EPS4 Matlab

EPS4 Matlab Contents

1 Introduction to
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 What is it?

Matlab

1
1 2 2 2 6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

On-line help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using the Editor to create a new le Laplace and Inverse Laplace transforms

M-les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Problem sets
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Problem set 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Problem set 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Problem set 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Problem set 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Problem set 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
10 12 14 15 17

Introduction to

Matlab

These notes mostly refer to

Matlab at home you need to buy the program. There is a free alternative to

Octave

, which is very similar to

(apart from those requiring

Symbolic Math Toolbox for

Matlab Matlab

under Windows on PC Caledonia. If you would like run . Most of the programs introduced in this document

at most minor modications. The following notes provide a quick summary of

An Introduction to

broader introduction to

Matlab Matlab

by David F. Griths (downloadable through Vision) provides a .

Matlab Matlab

) will run under

Matlab Octave

called with

to allow a quick start. The booklet

1.1 What is it?

Matlab Matlab Matlab

it is

is essentially a programming language and is similar to C, Pascal, Fortran and other It also has many built-in functions for nding approximate solutions of

widely-used programming languages. (Technically it is a bit of a mixture between a compiler and an interpreter.) mathematical problems, doing linear algebra etc. and producing good graphs of the results. runs on most standard computer systems (PCs, Macs, Unix workstations etc.) and is widely used in higher education to teach numerical analysis and other topics because easier to learn and to use than most other programming languages. However, once looks and behaves almost the same on each one.

much

you have mastered

for work in the real world

Matlab

1 or further study.

, you will nd it easy to learn any programming languages required

both as a quick way to develop and test complex software, and for the facilities provided by the many add-on toolboxes tailored for dierent applications. These toolboxes include nancial modelling, image enhancement, systems control, simulation and optimisation.

Matlab

is increasingly being used in industry,

real world = outside university

EPS4 Matlab

1.2 On-line help

help *** in the command window to get information on the command *** or M-le ***.m (here *** stands for any command name e.g. mean, std, sum etc. listed in Section 28 of the Introduction to ). You may also type doc *** in order to get the same
If you know the name of the command you want to nd out about, type

Matlab

information in a separate window.

Matlab

Matlab

Other useful help facilities for Caldonia.

Matlab

can be found in the Mathematics folder on PC-

1.3 Using the Editor to create a new le

Make sure you are in your home directory. Click on File (at the top left of the Matlab command window) and select New and then

M-file.
The Matlab Editor/Debugger window should open, and type the line below into it

avec = [1, 2, 3]

Now save the le by clicking on the File option at the top left of the editor window. Select

Save As and you should see a dialogue box opening. You need to specify a name for your
le and say what directory you want to put it in. You choose the directory in the Save

in box: pull down the arrow at its right side until you come to something that starts with
your username (it is likely to be there already). Type

myprog.m

in the File name box and then click on the Save button to save your

program. It is called

h:

myprog.m

and it is stored in your home directory (corresponding to

in Matlab).

To test this out (and check whether you have saved the le correctly), go back to the Matlab Command Window prompt

and type

myprog

to try to run the M-le

myprog.m.

If the program has been saved correctly you should get the response

avec = 1 2 3

If it still doesn't work then go back and carefully follow the itemised steps above again. It is very important that you learn how to save les before you create anything complicated.

1.4 Laplace and Inverse Laplace transforms

To compute the Laplace and Inverse Laplace transforms we can use the functions and

ilaplace

from the

To comute a Laplace transform of function

Matlab

laplace()

Symbolic Toolbox (not installed on PC Caledonia)

f (t) = t

we type at the

Matlab

prompt

>> syms t >> f=t; >> laplace(f) ans = 1/s^2

EPS4 Matlab
F (s) = 1/s2

To compute an inverse Laplace transform of function

we type

>> syms s; >> F = 1/s^2; >> ilaplace(F) ans = t

The symbolic toolbox is not available in PC Caledonia labs, however, to perform the Laplace transforms can use Laplace transform in

> > >

with(inttrans): f:=t: laplace(f, t, s);

Maple Maple

instead. The syntax is quite similar to we can type

Matlab

. To compute

1 s2
To compute an inverse Laplace transform we type

> > >

with(inttrans): f:=1/s^2: invlaplace(f, s, t);

Matrices
either be numbers (real or complex), or text string characters. Matrices with only one row or column can be treated as vectors, and

Matlab

only really deals with one type of object  rectangular matrices, whose entries can

An Introduction to
Type the lines

Matlab

11

matrices as scalars. (See Sections 5, 8 and 16 of

.)

x y z a A

= = = = =

[-2, 4, -8] [3, 5, 7] [1; 2; 3] 5 [-1 0; 3 1]

13
(row) vectors (x and

to create two

y ),

a column vector (z ), a scalar (a) and a

(A). Note that unlike some programming languages the

Matlab
loops (

An Introduction to
;

, so that

and

case of variable names does matter in

22

matrix

line with a semicolon

stops the answer being displayed. Try it out.

Matlab

represent dierent quantities. Matrices are usually entered in for Section 19) or using colon notation. Note that ending a

Individual matrix entries can be referenced by indices in brackets: e.g. typing

x(2) x(1,2) A(2,2)

results in 4, 4 (the rst two commands refer to the same element of matrix or vector will only accept positive integers as indices, so that

B(0,1), B(2,-3),

or

B(1.3,1)

x), and 1. Note that a B(12,197) is OK, whilst

are not.

EPS4 Matlab

Matrix operations
Most of matrix operations are listed in Section 16 of

An Introduction to
.
entry equal to

many of these can be made to work entry-wise by typing a dot

before the operation  e.g.

Matlab

. Note that

A*A
in

Matlab

is the matrix

A2 ,

whilst

A.*A

is the matrix with

(i, j )

A(i, j )2 .

Conrm this

with the

22

matrix

below:

>> A = [-1 0 ; 3 1] A = -1 0 3 1 >> A*A ans = 1 0 >> A.*A ans = 1 9

0 1

0 1

See Section 14 and 16.9 of

An Introduction to

Matlab

Matrix eigenvalues and eigenvectors

To nd eigenvalues of a matrix

we can use

>> A = [-1 0 ; 3 1] A = -1 3 >> d=eig(A) d = 1 -1

Vector

0 1

will contain the eigenvalues of matrix

To compute eigenevectors of the matrix

A.

we type

>> A = [-1 0 ; 3 1] A = -1 3 0 1

EPS4 Matlab

>> [V,D]=eig(A) V = 0 1.0000 D = 1 0 0 -1 V

are eigenvectors of matrix

0.5547 -0.8321

The columns of matrix

corresponding eigenvalues such that

A*V = V*D.

and the diagonal matrix

contains the

Functions
These are introduced in Section 7 and listed in Section 28 of examples (remember that you can nd out what the command

An Introduction to
does by typing

Note that many scalar functions apply entry wise to matrices or vectors. Try out the following

Matlab

***

help ***).

exp(x) sy = sqrt(y) abs(A) floor(sy) ceil(sy) max(x)

For loops and colon notation

Type in the following lines

sum20 = 0 for i = 1:20 sum20 = sum20 + i end

(the indentation isn't necessary but makes the code clearer). This code:

initialises the variable for each integer

sum20

to zero;

between 1 and 20 performs the command

sum20 = sum20 + i.

The command the numbers a, If you don't

1 and 20, starting with 1 and ending with 20. If

a, b and c are numbers, then a:b:c means all a+b, a+2b, . . . ending at or just before c. The syntax is first:increment:last. include an increment (e.g. i=1:20 above), then it is assumed to equal 1.

i = 1:20

is an example of colon notation. It means all the integers between

Type in the following lines to get a better idea of what is going on.

EPS4 Matlab 1:2:10 5:-7:-30 14.32:-0.2:8.5 1:20 1.24:9.1

Why does the last example give a vector whose last element is 8.24 and not 9.1?

An Introduction to

Matlab

Sections 19 and 20 deal with for loops and related things in detail.

Plotting graphs
The simplest plot command has the form

plot(x,y), where x and y are vectors of the same length, n say. It plots a graph of the points (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), . . . , (xn , yn ). For example, type in the following lines to get a plot of sin t against t. t = [0:0.01:2*pi]; v = sin(t); plot(t,v)
Section 10 of

An Introduction to

to change the axes scaling and line styles. Axis labels and a title can be added using the

Matlab

describes how to make multi-plots, 3D plots and how

ylabel

and

title

commands; e.g. try out the command

ylabel('sin t')

xlabel,

Text strings
The argument of the above

ylabel

command is an example of a text string  i.e. a collection

of characters surrounded by single quotes. Another example is

st = 'my name is Frankenstein'

Note that both quotes are the same. Commands like Another useful command is

num2str,

disp, input

and

error

use text strings.

which converts a number into a string. As an example of

how to use it and a slightly more complicated string expression, type

title(['plot of sin t up to ', num2str(2*pi)])

to label your graph. Note that in the above example using

title, the string has more than one element.

If more than

one string element is used (typical when mixing words and numbers), then the string elements to be joined together must be enclosed in square brackets and separated by commas.

1.5 M-les

Matlab

can be used in two main ways. You can either type instructions directly at the prompt

or make up a le or les containing the instructions you want le (called an M-le) to

language. Typing commands at the prompt is ne if you want to execute single commands, but errors usually creep into the typing of longer expressions and sequences of operations and it is a pain having to retype things used over and over again. In general, you should use M-les, and the mechanism for creating them is described in Section 1.3 above. There are two dierent kinds of M-les, script les and function les, which act in slightly dierent ways. Script M-les act as a shorthand for a sequence of 13 and 21 of a bit easier to use than function M-les. We discuss both types of M-les below, and Sections

Matlab

. An M-le is a computer program written in

Matlab

to execute and feed this

Matlab

's own

An Introduction to

Matlab

Matlab

commands and are

also describe them in detail.

EPS4 Matlab

A sample script M-le

Suppose we want to write an M-le to nd the sum of the rst 20 integers, instead of typing the commands at the M-les end in example le.

.m)

Matlab

prompt. The following le which we shall call

S20.m

(note that all

does what is required. Follow the instructions in Section 1.3 and create this

% S20 % % %

Find the sum of the first 20 integers Computes and outputs the sum 1 + 2 + ... + 20 in the variable sum20.

% Note that this line is ignored. sum20 = 0; %initialise sum20 to zero for i = 1:20 sum20 = sum20 + i; end disp(['The value of sum20 is ',num2str(sum20)])
Typing the name line

S20

at the

Matlab

prompt will execute the M-le and should result in the

The value of sum20 is 210

Note that if you miss the semicolon from the line

sum20 = sum20 + i then you will get a whole %

lot of unwanted output. The semicolon suppresses the output. Create the le and try it out (make sure that you have learnt how to Save les rst). Typing

help S20

will print out the lines at the top of the le that start with a

(the comment lines),

up to the rst line that doesn't start with a anyone else who uses your

to always start an M-le with a comment line.

Matlab

%.

This is a very useful way of letting yourself (and

programs) know what a particular le does. It is good style

and so comments can be inserted in the body of the program after a

Matlab

ignores any commands that follow a

%.

%,

Sample function M-les

The following le (called

mkvec.m)

is a simple function M-le.

function v = mkvec(x) %MKVEC Construct the vector [1, x, x^2, x^3] from x % mkvec(x) returns the vector [1, x, x^2, x^3] v = [1, x, x^2, x^3];

input argument (x), the 4component vector output argument v and a function statement (the rst line). Write and save the le and then type mkvec(2) at the command line.
It contains an You should get the result

ans = 1 2 4 8

EPS4 Matlab w = mkvec(6)

You can use the M-le to create named vectors  for example if you type you obtain

then

w = 1
instead. Function M-les can have more than one input argument  e.g. the le

36

216 mkvec2.m
below:

function v = mkvec2(x,n) %MKVEC2 Construct the vector [1, x, x^2, ..., x^n] from x and n % mkvec2(x,n) returns the vector [1, x, x^2, ..., x^n] for k = 0:n v(k+1) = x^k; end
and more than one output argument  e.g. the le

mkvec3.m

below:

function %MKVEC3 % %

[v, len] = mkvec3(x,n) Construct the vector [1, x, x^2, ..., x^n] from x and n [v, len] = mkvec3(x,n) returns the vector v = [1, x, x^2, ..., x^n] and its length len.

for k = 0:n v(k+1) = x^k; end len = length(v);

You can also use dot operations to avoid loops in the previous example, e.g. as in the le

mkvec3a.m

below:

function %MKVEC3A % % % Does

[v, len] = mkvec3a(x,n) Construct the vector [1, x, x^2, ..., x^n] from x and n [v, len] = mkvec3(x,n) returns the vector v = [1, x, x^2, ..., x^n] and its length len. not use loops

k = 0:n; v = x.^k; len = length(v);

See Section 21 of

An Introduction to

Matlab

for more details.

EPS4 Matlab

The

Matlab ODE solvers

dx1 dt dx2 dt dx3 dt = = = ... dx = F (t, x). dt f1 (t, x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . ) f2 (t, x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . ) f3 (t, x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . )

The Matlab ODE solvers are written to solve systems of DE's of the form

i.e.

There are several built-in ODE solvers from which we can chose, e.g.,

ode15s, ode23s, ode23tb

ode45, ode23, ode113,

(each solver has its advantages and disadvantages).

Below is a sample code for the solution of the system of DEs

d dt
using the

x1 x2

1 1 1 2

x1 x2

ode45

solver.

function main % Use ODE45 to solve % dx_dt(1) = -1*x(1)-1*x(2) % dx_dt(2) = 1*x(1) -2*x(2) options=odeset('RelTol',1e-6); %set error tolerance for the ODE solver xinit = [1;1]; %initial condition tspan = [0,5]; %time interval [t,X] = ode45(@F,tspan,xinit,options); %call the solver %plot the results figure hold on plot(t,X(:,1));plot(t,X(:,2),':') legend('x1','x2');ylabel('x');xlabel('t') return %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % rhs function x'=F(t,x) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% function [dx_dt]= F(t,x) M = [-1,-1; 1,-2]; dx_dt = M*x; return

EPS4 Matlab

10

2
1.

Problem sets
(a) What is the semi-colon for? (b) Generate the row vector

2.1 Problem set 1

x = (0.6, 0.7, . . . , 1.4, 1.5) x
in (b). using 2 colons and three numbers.

(c) Find the transpose of the vector (d) If

and

are

it out for some

nn 22

matrices, what is the dierence between matrices that you choose yourself.

AB

and

A. B ?

Try

2. Use the colon notation to generate the vector (a) Find the sum of all its elements. (b) Find its length.

x = (0.6, 0.7, . . . , 4.4, 4.5).

(c) Find the sum of the squares of all its elements. Use

length

and

sum

and see Section 14.4 of

An Introduction to
j th

Matlab

3. Generate the vector (a) Find the vector (b) Plot vector graph. See Section 10 of 4.

x = (0, 0.1, 0.2 . . . , 10). s

whose

j th

element is the sine of the

element of

x.

against

using the line style stars and put appropriate labels on the

An Introduction to

Matlab

(a) Enter the matrix

1 1/2 1/3 A = 1/2 1/3 1/4 . 1/3 1/4 1/5

(b) Enter a vector

b = (3, 1.9167, 1.4333)T x A

is the

(i.e.

is a column vector). (hint: use

(c) Find the solution Note that the matrix

to the linear system

Ax = b

\).

simply by using the command 5. What eect do the commands on

3 3 Hilbert matrix, A = hilb(3).

and can be dened in

Matlab

more

help format).
6. Create (a) a (b) a (c) a

Matlab
99 79 46

output ? Try it out by typing

format short e, format long e and format compact have pi after the various format commands. (See

identity matrix, zero matrix, matrix of ones.

Use (eye,

zeros, ones).

EPS4 Matlab

11

7.

(a) Use the editor to create a function M-le called positive integer

anysump.m which takes as input the

of the summation

N,

and as output the result

p=
j =1

j 2 .

(b) Compute from the Matlab command window, the value of the sum for 8. (a) Follow the examples in Section 10 of

x2

An Introduction to
x = 5 : 0.05 : 5

+x1

with a dashed line style. Use

Matlab
for the

N = 5, 10, 15, 20.

to plot

f (x) =

coordinates.

(b) Add labels to the

and

axes and add your name as the title of the graph.

(c) Annotate the graph to show which curve is being depicted. (legend, see the Lecture notes) 9. (a) Follow the examples in Section 10 of

x + x2

x3 /10 10 with a dashed line style and x = 0 : 0.05 : 10 y

for the

An Introduction to
x

g (x) = cos(x)

Matlab

to plot

f (x) =

with a solid line in

the same graph. Use (b) Add labels to the

coordinates.

and

axes and add your name as the title of the graph.

(c) Annotate the graph to show which curve is which and place the text f=g here near where the curves cross. (legend,

text,

see the Lecture notes)

10. Write a function M-le that takes as input the positive integer

and number

r,

and

outputs the sum

kr .
k=1
Use it to check the identity

k2 =
k=1
for various values of 11. Plot an

n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 6

n. x [5, 5]
when

(x, y )

graph for

y = sin(x) + 1 x.

Use the information from the

graph to help the built-in function

fzero

nd the root of the equation

sin(x) + 1 x = 0.

EPS4 Matlab

12

2.2 Problem set 2

1. Produce 4 separate graphs against tions (a)-(d) below all in the same (a) (b) (c) (d) 2.

x [, ] (labelled Figure window (subplot). x

for

appropriately), of the func-

x3 /20 + x2 /10, cos x, sin2 x, ex

2

(a) Write a function M-le using vector

for loops to dene the N N

0 ...
.. .

tridiagonal matrix

A and

given by

0
. . .

, b= sin(1) sin(2) sin(N 1) sin(N ) b ,

.. A= 0 . . . . 0
matrix

.. . 0 N 3.

which will work for any integer

Make sure that

is a column vector. The

is called tridiagonal because all its entries are zero apart from those on or

immediately next to the diagonal. (b) For

= 1, = 4, = 1,

nd the solution

nd the 42nd element of the solution command.) (c) Use the command

in the

Ax = b in case N = 199.
of

the case

N = 4,

and

(Use the backslash

eig to nd N = 5, = = 1, = 2.
vector: Method

the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix

with

3. So far we have seen two ways of solving an

Ax = b

for

where

is an

N N

matrix and

Gaussian elimination Full inversion

Matlab

commands

x = A\b; Ai = inv(A); x = Ai*b;

We would like to test which method takes the least cpu time. (a) Write an function M-le where the input is the size

(cputime) in seconds it takes by each of the two methods to compute the solution of

and the output is the time

Ax = b

for randomly chosen

and

b (rand).

(b) Then write a second M-le for depicting the two resulting times for Label the graph appropriately. 4. Newton's method for nding a solution of the equation

N = 100, 150, 200, . . . , 800.

f (x) = 0 is the following iteration.

Step 1 Make a guess at the solution (call it Step 2 calculate the sequence of values

x1 ), x2 , x3 , . . .

from

xk+1 = xk

f (xk ) f (xk )

for k = 1, 2, 3 . . . ,

EPS4 Matlab
Step 3 stop when
or if we reach

13

|xk+1 xk | < TOL, k = 100 without nding

where

TOL

is a small number supplied by the user

a solution.

(a) Write a function M-le with input: method approximation of the

TOL, initial guess x1 and output: the Newton solution of cos(x) = x, and the number of steps taken

to get there. It will make life easier for you if you write the M-le in such a way that the equation to be solved can be changed easily. (b) Type

format long e

to show numbers to full precision before the next part. using the built-in function

(c) Find the root of

fzero rst of all, then apply 6 and try two your Newton function to the equation cos(x) = x with TOL= 10 dierent starting guesses x1 = 1.4 (which works) and x1 = 1.4 (which doesn't). Does you solution agree with that from fzero? Now try a wider range of starting guesses 2 x1 2. Is there a pattern in which starting guesses work and which do not? (for, if, break).
cos(x) = x

EPS4 Matlab

14

2.3 Problem set 3

1. (a) Follow the example in Section 23 of plot of

z=

x sech(x2

+ 2y 2 ) over the square

An Introduction to

[2, 2] [2, 2]

Matlab
x

to produce a mesh

in the

subplot(2,2,1).
and mark

(b) Now produce a contour plot of the function (contour) in it with a star at its maximum. 2. The derivative of a well-behaved function various

subplot(2,2,2)

nite dierence approximations:

(F) : f (x)

f (x)

with respect to

can approximated by

f (x + h) f (x) , h

(C) : f (x)

f (x + h) f (x h) . 2h h is usually h
decreases.

The labels F and C stand for forward and central respectively. The number relatively small, and the approximations should, in theory, get better as (a) Write a function M-le that takes as input central approximate derivatives of (b) Set as

x and h, f (x) = sin1 (x).

and outputs the forward and

x = 1/2

and plot the modulus of the error in the results against

for

h =

1010 , 109 , . . . , 102 . Which gives better results and why do they stop getting better h
decreases? Use the

loglog

function to plot, and label the graph appropriately.

EPS4 Matlab

15

2.4 Problem set 4

1. The Midpoint rule gives a relatively reliable way to approximate integrals which cannot easily be worked out exactly. To nd

b a f (x) dx, the interval

axb

is split into

strips of equal width, and the function is assumed to be constant over the strip making it easy to integrate. The contributions from all the strips are added up to give the nal approximation. The approximation formula that results is

I
a
where the width of the strips is

f (x) dx h
j =1

f (xj ) IN

h = (b a)/N and the mid points of the strips are 1 xj = a + h(j 2 ). The error in the approximation IN is roughly one third of the dierence between IN/2 and IN .
(a) Write an M-le to approximate the integral strips. (b) Tabulate the result to full precision and make an estimate of the error in the results. 2. One of the best known examples in dynamical systems and chaos theory is the Logistic Map. It is dened by The constant

2 3 1 sin(x ) dx with

N = 8, 16, 32, . . . , 1024

xk+1 = xk (1 xk ) for k = 1, 2, . . . with starting 0 < 4 controls the type of behaviour observed.
(controlling parameter),

value

x1 (0, 1).

(a) Write a function M-le with inputs and

(number of steps)

x1

(starting value), and output the vector

(x1 , x2 , . . . , xN ). x1
in four horizontal strips on the

(b) Use this to plot same gure. (c) Try the case

xk vs k for (subplot).

various values of

and

= 3.7, N = 100

with

comment on how many steps it (d) Try the case

x1 = 0.7, 0.7 + 109 , 0.7 + 106 , 0.7 + 103 and takes the results to deviate from the x1 = 0.7 case.
with

x1 = 0.7, N = 500

= 3.3, 3.5, 3.739, 3.835

and comment on the

pattern the solution settles into. sequence in each case.)

(It might help to list the last 10 numbers in the

3. Euler's method for solving the rst order dierential equation

dy = f (y, t) dt
for

0tl

subject to the initial condition

y (0) = a.

Step 1 Fix a small value

h > 0.

Step 2 Set t0 = 0 and tn = tn1 + h. Step 3 Find an approximation of y step-by-step from the recursion

yn+1 = yn + hf (yn , tn )
with initial value If

y0 = a.

is suciently small, this often produces a good approximation of the solution to the

above rst order initial value problem.

EPS4 Matlab
(a) Write an M-function with inputs the parameter

16

and length of the interval

l,

and

output the two vectors

value problem

and

obtained by applying Euler's method to the initial

dy = (1 t)y, dt
(for

y (0) = 1.

end).
y (t) = ett /2 . 0 t 5. Use
2

(b) The exact solution of this ODE can actually be found analytically, Plot a graph comparing the exact and the approximate solutions for one. Label the graph appropriately. (plot). (c) Use one of the built-in to the exact solution.

a blue lled line for the exact solution and a green dashed line for the approximated

and compare the resulting solution to the one obtained by the Euler's method and

Matlab

ODE solvers (e.g.,

ode15s)

to solve the above ODE

EPS4 Matlab

17

2.5 Problem set 5

1. Use (or

forms from the lecture notes and from the Tutorial exercises. 2. Use

Matlab Maple Matlab

(or

) to compute Laplace transforms from the Table of Laplace trans-

Tutorial exercises.

Maple

) to nd inverse Laplace transforms of the functions from the

3. Solve the LCR circuit example problem from the Lecture notes using the notes. 4. Use the

ODE solvers and compare the computed solution to the exact solution from the lecture

Matlab

built-in

Matlab

build-in ODE solver to solve the following system of ODEs for

t (0, 5)

dx1 = x1 + 2 x2 , dt dx2 = 2x1 2x2 , dt x1 (0) = 2 x2 (0) = 1, ,

Compare the computed solution with the exact solution from Section 3.5 of the Lecture notes. 5. Use the

Matlab

build-in ODE solver to solve the following system of ODEs for

t (0, 5)

dx1 = 4x2 + (t 3) , dt dx2 = x1 , dt x1 (0) = 0 x2 (0) = 1, , (t) (t) = 1/

where values of Figure 3.2) is the Delta function (Hint: replace the delta function by an approximation for

t (0, )

for a suciently small

, e.g.

= 0.01).

Compute for dierent

and compare the computed solution with the exact solution (cf., Lecture notes

x2 (t) =

cos (2t) cos (2t) + 0.5 sin (2t 6)

t < 3, t 3.

[ubomr Baas (based on the notes by Lyonell Boulton)]