Table 6). The calculated unit cell parametem of the Antarctic taaffeite area: 5.6E04(2)Aand c - 4t.lO4(Z)A, which are larger than those of the Musgrave Ranges taaffeite. This site difference may be due to the substitution of Zn and Fe for Mg (seebelow).

Q6mpositionally, the Antarctic taaffeite is richer in iron and poorer in Mg than other analyzndtaaffeite and is unique in its signifisancetenor of zinc (Table 7). Signifisantamountsof Be and Ga are also present (Table 4). However,it is unlikely the gallium content exceedsl%o,for large amounts were not noted in an

Table 6' X-ray powder data for taaffeitc from Cascy Bay, Endcrby Land, Antarctica (Sample 2234L). Fe radiation. Mn frltcr.
Il

d(obs) 13.70 5.846 4.565 4.222 3.760!+ 3.551 3.432 3.148't 2.970r, 2.835* 2.78L 2,556* 2.623 2.5L9 2.443 2,4LO 2.388 2.355 2.269 2.108* 2.0535 1.9383* 1.8843 1.8560* r.7756 1.7464 r.7239

hk12 0.0.3 0.0.5 r.0.I 0.0.9 0.1.5 I.0.7 0.1.8 0.0.12 I .0. l0 0. 1.11 1.1.0 r.1.3 1.0.13 1.1.6 0.r. 14 2.0.2 1.1.9 0.2.4 2,0.5 0.2.7 0.2.10 2.0.1r 0.2.l3 2.0.L4 2.L.L L.2.2 0.2.15 1.2.8 I.0.22 2.O.t7

d (calc) 2

d (obs) 3

d (obs)

hkt2

d (calc) 2

d(obs)3

5 I 3 3 I 3 <1 3 3 6 2 5 I 5

1 3 .7 0 6.851 4.885 4.567 4.22L

t.ttL

13.7 4.99
4.)t

r.4L97 r.3669

2.2.0 0 . 2. 2 s
z.z.t L. t . 2 7 2. 0 . 2 6
J.I.d

4.2L

t.3296 1.3188 1.2800 L.2527 L.2378

1.420r r.3669 1 . 3561 1.3418 L.3299 r . 3187 r.2802 L.2527

1 tala

I .4189 1.3682 I . 3559

L. 5442

r.3289

3.553 3.425
J. I)C

3.55 3.15 2.975 2.836 2.776 2,658 2.520 2.438 2.408 2.390
z, i)J

3 2

2,976 2.840 2.78L 2.550 2.624 2.52L 2.442 2.4L2 2.392 2.356 2.269 2.r11 2.0545 L.94L4 I . 8855 r.6)/) 1.8518 L . 776 6 | .7 484 L,7466

1 , 0 .3 1 1.3.13 3. 1 . 1 4 1 . 1. 3 0 4.0.1 4.0.4 0.4.5 I.2.26 0 . 4. 1 1 0 . 0 .3 5 0.4.L4 2. 3 . 5 4 . 0 .1 6

1 1 1'

r.2340
1

t.2788 r.2539 r.2360 r.2322 L.2292 L.2202 t.2L54 L.2039 1.1670

I. I4I4

I 1 2

L.2216 I.2t65 r.2042 r. r676 r.1419 1.1343* 1.1180* 1.1097* I .1019 1.0961 1.0797] r . 0 79 9 ' | . 0 73 6 1. 0 6 2 8 r.0597I I .0591', 1.05341 1.0533',

1,.22tL
L.ZlOJ

"O?

L.2044 L.1682 1.1418 1.1344 1.11811.1093 I .1019 L.0962 I .0796 1.0735 1.0629 1.0594 1.0534

10 I 5 6 2 6 L 3 I

2.271 2.108 2.052 ]. 9390 1.8843

2 I <1 <1 I

1.1330

0 . 4. 1 7 2. L . 3 L 1.4.0 3 . 2. t 3 1.1.35 2,3.r4

2et Lcz
lcl lat 2at Lcz 1cl Laz

I .0790 L.072L r .0525 1.0587

r.8548 L.77 58 r.7470 t.tzzg)

3 3

I I 2 2 5 3 <1 5 <1 2 5 4
*Not

r, 6788 r .6534 1.6390 L.5236 1.6020

0.1.23 I . 2 .1 1 0.3.0 0.2.L9 2.L.L3

r.6797 r.6647 I .6398 I.6244 1.6028 1.5708 ]. 5594 1.5433 1.5224 r,5051 r.4878 L . 4 73 9 L.4458

1.6380 L.6230 I .6011 1.5690 I .54t7 1. 5230 1.5044 I.4868 L.4742 | ,4447

4cr h2 3cr 2u2 .lct 4ot 3oz 3c1 2ez

1.0450] 1.0450' 1.03841 1.0384' 1.0332 L . 0 2 73 . 1 1,0273' 1 0131] 1.0132'

t.4.9 2.2.7 3.2.16 4.O.22 o.4.23 o . 2. 3 7

I .0450 I .0384 r.0333 L . 0 2 73 1.0131 t.ot24 0.9929 0.9848 0.9707

1.0440 I .0378

1.5697:t I.2.t4 1.5571 1.0.25 L.5424t 0.3.9 1.5218 0.0.27 1.5056 0.L.26 1.4875 L.4453 0.2.22 I.2.t7 2.0.23

L.0265

1.0120

lat 4ct 3tz 2el

0 . 9 93 0 0. 9848] 0.9849' o.9707

L.2.35 c.v.z) 0 . 4. 2 6

0.9842

lncluded ln cell reflnement. rVlsual egtLmates.' 2Based on hexagonal (rhonbohedral) rlludaon a1. (1957) !! {lludson g'1q (1957) lndexed thl6 al, FiIn corrected for shrlnkage. - 114.6 ro. Canera dlaneter

cell

of e = 5.6804(2) as 0.2.17.

i,

c = af.f0a(2)

i,.

reflection

GREW: SURINAMITE, TAAFFEITE, BERYLLIAN SAPPHIRINE Tablc 7. Composition of taaffcite from "Zircon Point"
Sample No. No. Section

ro29

2234L weight Per cent

2234L 3

sio 2 TiO2
AI2O3 Cr2O3 Feo r MnO Mgo ZnO Beo2 CaO

0 0 58.45 0.01 9.69 0.0r 10.64

f.ro

0.05 69.3r 0.0r

9.10 0.01 r0.99 4.55 0.11 0.05 r00 . 35
per 8 oxygen

Gage Ridge Qocated l0 km northwest of Mount $rthagoras, Fig. l) containing garnet' sillimanite, and minor sapphirine, spinel, and corundum, is comparable (Table 8). Spectrographicanalysesshow that ihe sapphirine n 2234L(3) contains 0.5 to l%oBe (Table 4). The anomalous composition and low microprobe analytical totals can be explained as a result of beryllium substitution of Al such that Be * Si - 2Al' Reasonablestoichiometries and analytical totals are
Tablc 8. Composition of sapphirine
Gage RJ.dge 2045A "Christmas Point"

0.09 0.04
3

Kzo
Total

99 -62
Cationa

Lcality Sample No. section No.

"zitcon 2234L (3) 20,26

Point"' 2234L (2) 19.15

sio2 Tio2 dzog cr203 Feo2

MnO MgO ZnO Nio

16.94 o.06 54.43

1 ?

15

si
AI FE Mn Z1 Be Total rAII Fe as Feo 2Assumed content 3GaIIium content

0 3.983 0 0.400 0 0.783 0.189 o.652 6.008

of Beo, from not included. Hudson et

0.002 3.99r 0 0. 396 0 0.800 0.158 0.645 6.002

aI. (1967)

5 1. 1 4 o.o2 I0.05 o.o1 15.48

o.0r
50.71 0.0 9.90 0.03 15.45

61 .34 0 9.52 o.03 L6.49 o .03 0 o 0 .10

o.o2
LZ. J'

o.20 13.s2 0.17 0.09

Beo3 Cao Na2O

2.5 o.l5 o.o3

2.2 0.o5 00 0.o4

1.0 0.10 0.o5 0.0r

o
0.01

element scan with the energy dispersive system on the electron microprobe. Analysesrecastto 8 oxygens assuming the BeO content of the Musgrave Ranges taaffeite (5.5 ,nl.Vo)and neglecting Ga'O' result in reasonableanalytical totals and stoichiometry (Table ?). Significant amounts of FerO, are not required, for there are nearly 4 Al per 8 oxygens.Taafieite oomposition varies from one part of the pegmatite to another (Table 7), and some grains appear to be compositionally zoned. Sapphirine Sapphirine is a major constituent of sample 2234L(3) and occurs as a single inclusion in garnet in sample 2234L(2) from "Zircon Point" (Table l). Compositionally, sapphirine of this locality is anomalous; it contains more SiO, and less AlrO, (Table 8) than any of the sapphirines in the compilations of Deer et al. (1978,Table 64) 6d [liggins et al. (1979), and of sapphirines from Enderby Laod (Ellis et al., 1980;Grew, 1980b)of which sample2282Gis representative. Only one other Enderby Land sapphirine, sample 2O45A, a quartzofeldspathic gneiss from

*zo
BaO Total.

99.74

9?.55

99.25

100-87

cations
qi

for

20 oxygens 2.06'? 0.006 7.827 0.002 0.026 L.234 A-620 0 0.196 0.753 l-592

2.404 7.154 o.oo2

2.327 o.ool 7.262 0 o.Osl 0.925

Ti A1

Fe3+2 F"2+' wl M9 Zn Ni. Be Total lsapphirine

0.037 0.960

o.ool 2.739 o.oo9 o.713

0.003 2.799 -

0.o20 2.514 0.015 o .009 0.293 14.ol3

0.oo3 2.93L 0.003 0

14 .098

0.642

14.018 14.04r

comPonent of the in 2234L(3) is a mjor rockr in 2234L(21 it is found only as a sml] in garnet. inclusion ?r 2+ 2all re as Feo. Fe-' and Fe-' In recast analyses. (Higgins et a1', fron stoichioretry are calculated 1979) . 3estisted (excePt 22a2G) . from stoichioretry

GREIA: S URI NAM ITE, TAAFFEITE, BERYLLIAN SAPPHI RI N E

obtained by assuming BeO contents of 2.2 to 2.5 wt.Vofor the "Zircon point" sapphirines and l%ofor the Gage Ridge sapphirine (Table g). By contrasr, the sapphirine in sample 2282G, a qaartz granulite from 'Christmas Point," contains insignificant Be (Table 4) and its chemistry is similar to other En_ derbVLand sapphirines. Wilson and Hudson's(1967) beryllian sapphirine (0.65 wt.Vo BeO) difiers from the Antarctic sapphirines in that there is no evidence of increasedsilica content; they report 14.42\ft.qo SlO2 or 1.709Si per 20 oxygens. An X-ray diflraction pattern of the ..Zircon point" sapphirine (2234L(3)) is very simitar to, though not identical with, one taken of a ..normal" ,"pphirio., sample 2M4H (see Grew, 1980b,Table 4). If there are any crystallographic differences between these sapphirines, single crystal techniques will be needed to resolvethem. Cordierit e and sillimanite Cordierite associatedwith surinamite at ,.Christ-

Table 9. Analyses of cordierite from ..Christmas point',

SanpIe 22928 47.77 0.0t 30.91 0 3.55 0.05 ll. 23 29.92 0.01 6.62 0.76 8.79 0. 13 0.75 0.11 0.98 0.06 95. /t3 Cations Si Ti A1 Cr FE lln M9 Zn BE ca Na K Total per 18 Oxygen 4.963 3.675 0. 001 o.577 0.057 1.366 0.010 1.3 0.20 1.68 0.05 97.08 22828 47.62

sio2
TiO2 A1203 Cr2O3 Feo I MnO

u9o
ZrLO BeO2 CaO Na2O K20 Total

4.974 0.001 3.793 0 0. 310 0.005 L . 74 4 0.188 0.012 0.197 0.008 LL.232

N on2282E) suggest ftaf signifigantamountsof BeO

0.32s 0.022 0.339 0.007 11.362

FerO, contents in sillimanite are 0.4 wt.Vo for sam_ ples2234L,0.9Vo rn 22928, and l.lVo rn 2292C.CrrO, contents are negtgible. ciency in the analnical totals, then this rutile contains about 90 mole VoTiO2 and l0 mole Voof Fe2*Other minerals Nb oxide having Fe:Nb ratios of roughly l:2 to.3:4, Chrysoberyl (identification confirmed by X_ray somewhat higher than other niobian rutiles (palache diffraction in one sample) is pale yellow in hand et al.,1944,p. 558). sample and mostly colorless in thin section. It conOptical identifcation of wagnerite,(Mg,Fe).pOoF, tains 1.5 wt.VoFeO and less than 0.lVo CrrO, and was confirmed by the near identity of its X-ray powTior. der pattern with that of Colorado wagnerite (SheriRutile is found only at ,,Zirconpoint" and some is dan et al.,1976, Fig. l7A), in particular, the presence of reflectionsnear 5.65A and S.S2A. Parageneses The main stablesilicatemineral assemblage in the medium-grained segregationsat "Christmas Point" Elements scanswith energy dispersive detector re- at the time the pegmatites crystailized appears to veal the presenceof significant niobium and minor have been quartz-sillimanite-garnet-surinamitetungsten, the latter probably not exceeding I wt.Vo in biotite + orthopyroxene. In the segregationsat .Ziramount. If NbrO, is assumedto make up the defi_ con Point,n'assemblages include sillimsnils-garnet-

:A IO F e a s F e O Bl e content estimated fron Na2O content using cordierite analyses of eernf ind povondra (1966) and Schreyer et al. (fSZS).

GREW: SURINAMITE, TAAFFEITE, BERYLLIAN SAPPHIRINE

l03l

sapphirine-surinamite-taaffeite+ rutile-biotite and sillimanite. [n addition, orthopyroxeneis not found or in the later pegmatitesor in the amphibolite-facies sillimanite-garnet-chrysoberyl-biotite-surinamite asrocks of the tectoniczones(seealso Kamenev, 1979). "Zircon Point" the in was absent taaffeite.Quartz which a in Consequently,the restriction of the surinamite and 2234L(5), sample in except semblages to Casey Bay where the later quartz-surinamite-taaffeite assemblageis present. taaffeite parageneses is interpreted not to most abundant pegmatites are part "Zircon of the been have to appears Biotite these beryllium between relation a causal indicate The difwas absent. cordierite assemblages, Point" from the two localities minerals and the younger pegmatites. ferencesin the assemblages of beryllium minerals in The unusual assemblages factors,e.g.,Fe/Mgra' may be due to compositional tio, as indicated by garnet compositions,and Fe3* thesepegmatitesmay be due not only to high temcontents, as implied by sillimanite FerO' contents peraturesof crystallizationrelative to thosefor other Compositional varia- beryllian pegmatites,but also to the relatively high and Fe-Ti oxide assemblages. tions within the pegmatite at each locality are re- MglFe ratio in the bulk corrposition of the Antarctic flected in variable compositionsof the minerals as pegmatites.Possibleequivalentsto the associations well as in differing mineralogy from one part of the describedhere are the AlrSiO'-garnet (rich in almandine and spessartine)-chrysoberyl-quartz assempegmatiteto another. The textures involving cordierite, kyanite, and blages reported from aluminous pegmatitesformed (Jacobsonand Webb, 1946,p. some biotite imply that theseninerals formed after at lower temperatures However,the involving su- 27; Beus, 1966,p. 32; Okrusch,1972). the crystallization of the assemblages rinamite and taaffeite.They may be related to retro- garnetsin the Antarctic pegmatitesare richer in pythan most pegnatitic grade metamorphism associatedwith the tectonic rope and poorer in spessartine zones and later pegmatites,although the cordierite garnets, and are associatedwith minerals having and biotite microveinletscould have formed during a greaterMg/Fe ratios than garnet. Another possible indication of the unusual Mglate, water-rich stage in the crystallization of the a rich bulk compositionis wagnerite,(Mg,Fe)rPOnF, early pegmatites. of crystalliza- mineral which would be expectedin magnesianbulk and pressures Possibletemperatures of phosphorusover caltion of thesepegmatitesare constrainedby the ab- compositionswith an excess senceof primary cordierite and kyanite and by the cium (Sheridan et al., 1976).In some parageneses' presenceof sillimanite-orthopyroxene-quartz;they wagneriteappearswith minerals rich in magnesium, are estimated to be be 800-9000c and 7-8 kbar e.g., ferroan magnesite in quartz-carbonate veins (Grew, 1980b,Fig. 5). Partial pressureof water must near Werfen, Austria (Hegemann and Steinmetz, sillima- 1927), and phlogopite-enstatite near Kragery' have been sufficientlylow for the association nite-orthopyroxene to be stable (Newton, 1972). (Bamble),Norway (Brlgger and Reusch,1875;NeuComparable physical conditions are indicated for marrn et al., 1960), while in others, it is associated sapphirine-bearingquartz granulites, which are with magnetiteor ilmenit/ .9.tnear Kragerf (816g' found in the country rocks of the pegmatitesat both ger and Reusch, 1875) and in Bavaria (Propach, localities.Sapphirinein the granulites at "Christmas 1976).Possibly low calcium and high fluorine concoronasof tents are more i.mportantthan high Mg contentsfor Point" (e.g.,sample2282G)has successive sillinanite (containing minor corundum) and ortho- wagneritestability. In any case,the diversity of wagimplies that this mineral is stable pyroxene.Thesetextural relationshipsimply that an nerite parageneses condiearly-formed sapphirine-quartz associationreacted over a wide range of pressure-temperature related to likely more to form sillimanite + orthopyroxene + corundum. tions, and that its scarcity is identification. of Theserelationshipsare similar to thosein the Wilson compositionalfactors or failure Lake, Labrador, sapphirine-quartz rocks illustrated Origin of the berYllium (1972,Fig.6) exceptfor and Schreyer by Chatterjee of Beryllium mineralization in granulite facies terof corundum. The high temperatures the presence formation and absenceof beryl, kyanite, and mus- rains is rare. To my knowledge, the only other recovite imply that the beryllium mineralization in the ports of such mineralization are the two taaffeite ocearly pegmatitesis unrelatedto the later pegmatites. currences in Australia and the three surinamite beryl and rare beryllian so- occurrences,a5suming these surinamites, like the In the later pegmatites, dian cordierite (e.9.,22828) are the only beryllium Antarctic surinamite, contain significant beryllium' minerals present; kyanite and muscovite accompany The field and mineralogical evidence relating to the

1032

GRE}I: SURINAMITE, TAAFFEITE, BERYLLIAN SAPPHIRINE

origin of the beryllium minerals and their host pegmatitesin Antarctica is thereforeof interest. The petrologic considerations discussed above,UPb isotopic data on the early pegmatites(Grew and Manton, 1979),and U-Pb isotopic data on the metamorphic country rocks (W. I. Manton, personalcommunication, 1980)indicate that pegmatite emplacement and the granulite-faciesmetamorphismof the Napier complex were roughly coeval. Sheratonet al. (1980,p. 6) suggestthat the early pegmatiteswere "probably derived by local mobilisation" of the country rock. Some of the early pegmatites,such as the irregular masses associated with boudinage (Grew and Manton, 1979),may have a non-magmaticorigin. On the other hand, the crosscutting planar veins and podiform pegmatites are more likely of magmaticorigin; theseare indicatedin Figure l. Evidencefor this origin is found in the contact aureoles,which di_fferfrom the contact effects around non-magmaticpegmatites describedby Ramberg (1956,p. 199),and the presence of the beryllium minerals. It could be argued that the beryllium in these minerals originated in the country rocks, but concentrations of beryllium in sedimentaryor metamorphic rocks (other than in the contact aureolesof pegmatites) are exceptional. Moreover, were rocks with above average Be contents (of which sample 2045A may be an example)abundant in the Napier complex, there is no obvious mechanismfor transporting and concentratingberyllium under granulitefacies conditions. Aqueous fluids are generally believed to provide such a mechanism,but it is doubtful that aqueousfluids were presentin the host rocks at the time of the granulite-faciesmetamorphism. Fluid inclusion studiesin other granulite-faciesterrains suggestCOr-rich compositionsfor such fluids (e.9.,Weisbrodet al.,1926),and the mineral assemblagesof the Napier complex granulite-faciesrocks imply P",o ( P,o,.r(Sheraton et al., 1980: Grew, 1980b). Consequently,a non-magmatic source for beryllium in the two pegmatitesappearsunliksly. A possiblesouroeof someof the early pegmatites is a charnockitic plutonic rock related to the orthopyroxene-bearing granodiorite and granite reported by Ravich and Kamenev (1975,p. a9e and Sheraton et al. (1980)from Tange Promontory 00 km west of "Christmas Point") and other parts of the Napier complex(Figure l). In the MusgraveRangesof Australia, a plutonic rock of charnockitic affinities, the Ernabella Adamellite, is believed to be the source of beryllium in taafeite at this locality (Hudson e/ a/.,

The partial pressureof water (and fluorine?)in residual fluids from a charnockitic pluton may have been sufficient to transport beryllium, but not to hydrate the sillimanite-orthopyroxene assemblage to cordierite at the high ambient temperatures during emplacement. Only after pegmatiteemplacement, as temperatures decreased, did the high-temperature sillimanite-orthopyroxene-surinamite assemblage react to form beryllian cordierite, and the fractures in the rock flll with biotite. The CaseyBay beryllium parageneses indicate the possibility of beryllium mineralization associated with charnockitic plutonism in granulite-faciesterrains. Such mineralization may have been overlooked in most studiesof granulite-facies terrains,for the more coillmon and easily recognized beryllium minerals such as beryl may not be present.Taaffeite and surinamite, which may be the principal beryllium minerals in these deposits,could be confused with chloritoid or sapphirinein the field. More anention should be devoted to the pegmatitesassociated with charnockitic plutons; these may reveal previously unknown geochemical features of the charnockitic suite. Acknowledgments
I thank the Antarctic Division of the Department of Scienceand the Environrnent,Australia, for enabling me to participate in thc Australian National Antarctic ResearchExpeditions during the 197'l-78and 1979-80field seasons, and for providing logistic support for my field work. I alsothank M. Sandifordand C. J. L. Wilson of the Departmentof Gcology, University of Melbourne, for providing me with scveral samplesof the latcr pgmatitesand for inviting mc to join them in field work on "Christmas point." an invitation which led to my discoveryof the mincrals describedin this report. I thank J. W. Sheratonfor providing unpublished information on localities of chamockitic and anorthositic rocks in Endcrby Land, and E.W.F. de Roever,for unpublisheddata on surfuramite. I thank J. S. White and R. V. Gaina for arrangingthc emission spectrographic analyscsand J. R. O'Neill, the water analysis. Commentsby W. A. Dollase,P. C. Grew, P. B. Moore, and G. R. Rossmanon an earlier version of this manuscript are much appreciated.

References
Anderson,B. W., Payne,C. J., and Claringbull, c. F. (1951)Taaffeitc, a new beryllium mineral, found as a cut gemstone.Mincralogical Magazine,29, 765-772. Beus,A. A. (1966)Gcochemistryof Bcryllium and Genetic Types of Beryllium Deposis. Freeman,San Francisco. Br6gger,W. C. and Rcusch,H. H. (1E75)Vorkommen des Apatit in Norwegcn. Zcitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gcsellschaft,27, &6-702. Ccrnf, P. and Povondra, P. (1966) Beryllian cordierite from

re67).

RI NAM ITE, TAAFFEITE, BERYLLIAN SAPPH I RI N E GREW: S TJ Vtn6: (Na,K) * Be + Al. Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mincralogie Monatshefte, Jahrgang 1966,X-4. N. D. and Schreycr,W. (1972)The reactioncnstatitcs" Chatterjee, + cillirnanite a srpghirino$ + qurrtz i-n the syetcra MgOAl2O3-SiO2. Contributions to Mincralogy .,rd Pctrology, 36, 49-62. J. (1978)Rock-Forming Deer, W. A., Howic, R. A. and Zussman" Minerals, Vol. 2A, Single-Chain Silicatcs (Second Edition). Wiley, New York. Ellis, D. J., Sheraton,1. 1ry.,Fngland, R. N. and Dallwitz, W. B. (1980) Osumilite-sapphirlne-quartz granulites from Enderby Land Antarctica-mineral assemblagcsand rcactions. Contributions to Mincralogy and Petrology, 72, 123-143. metaGrew, E. S. (1978) Petrologicstudy of tle granulite-facies morphic rocks of Enderby Land, East Antarctica, witl the Australian National Antarctic Rcsearch Expedition (ANARE), Antarctic Joumal of the U.S., l3(4), 2-3. 1977-78. Grew, E. S. (1980a)Petrologicstudiesin Enderby Land with the Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition, 1979-80. Antarctic Journal of thc U.S., l5(5), a0-+9. Grew, E. S. (l9E0b) Sapphirine + quartz association from Archean rocks in Enderby Land, Antarctica. American Mineralogist, 65. 821-836. Grew, E. S. and Mantor5 W. I. (1979)Archean rocks in Antarctica: 2.5-billion-year uranium-lead ages of pegmatitesin En2M,43-445. derby Land. Science, Hegemann, F. and Steinmetz, H. (1927) Die Mineralglnge von Werfen im Salzkammergut. Centralblatt ftir Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie. Abteilung A: Mincral,ogie und Petrographie.Jahrgang1927,45-56. Higgins, J. B., Ribbe, P. H. and Hcrd, R. K. (1979)SapphirineL Crystal chemical contributi,ons. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,68, 349-356. Hudson, D. R., Wilson" A. F., and Threadgold, I. M. (1967), A new polytype of taaffeite-a rare bcryllium mineral from thc granulites of central Australia. Mineralogical Magazine, 36, 305-310. Jacobson,R. and Webb, J. S. (1946) Thc pegmatitesof ccntral Nigeria. Gcological Survcy of Nigeria Bullctin No. 17. Kamenev, Ye. N. (1979) Drevncyshaya metamorficheskaya tolshcha Kholmov Fayf (Antarktida). Antarktika Dollady Komissii, 18, ll-19. Nauka, Moscow. Kozhevnikov,O. K., Dashkevich,L. M., Zakharov, A. A., Kashayev, A. A., Kukhrinkova, N. V., and Sinkevich, T. P. (1975) First raafeitc [sic] fnd in the USSR. Doklady Akadcmii Nauk SSSR,224, l-2lu.^l2l(transl. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR,224, 1977). 1399-1,001, Moore, P. B. (1976) Surinamitc a new Mg-Al silicatc from the Bakhuis Mountains, wGstemSurinam. II. X-ray crystallography and proposcd crystal structurc. American Mineralogist, 61,197199. Ncumann, H., Jdsang,O. and Mortoo" R. D. (1960)Mineral occuneloes in southcrn Norway. Guidc to excursionsno. Al5 and

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