First Latin Grammar (1879) PDF

FIRST LATIN
M.
C.
Macmiliar
mi
FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR.

MACMILLAN.
FIRST
LATIN GRAMMAR
BY
M.
C.
MACMILLAN,
ST.
M.A.
ASSISTANT MASTER IN
PAUL'S SCHOOL
MACMILLAN AND
1879
CO.
[All rights reserved
~\
OXFORD:
BY
E.
PICKARD HALL,
M.A.,
AND
J.
H.
STACV.
PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.
PREFACE.
IN this short
Grammar
of the Latin Accidence I have
endeavoured to arrange the paradigms in such a way as to give some hint of the connection between the different
forms, without departing from the traditional number and In the arrangeorder of Declensions and Conjugations. ment by stems I have closely followed Mr. Roby, even in
the
somewhat uncertain
is
distinction
between consonant and
i-stems in the Third Declension of Nouns, feeling that

division
some
necessary, and that his
is
more
satisfactory than
any other.
The Notes, which are printed in small type at the bottom of the page, may well be omitted until the large print has been thoroughly learnt. I have confined the Latin Declenwords to an Appendix, for the sake of and the Reckoning of Time, Money, and treated clearness, the Numerals, at the end of the book, rather for the sake
sion
of Greek
of following the usage of Latin

strictly to the subject.
Grammars than because
they
belong I have omitted the Syntax because, while a knowledge of grammatical forms is necessary to the beginner of Latin,
the use of these forms can only be taught
exercises,
exist.
by progressive
and many excellent books on
this subject already
CONTENTS.
Letters
.
.
Nouns
.*"
.
.'.'..
.
.
.'
4
5
Declension of Nouns Substantive
Gender of Nouns Substantive

Declension of Nouns Adjective
*.
,.
20
26
31
....
'
Degrees of Nouns Adjective Pronouns .

. .
...
. .
36 36
38
Declension of Pronouns Substantive

Declension of Pronouns Adjective Declension of Numerals ..
'.
'.
.
.
*
. .
V
.
46
48
50 62
Verbs
.,,,
.'-../.
. .
^.
Conjugation of Regular Verbs
....
..
'
Verbs with
-I
Stems
'
Irregular Verbs
64
76
78
Defective Verbs
-,
.
.
.
Impersonal Verbs List of Irregular Verbs . .
^
. .
..'
79
Adverbs
.*
..
,.
.
.
'
-95
.
.
Conjunctions
Prepositions
.
.
:.
'.
97 97
...
.
..
Appendix
I.
Latin Declension of Greek

List of
Nouns
.
...
.
99
108 113
Appendix Appendix
II.
Numerals
III.
Appendix IV.
Roman Mode of Reckoning Time Roman Money

.
118
FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR.

THE LETTERS.
i.
Letters of the Latin Alphabet are these:

XT
Modern
Name
"
A B
C
Signs.
b
C
be
CC
probably always pronounced hard.
D B P
G-
d
e f
de
e
ef
H
J
h
j
J
ge h
( (
generally written J,
j,
;
K
L O P
beginning of words
(i) before a vowel at the (2) between two vowels.
Mm N
1
k
el
used only in a few abbreviations, as
for Cdlendae.
em
en o
pe
.
Q B
S
p q
r
s
t
qu
er es
te
always followed by
u.
V X
Z
U VI x y
)
written
V,
;
of words
y, (i) before a vowel at the beginning (2) between two vowels.
ix
Upsllon
Zeta
only used to write T and Z in words borrowed from the Greek (as chlaniys, zona).
2
2.
THE LETTERS.
Vowels.
Each of
the letters a, e,
itself,
i,
o, u,
(called
its
upsllon) can be pronounced by
and
is
named from
own sound
without any addition.

letters.
They
are called vowels or
self-sounding
When
to
two vowels are pronounced rapidly together so as

this
produce one vowel-sound,
combination
are
is
called a
diphthong or double-sound.
ae, oe, an,
These
eu
3.
ei, ui,
seldom found.
other
letters,
Consonants.
in
The
which can only be
sounded
connexion with vowels, are called consonants

In naming these
is
or letters sounded with.
letters,
as
we
see
from the above

after the
table,
a vowel
pronounced
either before or
sound of the consonant.
4.
Consonants may be divided

to the parts of the
i.
According
mouth
at
which they are
formed.
u.
According
to the character of the sound.
I.
Gutturals or sounds formed at or near the

|
throat (or soft palate),
'
'
*' g>
'
Linguals or sounds formed with the tongue,

Dentals or sounds formed at or near the teeth,
Labials or sounds formed at or with the
lips,
r, 1.
t,
d, n,
f,
s,
z.
p, b,
v,
m.
THE LETTERS.
n.
Sharp sounds or Tenues,

Soft sounds or Mediae,
6,
k, g,
t,
p.
g, d, b.
1, r,
Liquids,
Sibilant (or hissing letter),
m,
n.
s.
Aspirate (or rough breathing),
h.
called double letters.
The
5.
letters
x = ks
and z = ds are
Semivowels.
The
letters j
and
v,
which
in Latin
represent the sounds of the English y and w, are called semivowels.
6.
Table of the alphabet arranged according
to
pro-
nunciation.
Vowels.
NOUNS.
INFLEXION.
7.
Words
are inflected, that
is,
altered in their form, to
mark
their relation to other
words
in a sentence. in
Stem.
inflexion
is
That
part of a
word which remains unchanged
called the stem.
Suffix.
That part of a word which may be changed
is
called the suffix or ending.
Nouns, pronouns, and verbs are

are not.
inflected;
other words
NOUNS.
8.
Nouns
are inflected
by adding
to or
changing the
is
end of the stem.

clension.
The
inflexion
of nouns
called
de-
The
(1)
Latins used inflexions to distinguish
Two Numbers:
the Singular
it
when a word
signifies
one thing, the Plural when

(2) Six Cases
:
signifies
more than one,
Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive,
Dative, Ablative.
(3)
Three Genders: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.
Note
i.
distinct
form for the Vocative case
is
only found in the
singular of masculine nouns of the second declension,
and
in
some
words adopted from the Greek.
A
in
case called the Locative, found in some words, is always the same form either as the genitive, the dative, or the ablative.
2.
Note
Names
lÎasculine or
Feminine
of things which were thought of as having sex were others were Neuter (neither of the two}.
;
NOUNS.
9.
Nouns
are either Substantive or Adjective.
Substantives have inflexions of

chiefly each of
number and
case, but are
one gender
only.
Adjectives have inflexions of number, case, and gender.
10. Certain case-endings are
common
to
all
nouns.
Singular.
Masc. and Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
Ace.
-m
Plural
alike.
Nom.
Ace.
-s
Gen.
Dat.
-um
1 alike.
Abl.
ii.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

'
Substantives are arranged in five classes, called declensions, according to the
endings of the genitive singular.
In the
ist declension the genitive singular
ends in -ae
-i
2nd
3rd
-is. -iis
4th 5th
-ei.
12.
First Declension.
in -a, chiefly
Stems ending
Feminine.
Example
mensa-,
f.
table.
Singular Number.
Nominative and Vocative

Accusative
Genitive and Dative
Ablative
mensa
mensa-m
mensae
mensa
Plural Number.
Nominative and Vocative

Accusative
Genitive
mensae
mensa-s
mensa-rum
mensi-s.
Dative and Ablative
Note
3.
Genitive singular in -ai
is
sometimes found.
found in pater familias, father
of.
in -as is
a family
mater familias, mother of a family.

Genitive Plural in
Note
4.
-um
instead
of.
-arum
is
found in
caelicolum (m.),
of dwellers in heaven,
also
terrigenum (m.),
of earth-torn men,
drachmum
of drachmas,
(f.) 3
amphorum
ef amphors.
(f.),
Note
5.
Dative and Ablative Plural in -abus
is
sometimes found
in
deabus from dea, goddess (a form retained to distinguish it from the dat. and abl. of deiis, god}, in filiabus, from filia, a daughter, and some
other words.
FIRST
AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.

Second Declension.
-o.
13.
I.
Masculine (and rarely Feminine) Stems in

:
Example
m.
boy..
domino-, m. lord,- ag(e)ro-, m. field; puero-,

.
Singular.
Nom.
Voc.
Ace.
dommu-s
domine
dominu-m
'
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
domini
domino
Plural.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
domini
domino-s
Gen.
domino-rum
Abl.
Dat
domini-s.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.

Stem
deo-,
m. god,
is
declined thus
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
*deii-s
deu-m
del
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
deo
Plural.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
di or del
deo-s
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
deo-mm
or
deu-m
di-s or dei-s.
Note
6.
The Vocative of Names

with
in -lus ends in
fill,
-I,
gem,
oh genius,
vulturi,
oh son,
oh vulture.
Note
7.
Substantives declined like puer

are
socer,
gener,
vesper,
Liber,
father-in-la-w, son-in-law, evening star, Bacchus,
the singular of jugerum,

acre,
and
vir, accusative virum,
man.
SECOND DECLENSION.
II.
Neuter Stems in
-o.
Example
regno-, kingdom ;
membro,
limb.
Singular.
Norn. Voc. Ace.
10

Third Declension.
in
-i.
14.
I.
Stems ending
-i.
(a)
civi-,
Stems with
m.
f.
labial before
Ex.:
nubi-,
f.
cloud.
citizen.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
nube-s
civi-s
nube-m
.
cive-m
civi-s
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
nubi-s
nubi
civi
eive' (also civi)
nub 6
Plural
N.A.V.
Gen.
Dat.
nube-s
cive-s
nubi-um
Abk
nubi-bue.
-i.
civi-um
civi-biis.
(b) arci-,
Stems with guttural before

f.
Ex.
fasci-,
m. bundle
citadel.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
fasci-s
arx arce-m
arci-s
fascerm
fasci-s
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
fasci
arc!
arce
Plural
N.A.V.
Gen.
Pat. Abl.
fasce-s
arce-s
fasci-um
fasci-bus.
arci-um
arci-bus.
THIRD DECLENSION.
(c)
II
Stems with dental before

f.)
-i.
Ex.:
rati-,.
f.
boat; ser-
penti (usually
serpent.
12
DECLENSION' Of NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

Stems ending
II.
in
Consonants.
f.
Stems ending in mutes. Ex.: princip-, m. and chief; judec-, m. {Judge ; aetat-, f. age ; ped-, rn,/oot.
(a)
Singular.
Norn. Voc.
THIRD DECLENSION.
() Stems ending in -n. Ex. f. man ; legion-, f. legion.
:
13
n. host ;
agmen-,
homon-,
m.
Singular.
14

Stems ending
in -s.
(</)
Ex.
honos-, m. honour; opus-,
n.
work.
THIRD DECLENSION.
III.
Stems ending
su-,
in -u.
Ex.
gru-,
f.
m.
f.
crane ;
m.
f.
swine ; Jov-, Jupiter;
bov-, m.
ox or cow.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Notes on Peculiar Forms of Cases.

Note 13.
Accusative singular in -im and
febris, pelvis, turris,
fever,
_
-em
is
found
in
basin,
tower,
securis, restis,
axe,
rope, stern
puppis, of a ship,
rarely clavis,
key,
messis, navis,
harvest,
ship.
Note 14.
Ablative singular in
-i
only
is
found in
-e,
-al,
Neuteis with nominative in
-ar,
such as mare, animal, calcar,

sea,
animal,
spur.
excepting -e in jubar,
nectar, far,
brightness, nectar, spelt.
Note 15.
Ablative singular in
-i
and -e
is
found
in
Nouns with
accusative in
-im and -em,
(securi, reste,
always are the same),
axe,
civis,
citizen,
rope,
anguis, finis, fustis,

snake,
end,
cudgel,
avis,
bird,
unguis, amnis, postis,

nail,
river, door-post,
imber, ignis,
shower,
classis,
fleet,
strigilis,
fire,
scraper,
axis,
axle,
and
bilis,
bile.
THIRD DECLENSION.
I/
Note
6.
Genitive plural in
-mm is
found in
(1) Neuters
with nominative in
-e,
-al,
-ar;
(2) Parisyllables excepting mater,-
mother,
pater, juvSnis,
father,
and
frater,
youth,
brother,
sSnex, vates,
old man, seer,
and
canis,
dog,
accipiter,
and
volucris,
bird.
hawk,
(3)
Nominatives with -s or'-x
and consonant as
cliens,
client,
arx,
citadel.
(4) mas, maris, male,
makes marium,
mus, muris, mouse, makes murium,

glis, gliris,
dormouse, glirium,
Us,
lltis,
lawsuit, litium,
nix, nivis, snow,
makes nivium,
makes noctium,
.nox, noctis, night,
dos, dotis, dowry, dotium,
os,
ossis, bone,
makes ossium,
vires, virium.
vis, force,
makes
i8
15.
Fourth Declension.
-u.
Stems ending in
Ex.: gradu-, m. step; cornu-,
n. horn.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS.
19
1 6.
Fifth Declension.
in -e.
Stems ending
Ex.:
die-,
m.
f.
day.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
die-s
die-m
die-i
Gen. Dat.
Abl.
die
Plural.
N.V.A.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
die-s
die-rum
die-bus.
Note 19.
In the Genitive and Dative singular final -el

-
is
sometimes
contracted into
as die, acie, fide,

day,
edge, faith.
Note 20. The Genitive, Dative, and Ablative plural are seldom found, except in the words res, thing, and dies.
C 2
20
GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

17.
Masculine.
;
All
names of males, peoples, months,

'of
and winds
and most names

All
mountains and
rivers.
;
Feminine.
names of
Neuter.
countries, cities,
names of females and and plants.
islands
and most
All indeclinable nouns.
Masculine and Feminine.
employments,
etc.,
held either by
Names men
derived from offices,
or
women.
1 8.
First Declension.
in -a, except
Feminine.
Words ending
names of men,
as nauta, sailor.
19.
Second Declension.
-er.
Masculine.
Neuter.
Words ending in -iis and Words ending in -um.

These
alvus,
stomach,
are feminine in -us,

colus,
distaff,
carbasus,
canvass,
vannus,
winnowing-fan,
humus,
ground,
virus,
pampmus,
vine-leaf.
Neuter,
pelagus,
sea.
venom,
Note 21.
the
common
people, is neuter, but the ace. is often
Carbasus has nom. and ace. plural carbasa (neuter); vulgus, vulgum. It has no
plural.
THIRD DECLENSION.
21
20.
Third Declension.
-or, -os,
Masculine.
-er,
Words ending in -o (genitive -onis), -ex and imparisyllables in -es.

-or.
Feminine in -or
is
arbor,
tree.
Neuter, aequor, cor, and marmor,

surface,
heart,
marble.
-os.
Feminine are
cos,
and dos,
dowry.
whetstone,
Neuter are both
6s,
bone,
and
6s,
face.
-er.
Neuter words which end in

are
siler,
ozier,
-er,
verbera,
blows,
and
ver,
spring,
papaver, piper, acer, tuber,

poppy,
pepper, maple,
iter,
hump,
cadaver,
corpse,
deer,
uber,
journey, chick-pea, udder.
-ex.
Feminine are
faex,
lees,
and
lex,
law,
with supellex, forfex, nex,

furniture,
scissors,
death.
Note 22.
arbor,
;
genitive
arboris
;
aequor, aequoris;
; ;
cor,
;
cordis;
marmor, marmoris cos, c5tis dos, dotis 6s, .ossis 6s, oris verbera singular found only in the ablative verbere" ; iter, (plural), verberum itmeris (from old nom. itmer) faex, faecis lex, legis supellex, supel;
;
lectilis
(an adjective with
rei,
gen. of res understood); forfex, forficis;
nex, necis.
22
-es.
GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE,

Feminine
ables,
fir-tree,
and
seges,
corn,
merces, merges, quies, teges,

hire,
sheaf,
rest,
mat.
Feminine.
-as, -is,
Words ending in -o (genitive, -inis), -io, -aus, -x (except -ex), -s following a consonant, and pari-
syllables in -es.
-o (gen. -Inis).
Masculine in -o are cardo,

hinge,
ordo,
turbo;
common margo,
border.
order, whirlwind,
-lo.
Masculine are
vespertllio,
bat,
pugio, scipio, papilio,

dagger,
staff,
butterfly,
septentrio,
north,
and unio,
pearl,
and words
like ternio,
the
number
three,
the
senio, number
six.
-as.
Masculine are
as,
and mas,
coin,
a bronze
male,
vas (vadis,
bail),
and elephas,
elephant.
Note 23.
mergitis
assis
;
abies, abietis;
quies, quietis
;
,-
seges, sege'tis;
;
merces, mercedis; merges,

;
teges, tegetis
vespertllio, vespertilionis
;
as,
mas, maris vas, vessel, genitive vasis, is neuter the plural vasa belongs to the second declension; elephas, elephantis (see Appendix,
p. 104).
THIRD DECLENSION.
-is.
23
Masculine are
amnis, axis,
river,
callis,
collis,
hill,
axle,
path,
canalis, caulis, cassis,

canal,
stalk,
net,
follis,
pair of bellows,
crinis, fascis,
hair,
funis, fustis,
rope,
bundle,
cudgel,
sodalis,
sends, panis, postis,

loaf,
companion, bramble,
piscis, orbis,
door-post,
manes
ghosts,
(plur.),
mensis,
month,
fsh,
torris,
circle,
unguis, vectis,
nail,
ensis,
firebrand,
crowbar, sword,
glis,
Imparisyllables
and
cinis,
ashes,
dormouse,
lapis, pulvis,
stone,
sanguis, semis,
blood,
dust,
half an as.
-ax, -ix.
Masculine in -ax and -ix,

thorax, fornix,
breastplate,
and
calix,
arch,
cup ;
-s after a
con-
Masculine are dens, and fons,

tooth,
SOnant.
scrobs,
ditch,
spring,
and rudens, mons, and pons,

cable,
mountain,
bridge.
Note
lapidis
;
24.
anmis, genitive amnis;

;
glis,
gliris;
;
cinis,
cineris;
;
lapis,
pulvis, pulveris
sanguis, sangumis
semis, semissis
thorax
thoracis; fornix, fornicis; calix, calicis; dens, dentis; scrobs, sciobis.
24
Neuter.
-n,
-t.

Words ending
in
-a, -e, -ar,
-ur, -us, -c,
-1,
-ur.
These are masculine

furfur,
in -ur,
fur,
turtur,
vultur,
bran, turtle-dove, vulture, thief.
-us.
-us, -utis, feminine
with tellus,
the earth,
peciis
(pecudis),
and
palus,
marsh,
beast (cow, sheep, etc.},
incus;
anvil,
common
griis,
crane,
and
sus,
swine.
Masculine are lepus, mus,

hare,
mouse.
-1.
sal
salt,
and
.
sol are masculine,

sun.
-n
also pecten, ren,

comb,
kidney,
and
splen,
the spleen.
Note 25.
paludis;
salis
;
furfur, genitive furfuris

griis,
fur, furis;
tellus, telluris;
palus,
sal,
incus, incudis;
;
grins; lepus, leporis;

;
mus, muris;
sol, solis
pecten, pectinis
ren, renis
splen, splenis.
FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS.

21.
25
Fourth Declension.
in -iis.
Masculine.
Neuter.
Words ending
Feminine are
Words ending
in -u.
trees in -iis,
trfbus, acus, porticus,

tribe,
needle,
colonnade,
domus, Idus, and manus,

house,
Ides,
hand.
22. Fifth Declension.
Feminine.
Dies, mostly masculine,
day,
in singular
may be
feminine.
Note 26.
domus, genitive domus (see note 17)
Idus,
Iduum.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.

23.
Adjectives have inflexions to denote differences of

as well as of
gender
24.
number and
case.
I.
Stems ending
in -o (masculine
and neuter) and
-a (feminine).
Ex.
bono-, bona-, good; tenero-, tenera-, tender ; nig(e)ro-,
nigra-, black.
Singular.
-O
AND
-A STEMS.
28
25.

II.
Stems ending
happy ;
in -i
Ex.:
felici-,
sapienti-,
wise;
tristi-,
sad;
acri-,
keen ; celeri-, swift.
Singular,
Masc. and Fern.
Neut.
Masc. and Fern.
Neut.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
felix
felix
sapiens
felice-m
sapiente-m
sapiens
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
felici-s
felici
felici (rarely
sapientl-s
sapienti sapienti or
sapiente.
felice).
Plural
N.V. A.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
felice-s
felici-a
sapient e-s
sapienti-a
felici-um
felicX-biis.
.
sapient i-um sapient i-bus.
Singular.
Masc. and Fern.
Neut.
triste
triste tristi-s
tristi.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
tristi-s
triste-m
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
Plural.
N.V. A.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
triste-s
tristi-a
tristi-um
tristi-bus.
-I
STEMS.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
acer
acri-s
acre
acre
acri-s acri
acre-m
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
Plural
Masc. and Fern.
Neut.
N.V.A.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
acre-s
acri-a
acri-um
acri-biis.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
,
celer
celer e-m
celeri-s
celere
celere
celeri-s
celeri
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
Plural.
Masc. and Fern.
Neut.
N.V.A.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
celer e-s
celeri-a
celeri-um
celeri-biis.
Note 28.
Like acer are declined

Adjectives which end in
-ster,
with celeber, and alacer,

frequented,
alert,
saluber, piiter, volucer, healthy, putrid, winged.
30
26.

III.
Consonant stems.
Ex.
melior, letter ; pauper, poor.
Singular.
Masc. and Fern.
Neut.
Norn. Voc.
melior
melius melius
melior-is
Ace.
melior-em
melior -I
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
melior-e (rarely meliori)
Plural
N..V. A.
melior -es
melior-a melior -MID. melior -ibiis.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
Singular.
Masc. and Fern.
Neut.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
pauper
pauper-em
pauper -1 pauper -e
Plural.
pauper
pauper-is
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
N.V. A.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
pauper-es
pauper-Tim
pauper -Ibiis.
DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE.
31

27.
The
Adjective
is
noun expressing
quality.
In Latin
many
adjectives have three forms, denoting dif-
ferent degrees of quality.
The
hard.
positive is the simple
form of the adjective, as durus,
The comparative
(1)
denotes
A A
higher degree,
when two persons
or things are
compared, as durior, harder.

(2)
too high degree, as durior,
too
hard.
The
superlative denotes
(1)
higher degree,
when more than two persons

durissimus,
hardest.
or
things are compared, as

(2)
A very
From
high degree, as durissimus, very hard.
28.
the positive
we may
find the comparative

;
by
adding -ior to the last consonant of the stem

tive
the superla-
either
by adding -issimus
or,
to
last
the last consonant
of
the stem;
by doubling the
consonant and adding
-imus
*.
Nearly
all
the words of this form are given in
29 and note 29.
32
33
<u
34
35
I
,w
I ^
i
oute
s
em
um c,
s,
mu
>Supe
-*r>
S
T?
iv
ex
<->
mu K H *r* ex
iw
*-
Io co
aa
to
o>
js
supremus
sum-mus
>i>
.IrJ
>cu
CU a.
CO
I i ?
.s
I
,
s
S
>g .a .S
CL,
.s
ii
D
2
>6
36"
PRONOUNS.
PRONOUNS.
31.
9).
Pronouns are
either Substantive or Adjective (see
32.
The Pronouns
in Latin
may be
divided into
Personal: ego,// nos,

Reflexive
:
we;
tu, thou ; vos,^.
se, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

:
Possessive
meus,
my ;
noster, our ;
its,
tuus, thy ;
vester,
your
; siius, his, her,

:
their.
iste,
Demonstrative
ille,
hie, this
is,
near me ;
that near
you ;
that there ;
that, he ;
Idem, the same ; ipse,
he himself.
Relative
qui, who,
which ; quisquis, whosoever, which-
ever.
Interrogative
Indefinite
:
quis or qui,
who ? which ?
quis or qui, anyone, any; quisquam, any (one)
at
all.
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

are substantive, and have There are two persons, the person who speaks, and the person spoken to.
33.
The Personal Pronouns
no
distinction of gender.
FIRST PERSON.
Singular.
Plural.
Nom.
Ace.
Dat.
Abl.
ego,
me
mih!
Norn. Ace. nos, we Gen. nostrum

Dat. Abl.
nobls.
me
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS SUBSTANTIVE.

SECOND PERSON.
Singular.
Plural.
37
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Dat.
Abl.
tu,
thou
N.V.A.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
vos,ye,jrou
te
tib!
vestrum
vobls.
te
34.
The
Reflexive Pronoun
It refers
is
substantive,
and has no
distinction of gender.
back to the subject of the

is
sentence, or person spoken of, which
called the third
person.
Singular and Plural.
Ace.
Dat.
Abl.
se, himself, herself, itself, themselves
sibi
se.
The form
sese
is
often used for
se.
Note 32.
Instead of the genitives of
go, tu
and
se the possessive
pronouns are sometimes used, as

our army.
mea manus, my hand;
noster exercitus,
Sometimes the genitive singular neuter of these adjectives
is
used, as
nostri
magna pars
mei, a great part of
me
(i. e.
of
my
nature)
memoria
tua, thy remembrance of us.
38
DECLENSION OF CERTAIN
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.

35.
The
in -o.
Possessive Pronouns are adjectives with stems
ending
its,
They
are meus,
my;
(
tuus, thy ; suus, his, her,
their ; declined like
bonus
24).
(
Noster, our ; vester,jyour ; declined like niger

36.
24).
Some nouns and pronouns

and -a stems
(see
adjective belonging to
the class of -o
24) have the genitive
singular in -ius, the dative in -1 for all genders.
37. Ex.
toto-, tota-, whole.
Singular.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
Ace.
totu-s
tota
totu-m
totu-m
totu-m
totius
toti
\
tota-m
in all genders
Gen.
Dat.
>
'
Abl.
toto
tota
toto
Plural.
Nom.
Ace.
toti
totae
tota-s
tota
toto-s
tota
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
toto-rum
tota-rum
toto-rum
toti-s in all genders.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.

of two
39
38. Ex.: altero-, altera-, the other ; ut(e)ro-, utra-, which

; ipso-, ipsa-, self.
DECLENSION OF CERTAIN
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ADJECTIVE.

39. Ille, that (St.
illo-, ilia-)
;
iste,
that near you (St. isto-,
another (St. alio-, alia-), have the nominative ista-) ; and accusative neuter ending in -d instead of *m.
allus,
'
and
Singular.
Masc.
Fern,
ilia
Neut.
Nom.
Ace.
ille
illu-d illu-d
illu-m
illius
illi
)
.
illa-m
..
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
>
in all
renders
ilia illo
illo
Plural
Nom.
Ace.
ill!
illae
illa-s
ilia
ilia
illo-s
Gem
Dat. Abl.
illo-rum
illi-s in all
ilia-rum
genders.
illo-rum
Singular.
Masc.
Fern,
Neut.
Nom.
Acc
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
al!u-s
alia
allu-d
aliu-d
aliu-m
alia-m
\
alms
in all
alii
genders
alia
alio
alio
Plural
Nom.
Ace.
alii
aliae
alia-s
alia alia
alio-s
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
alio-rum
alii-s in all
alia-rum
genders.
alio-rum
42
DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.
40. Hie, this near
me (stem
ho-, ha-,
and the
particle -ce),
is
thus declined
41. Is, that (stem
i-,
43
:
and eo,
ea-), is
thus declined
44
43. Qui, which (stem quo-, qua-,
and
qui-), is thus de-
clined as a relative
pronoun
Singular.
Note 39. Ecquis, any? quisquis, whosoever; are found chiefly in the following cases
:
45
at all;
quisquam, any
Singular.
46
DECLENSION OF NUMERALS.
44.
Cardinals.
The
following
are
declined:
unus, one;
mille, a thou-
du6, two ; tres.
three ;
diicenti, two hundred (and other
multiples of a hundred below a thousand] sand, when used as a neuter substantive.
Mille used as
an adjective
is
indeclinable.
47
48
VERBS.
VERBS.
45.
Verbs in Latin have inflexions of
person,
1
.
mood, and
Voices
loved.
:
tense.
voice, number, complete verb in Latin has

:
Two
Active, as
amo, /
love ;
and Passive,
as
amor, 7 am
2.
Two Numbers
Three Persons
Singular and Plural

(First,
on nouns).
3.
(
Second, Third) in each number
33 on pronouns).
4.
Three Moods
:
marking the mode

love.
in
which the action
is
viewed
Indicative
as
:
amo, /
Subjunctive
Imperative
5.
amem, I be loving or as ama, love thou.

as
/ love.
marking
Six Tenses (in the Indicative mood, active voice) the time when the action is performed
:
Incomplete action.
Present
as
amo,
Future
as amabo,
Imperfect: as
/ am loving or / love. / shall love. amabam, I was loving.

Completed action.
Perfect
as amavi,
:
/ have
loved or
Future Perfect
Pluperfect
6.
:
as amavero,
/ loved. / shall have loved.
as
amaveram,
:
7 had loved.
Four Verbal Forms

Infinitive
:
as amare,
:
to love.
Participle
as amans, loving.
:
Gerund and Gerundive

to be loved.
as
amandum,
loving; amandus,
Supine
as
amatum,
to love (after
a verb of motion).
VERBS.
49
46.
DEPONENT VERBS.
voice,
Verbs which have no active
but are active in
meaning, are called Deponents: as hortor,
I exhort;
morior,
I die.
CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS.
47.
The
verb has three stems, the Present, Perfect, and Supine

their
stem, from which all other parts are formed. Verbs are commonly divided according to
four classes, called conjugations.
form
into
The
first
conjugation contains
-a
:
all
verbs whose present
stem ends in
as
amo,
/ love ;
infin.
ama-re.
conjugation contains all verbs whose present stem ends in -e as moneo, / advise ; infin. mone-re.
:
The second
The
third conjugation contains all verbs

-i
whose present
stem ends in a consonant, or in -u or in

rego,
(short), as
I rule ;
infin. reg-ere.
infin. tribu-ere.
tribu-o,
/ assign ;
capio,
/ fake ;
infin.
cap-ere.
all
The
fourth conjugation contains

I
verbs whose present

infin. audi-re.
stem ends in
(long)
as audi-o,
/ hear ;
48.
CONJUGATION OF VERBS.
Ex. amo, I love. Second conjugation. Ex. moneo, / advise. Third conjugation. Ex. rego, / rule.
First conjugation.
Fourth conjugation.
Ex. audio, E
/ hear.
CONJUGATION OF
^
rt
a a
A I
*
o?o;
<-!
>-i
_ _ fl O <D
.C 42
1111& ft
IQ IQ
05
03
02
03
OD
03
03
CO
111!
IQ IQ
il
W H
CO
>H
O O
* I
a s a a 5rt |Q IQ
"f -f
>o3
>0
*-
4242
rt
42
OQ
03
*r .A
22'
H
IQ
9 9
g g
W g H <
cj
-??
10
M
bo;
c ^
REGULAR VERBS.
2555 d
rt
fl
fl
is
H o
<D
!!!!
g CO g CO g 03 Cw g
i
'7
ii-9* iO iO
7 7 7 d a a a
H
!-i-l
"H
sin
>????
W
,u
a a g s
>H
42
>H >M 10 'O 43 42
g-Aifl IO KB P
5fH
ill!
A4.&4 iO 'O
crj
c^
P^
^
'$'$
J> J>
^1
Vl
$H PS
^
PJ
50
If .*
4j
4242P42 iO 'O
^ J> 4l '*?<??
S J
im
S o
<u
||||
2
^
**
>2.2.2.2 A ^ A 03 CO C3 g IOS
i<D
i
PR
31
,s
i
s a-&
W >
am-6r
42 42
is3 "0>
r
mone-dr
P iO
i
42 iO
i.
reg
au
CONJUGATION OF
43 43 -M -P
6 o o
g 1 1 1
S!8S XD
5
<
OQ
CO
.3
yrt -rf
-H -M
00
00
>o
o o o
-f
S5
^L 4i -M
4i 4L -i
^39
-
O O
a a a a
,i
is
its
is
11! ,000)
*
*S
H
^
o o
>0
o o o o
4, J. J. J.
s g
>o
i i i
IS
H
"5
t'S
I
.UBJUNCTIVE
REGULAR VERBS.
53
5S ^
J. J.
fl
fl
s
JS
5=1
fC
O Q O O
fl
M**
d
rt
3
rt
-^
j
>r n
.,_(
A.jj .H
111
a a a a ,o o o o
SS
>
i
sag
aaa O O Q
i
0^
*^
54
CONJUGATION OF
XD
REGULAR VERBS.
55
CO
c/3
-Z
CONJUGATION OF
n
A
s
? a
* i
"
>ii-
N u o
>
g
I
as
i
>
>PX>
i
^.
"
'
.^4
g
r*
Jj
>3X>
i i i i
'
_'
,J^
**
|
U>
i 1
|ll^ P
REGULAR VERBS.
57
^ I
if
CONJUGATION OF
REGULAR VERBS.
59
CQ
CQ
73
j-l
GQ
X3
60
VERBAL NOUN-FORMS.
53. Infinitive.
The Future
participle
Infinitive Active
active
When
a verb -has
is composed of the future and the present infinitive of sum, / am. no future the future infinitive is formed by
fore ut, as
dlco fore ut pluat,
/ say
that it will rain.

is
The
Future Infinitive Passive
composed of the supine
and the present infinitive passive of eo, I go*. When a verb has no supine the future infinitive passive is formed by fore
ut, as
dlco fore ut urgeatiir,
/ say
that he will be pushed.
54. Participles.
The
Present Participle Active

Participle Active
is
declined like an adjective declined like an adjective
with stem ending in -nti.
The Future
is
with stem ending in -o. There is no Perfect Participle Active.
Present Participle Passive.
Future Participle Passive.
The
55.
Perfect Participle Passive
is
declined like an adjective
with stem ending in -o.
The Gerund
It is
is
a verbal substantive with stem endace., gen., dat,
ing in -ndo.
56.
in -ndo.
used in
is
and
abl. singular.
The Gerundive
It is
a verbal adjective with stem ending

plural.
used in the singular and
57.
The
Supines are the accusative
and
ablative cases
of a verb-noun of the 4th Declension (stems ending in -u).

* In the expression
amatum In
;
lowed by an accusative there is a going. Hence,

means, I say that there
is
the supine
is
active and
it
may be
fol-
is
used impersonally,
us.
is
being gone, i.e.
for example, the phrase dlco n5s
amatum In
a going towards loving
VERBS WITH
-I
STEMS.
6l
INFLEXIONS OF DEPONENT VERBS.

58.
(1)
(e. g.
Deponent verbs have the following forms:

Passive voice:
iri).
:
Of the amatum Of
all
except the future
infinitive
(2)
the Active voice
Participle Present.
Future.
Infinitive Future.
(3)
Gerund, Gerundive, Supine.
VERBS WITH
59.
STEMS.
The
in
-i,
which
falls
following words have the present stem ending out before -1 or -er in inflexion. They
belong to the 3rd Conjugation.

Capio, cupio, facio,
take,
desire,
make,
fodio, fiigio, jacio,

dig,
flee,
cast,
pario,
get, bring forth,
quatio, rapio, sapio,

shake,
snatch,
be wise.
Compounds of
(-specie)
look,
and
(-lacio)
entice.
Deponents, gradior,
step,
morior, patior,
die,
snjfer.
Note 41.
Indie. Pres.
6rior, oriri,
rise,
and
potior, potiri, be master,

-i
:
have the
following forms belonging to a present stem in

or-er-is,
or-it-ur
Subj. Impf.
pot-it-ur. or-er-et-iir
pot-er-et-ur, pot-er-em-ur,
pot-er-ent-ur.
62
CONJUGATION OF
INFLEXIONS
60.
OF.
VERBS WITH
STEMS.
Ex. cap-I-o,
I take.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
VERBS WITH
-I
STEMS.
PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
64
CONJUGATION OF
6i.
INFLEXIONS OF THE VERB sum, I am.

the roots es-
These tenses are formed from

INDICATIVE.
and
fu-.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
INDICATIVE.
PERFECT,
/ have
i
been,
or
/ was.
Singular
fu-i
fu-is-ti
fu-it
Plural
fu-im-iis
fu-is-ti-s
fu-er-unt or fu-er-e.
COMPLETED FUTURE,
Singular
i
/ shall have
been.
fu-er-o
fu-er-is
fu-er-it
Plural
fu-er-im-iis
fu-er-it-is
fu-er-int.
PLUPERFECT,
Singular
/ had been.
i
fu-er-am
66
CONJUGATION OF
IRREGULAR VERBS.
62.
Possum,
I can, compounded
Present Stem.
of pote sum.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
The
is
present stem
is like
that of
sum; the
perfect stem
potu-.
Perfect Stem.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
to.
PERFECT,
/ could,
i
or
/ have
been able
Singular
68
CONJUGATION OF
i
SP
11
>O
>
iO
icJ
c g
DO CO
DQ
*r
? 4 &
cJ
.op
?
<& d
,0 .o
,Q
o o
11 C
ICtJ
I ??
IRREGULAR VERBS.
69
CONJUGATION OF
64.
Eo,
I go
(stem
i-), is
thus declined
Present Stem.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT,
I am going,
i
or
I go.
e-am
e-as e-at
Singular
e-o
IB
it
Plural
Im-iis
It-is
e-am-iis
e-at-is
e-unt.
e-ant.
FUTURE,
I shall go.
i
Singular
ib-o
ib-is
ib-it
Plural
ib-im-iis
ib-it-is
ib-unt.
IMPERFECT,
/ was going.
i
Singular
ib-am
ib-as ib-at
Ir-em
ir-es
Plural
ib-am-us
ib-at-is
ir-em-us
ir-et-Is
ib-ant.
ir-ent.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT, go.
Sing. 2
FUTURE, thou shall go.

It-e.
Plur. 2
Sing. 2 Plur.
ir-e.
&
3
2
It-o
It-6t-e
e-unt-o.
INFINITIVE PRESENT
PARTICIPLE PRESENT
i-ens, ace.
e-nnte-m.
GERUND
e-undu-m.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
71
Perfect Stem.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PERFECT,
I have gone,
i
or
I went.
i-dr-im
i-er-is
Singular
i-i
is-ti
i-it or it
i-er-it
Plural
is-ti-s
i-er-unt.
COMPLETED FUTURE,
Singular
i
/ shall have gone.
I-er-o
i-er-is
i-er-it.
PLUPERFECT,
I had gone.
i
Singular
is-sem
is-ses
i-er-at
is-set
Plural
is-sem-us
i-er-ant.
is-sent.
INFINITIVE PERFECT i-is-se or is-se.
FUTURE It-uru-s
It-urii-s.
esse.
PARTICIPLE FUTURE
CONJUGATION OF
65. Fio,
It is
become (stem
fi-),
is
thus declined
used as the passive of

INDICATIVE.
facio,
/ make.
PRESENT,
/ am
becoming.
i
Singular
IRREGULAR VERBS.
66.
73
Edo,
/ eaf,
is
thus declined in the present stem (see
72):
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT,
Sing,
i
I am
2
eating, or
I eat.
ed-am
or
ed-o
ed-is
ed-it
or e-s
es-t
ed-im
ed-is
ed-it
ed-as
ed-at
Plur.
ed-im-iis
ed-am-iis
es-t-is
ed-im-iis
ed-it-is
ed -it-is
ed-unt.
ed-at-is
ed-ant.
ed-int.
FUTURE,
Sing,
/ shall eat.
i
ed-am
ed-es
ed-et
Plur.
ed -em-us
ed-et-is
ed-ent.
IMPERFECT,
Sing,
i
/ was
eating.
ed-eb-am
ed-eb-as
ed-eb-at
2 3
Plur.
ed-eb-am-iis
ed-eb-at-is
ed-eb-ant.
74
67. Fero,
CONJUGATION OF
I bear,
is
thus inflected in the present stem:
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT,
I bear.
i
Singular
fer-o
fer-s
fer-t
fer-am
fer-as
fer-at
Plural
fer-im-us
fer-t-is
fer-am-iis
fer-at-is
fer-unt.
bear.
fer-ant.
FUTURE,
/ shall
i
Singular
fer-am
fer-es
fer-et
Plural
fer-em-iis
fer-et-is
fer-ent.
bearing.
IMPERFECT,
/ was
i
Singular
fer-eb-am
fer-eb-as fer-eb-at
fer-r-em
fer-r-es
fer-r-et
Plural
fer-eb-am-us
fer-eb-at-is
fer-r-em-iis
fer-r-et-is
fer-eb-ant.
fer-r-ent.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT,
bear.
fer
FUTURE, thou shall

fer-t-e.
bear.
Sing. 2
Plur. 2
Sing. 2 Plur.
&
3
2
fer-t-o
fer-t-6t-e
fer-unt-o.
INFINITIVE PRESENT
fer-r-e.
PARTICIPLE PRESENT
fer-ens.
GERUND
fer-endu-m.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
75
PASSIVE VOICE.
CONJUGATION OF
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
68. Aio,
/
:
say ; fatur, he speaks ; inquam, quoth /, are
thus inflected
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
Sing,
i
aj-o a-Is
a-it
aj-as
aj-at.
Plur. 3
aj-unt.
IMPERFECT.
Sing,
i
aj
-eb-am
aj-eb-as
aj-eb-at
Plur.
aj-eb-am-iis
aj
-eb-at-is
aj
-eb-ant.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
Sing. 3
PERFECT.
Sing. 3
fat-ur.
fa-tu-s est.
INDICATIVE FUTURE.
Sing,
i
fab-6r
fab-it-iir.
INDICATIVE PLUPERFECT.
Sing,
i
fa-tu-s
eram
fa-tu-s erat.
IMPERATIVE PRESENT
INFINITIVE PRESENT
Sing.
far-e.
far-i.
PARTICIPLE PRESENT
fante-m
fandii-s.
(ace.)
PERFECT
fa-tu-s.
GERUND
GERUNDIVE
SUPINE
fandi, fando.
fa-tu.
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
INDICATIVE PRESENT.
Sing,
i
77
PERFECT.
Sing,
i
inqua-m
inqu-is
inqu-it
inqui-i
inqui-s-ti
inqul-t.
Plur.
inqu-im-iis
inqu-i-unt.
INDICATIVE FUTURE.
Sing. 2
3
inqu-i-es
inqu-i-et.
INDICATIVE IMPERFECT.
Sing. 3
inqu-1-eb-at.
IMPERATIVE PRESENT.
Sing. 2
FUTURE.
Sing. 2
inqu-e
inqu-it-e.
&
inqu-it-o.
Plur.
69.
The
verbs coepi,
begin, or
I have
begun; memfoi,
remember ; odi, I hate, are only found tenses formed from the perfect stem.
in the perfect
and
But IMPERATIVE, Sing.

Plur.
2
2
memento
mementot-e.
78
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
70.
The
following
verbs
are
only used in the third
person singular.
They belong
licet,
if is
to the
second conjugation.
miseret,
libet,
it is
pleasing,
permitted,
it
moves
to pity,
oportet,
it
piget,
it
poemtet,
it
behoves,
vexes,
repents,
also pudet,
it
and
taedet,
it
shames,
wearies.
These verbs are

personal subject.
called impersonal because they have
no
1.
Other verbs are used both impersonally and peraccedit,

it is
sonally, as
fit,
it
acddit,
it
comes
to pass,
added,
happens,
juvat,
it
liquet,
it is
convenit,
it is
delights,
clear,
suitable,
placet,
it is
decet,
it
dedecet,
it
pleasing,
becomes,
misbecomes.
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
79
72.
LIST OF VERBS WITH PRESENT INFINITIVE,
PERFECT INDICATIVE, AND SUPINE.

In the following verbs, wherever the supine is found, the and those tenses of the passive voice which
future participle
are formed
from the supine stem also occur.
Where
there
is
no
is
supine, the future participle, if
any occurs
in Latin writers,
given below.
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
Supine.
acuo, sharpen
ago, do, drive
acuere
agere
acui
egi
acutum.
actum.
cogo, compel
algeo, be cold
alo,
cogere
algere
alere
\
coegi
alsi.
coactum.
nourish
}
alui
altum.
apiscor, fasten to oneself,
get
apisci
adrpisci
aptum.
adlpiscor, attain to
adeptum.
arcui.
arceo, inclose, keep off
arcere
exerceo, exercise
exercere
exercui
arcessivi
arsi.
exercltum.
arcessitum.
arcesso,/^, sendfor arcessere ardere ardeo, be on fire

Future participle arsurus. arguo, charge with ) > arguere crime )
audeo, dare ausus sum,
bibo, drink
argui
argutum.
audere
ausum.
auxi
bibi cecidi
/ have
dared.
augeo, increase, endow augere bibere
auctum.
cado,/a//
occldo,/a// down
cadere
occidere
casum.
occidi
occasum.
8o
Present
Indicative.
LIST OF
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
Supine.
caedo, /*?//,
cut, slay
caedere
occidere
cecldi
caesum.
occlsum.
occido, kill
occldi
-cando,
only in compounds, as accendere accendi accendo, kindle

light,
accensum.
cano, sing capesso, undertake

carpo, pluck
canere
capessere
carpere
ceclni
capessivi
carpsi
capessitum.
caveo, beware
cavere cedere
censere
cernere
clere
cavi
cessi
carptum. cautum.
cedo, yield up
censeo, count
cerno,
sift,
cessum.
censui
crevi
civi
censum.
cretum.
citum.
see
cieo, stir
up
concio, excite
cingo,
concire
cingere claudere
concivi
cinxi
clausi
concitum.
cinctum.
gird
claudo, shut
clausum.
conclude, shut up
colo, till
concludere
colere
conclusi
colui
conclusum.
cultum.
coepio, begin consulo, consult
coepere consulere
coepi consului
coxi
crepui
crevi
ciibui
coeptum. consultum.
coctum.
crepitum. cretum.
coquo, cook
crepo, rattle
cresco,
coquere
crepere crescere
ciibare
grow
lie t
ciibo, lie
cubitum.
-cumbo,
only in compounds, as
accumbo,
curro,
recline
accumbere
cupere
currere
accubui
cupivi
acciibitum.
ciipltum.
cupio, desire
run
cucurri
accurri
dixi
didici.
cursum.
accurro, run up
dico, say
accurrere
dicere
accursum.
dictum.
disco, learn
discere
edisco, learn by heart ediscere
edldici.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present
Indicative.
8l
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
Supine.
divide, divide
dlvidere
dlvisi
divisum.
do, give
(1) circumdo, surround
dare
dedi
datum.
circumdare
circumdedi
credidi
circumdatum.
creditum.
(2) credo, entrustRelieve credere
So reddo, give back ; vendo, sell, and compounds of do and prepositions of one syllable as edo, give forth, utter.
doceo, teach
docere
LIST OF
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
Supine.
-fendo, strike, only in
compounds, as
defendere
ferire
defendo,
ward
off,
defend!
(percuss!)
defensum.
(percussum).
guard
ferio, strike
Perfect
fero,
and supine from
percutio.
(tuli)
ferre bring Perfect and supine from tollo.
(latum).
affero, bring to
afferre
attuli
allatum.
aufero, carry off

differo, disperse,
auferre
.
abstuli
distuli
ablatum.
dilatum.
put r
differre
off
offero, bring before
offerre
refero, bring back suffero, bear, endure
ferveo,
boil,
glow
fervo, fervere is also used,

fido, trust
fisus
flgo,
fio,
fidere
sum,
/ have
trusted.
fix
figere
fieri,
become
findo, cleave
findere
fingere
flere
fingo,form, invent
fleo,
weep flecto, bend
flectere
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present Present
84
Present
Indicative.
LIST OF
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
Supine.
juvo, help, delight
juvare Future participle, juvaturus

labi
juvi jutum. adjuvo has adjuturus.
labor, slip, glide
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
luceo, be light, beam

ludo, sport
luo, pay, expiate
diluo,
wash away
lugeo, mourn, trans,
-meniscor, only in compounds. memmi, 1 remember, \

r
perfect with pre- > merrimisse.
sent
meaning
commlniscor,
devise
comminisci
maneo, remain, await manere
86
Present
indicative.
LIST OF
Present
Infinitive.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present
Present
88
Present
Indicative.
LIST OF
Present
Infinitive.
InSe.
opemi
(
(
operio, cover
operire
opperiri
opertum.
opperior, waitfor
peto, seek, aim at
oppertum.
opperitum.
petltum
'
petivi
petere
Ipetn
(
}
est.
piget, it vexes
plguit
plgere
(
pigltum
pinxi
pingo, paint
plango, beat (esp. the
.
pingere
) /
pictum.
breast, in grief)
plangere
planxi
planctum.
plaudo
clap
(the)
J
re
plausi
plausum.
hands)
(1) applaudo,
applaud applaudere
explodere
applausi
explosi
applausum.
explosum.
(2) explode, hiss off

-plecto, twine, only in
compounds (except
amplecti
plexus), as
amplector, embrace
-pleo }J///, only in
amplexum.
complevi
compounds, as
complere
plicare
compleo, fillfull
plico,/0A/
usually in
completum.
plicatum.
compounds, as
applicare.
applico, apply
pluo, rain
pono, place posco, demand

exposco, implore So other compounds,
possum,
be able
posse
potior, be master (gen.
and
abl.)
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present
89
Present
9o
Present
LIST OF
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present
Indicative.
Present
Infinitive.
Perfect
Indicative.
LIST OF
Present
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Present
Present
93
94
Present
Indicative.
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
ADVERBS.
95
ADVERBS.
74.
Adverbs are indeclinable words, formed from nouns

originally cases).
and pronouns (of which they were
75.
I.
ADVERBS FORMED FROM NOUNS.

in
Those ending
e and o are formed from adjectives with -o stems, as

digne, worthily ; bene, well.
certo, certainly ; clto, quickly.
ter, chiefly from adjectives

feliciter,
and participles with
-i
stems, as
happily ; amanter, lovingly.
im,
chiefly
from past participles, as sensim, gradually ; minutim, in small pieces.

from substantives, as
tiis, chiefly
fundi-tus,//^/?* the bottom; divmi-tus, from the gods.
76.
The
neuter of
adjectives
is
sometimes used ad-
verbially, as
multum, much ; ladle,

77.
easily.
Degrees of adverbs.
comparative
is
The The
Note
formed
like the neuter of the
com-
parative adjective.
superlative
is
formed
like the
neuter of the superla-
tive adjective. also,
saepe, often ; saeplus
saepissrme.
diu,/or long; diurfus; diutissime.

nuper, lately ; nuperrime.
ADVERBS.
78.
II.
ADVERBS FORMED FROM PRONOUNS.

place.
Adverbs of
The
following are pronominal adverbs
of place, ending in
6,
quo,
hue,
hither,
to
istuc,
illuc,
to that
your place,
istinc,
place.
hinc,
hence,
from your
place,
istic,
illinc, from that
place.
illic,
hie,
here,
there (where there (where
you are),
he
is).
hac,
istac,
iliac,
CONJUNCTIONS AND PREPOSITIONS.
97
CONJUNCTIONS.
80. Conjunctions
are
indeclinable
words,
connecting
names, sentences, or parts of sentences. They are often called co-ordinating conjunctions.
Of
these,
et,
-que,
atque, ac,
copulative, because they connect the
meaning and, are called meaning of words or meaning but, are called meaning; aut, vel, ve,
sentences;
sed, verum, autem,
at,
adversative, because they contrast the
meaning
or,
are called disjunctive, because they disconnect
the meaning.
PREPOSITIONS.
8
1.
The
following words are used as prepositions with

:
the accusative case
ante
98
82.
PREPOSITIONS.
The
following are used both with the accusative
(which generally implies motion), and with the ablative (which

generally implies rest)
:
super
above
subter, sub under
and
In
into; in.
83.
ablative
a,
:
The
following are used as
prepositions
with
the
ab
coram
in presence of
cum and
with
de
from
down from
palam
in presence
prociil
pro
before
and
prae
in front
of
far from
of
simul
together with
sine
without
tenus
reaching
to
e
out of.
84. the following (which are really cases of substantives)

are used as prepositions with the genitive
:
causa, gratia for the sake of
ergo
on account of
instar
like to
tenus
reaching
to.
Note 44.
Of
these words
ergo,
tenus,
versus
are
always placed
after
after their substantives;
cum
after personal,
and often
relative
pronouns, as mecum, quicum.
Note 45. Many of these words are also used as adverbs the following only as prepositions, that is to say with a substantive dependent on them the monosyllables, also apud, ergo, inter, penes, sine, tenus.
;
:
GREEK NOUNS.
99
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX
I.
LATIN DECLENSION OF. GREEK NOUNS.

Of the words adopted from the Greek, some (like poeta) were declined throughout like Latin nouns, others retained many Greek forms. They are found belonging to the first,
second, and third declensions of Latin nouns.
FIRST DECLENSION.
Stems
in -a.
Examples: poeta, m. poet,

Hecate,
f.
(TTOWJT??-);
Electra,
f.
('
Aenea-, m. Aeneas, (Au/a-); Anchise-,
m. Anchises,
Singular.
Nom.
Voc.
Ace.
poeta
Electra
Electra-n
Hecate and Hecata

Hecate-n
Hecate-s
poeta-m
poetae poetae
poeta.
Hecata-m
Gen.
Dat
Abl.
Hecate
Hecate
nouns.
Hecata.
Plural, like the first declension of Latin
Obs.
In words like Hecate
we
also find all the inflexions of the

;
Vergil and Horace prefer the Latin forms A.D. 9). the Greek were used by and after Ovid. (fl.
First (Latin) declension.
TOO
LATIN DECLENSION
Singular.
Nom. Aenea-s Aenea Voc.

Ace.
Anchises and Anchisa
Anchise
Anchisa
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
Aenea-n and Aenea-m Aeneae Aeneae

Aenea.
Anchise-n
Anchisae
Anchisae
Anchise
Anchisa.
SECOND DECLENSION.
I.
Stems
in -6
f.
(Greek second declension
in
-o).
Examples: Delo-,
Delos (A^Xo-); Pelio-, n. Pelion,

Singular,
Nom.
Voc.
Ace.
Del6s
N.V.A.
XT TT
-n-^v
Dele
\
J
Peh6-n
Del6-n and Delu-m

Deli
Gen.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
Pelii
Pelio.
Dat. Abl. Delo.
II.
Stems
:
in -6
(Greek second declension

(*A0a>-)
;
in
-co).
Examples
geos
Atho-, m. Athos
Androgeo-, m, Andro-
('Ai/dpo-yfco-).
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Dat. Abl.
Atho-s
Atho-n and Atho

Atho.
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
Obs.
2.
Androgeo-s Androgeo and Androgei.
Patronymics in -des always follow the first declension, in -ides and -ades belong to the third (e. g. Tydides, son o/Tydeus, ace. Tydiden; but Alcibiades, ace. Alcibiadem).
other
names
OF GREEK NOUNS.
IOI
THIRD DECLENSION.
I.
Stems
:
in -o, -eu, -y.
Stems
t&o-).
in -o.
Examples
hero-,
m. hero
(17/30)-)
Dido-,
f.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
hero-s
hero-a
hero-is hero-i
hero-e.
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
Plural
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
hero-es hero-as
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
hero-um
hero-isin
hero-ibiis.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
A Acc.
Dld5
I
Gen.
Didus.
Obs. 3. Forms from stems in -on (as Dido, Didonis) are found in early poets and later writers. Vergil only uses the nom., voc., and ace. of Dido, employing the synonym Elissa for the other cases.
102
Stems
in -y.
LATIN DECLENSION
Ex.
:
Tethy-,
f.
Tethy s
(Tr)6v-).
Singular.
Norn.
Tethy-s
Voc.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
Tethy Tethy-n Tetby-6s

Tethy-i
Tethy-e.
-eu partly retain the forms of the Greek third declension, partly adopt those of the Latin second declension. Ex. Perseu-, m. Perseus Orpheu-, m. Orpheus ('Opfav) Stems
in
:
Singular.
Nom.
Voc.
Ace.
Orpheu-s
Orpheu Orphea
Orphe6-s
Orphei, Orphei.
Orpheum
Orphei
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
Orpheo
Orpheo.
Singular.
Nom.
Voc.
Ace.
Perseu-s
Perseu
Persea
Perse6-s
Persi.
Perseum
Persei
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
Obs. 4.
Persia
Persia.
Perseus, Livy uses the
For the name of the Macedonian king

-e.
forms given above, Cicero those of an -a or Stem. Nom. Pers e-s
Ace.
Gen. Dat.
Abl.
Perse-n Persae Perse and Pers a
(cf.
Anchises, p. 100).
OF GREEK NOUNS.
II.
103
Stems
in -e
and
-i.
Stems
in -e (Gk. elided
2 stems).
Ex.
Demosthene-, m.
Demosthenes
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Gen.
Dat
Abl.
Demosthene-s Demosthene-n Demosthen-e Demostheni Demosthene.

Ex.
:
Demosthene-m
Demostheni-s
Stems
in
-i,
chiefly feminine.
Charybdi-,
f.
Charybdis
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Charybdi-s
Charybdi-m
Charybdi-s Charybdi.
III.
Charybdi-n
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
Consonant Stems.
(Ku/cXwar-),
Labial.
Ex.
f.
Cyclop-, m. Cyclops
Guttural.
Ex.
Styg-,
Styx (s?-).
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Gen.
Cyclop-s Cyclop -a Cyclop -is.
Plural
Nom. Voc.
Ace. Gen.
Cyclop-es Cyclop -as
Cyclop-um.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Styx
Styg-a Styg-6s
Styg-is.
Gen.
104
Dental stems in
Thalet-,
LATIN DECLENSION
-t.
Ex.
;
m. Thales (eaX^r-)
n. poem m. elephan elephant-,

:
poemat-,
Singular.
Nom. Ace.
Gen.
poema
poemat -is.
Plural.
Nom.
Gen.
Ace.
poemat -a
poemat -urn
poemat -is.
Singular.
Dat. Abl.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
Thales
Thalet -a
Thalet-is
Thalet -em
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
Thalet -i
Thalete.
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
elephas
elephant -a elephant -os
elephans
elephant-em
elephant -is
Gen.
Dat.
elephant -I elephant e.
Abl.
PluraL
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
elephant -es elephant -as
Gen.
Dat. Abl.
elephant -um
elephant -ibiis.
Obs. 5.
Thales and Chremes are also declined as -e stems
(cf. p.
103).
Besides elephas we find nom. elephantus, gen. elephanti, ace, plur. elephantos, from an -o stem (Latin second declension).
Obs. 6.
OF GREEK NOUNS.
Stems in -ad.
All feminine.
05
Ex.:
lampad-,
f.
torch
Singular.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
lampa-s
lampad-a
lampad-os
lampad-is
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
lampad -i
lampad -e.
Plural.
Nom. Voc.
Ace.
lampad -es
lampad -as.
these stems
Stems in
-id.
Of
some have
ace. sing, in
-Ida or -idem, others reject the stem consonant, and have ace. in -in or -im, abl. in -i. Ex. Laid-, f. Lais
:
Parid-,
m. Paris
(n.api-).
Singular.
Nom.
106
Stems
in
-n.
LATIN DECLENSION
Ex.
:
Gorgon-,
m.
Gorgon
Platon-, m. Plato
OF GREEK NOUNS.
Stems
in -r.
1OJ
;
Ex.
aether-,
m. pure air (ai%>-)
crater-,
m. mixing bowl
.-I I g S S
ifl
altej
g-.s,
!al|
f
I
prior,
Iwd]
;
dus
s;
of
if? 2 5 ll
4J
s ^-
1313^1 ô 3 g ^
^^-id)
'-g 7!
-I
t5
sjfgfllM S O S C P
nt
DH'^ 'O >G "2 )il)

**
t! 7^
01 cr
*J W '5 8-
?
qnot
CARDINA
nswering
O M
oiavay
en
u?
I
hJI
no-
nagiensnoviens.
nongentiens
milliens.
112
FRACTIONS OF NUMBERS.
2.
FRACTIONS.
i:
;
(1) Fractions with numerator

\,
dimidia pars
;
dimidium
J, tertia ^,
tertia pars
;
quarta
quarta pars.
(2) Fractions
with numerator less by one than denomi-
nator
|,
duae partes
partes
|, tres
^,
quattuor partes.
denominator
1
(3) Fractions with
2 or its multiples
~2, unci-a, gen. -ao (fern.)
-&
J^Y
=^ = }>
T^, septunx ra
sextan-s,
gen. -tis
= f>
i
s>
g en
bessis
(masc.)
(masc.)
quadran-s
T%
^,
dodran-s
dextan-s
(do-
^=
^,
quadrans)
1, trien-s
If
gen.
-cis
i?
(de-
quincun-x,
^=
i
sextans)
i
1 y ^, deunx
^=i
i,
|f,
(masc.)
semis gen. semissis
= as,
gen. assis '(masc.).
(masc.)
(4) Other fractions
:
quattuor septimae
^,
pars tertia et nona
septem nonae
(5)
^Y, pars tertia et septima.

:
Mixed numbers
2 J,
semis tertius (sestertius)

The
unit
3^,
quadrans quartus.
Obs. ii.
earliest
Roman
coin,
ounces
(unciae).
was taken from as libralis, the name of the which was supposed to weigh a pound of 12 The names of its parts were taken to denote
fractions.
FEARS AND MONTHS.
113
APPENDIX
III.
THE ROMAN METHOD OF RECKONING TIME.

The Year.
The Romans in referring to a past year frequently distinguished it by the name of the consuls who held office at the time, and as being so many years before the beginning of some great war.
assigned to the the founding of Rome, which was supposed to have taken place in the year called by us B.C. 753. Therefore the year B.C. 751 would be known by them as annus urbis conditae tertius or A.U.C. in. It must be remembered that the Romans included the year, month, day, etc., from which they counted, so that what we should call 2 years after 753, they counted as 3. In order therefore to find the year B. c. of any Roman date
birth of Christ, the
As we
date a year from that
commonly Romans reckoned from
A.U.C., subtract the
inclusive reckoning. A.U.C. of any date B.C.
number given from 754, adding The same method will give
;
for the
the year
e.
g.
A.U.C. 710 = B.C. (7.54-710) -= B.C. 44. B.C. 44 = A.U.C. (754-44) = A.U.C. 710.
The lustrum was
a period either of four or
five years.
The Months.
year originally contained ten, afterwards twelve months, beginning with March.. These were called mensis Martius (the month of Mars, the god of war), Aprflis
(of sprouting,
rt.
The Roman
aperi-, to open),
rt.
Junius (of thriving,

eighth, ninth,
Maius (of growing, rt. mag.), Quintilis, Sexrllis, September, juv.),
October, November,
December
(the fifth,
sixth,
seventh,
months of the year), Januarius (of opening farm labours, rt. Jan.), Februarlus (of cleansing, rt. After B.C. 153 the year was considered to begin with ferv.). January. The name Quintilis was changed to Julius in
and
tenth
114
B.C.
ROMAN METHOD OF
44
in honour of Caius Julius Caesar, whose birthday fell month; Sextilis became Augustus in B.C. 8, to cele-
in that
brate the triumphs, etc., of the first emperor. Before the reformation of the calendar by Julius Caesar (B.C. 46) the months March, May, July (then called Quintilis),
and October contained 31 days, February 28, and the rest 29. To this year of 355 days an intercalary month (mensis intercalaris, but called by Greek writers Mercedonius, the labour month) of 22 or 23 days was added every other year,
probably after the 23rd of February. The calendar as reformed by Julius Caesar contained months of the same length as ours. Every fourth year the 2 4th of February was reckoned twice, which was equivalent to our 2 Qth of February in leap-year. The month both before and after B.C. 46 was divided into \veeks, the first beginning on the first day or Calendae (proclamation day), on which the length of the first week was in early days proclaimed to the people. The second week, of 8, or, according to Roman reckoning, 9 days, began on the Nonae, which fell on the 5th of eight months in the year, on the 7th of March, May, July, October, because The third week began they originally contained 31 days.
on
the
Idus
(so called perhaps

rt.
from
division (div-)ido, the
of the month, or from
id,
to shine,
the day of the
full-
moon) which fell on the 131)1 or i5th according as the Nones fell on the 5th or 7th. The intervening days were reckoned backwards from these, the days between the Calends and the Nones as so many before the Nones, those between the Nones and the Ides as so many before the Ides, those following the Ides as so
many before the Calends The day immediately
of the next month.
preceding each of these three was called pridie (Nonas, Idus, Calendas), that next before ante diem tertium (Nonas, Idus, Calendas), or a. d. Ill Won. Id. Kal, and so on. This expression was considered as one word and might have a preposition before it, e. g. differre Calendas Wovembres, to put off aliquid in ante diem
XV
Obs. 1 2. The first day of the fourth week was perhaps called nine days, and began 9 days before the end of the month.
nundlnae,
RECKONING TIME.
115
As for the construction, something to the i%th of October. ante seems to govern Calendas Novembres, the ordinal numbers being attracted from the ablative (e. g. quindecimo
and inserted between the preposition and its noun. days of intercalary months were denoted in the same way, the first day being called calendae intercalates, from which the days between the Ides and the 23rd of February were reckoned backwards.
die)
The
After Caesar's reform, every fourth year the 24th of February, or a. d. VI Kal. Mart, priorem, was followed by a. d. VI Kal. Mart, posteriorem. Hence arose the name annus bissextus (or in later Latin bissextilis).
The Day.
The
sunset.
civil
day began
at
midnight and was marked out into
24 hours.
It
The
natural day
began
into
was marked out equal length, counted from
at sunrise and ended at twelve hours (horae) of
sunrise.
As
in
midwinter
at
Rome
it
is
upon
the day is only 9 hours long, while at midsummer rather more than 15, the length of horae depended the time of year, and varied from three-quarters of an
hour to an hour and a quarter. The seventh hour (hora septima) always began at midday. The night was divided for military purposes into four watches (vigilia prima, etc.) of equal length, beginning at
sunset.
The
following table gives the days of the months as they
were named after B.C. 45. Before that date, March, May, July, October were the same as in the table ; in all the others our 1 4th would be a. d. XVII Kal., and so on, and Prid. Kal. would fall on our 2pth.
Kalendae, Nonae, Idus, are feminine the names of the months adjectives agreeing with these the date (e. g. on the
; ;
Calends, etc.)
a. d.
is
in the ablative case (Kalendis,
IV Won.
Jan.
is
for
Nonis, Idibus) ante diem quartum Nonas

:
Januarias.
116
TABLE OF THE
<n
&
M << ~% c.S^'oSS^.-^W""
.
.
0, -
X ^ V2 5
..
<u
K*
l-i I-H
Z
PM
K^.
K^ (^
1-^*
P" HH
J-i
xxxxxx
K^ K> K> K> K> S>
73 73 73 73 73 73
rt
rt
73 73 73 73 73 73
rt
rt
rt
rt
rt
rt
rt
rt*
rt
rt
rt
rt
g|ggs ^g^ % s s d^d-dga-d .! ^^gJlld^S-d^ ^^^Z^^ O^^-SHH ^ Hi *t>

t
sssjsl-Stt~H
ti
rt
t:
--;
13 Kj
"
73 HH HH
'
h>
r5
<<!
~~ii~H
fi 73 73
rt
rt
xxxx
73 73 73 73
rt rt
rt
rt"
>>:
73*
rt
73
rt
73 73 73
rt rt rt
73*
73
rt
rt
^J
*J ^J
<y
'
^3
H ? ^^^g^
O
rt
^ S
rt
tf
rt
-3
fSj
rt
rs
."" T3.T373H-I lllld'^^2^^ -"IZ^^d U HH HH 4 HH T3 ^ HH HH HH

/Ci K-J
<t-t
'
/Ci
-"
I-H
l-H
-^
K*"
^hHK^
(
KjJ
r^
*~^
HH HH "G X"^
.
P^ P*
K*"
K* HH HH HH
XXXXXX
rt rt rt rt rt
H-
i-H
HH HH
PLl
7373
rt rt
737373737373
c$
73 73 73 73 73 73
rt
CQ
cd
od
cd
cfi
--J&*
rt H^H^G rt
.
.
G G rt
.
cembe
G*
"" G G G
.
^| ^
73
rt rt
A ~ 2 2 >^^>^^ ?2 2 73
-d
.
S d j p=.a a ^H-> rt G
Q g j rt rt C
xxxxxx
73 73 73 73
rt
rt rt
73 73 73
rt c3 c3
73*
rt
73 73
rt c3
rt
M N
CO.^-
lOvo fÔO ON
DAYS OF THE MONTH.
117
J '3 .j '3
*
I
3 "3 ._ '3
h=H |_J
CT?
'
KX
i
i
**
.
î (" "C ?^?NX hHP>|>f>K l-HI l^

i
I-H
I
k> K> M H M k> HH W k> ?<

rt
^**
I-H
"
fcd
I"5""
K/'s/'K >t?NK7kr^rKj^'i >

1
.K>(-HHHI-H
. .
"**
a.g
1
s
>^
^ ^ ^ h "C u t:
*j
is
cj
^J-
rt
IOVO l^-OO
P*
N M N N
"
r^
^ -Q
<u
-5
^&5
^ î
^^ n^^
O M
fri
CO 4-
tOO
J^-OO
ON
118
ROMAN MONEY.
X p w
(
I
PH PH
INTEREST ON MONEY.
119
2.
INTEREST ON MONEY.
the legal rate of interest
After 451
B. c.
was
Unciarium fenus, interest of one-twelfth (see p. 1 1 2 (3)) = 8-^ As the year contained 10 months, this was proper cent. bably equivalent to 10 per cent, per annum.
After 8 1 B.C. the legal rate of interest was
Centensima pars
per cent.
sortis, one-hundredth part of the whole
Interest being at this time

to 12 per cent,
was equivalent
This
rate
reckoned monthly, annum. per
this
was taken as the
unit,
and lower
rates represented
by
fractions, e.g.:
Usurae unciae= T^ of centensimae usurae =i per

per annum.
cent,
Higher rates by distributives, e. g. Binae centensimae ^=huice one-hundredth=. 24 per annum.

:
cent, per
Or by combinations of distributives and fractions, e. g. Usurae centensimae et unciae=i3 per cent, per annum.
:
O6s. 13.
For the other
fractions of
centensima
see p.
no.
They
are
in the plural
number, having usurae
in apposition.

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FIRST LATIN

FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR.

[All rights reserved

PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.

of the Latin Accidence I have

between consonant and

i-stems in the Third Declension of Nouns, feeling that

necessary, and that his

of following the usage of Latin

Grammars than because

and many excellent books on

this subject already

Declension of Nouns Substantive

Gender of Nouns Substantive

Degrees of Nouns Adjective Pronouns .

Declension of Pronouns Substantive

Conjugation of Regular Verbs

Impersonal Verbs List of Irregular Verbs . .

Latin Declension of Greek

Roman Mode of Reckoning Time Roman Money

FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR.

Letters of the Latin Alphabet are these:

(i) before a vowel at the (2) between two vowels.

used only in a few abbreviations, as

y, (i) before a vowel at the beginning (2) between two vowels.

upsllon) can be pronounced by

without any addition.

are called vowels or

two vowels are pronounced rapidly together so as

produce one vowel-sound,

which can only be

connexion with vowels, are called consonants

or letters sounded with.

from the above

sound of the consonant.

Consonants may be divided

which they are

to the character of the sound.

Gutturals or sounds formed at or near the

throat (or soft palate),

Linguals or sounds formed with the tongue,

Sharp sounds or Tenues,

Aspirate (or rough breathing),

represent the sounds of the English y and w, are called semivowels.

Table of the alphabet arranged according

are inflected, that

altered in their form, to

their relation to other

word which remains unchanged

called the stem.

That part of a word which may be changed

called the suffix or ending.

Nouns, pronouns, and verbs are

end of the stem.

Latins used inflexions to distinguish

one thing, the Plural when

more than one,

Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive,

Three Genders: Masculine, Feminine, Neuter.

form for the Vocative case

only found in the

singular of masculine nouns of the second declension,