III - Configure Computer Systems and Networks

Unit of Competency Module Title
Configure Computer Systems and Networks Configuring Computer Systems and Networks
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Configure Computer System and Networks + + + +
Computer Networking Basic

Key Concepts in Computer Networking
In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software. There are many reasons why a person would like to setup a basic network. These reasons range from sharing multimedia, playing games, sharing a single printer, or most commonly, sharing a high speed internet connection. Most homes nowadays have more than one PC, and sharing your high speed internet connection gives you the most bang for your buck. Setting up a network will allow all computers in one house to share and use the internet at the same time. Now, if you are going to tackle the task of setting up a basic network, you have to ask yourself one question first; do you want a wired or wireless network? Each have their benefits and choosing between the two may be harder than setting up the network itself, but their still might be some light at the end of the tunnel for all of you. A wireless network allows you more freedom; after all, you are no longer bound by wires. Also, being wireless means that you don't have to string wires through your floors or walls, allowing you to possible set up a network across the house a little easier. Although wireless networks can typically cost twice as much as wired networks, it is becoming more and more common among home users. Especially for those who enjoy surfing the internet on their laptop while basking in the sun by the pool.
Plan and Preparefor configuration ConfigureComputer Systemsand Networks Inspectand test configuredcomputer systemand Networks
TECHNOLOGICAL FOUNDATION INSTITUTE

BAGO CITY NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
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Basic Computer Network Information Introduction

A network is a group of things that are connected together. In a computer network, the things that are connected are computers, of course. A computer network can be as small as two computers but there is no maximum size, and many networks have hundreds or thousands of computers. There are three main reasons for connecting computers in a network: 1. Share information. This can be messages such as e-mail, or it can be files that are stored on one computer and used by someone at a different computer. 2. Share resources. A printer that can be accessed from different computer systems is a shared resource. So is an Internet connection used by more than one computer. 3. Centralized control. In most offices, the management determines what the computers may be used for and what kind of resources and support they need. This is much easier to deal with if the computers are connected.
Types of Networks
Just as there is no limit to the number of systems in a network, there is also no limit to the geographical size of a network. As a practical matter though, there are some structural differences between a network of computers all in the same room, and a network connecting computers in Los Angeles to ones in Sydney Australia. The most common network includes computers that are close together, usually in the same building or office. This is called a Local Area Network, abbreviated LAN. The computers in a LAN are usually connected with cable made up of pairs of wires, but faster (and more expensive) cables are made from glass fibers, called fiber optic cable. A network may even use radio waves, in which case it is a wireless LAN. When the computers being connected are far apart, typically in different cities, it is called a WAN or Wide Area Network. The connection is usually done with special high-speed lines leased from the phone company, but it is also possible to connect over an ordinary phone line using a device called a modem. Its slow, but possible. Accessing a network through a phone line and modem is called a dial-up connection. The biggest of all networks is the Internet. The backbone of the Internet consists of powerful computers all over the world with high-speed connections between them. Individual computers such as yours then connect to this backbone through an Internet Service Provider or ISP.
Ethernet
Most LANs in existence today use a technology called Ethernet. In an Ethernet network, every piece of information put on the network is seen by every other computer on the network, and each computer must determine if that information is meant for itself. To make this work, before the information goes out on the network it is first broken up into small pieces called packets, and each packet has added to it the address of the computer that should receive it. The part of the packet containing the address is called the header.

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Header
Packet diagram
Then, each computer looks at the address on each packet that comes by on the network cable, and copies the ones that have the right address. The computer that sent the packet is called the source, and the one that is supposed to receive it is called the destination.
Network Connections
When a packet comes out of the computer that originated it, that packet must have a complete electrical path to every other computer. The simplest way to do this is to have a cable that goes from one computer to the next until it has connected to each one. This is called a bus network.
Bus Network
A bus network is the simplest to explain and draw, but its not often the simplest one to use, especially if computers are distributed around various offices in a building, and then get added, taken away, moved around and so forth. A much more practical way to connect more than a couple of systems is to connect each one to a device called a hub. Each system has a cable that goes from it to the hub, and inside the hub an electrical connection is made between all of the cables. Each place where a cable plugs into the hub is called a port.

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5-port hub ports To create larger networks, hubs can use one or more of their connections to connect to other hubs. This is called a star network, but as far as the electrical signals are concerned, they go from one computer to every other computer, no different than the bus network.
3-hub star network

When networks get really big, with 100s of systems or more, its no longer such a good idea to have each computer look at every packet, because almost none of the packets will be for that computer. The large network can be broken up into smaller groups called subnets, and these are connected with a device called a data switch, or just a switch. Within each subnet, all of the computers still see every packet, and so does the switch. Normally the switch wont pass those packets on to the other subnets, but if the packet has an address for a destination in another subnet, the switch will pass the packet to the port for that subnet. All of the systems in that subnet will then see the packet, including the system it is actually addressed to. In order to know where to send a packet, the switch must have a table of addresses for each subnet.

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Switch with 4 subnets

The simplest form of a switch is called a bridge, and it connects just two subnets. A bridge only needs two ports then, one for each of the subnets. Sometimes a network will be so big and complex that one switch isnt enough to connect all of the subnets. In that case the subnet receiving a packet might be connected to a different switch than the subnet where the packet started. This is a more complicated problem, because the switch would need to know not only the packets destination, but also where to send it next to make sure it got there. For this, a smarter device is needed, called a router. The router needs to know not only the subnet addresses, but also the best path, or route, to get from one to another.
Route path diagram

One place where routers are used in a big way is the Internet. If you send a message on the Internet, it might go through many routers before it reaches its destination. And when you surf to a website, all of the graphics and text showing up on your screen had to go through routers to find their way from the web site to your computer. By the way, every LAN that connects to the Internet becomes a subnet of the Internet, even if it has its own internal subnets.

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Clients and Servers

In addition to the various ways networked systems can be physically connected, there are two basic ways that network activities can be arranged. In one, all of the computers have equal status. This is called peer-to-peer, because a peer means someone (or something) that is the equal of another. Peer-to-peer is used mostly in very small networks of less than a dozen systems. The more common arrangement is called client-server. One system, called the server, is responsible for a particular activity or resource. The other systems are called clients, and they go through the server when they want to use the function or resource that the server is responsible for. Some of the things servers are commonly used for include network administration, e-mail, printers, file storage, and Internet access. Often several of these functions will be combined into one machine. There is no rule that says a network server and a print server cant be the same system.
Clients Server
print server
There is also no rule that says a server must serve the entire network. It is usually convenient to have a separate network server for each subnet. There are other divisions that can occur even within a subnet. Computers that need to share the same resources can be organized into workgroups. With the Windows NT operating system, the LAN can be divided into sections called domains, and each domain needs its own server called a domain controller.
Protocols
A protocol is an agreed-upon standard for how something will be done. When your mother taught you to chew with your mouth closed and keep your elbows off the table, that was a protocol for proper dining. Computer protocols are the rules for connecting with other computers and exchanging information with them. Ethernet is a protocol. Earlier we called it a technology, but it is also a set of rules for how that technology is used. If each piece of hardware and software complies with the rules, then information can be correctly transferred from one from one system to another in a LAN. There are many protocols used in networking. There are some protocols that are used together with other protocols, where each one takes care of different aspects of networking. Sometimes two protocols do the same thing in different ways, and it is necessary to choose one or the other. The important thing is that both systems trying to communicate with each other have matching protocols that they can use.
TCP/IP

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One very important set of protocols is called TCP/IP. It is important because it is what the creators of the Internet decided would be used for that particular network, which means that any computer that wants to connect to the Internet must also use TCP/IP. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is actually in two parts. The TCP portion covers the agreements between systems about how they will carry on their conversation, and the IP portion deals with addressing the packets and routing them. The TCP part all happens in the background and we dont really need to concern ourselves with it under normal circumstances. However, in a network that uses TCP/IP, every system must have a unique IP address, and that is something that requires human intervention in one way or another.
IP Addresses
An IP address is made up of four sets of numbers separated by periods. An example is:
192.168.42.122
Each of these sets of numbers is called an octet, because they started out as 8-digit binary numbers. By changing them into 3-digit decimal numbers, the whole address is shorter and easier to remember. The highest value for any octet is 255, because the highest number you can make with eight binary digits is equal to 255 in decimal. In most networks, the first three octets are the same for all systems, and the last octet is different for every machine. If there are more than 255 computers in a network, it is usually divided into smaller subnets.
Static or Dynamic?
There are two ways to associate a unique IP address to a specific computer. One way is for the administrator to assign a number, which stays the same unless somebody decides to change it some day. That number is then a static IP address. The other way is to assign a group of addresses to a server, and let the server hand them out as needed to any system that wants to communicate on the network. This produces a dynamic IP address. It is sometimes important to know which method is in use on a network, because with dynamic addressing, the IP address of a machine may be different each time you try to communicate with it.
Computer Names
The example address 192.168.42.122 is only one digit longer than a phone number with area code, but thats plenty long enough to give most of us a hard time. Its much easier for people to remember a name instead of a number, and for this reason computers in a network are also given a unique name. It may be something mundane like Sales14, but at least its a name and not a number. This is not only easier to remember, but it solves the problem of a dynamic address that changes all the time, because the computer name doesnt normally change. It does create another problem though, because the computers use only the addresses and not the names to keep track of each other. Fortunately there is a part of the TCP/IP protocol called address resolution, and it matches up the names and addresses so things keep rolling smoothly along.
Security

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The problem with connecting computers to the Internet is that they are then sharing a network with many other computers from all over the world, and the users of some of those other computers are not such nice folks. Protecting the network and the information on it is one of the most important parts of a network administrators job.
Encryption
One way to protect information is to scramble it so that it appears to be gibberish unless someone has the right key to unscramble it. Scrambling it is called encryption, and unscrambling it is called decryption. There are many ways to encrypt information, and of course just as many keys to decrypt it. Encrypting and decrypting information slows things down a bit, so a decision must be made about when to use it. For packets going around the LAN, it depends on how likely it is that someone will gain unauthorized access to the LAN, called hacking. It also depends on how much damage would be done if that happened. If the threat is severe, encryption can be done not only on the transmitted packets but also to information stored on the disk drive. For information going over the Internet, encryption is much more important unless its all right for the whole world to see the information. If you send your credit card number to a vendor, you must trust that vendor to encrypt and safeguard the information.
Virus Software
A computer virus is a little program that makes copies of itself to send to other computers. Its very similar in some ways to contagious germs spreading a disease from one person to the next. And like diseases, some of these computer viruses have some really nasty side effects, like wiping out important files in the operating system or filling up the hard drive with garbage data. As we will discuss a little later, there are ways to keep these virus programs from getting to your computer, but they are not foolproof. A lot of viruses come in attached to e-mail, and then they will mail copies of themselves to everyone in your e-mail address folder. You cant completely block them without blocking e-mail, and most of us like to get e-mail from our friends and coworkers. The most important prevention for viruses is to have a good anti-virus program installed on your computer. Norton, McCaffey and Panda are probably the most popular. The next most important thing is to keep the antivirus software up-to-date, because the delinquents who write virus software are always coming up with new tricks, and the anti-virus companies are just as quickly coming up with new versions to stop them.
Access Control
If you have ever had a computer that was connected to a local area network, you almost certainly had to type in a user name and password to get network access. Its two forms of ID, just like when you cash a check at department store. The network administrator used that identification information to determine what you could and couldnt do on the network. And there may have been additional passwords to access the company customer database, employee payroll records, or files stored on someone elses computer.
Here are a few tips about passwords:

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1. First, if you share files on your computer, use password protection for them even if they are available to everyone in the network. That way they cant be tampered with if a hacker breaks in. 2. In choosing a password, never use your name, your birthday or other obvious personal information. The best is a random combination of letters and numbers. 3. Commit the password to memory, and if you must write it down, hide it. A password written on a post-it note stuck to your monitor is probably worse than no password at all. 4. Dont give your password to someone you dont know personally just because they claim to be tech support, the phone company, the police or your long-lost Aunt Matilda. Refer them to the network administrator, or better yet, get their phone number and have the network administrator call them back.
Firewalls
In a building, a firewall is a wall to keep fire from spreading from one area to another. In a computer network, a firewall is a boundary that can block unwanted data packets. The firewall may be program running on the server or router, or it may be a separate piece of hardware or even a complete computer system just for that purpose. In any case, its purpose is to look at all of the packets coming through, and decide which ones can pass and which ones get blocked. Ports Several pages ago, we defined a port as the place in a hub that a cable plugs into. There is another completely different kind of thing called a port, and that is a location in a computers memory that is used by a device or application to send and receive data. Each application will have one (or more) of these locations for its own use. For instance, there is a common e-mail program that has port # 110, which means that the program exchanges information with the rest of the system at memory location 110. The popular game called Doom uses port # 666. When a packet is sent over a network, it will contain not only the destination address, but also the port number of the application that will use it at that destination. One of the ways a firewall controls the packets is by looking at the port number, and only passing packets with ports that are appropriate for the destination. If nobody should be playing Doom on the networks computers, then it would make sense to block port 666. Another way a firewall can control traffic is to look at the source of the packet. It can have a prohibited list that keeps out packets from certain IP addresses, or it can have an allowed list and block everyone who isnt on it. Ports can be done the same way, with a prohibited or allowed list of ports.
Conclusion
There is much more to know about security, and about networks in general, if one is to be involved in managing them. The purpose of this paper is to present just enough information to enable you talk with network administrators and to understand their concerns when presenting network products to them. For additional training in this subject, we recommend the Micro2000 A+ and Network+ courses.

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Terms for Networking Course 802.11 : The IEEE standard for wireless networking.
Access point : The transceiver where a wireless node connects to the network. Also the control system in a HyperLAN network. Activation: The process of validating the Console and Client seat license information. administrator: The person in charge of managing a system or network. Advanced Encryption Standard : A 128-bit encryption used by some government agencies. Abbreviated AES. Compare to DES, Data Encryption Standard. alphanumeric: Consisting of letters and numbers. Names used in NT and RemoteScope must be made of alphanumeric characters, with no spaces, symbols or punctuation except the dash and underscore. Anti-virus Software: A utility to detect the intrusion of virus programs and limit their damage. Application: A computer program to perform a specific task for the user, as opposed to the operating system that runs the computer itself. Architecture : The way something is built. Network architecture refers to the various ways a network can be put together or implemented. ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange : A digital code for transmitting characters. The format used by personal computers for data exchange. Back Office : See Microsoft Back Office. Bandwidth : The carrying capacity of a data channel, usually expressed in bps (bits per second). Also called throughput or transfer rate. bit : The smallest unit of information in a computer, either a zero or a one. Boot ROM : A ROM chip added to a network card that allows a system with no local disk drive to access and boot from an operating system residing on the server. Bootleg : Something made or used illegally or without authorization. In software it refers to additional copies installed on computers other than the one for which the software was licensed. Bottleneck : A portion of a system or network that is slower than the rest of the data path, either because of its throughput speed or because of multiple data streams converging at that point. bps : Abbreviation for bits per second. Bps : Abbreviation for bytes per second. Bridge: a device for passing signals between two LANs or two segments of a LAN.

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Broadcasting: Sending a message simultaneously to all systems of a network, without requiring an acknowledgement. Compare to multi-casting. brouter : A device combining the capabilities of a bridge and a router. Browser : A program that allows viewing of HTML pages. byte : A unit of digital data consisting of eight bits. CAT 5 : The twisted-pair cable normally used for networks. Cisco : A large supplier of networking hardware and software, including router and security products. Client : 1. A workstation in a client-server network. 2. A system controlled by the Remote-Scope Console. Client-server network : An arrangement where some programs, files or other resources are located on one computer, called the server, but are available to other systems on the network, called clients. Command line : In a text-based operating system, the line on which the user types instructions for the system. Compression : A method of compacting data for storage or transfer. Configuration : The way the parts of a system or network are arranged or connected. Console : The primary RemoteScope program from which Clients are controlled. Also, the workstation on which it is installed. Data Encryption Standard : A common 56-bit encryption standard, and the one used by RemoteScope. Abbreviated DES. Data switch : A device used to connect multiple networks or segments. It differs from a hub in that packets are routed to the proper port rather than being broadcast on all ports. Dial-up connection : Accessing a network or the internet through a modem attached to a standard phone line. Direct connection : The local connection to a network made by a network card, as opposed to the remote connection made by a modem. Distribution : Copying a file or software package to multiple Client systems. DNS : Domain Name System. Domain : An area under a single point of control. On the Internet there are different levels of control and each is a domain. At the lowest level is each local area network that has its own network ID. Top-level domains are .com, .org etc. In some operating systems such as NT, a domain is a group of associated computers within a LAN. Domain Name System (also Domain Name Service): An Internet service that translates the domain names used by people into the numeric IP addresses used for routing on the Internet. The domain name system is actually a network of domain name (DNS) servers.

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Download : Copy a file from another computer to one's own, over a network or from the Internet. Driver : A file containing information the operating system needs to interact with a hardware device or software module. In the case of hardware, it is usually called a device driver. Dynamic addressing : Assigning IP addresses as needed from a pool of available addresses maintained on a server, rather than assigning a fixed IP address to each system. Encryption : Encoding data to protect it from being intercepted by unauthorized persons. RemoteScope encrypts all data transmissions, all password and user name information, and some application files. Ethernet : A widespread standard for local area networks. There are versions for coaxial cable, twisted pair cable, fiber optic cable and wireless. Exporting : Outputting report information in another format, to be used in a different application. RemoteScope provides nearly 40 formats and variations for exporting report information. Firewall : A barrier in a network that will only pass packets authorized to reach the other side. Frame : A data structure used in network transmissions, consisting of one or more headers and a footer bracketing a data packet. Full Control : One of the three remote control modes. Only the user of the Console will be able to enter keystrokes and mouse movements for the Client machine. The user at the Client has no keyboard or mouse control. Group : A collection of RemoteScope Clients assembled into a unit for common access. Actions can be taken with all clients in a group simultaneously instead of one at a time. Header : Data that comes in front of a data packet, containing address and handling information for that packet. HTML : HyperText Markup Language. A program language for writing web pages that can include links to other pages. HTTP : HyperText Transfer Protocol. The standard for accessing HTML pages. Hub : A device providing a central point of connection for network cables. I/O port : A hex memory address used by a device or program to exchange data with the rest of the computer system. IEEE 802.11 : A common standard for wireless networking, issued by the IEEE. Internet : A cooperative system linking computer networks worldwide. Inventory : A list of the installed hardware, applications and operating system for a particular system, maintained in a database at the Console. Internet Protocol : The portion of the TCP/IP suite that specifies packet formatting, naming and routing. Abbreviated IP.

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IP address : A 32-bit number designating an individual machine on a network or on the Internet. It is usually listed as four groups of three-digit decimal numbers. IPv6 : A plan for expansion of the domain name system. It stands for Internet Protocol version 6. IRQ : Interrupt ReQuest. The signal that a peripheral or program uses to request service from the CPU. There are 15 different IRQ values that can be used by system hardware. ISP : Internet Service Provider. An organization providing access to the Internet. ISS file : A file created for a silent or unattended install using InstallShield. It contains a record of all the keystrokes required to complete the installation. ISS stands for InstallShield Silent Response. LAN : Local Area Network. A group of computers connected to each other by cable or some form of wireless technology, and usually located within the same building. log on : Gain access as a current user of a system or network, usually by entering a user ID and password. Mbps : Megabits per second. A data transfer rate of one million bits each second. Messaging : A form of network communication that appears instantly on the monitor of the receiving system. Also called instant messaging. Microsoft Back Office : A collective term for server functions other than domain controller, such as file and print server, on a Microsoft network. Modem : A device for sending computer data over a voice phone line. Modem stands for modulate/demodulate. Multi-Casting : Sending a message simultaneously to a select group of systems. Compare to broadcasting. Name resolution : The process of converting a people-friendly alphanumeric system name or domain name into the IP address recognized by the network. NetWare : A network server operating system from Novell. Network : A system or group of interconnected elements. A computer network is a group of computers and peripherals connected together to communicate with each other and to share information and resources. Network adapter card : A plug-in expansion card with a connection for a network cable, or an antenna for wireless transmission. Also called a network interface card or NIC. NIC : Network Interface Card. A plug-in expansion card with a connection for a network cable, or an antenna for wireless transmission. Also called a network adapter card. node : Any point in a network that can influence the flow of data on that network. This usually refers to each of the systems and peripherals on the network that have their own physical device address. Novell : A software company that produces NetWare and other networking products. NT : Windows NT, an operating system from Microsoft.

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Offline : Not available to the network. Online : Turned on and connected to the network. Operating system : The master control program that runs the computer and allows it to execute applications. OS X : The latest operating system for Macintosh computers, based on the Linux kernel but with a more userfriendly graphic interface. It includes networking capabilities. Packet : A block of information configured for transmission over a network. Password : A string of characters that a user must enter to gain access to a resource that is password-protected. PC Anywhere : A common program used for control of a remote system. Peer-to-peer : A small network where each computer has equal status and control. Compare to client-server. Port : An address in memory used to transfer data into and out of a system. TCP/IP needs a port number to be able to provide the communication connection. RemoteScope allows configuring the Port number between 10000~50000. Protocol : An agreed-upon standard for how something will be done. Computer protocols are rules for the exchange of information. Proxy server : A server that sits between a client and a web server and represents itself to each end as being the other. It can be used in two ways. For the web server it can cache frequently accessed pages to reduce the webserver's traffic. For security of the LAN clients it can present a single IP address to the Internet and prevent direct access to the rest of the LAN. Remote Access Service : The protocol used in Windows NT and its successors to provide remote dial-in access to a network running Windows NT or its successors. Abbreviated RAS. Remote connection: The link between a modem and a network through a dial-up connection. Compare to the direct connection made by a network card. Repeater: A device to boost network signals transmitted over a long span. RJ-11 : A four-wire jack used with Cat3 cable for telephone RJ-45 : An eight-wire jack used with Cat5 cable and Ethernet cabling. Rollout: Installing new software or updates to multiple systems in a network. Router: An intelligent packet sorting device, used to route traffic on a network or between networks. Sniffer: A utility program that captures packets going over a network. SOHO network : Small Office / Home Office network, often peer-to-peer.

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Static addressing: Assigning a specific IP address permanently to a specific system. Compare to dynamic addressing. Subnet: A LAN that is part of a larger logical network. System administrator: A person who manages and maintains a network of computers or a large multi-user computer. TCP/IP : A suite of communication protocols used on the Internet and other networks. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. Template: A document or other file used as a standard to create other documents and files. The template will already contain the properties and content that are common to those files created with the template so that they do not have to be re-created or re-entered each time. Throughput: A measure of the amount of data transferred in a specific amount of time, usually expressed as bits per second (bps). Tree: A way of organizing information in a hierarchy, with primary levels that have branches and sub-branches under them. Tutorial videos: A collection of video clips on the RemoteScope CD that that give a visual presentation of the more common tasks. Highly recommended for new users. UNIX : Any of a group of operating systems derived from an original program written at AT&T and licensed to universities. The trademark to the name UNIX is owned by Novell, who sells a version called UnixWare. User: A person who requires a computer for the performance of a task or recreational activity. Also called an enduser. User ID: The series of characters a system or network uses to distinguish one user from another. Also called a user name. Virus: A program that cause damage either by deleting or corrupting files, or by interfering with computer operations by reproducing itself to fill up disk or RAM space. Originally the term applied only to the reproducing kind but it has come to mean any deliberately harmful software. Virtual Private Network : A secure connection created over a public network by using tunneling-mode encryption. Abbreviated VPN. WAN: Wide Area Network. A connection between computers or networks located in separate cities or area codes. Windows NT : The first full-featured network operating system from Microsoft, replaced by Windows 2000 but still in widespread use. Workgroup: A group of systems within a network that share specific resources. WWW : The World Wide Web. That portion of the Internet that uses linking HTML pages.

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Basic Tools for Networking
Crimping Tools
UTP Cable
RJ 45
Repeaters
LAN Card
Bridge
Switches
Router
Hub
Coaxial Cable
Cable Ties
Screws
Pliers
Multimeter
Soldering Iron
Desoldering Tool
LAN Tester

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Wireless Hub
Bluetooth Device
Telephone
Cable Modem
Local Area Networking
Data Communications Data Communications Is any system of computers, computer terminals or computer peripheral equipment used to transmit/receive information between two or more locations
Access Point
Data network
Data Network Classifications Local Area Networks ex. Office Computer System

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Metropolitan Area Networks ex . Bank to bank computer access Wide Area Networks ex. Continental business access Global Area Networks ex. Internet and Satellite Communications
Data Network Classifications Local Area Networks - A data network covering a relatively small geographical area.
Metropolitan Area Networks - A data network designed for a town or city. In terms of geographic breadth, MANs are larger than local

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area networks (LANs), but smaller than wide-area networks (WANs).
Wide Area Networks - A data networks that serve users across a broad geographic area and often uses transmission devices provided by common carriers.
Global Area Networks - A data networks designed to interconnect computer systems around

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the entire globe.
Networking Media
Copper Media - Twisted Pair
ex. Unshielded Twisted Pair
Twisted Pair
ex. Shielded Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable

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- Thinnet (RG-58) for ethernet network
- Thicknet (RG-8 or RG-11) 10Base2 10Base5 ethernet network
RG-58 Cable
RG-8 Cable
RG-11 Cable
Reason behind twisting Cancellation
Differential signal generation

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- 3V +3V
data +3V
data
Receiving end
Noise at random intervals of time
Optical Media - Fiber Optic Cable ex. Single Mode FOC
Most Commonly Used Medium In Local Area Networking

Twisted Pair

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- UTP Cat 5 and above
Now CAT 7 is ready for system upgrade

Unshielded Twisted Pair
The following summarizes the features of UTP Cable: SPEED AND THROUGHPUT = 10 to 1000 Mbps AVERAGE COST PER NODE = Least expensive MEDIA AND CONNECTOR SIZE = Small MAXIMUM CABLE LENGTH = 100 m
UTP Cabling Types

Cat 1 Used for telephone communication Cat 2 Capable of transmitting data at speeds up to 4 Mbps Cat 3 Used in 10BASET ethernet at speeds up to 10 Mbps Cat 4 Used in Token Ring Networks at speeds up to 16 Mbps Cat 5 Used in Fast ethernet at speeds up to 100 Mbps Cat 5e Gigabit Ethernet speeds up to 1000 Mbps Cat 6 Used in 10Gigabit Ethernet Cat 7 Used in 10Gigabit Ethernet and above
UTP Implementation
Cable Specification or Standards are set of rules or procedures that are widely used and serve as the accepted method of performing a task.

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A. TIA/EIA-568-A - This is a commercial building standard for telecommunications pathways and spaces.
RJ45 connector
Types of UTP Network Cable a. Straight-through cable a cable that maintains the pin connection.
Applications of a straight-through cable a. Switch to router a. Switch to PC or server

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a. Hub to PC or router b. Crossover cable a cable that crosses the critical pair to properly align, transmit and receive signals on the device with line connection.
Applications of a crossover cable a. b. c. d. e. f. Switch to switch Switch to hub Hub to hub Router to PC PC to PC Router to router Pin Locations on RJ45 Connectors TIA/EIA-568-A Pin-outs 1 = White Green 2 = Green 3 = White Orange 4 = Blue 5 = White Blue 6 = Orange 7 = White Brown 8 = Brown TIA/EIA-568-B Pin-outs 1 = White Orange 2 = Orange 3 = White Green 4 = Blue 5 = White Blue 6 = Green 7 = White Brown 8 = Brown
Pin Outs on RJ45 Connectors

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TIA/EIA-568-A Pin-outs 1 = White Green - - - - - - - - RD/TD + 2 = Green - - - - - - - - - - - - - RD/TD 3 = White Orange - - - - - - - -TD/RD + 4 = Blue 5 = White Blue 6 = Orange - - - - - - - - - - - - TD/RD 7 = White Brown 8 = Brown RD RECEIVE SIGNAL TD TRANSMIT SIGNAL Pin-outs 1 = White Orange - - - - - - - - - RD/TD + 2 = Orange - - - - - - - - - - - - - - RD/TD 3 = White Green - - - - - - - - - - -TD/RD + 4 = Blue 5 = White Blue 6 = Green - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - TD/RD 7 = White Brown 8 = Brown
PINS 4,5,7,8 ARE HAVING NO CONNECTION

CROSSOVER CABLE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RD + RD TD + NC NC TD NC NC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TD + TD RD + NC NC RD NC NC
STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RD + RD TD + NC NC TD NC NC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TD + TD RD + NC NC RD NC NC
Ethernet Standards for RJ45 Connector

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Only Pairs 2 and 3 are used when having an Ethernet except Gigabit E
Networking Connectors
Copper Media Connectors Twisted Pair Cable Connectors and Jacks ex. RJ45 male jack ex. RJ45 module female jack
Twisted Pair Connectors (communication cables, 25-pair cables) ex UY Connectors

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Coaxial Cable Connectors
F type connector
T connector PL-259
Optical Media Connectors - Fiber Optic Cable Connectors ST- Connector
SC Connector

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Computer H
With a broadband connection Sent : hi!
Computer X
Has a WLAN connection
Received: hi!
- A structural guideline for information transfer - A great compatibility and interoperability among various types of network technologies.
O S I LAYER MODEL
The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Model or OSI Reference Model for short) is a reference model provided vendors with a set of standards that ensured greater compatibility and interoperability among various types of network technologies that were produced by many companies around the world. Is a primary model used as a guideline for network communications It defines the network functions that occur at each layer It is a framework that facilitates an understanding of how information travels throughout a network.

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7 OSI Layer Models
Computer A
Computer X
Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1
PHYSICAL LAYER Layer 1 - The Physical layer defines all the electrical and physical specifications for devices. This includes the layout of pins, voltages, and cable specifications. DATA LINK LAYER Layer 2 - The Data Link layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the Physical layer.
For data to travel from the source to the destination, each layer of the OSI model at the source must communicate with its peer layer at the destination

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Computer A
Computer X
Network Layer Layer 3 - The Network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source to a destination via one or more networks while maintaining the quality of service requested by the Transport layer.
Computer A
Computer X
Transport Layer Layer 4 - The Transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users, thus relieving the upper layers from any concern while providing reliable and costeffective data transfer. Session Layer Layer 5 - The Session layer controls the dialogues (sessions) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application.

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Computer A
Computer X
Presentation Layer Layer 6 - Ensures the information that the application layer of one system sends out can be read by the application layer of another system. Application Layer Layer 7 - The Application layer is closest to the end user. It provides a means for the user to access information on the network through an application.
Networking Devices
Repeaters - a device that simply regenerate or amplify the network signals at the bit level. - Layer 1 of the OSI model dependent

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Hub - a common connection point of the network and simply act as a repeater. - multiport repeater device Layer 1 dependent
Network Interface Cards - An expansion board you insert into a computer so the computer can be connected to a network. - Layer 2 device because it carries a unique physical address called Media Access Control address.

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MAC address table
A LAN 1
A W F D
Q M K B
MAC address = A, W , F , D
Q LAN 2
MAC address = Q, M , K , B
N LAN 3 S P O N
Q M K B
MAC address = S, P , O , N
Bridge - A device use to create 2 or more LAN segments, each of which is a separate collision domain. - Filters network traffic by simply seeing the MAC address. A layer 2 device
Switches - Are data link layer devices that let multiple LAN segments be interconnected into single networks. A layer 2 device same as bridge.
Router

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- is an internetworking device that passes data packets between networks based on Layer 3 addresses. - makes decisions regarding the best path for delivery of data on the network.
Network Topologies
(Most common topologies) STAR a multipoint data network where stations are connected by a cable directly to a central common concentration point.
BUS multipoint data network that makes it relatively simple to control data flow between and among the computers because this configuration allows all station to receive every transmission over the network

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RING multipoint data network where all the stations are connected in series to form a close loop circle.
Transmission is UNIDIRECTIONAL
Computer Z Each device waits for its turn to send Computer E
Computer x
LAN Transmission Formats

TRANSMISSION IS SIMPLY A DATA TRANSFER Baseband Technology - A type of data transmission in which digital or analog data is sent over a single unmultiplexed channel, such as an Ethernet LAN. Baseband transmission use TDM to send simultaneous bits of data along the full bandwidth of the transmission channel. Broadband Technology - Broadband transmission formats use the connecting media as a multichannel device with each channel occupies a different frequency band within the total allocated bandwidth.

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Workstation and Server Relationships Peer-to-peer network (workgroup PC) - a networked computer that acts as equal partners, or peers, to each other. - Each computer with in the network can take on the client function or the server function.
At one time: Requests a print
At another time: Requests a file
Computer A
Computer B
Client-Server Network - In a client-server arrangement, network services are located on a dedicated computer called a server, which responds to the request of clients.
workstations File Print internet
server
GLOSSARY
ACCESS POINT - In a wireless local area network (WLAN), an access point is a station that transmits and receives data (sometimes referred to as a transceiver). BANDWIDTH The total allowable information that can pass through the medium. BITS - A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. COAXIAL CABLE - A type of wire that consists of a center wire surrounded by insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire. The shield minimizes electrical and radio frequency interference. DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL A signal that is only its mirror image of each other. ETHERNET A common LAN specification or standard for designing or implementation.

Configure Computer Systems and Networks Configuring Computer Systems and Networks Page 38 of 39
FDM - Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is a scheme in which numerous signals are combined for transmission on a single communications line or channel. Each signal is assigned a different frequency (subchannel) within the main channel. FIBER OPTIC CABLE - A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data. A fiber optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves. FRAMES - In telecommunications, a frame is data that is transmitted between network points as a unit complete with addressing and necessary protocol control information. INTEROPERABILITY The ability of software/hardware in different machines from different vendors to share data. MAC ADDRESS - In a local area network (LAN) or other network, the MAC (Media Access Control) address is your computer's unique hardware number. (On an Ethernet LAN, it's the same as your Ethernet address.) MAGNETIC FIELD A field that is generated when electric charge carriers such as electrons move through space or within an electrical conductor. MEDIA/MEDIUM Any matter that is used to have a data transfer from one point to another. MULTI-MODE FIBER CABLE A fiber cable allows multiple paths of light to propagate through the fiber optic core. MULTIPLEX - Multiplexing is sending multiple signals or streams of information on a carrier at the same time in the form of a single, complex signal and then recovering the separate signals at the receiving end. NOISE Unwanted signal present in the information signal PACKETS - A packet is the unit of data that is routed between an origin and a destination on the Internet or any other packet-switched network. RJ-45 A registered jack is a physical interface often used for terminating twisted pair type cables. SC CONNECTOR - A fiber-optic cable connector that uses a push-pull latching mechanism similar to common audio and video cables. For multimode fiber. SINGLE-MODE FIBER CABLE Uses only one mode of light to propagate through the fiber optic core. ST CONNECTOR - A fiber-optic cable connector that uses a bayonet plug and socket. It was the first de facto standard connector for most commercial wiring. For Single-mode fiber TDM - Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of putting multiple data streams in a single signal by separating the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration. Each individual data stream is reassembled at the receiving end based on the timing. THROUGHPUT The actual received information of the medium in a given time. TIA/EIA Telecommunications Industry Association/Electronics Industry Association TWISTED PAIR CABLE - A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction.

Configure Computer Systems and Networks Configuring Computer Systems and Networks Page 39 of 39


III - Configure Computer Systems and Networks

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Unit of Competency Module Title

Configure Computer System and Networks + + + +

Computer Networking Basic

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Basic Computer Network Information Introduction

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3-hub star network

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Switch with 4 subnets

Route path diagram

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Clients and Servers

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Here are a few tips about passwords:

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Basic Tools for Networking

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Local Area Networking

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area networks (LANs), but smaller than wide-area networks (WANs).

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the entire globe.

ex. Unshielded Twisted Pair

ex. Shielded Twisted Pair

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- Thinnet (RG-58) for ethernet network

- Thicknet (RG-8 or RG-11) 10Base2 10Base5 ethernet network

Reason behind twisting Cancellation

Differential signal generation

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Noise at random intervals of time

Optical Media - Fiber Optic Cable ex. Single Mode FOC