NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION

FORCE (F)
Described as either push or pull that can cause a mass (body) to accelerate (cause of motion) A vector quantity that is the product of mass (m) & acceleration (a).

F=ma
In MKS it is in unit : Newtons (N) , 1 N = 1 kg-m/s2 In CGS it is in unit : dynes , 1 dyne = 1 g-cm/s2 In English Units : Pound ( or lbs) , Pound-force (lbf)

FORCE (F)
CONVERSION :

1 dyne = 1x10-5 N = 10-5 N 1 lbs = 4.448 N

COMPONENTS F=5N

Fy = 5 N sin

Fx = 5 N cos

KINDS OF FORCE (F)

1. Force due to Gravity / Weight FGRAV = W = mg, where g = 9.8 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2

m
W = mg
W = mg

Weight is ALWAYS directed TOWARDS (attractive to) the earth, even if the surface is at an angle. Weight is ALWAYS acting on the body

KINDS OF FORCES 2. Longitudinal Forces

Forces acting along the length of an object Common in ropes, cables, solid cylinders
TENSION (T) Pull Force on an object. Its end effect is to STRETCH an object. T T

COMPRESSION (C)
Push Force on an object. Its end effect is to FLATEN an object. - Compression usually is due to normal forces between two objects in contact

Length (L)

Length (L)

KINDS OF FORCES
3. Contact Forces Forces due to interaction between different surfaces
FRICTIONAL FORCE / FRICTION (f) Force that oppose motion of an object. Always parallel to the contact surface & directed opposite the motion of the object

m
N

f W = mg

NORMAL FORCE ( or N)
Reaction Force due to Weight of the object(s) in contact Always Perpendicular to the contact surface

f W = mg

KINDS OF FORCES
3. Contact Forces

fN

f=N Coefficient of Friction

S Coefficient of Static Friction S = tan f , (This MUST be the Angle of friction or repose) K Coefficient of Kinetic Friction

KINDS OF FORCES
3. Contact Forces
F

Equations for Normal Force

N F N W = mg W = mg N

W = mg

N = W = mg

N = Wy = W cos

N = Wy Fy

N = mgcos

N = mgcos Fsin

KINDS OF FORCES
3. Contact Forces
F

Equations for Frictional Force

N f f N W = mg N F

f W = mg

W = mg

N = W = mg

N = Wy = W cos

N = Wy Fy

f = N = mg

N = mg cos f = N = mg cos

N = mgcos F sin f = N f = (mgcos F sin)

NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION

NEWTONS FIRST LAW OF MOTION

A body acted on by NO net force either stays motionless or moves, but with constant velocity and zero acceleration

NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION

A body requires a net force to accelerate The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force but inversely proportional to the bodys mass
The direction of the net force is the same as the direction of the acceleration

NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION

NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction, same in magnitude but opposite in direction.

m
T W = mg

m
W = mg

FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (FCE)

EQUILIBRIUM The effects of all forces acting on a single point on the body cancel one another. There is no change in motion An object or body is at Equilibrium, when : (1)The body stays at rest OR (2)The body moves in a straight line but in constant or uniform velocity (No acceleration) For Both :

Fx = 0 & Fy = 0

Therefore : R = 0 or Fnet = 0

FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)

Used to analyze forces acting on a body by isolating the body with all forces acting on it.
Steps 1. A. Represent the object as a point mass B. If it is a system (multiple objects), a certain point on it will be indicated for reference, use this as the point mass.

2. Draw ALL forces ACTING ON the body from this point

Internal Weight External Applied Force, Friction Normal Force (Coming from Other Body in contact), Tension (Always away from the body) 3. Dont forget to show also the angle of the force (if angled).

TIPS ON FBD
DONT Draw Vectors GOING towards the point mass (even though it may show in the figure) draw it away from the point mass, it does the same thing. EXAMPLE 1 WRONG FBD CORRECT FBD

F
m
N f W = mg

F N f f

F W = mg W = mg

TIPS ON FBD
EXAMPLE 2 WRONG FBD * CORRECT FBD *

N
f W = mg

f N

f W = mg

W = mg

TIPS ON FBD
PULLEYS & Weights
Pulleys are analyzed as frictionless & of negligible weight. For FCE : Tension of rope or cable passing through the pulley is equal to the weights HANGING from them.

T=W

T=W
T = W1

T=W

T = W1

T=W 2 kg

T = W1 T = W1 2 kg

W = mg

W1 = mg

TIPS ON FBD
Using the inclined surface as the x-axis (rotate of axis)

Must have at least 1 pair of perpendicular forces and 90 angle is visible.

45

O f W = mg ALLOWED since f & N are Perpendicular 1000 lbs

60

NOT ALLOWED :No perpendicular forces or angles with respect to point O, thus not practical to use any inclined as x-axis.

TIPS ON FBD
If a system consists of two or more objects. Multiple FBDs may be required :

A P=? B A

FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (FCE)

Sample Problems : 1. A 5 kg block will start to slide down at constant speed from a surface when it is inclined at 40 with the horizontal. Determine the Frictional force, Normal force and the coefficient of static friction. Solution : Draw the forces acting on the body

40

Draw the FBD

N
40

f
40

N W = mg W = mg

FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (FCE)

Since we have perpendicular forces along the inclined (f & N) we can use the inclined as our x-axis

Re-draw the FBD

Draw the component vectors of angled vectors

N f
40

Wx
40

W = mg

Wy

FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (FCE)

Friction and Normal force and S
N Wx
40

Fnet = 0 Fx = 0 (+) Fy = 0 (+) + N Wy = 0

Wy

Wx + f = 0

f = Wx = Wsin
f = mg sin f = (5kg)(9.8m/s2)(sin 40)

N = Wy = Wcos
N = mg cos N = (5kg)(9.8m/s2)(cos 40)

f = 31.5 N
f=N = f/N

N = 37.54 N

S = f/N = 31.5 N / 37.54 N S = 0.839 or S = tan f = tan 40 S = 0.839

FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (FCE)

2. A woman at an airport is pulling a 15 kg suitcase (with wheels) at constant speed of 2 m/s by pulling on the handle attached to the bag (this makes an angle above the horizontal). She pulls with a 56 N force, and the frictional force is 20N. What is the angle , the normal force & the coefficient of kinetic friction? F = 56 N

m = 15 kg f = 20 N

F = 56 N f = 20 N

N
Fy

Fx

f = 20 N W = mg

W = mg

FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (FCE)

Solving for ,Normal force and K
N
Fy f = 20 N

Fnet = 0

Fx

Fx = 0 (+) f + Fx = 0 f = Fx

Fy = 0 (+) + N + Fy W = 0 N = W Fy

W = mg

f = F cos 20 N = 56 N(cos )
= 69.08

N = mg F sin
N = (15kg)(9.8m/s2) (56N)(sin 69.08)

N = 94.69 N

f=N = f/N

K = f/N = 20 N / 94.69 N

K = 0.211

FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (FCE)

3. A wet shirt weighs 4 N. It is hanged to dry on a metal clothesline. The shirt is placed at the very center of the length of the clothesline, and the angle formed with respect to the horizontal due to the weight of the shirt on either side are equal. What are the tensions on each side of the clothesline? 2m

0.4 m

T1

T2

T1y

T2y

T1x

T2x

W=4N
1m

W=4N

0.4 m

tan = (0.4 m)/(1 m) = 21.8

FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (FCE)

Solving for Tensions
T1y T2y

Fnet = 0 Fx = 0 (+) T1x + T2x = 0 T2x = T1x Fy = 0 (+) + T1y + T2y W = 0 T1 sin + T2 sin = W

T1x

T2x

W=4N

T2 cos = T1cos T2 = T1

T1 sin + T1 sin = W
2(T1 sin) = W T1 = W/ (2sin)

T1 = [(4N)/[2sin(21.8)]
T1 =5.385N T2 = 5.385N

NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION

A body requires a net force to accelerate The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force but inversely proportional to the bodys mass
The direction of the net force is the same as the direction of the acceleration
Body of mass m at rest on a frictionless surface Due to net force Fnet going to the left the object will accelerate also to the left

Fnet = ma
m

Fnet

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM) If Fnet = ma Possibilities :

F

m
N W = mg

a) Fx = max & Fy = may b) Fx = max & Fy = 0

Purely Horizontal Movement

c) Fx = 0 & Fy = may
Purely Vertical Movement

NET FORCES

Net Force due to Contact Forces

F f N W = mg N

f W = mg

W = mg

N = W = mg

N = Wy = W cos

N = Wy Fy

Fnet = F f

N = mg cos
Fnet = Wx f Fnet = Wsin f

N = mgcos F sin
Fnet = Fx Wx f
Fnet = F cos W sin f

Fnet = mg sin f

Fnet = F cos - mg sin f

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

Sample Problems : 1. A 5 kg block slides down a plane inclined at 40 to the horizontal. Find the acceleration of the block a) If the plane is frictionless b) If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20 Solution : Draw the forces acting on the body

40

Draw the FBD

N
40

f
40

N W = mg W = mg

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

Since we have perpendicular forces along the inclined (f & N) we can use the inclined as our x-axis

Re-draw the FBD

Draw the component vectors of angled vectors

N
a

N
a

f
40

Wx
40

W = mg

Wy

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

Fnet = ma Fx = max (+) Wx + f = ma ma = Wx f ma = mg sin f f=N ma = mg sin - N Fy = 0 (+) + N Wy = 0 N = Wy = Wcos N = mg cos

N
a

Wx
40

Wy

ma = mg sin mg cos ma = mg (sin cos) a = g (sin cos)

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

1. A 5 kg block slides down a plane inclined at 40 to the horizontal. Find the acceleration of the block a) If the plane is frictionless b) If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20

(a) a = ? If f = 0, hence = 0 a = g [ (sin 40) ( cos 40) ] a = (9.8 m/s2) [ (sin 40) 0 ( cos 40) ] a = 6.3 m/s2 (b) a = ? If = 0.2 a = g [ (sin 40) ( cos 40) ] a = (9.8 m/s2) [ (sin 40) 0.2 ( cos 40) ] a = 4.8 m/s2

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the breaks to stop the car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the point where the breaks were locked up to the full stopping point), if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and pavement (road) is 0.8? VO = 28.7 m/s Using Kinematics Eqn (3)

VF2 = VO2 + 2as

VF = 0

s = (VF2 VO2)/(2a)

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the breaks to stop the car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the point where the breaks were locked up to the full stopping point), if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and pavement (road) is 0.8? Using NSLM to determine the acceleration N FBD : N

a
f

a f

W = mg

W = mg

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the breaks to stop the car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the point where the breaks were locked up to the full stopping point), if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and pavement (road) is 0.8? N a f

Fnet = ma Fx = max (+) Fy = 0 (+) f = + ma +NW=0 f=N N = +ma mg = +ma g = +a N=W N = mg

W = mg

a = g = (0.8)(9.8 m/s2) = 7.84 m/s2 a = 7.84 m/s2, deceleration

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

2. A car (2,000 kg) is traveling at 28.7 m/s when the driver locks the breaks to stop the car. What will be the shortest distance ( from the point where the breaks were locked up to the full stopping point), if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and pavement (road) is 0.8? VO = 28.7 m/s Using Kinematics Eqn (3)

VF2 = VO2 + 2as

s = (VF2 VO2)/(2a)
a VF = 0
a = 7.84 m/s2, deceleration s = [(02 (28.7m/s)2+/*(2)(7.84 m/s2)]

s = (823.69 m2/s2)/(15.68 m/s2)

s

s = 52.53 m

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

3. A 3.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from rest at the top. The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the pail drops. What is the time to reach the bottom of the well? VO = 0 Using Kinematics Eqn (2)

h = VOt + at2 Where a g

h = 15 m

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

3. A 3.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from rest at the top. The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the pail drops. What is the time to reach the bottom of the well?

Using NSLM to determine the acceleration

FBD : T = 14.8 N

T = 14.8 N

W = mg
W = mg

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

3. A 3.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from rest at the top. The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the pail drops. What is the time to reach the bottom of the well? T = 14.8 N a

Fnet = ma Fx = 0 (+) Fy = may (+) + T W = ma ma = mg T a = ( mg T ) / m

W = mg

a = [(3.5kg)(9.8 m/s2) 14.8 N]/(3.5kg) a = 5.57 m/s2 , (downward)

NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION (NSLM)

3. A 3.5 kg pail is dropped into a 15 m empty deep well, starting from rest at the top. The tension in the rope is constant at 14.8 N as the pail drops. What is the time to reach the bottom of the well? VO = 0 Using Kinematics Eqn (2)

h = VOt + at2 Where a g

h = 15 m a = 5.57 m/s2 , (downward)

15m = (0)t + ( 5.57 m/s2)t2 15m = ( 2.785 m/s2)t2 t2 = (15m/ 2.785 m/s2) t2 = 5.386s2

t = 2.32 s

Prob 4 : Given :
System is released from rest. Determine the acceleration of the system, when it is already in motion

a=?
m1 = 2 kg S = 0.65 K = 0.2 N1

Derive first the equation for the acceleration Use NSLM on the first FBD (m1)

FBD of m1 a T

m2
FBD of m2 T a

Fnet = ma Fx = max (+) Fy = 0 (+) f + T = + m1a + N1 W1 = 0 N1 = W1 f=N N1 = m1g N1 + T = m1a m1g + T = m1a
We solve for T because it is the common force between m1 & m2

W1 = m 1 g

W2 = m 2 g

T = m1a + m1g

(eqn 1)

Prob 4 : Given :
System is released from rest. Determine the acceleration of the system, when it is already in motion

a=?
m1 = 2 kg S = 0.65 K = 0.2 N1

Use NSLM on the second FBD (m2)

Fnet = ma Fx = 0 (+) Fy = may (+) m2

a T FBD of m2 T a

FBD of m1

T W2 = m2a T = W2 m2a

T = m2g m2a

(eqn 2)

W1 = m 1 g

W2 = m 2 g

Prob 4 : Given :
System is released from rest. Determine the acceleration of the system, when it is already in motion

a=?
m1 = 2 kg S = 0.65 K = 0.2 N1

(eqn 1 = eqn 2)

m1a + m1g = m2g m2a m1a + m2a = m2g m1g

FBD of m1 a T

a (m1 + m2) = g (m2 m1)

m2
FBD of m2 T a

g (m2 m1) a= (m1 + m2)

W1 = m 1 g

W2 = m 2 g

Prob 4 : Given :
System is released from rest. Determine the acceleration of the system, when it is already in motion

a=?
m1 = 2 kg S = 0.65 K = 0.2 N1

g (m2 m1) a= (m1 + m2)

Solve first for the value of m2 When the object is about to move the frictional coefficient is static and the acceleration is zero

FBD of m1 a T

m2
FBD of m2 T a

g (m2 Sm1) 0= (m1 + m2)

The equation is reduced to :

W1 = m 1 g

W2 = m 2 g

0 = m2 Sm1 m2 = Sm1 = (0.65)(2kg) m2 = 1.3 kg

Prob 4 : Given :
System is released from rest. Determine the acceleration of the system, when it is already in motion

a = ? Next we solve for acceleration using K and m2

m1 = 2 kg S = 0.65 K = 0.2 N1

g (m2 Km1) a= (m1 + m2)

m2
a T FBD of m2 T a

FBD of m1

a=

9.8m/s2 [1.3kg (0.20)(2kg)]

(2kg + 1.3kg)

a = 2.673 m/s2

W1 = m 1 g

W2 = m 2 g

Prob 5 : Given :
Consider the figure shown below. Block A weighs 50N and block B weighs 27N . Once block B is set into downward motion, it descends at a constant speed. a)Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the table top. b)A cat, of weight 50N , jumps on top of block B. If block B is now set in to downward motion, what is its acceleration?

A
WA = 50N
This has the very same procedure in derivation for acceleration using NSLM as problem 1 The working equation is still

B
WB = 27N

g (mB mA) a= (mA + mB)

Prob 5 : Given :
Consider the figure shown below. Block A weighs 50N and block B weighs 27N . Once block B is set into downward motion, it descends at a constant speed. a)Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the table top. b)A cat, of weight 50N , jumps on top of block B. If block B is now set in to downward motion, what is its acceleration?

A
WA = 50N
a) Solve for K
Condition : Block B (& the system) moves at constant speed (a = 0) downward

a=
0= B
WB = 27N

g (mB KmA) (mA + mB) g (mB KmA) (mA + mB)

0 = mB KmA K = mB/mA

K = (WB/g)/(WA/g) = (WB/(WA) K = (27N/50N)

K = 0.54

Prob 5 : Given :
Consider the figure shown below. Block A weighs 50N and block B weighs 27N . Once block B is set into downward motion, it descends at a constant speed. a)Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the table top. b)A cat, of weight 50N , jumps on top of block B. If block B is now set in to downward motion, what is its acceleration?

A
WA = 50N
b) Solve for a
Condition : Block B now has additional weight due to the cat, the system will now accelerate

a=

g (mB KmA) (mA + mB)

mA = WA/g = (50N/9.8m/s2) mA = 5.102 kg

mB = WB/g = (27N+50N)/(9.8m/s2) mB = 7.857 kg

WB = 27N+50N

a=

9.8m/s2 [7.857kg (0.54)(5.102kg)]

(5.102kg + 7.857kg)

a = 3.86 m/s2

Prob 6: Given : Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B is 2kg. The inclined of block A is 50 with the horizontal while that of block B is 25. In what direction will the system go and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is frictionless. a
Assume direction is to the left. (This is just an assumed or guess direction)

mA = 1 kg mB = 2 kg A = 50
FBD of mA NA a T
A = 50 A = 50

B = 25
NA a NA a

WAX = WAsinA

A = 50

WA = mAg

WA = mAg

WAY = WAcosA

Prob 6 : Given : Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B is 2kg. The inclined of block A is 50 with the horizontal while that of block B is 25. In what direction will the system go and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is frictionless. a

mA = 1 kg mB = 2 kg A = 50
FBD of mA NA
WAX = WAsin
A = 50

B = 25 Fnet = ma Fx = max (+) Fy = 0 (+) WAX + T = mAa WAsinA + T = mAa T = WAsinA mAa (eqn 1)

WAY = WAcos

Prob 6: Given : Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B is 2kg. The inclined of block A is 50 with the horizontal while that of block B is 25. In what direction will the system go and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is frictionless. a

mA = 1 kg mB = 2 kg A = 50
FBD of mB a
B = 25

B = 25
NB a NB a

NB

T
B = 25

T
WBX = WBsinB B = 25 WBY = WBcosB

WB = mBg

Prob 6 : Given : Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B is 2kg. The inclined of block A is 50 with the horizontal while that of block B is 25. In what direction will the system go and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is frictionless. a

mA = 1 kg mB = 2 kg A = 50
FBD of mB NB a

B = 25 Fnet = ma Fx = max (+) Fy = 0 (+) T + WBX = mBa T + WBsinB = mBa T = WBsinB + mBa (eqn 2)

T
WBX = WBsinB B = 25 WBY = WBcosB

Prob 6 : Given : Consider the figure shown below. Block A is 1kg and block B is 2kg. The inclined of block A is 50 with the horizontal while that of block B is 25. In what direction will the system go and what is the acceleration? Assume that the surface is frictionless. a

mA = 1 kg mB = 2 kg A = 50
T = WAsinA mAa
(eqn 1) = (eqn2)
(eqn 1)

B = 25
(eqn 2)

T = WBsinB + mBa

(mAg)sinA mAa = (mBg)sinB + mBa

(mAg)sinA (mBg)sinB = mAa + mBa g(mAsinA mBsinB) = a(mA+ mB)

g(mAsinA mBsinB) a= (mA+ mB)

Substitute all given values : The negative sign means that the a = 0.259m/s2 assumed direction of a was wrong. Hence it should be to the right :

a = 0.259m/s2 to the right