Masonry Design per IS:1905 Mortar grade H1 H2 M1 M2 Cement:Lime:Sand 1:0.25:3 1:0.5:4.

5 1:1:6 1:2:9 Compressive Strength MPa 10 6 3 2 Masonry Unit Strength MPa >25 15-25 5-15 <5

Material Properties: Basic compressive stress for masonry fb Mortar Crushing Strength of Masonry Unit MPa Type 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 H1 0.35 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.16 1.31 1.45 H2 0.35 0.50 0.75 0.96 1.09 1.19 1.30 M1 0.35 0.50 0.74 0.96 1.06 1.13 1.20 M2 0.35 0.44 0.49 0.81 0.94 1.03 1.10 Masonry units with height to width ratio 0.75

20.0 1.59 1.41 1.27 1.17

25.0 1.91 1.62 1.47 1.34

30.0 2.21 1.85 1.69 1.51

35.0 2.50 2.10 1.90 1.65

Permissible Tensile Stress (Panel, curtain, partition and free standing walls other than retaining) Mortar Vertical Longitudinal 1.Increase by 40% for boundary walls M1 or better 0.07(1) 0.14(2) 2.Unit strength 10 MPa (1) M2 0.05 0.10(3) 3.Unit strength 7.5 MPa Prism crushing strength fm = 4*fb Modulus of elasticity of masonry Em = 550*fm MPa Shear modulus of masonry = 0.4*Em Design Considerations: Net area = Bedding Area for hollow units Net area = Gross area for solid units (perforations < 25%) Lateral supports to limit slenderness and resist horizontal loads Avoidance of eccentricity and fixity RCC slabs bearing full width on exterior wall RCC slabs bearing part width on exterior wall RCC slabs on interior wall and spans differing more than 15% Lightweight floors e/t=0 e/t=1/12 e/t=1/6 e/t=1/6

Horizontal support: walls: slab bearing 90mm or anchored by non-corrodible metal ties 6x30x600 mm @ 1.5-2 m c/c columns: in the direction of span of supported beam, in both direction if slab adequately bears on stiffening walls Vertical support: min width H/5 min thickness higher of tw/2 or 90 mm Effective Height Restraint Full-Full Full-Partial Partial-Partial Full-None Partial-None Heff 0.75H 0.85H 1.00H 1.50H 2.00H H: Height measured as follows Foundation: from top of footing or unbonded DPC RCC/timber floors: between centers Roof truss: up to bottom of tie Beam-slab: c/c of bottom slab to top beam Full restraint: Lateral and rotational Partial restraint: Lateral only

Effective Length Support Condition Leff Continuous-Continuous 0.8L Continuous-Supported 0.9L Supported-Supported 1.0L Continuous-Free 1.5L Supported-Free 2.0L L: Length of wall from or between centers of cross wall/pier/buttress and having no opening within a distance of H/8 from face thereof nor having an opening taller than 0.75H Stiffening Coefficient Sp/wp tp/tw =1 =2 Sp: center to center spacing of pier or cross wall 3 6 1.0 1.4 2.0 tp: thickness of pier or 3*tw for solid walls stiffened 8 1.0 1.3 1.6 by cross wall 10 1.0 1.2 1.4 tw: actual thickness of wall 15 1.0 1.1 1.2 wp: width of pier or thickness of cross wall 1.0 1.0 1.0 Integral behaviour if tp/tw > 1.5 20 Limiting Slenderness Ratio Type SR effective height or length SR= -------------------------Unreinforced wall 27 effective thickness Unreinforced column 12 Effective thickness = actual thickness*stiffening coefficient Stiffening coefficient applies if slenderness ratio is based on height Stress Reduction Factor ks SR e/t 0 1/24 1/12 1/6 1/4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 27 1.00 0.95 0.89 0.84 0.78 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.56 0.51 0.45 0.43 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.83 0.76 0.71 0.64 0.59 0.52 0.47 0.40 0.38 1.00 0.94 0.87 0.81 0.74 0.68 0.61 0.55 0.48 0.42 0.35 0.33 1.00 0.93 0.85 0.78 0.70 0.63 0.55 0.48 0.40 0.33 0.25 0.22 1.00 0.92 0.83 0.75 0.66 0.58 0.49 0.41 0.32 0.24 -

1/3 1.00 0.91 0.81 0.72 0.66 0.53 0.43 0.34 0.24 -

1/31/2 1.00 0.89 0.77 0.66 0.54 0.43 0.31 0.20 -

SR: slenderness ratio e : equivalent eccentricity of loading t : thickness of member Slenderness ratio within 1/8 of height of the member above and below lateral support may be taken as 6.

Area Reduction Factor ks = 0.7 + 0.2A 1 A: Cross sectional area of member in sq.m. Shape Modification Factor kp Height/Width ratio Crushing strength of unit MPa of unit as laid 5.0 7.5 10.0 15.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 2.0 to 4 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.2 Permissible Shear Stress: 0.1+fd/6 0.5 MPa where fd: Compressive stress due to dead load MPa

Design Criteria Load-bearing walls: Minimum nominal thickness: 230 mm Parapets: Minimum thickness: 200 mm not less than wall below Maximum height: 3*thickness Columns: width < 4tw Minimum nominal dimension: 200 mm Minimum design eccentricity: 10% of side dimension Effective heights near openings: Reckoning Direction Full restraint at top Partial restraint at top Normal to wall plane 0.75H + 0.25Hi H if neither opening > H/2 2H if either opening > H/2 Along wall plane H 2H H: Distance between lateral supports and Hi: Opening height Design for Eccentric Loads e/t 24: Design for axial load only 1/24 e/t 1/6: Increase permissible stress by 25% e/t > 1/6: Increase permissible stress by 25% ignoring width in tension Design for Concentrated Loads Max. spread of load on wall least of 1. b+4t (b: bearing width and t: thickness of wall) 2. stretch of wall supporting the load 3. center distance between loads Increase in Permissible Stress 50% if concentric bearing width t/2 and wall/bearing area 3 25% if concentric bearing width = t Angle of dispersion of load 30 Lintels: Load based on arch action at 45 Effective flange width: lesser of 6t on each side of web and H/6 No. IS:4326(1993) Criteria ImpFactor/Zone Mortar Building Category B C 1/II 1/III,1.5/II D 1/IV, 1.5/III E 1/V,1.5/IV

1 2

4 5 6

CLS-1:2:9 or CS-1:6 CLS-1:1:6 or CS-1:4 Door/window opening distance To edge 0 230 mm 450 mm 450 mm In-between 340 mm 450 mm 560 mm 560 mm Cumulative openings to wall width ratio 1 storey 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.50 2 storeys 0.58 0.48 0.42 0.42 3 storeys 0.42 0.37 0.33 0.33 4 storeys 0.42 0.37 0.33 NA Max length of wall between cross walls = Lesser of 35*tw or 8 m Max height of wall from floor to ceiling = lesser of 15*tw or 4 m Horizontal seismic bands Plinth soft soil (type III) Sill 3-4 storeyed all bldgs Lintel all bldgs Roof flexible diaphragm Vertical bars At corners 4 storeyed 3-4 storeyed all bldgs all bldgs At jambs 3-4 storeyed all bldgs all bldgs