Experiment # 01 Determination of pH of water

Related Theory Scope 1. This test method is the procedure for determining the pH of drinking water, waste water and natural water by use of pH water. 2. Practically, every phase of water supply and waste water treatment e.g. acid base neutralization, water softening, precipitation, coagulation, disinfection and corrosion control is pH dependent. 3. It is used in alkalinity and carbon dioxide measurement and much other acid base equilibrium. pH pH is a term use to express the intensity of an acid or alkaline condition of a solution. It is a way of expressing the hydrogen ion concentration, or more precisely, the Hydrogen ion activity. It is important in almost every phase of environmental Engineering practice. The pH meter: Every pH meter must be calibrated before use; a good instrument should have at least 2 controls on its panel. a. Zero Calibration: The first one is to zero the instrument i.e. to off-set the asymmetry potential. It is usually named Calibration for the calibration procedure, a buffer solution of pH7 and pH4 is to be used. b. Temperature Compensation: It adjusts the temperature dependence of the slope according to the sample temperature.

Environmental Significance 1. Water Supply In the field of water supply pH is a factor that must be considered in coagulation, disinfection, water softening and corrosion control. When water has a low pH, it is often referred to as "soft water." Soft water is more acidic, therefore, it can be corrosive and harmful to any metals it comes into contact with. When the water corrodes the metal, this corrosion can then seep into the water. Another problem with soft water; it can cause stains in any clothing that is washed in it. When water has high levels of pH, it is considered to be "hard water." Hard water isn't necessarily harmful to us. However, it is known to make water have a bad taste and it causes lime scale to build up on plumbing fixtures and pipes. Hard water can also create a scum like appearance on clothing and dishware. If you wash your hair in hard water, it can make your hair look dull. Having hard water can become quite costly, because of potential repair bills. While pH levels may not adversely affect your health, it can certainly cause some problems. To balance the pH, in drinking water, a neutralizer can be used. A neutralizer puts a chemical solution into the water. The solution helps to prevent the water from reacting with any metals it comes into contact with. This will prevent the metal from being corroded and contaminating the water. 2. Waste water Treatment In sewage and industrial WWs treatment employing biological processes, pH must be controlled within a range favorable to the particulate organisms involved. 3. Chemical Processes Chemical processes used to coagulate sewage or industrial wastes, dewater sludge or oxidized certain substances such as cyanide ion, requires that the pH be controlled within rather narrow limits. Apparatus: i. Self-contained pH-meter consisting of potentiometer, a glass electrode reference electrode (combined), and a temperature compensating device.

ii. Beakers Reagents: i. Standard buffer of different pH such as 7, 10 and 4. ii. Water Sample Procedure: 1. Calibrate the instrument. 2. After using of apparatus for various liquid standard solutions pH changes so in order to perform next experiment we have to make standard solution pH within neutral range. 3. So for this purpose Buffer Solutions are used to neutralize the standard solution used for testing because buffer solutions resist against change in pH of the solution. 4. Switch on the instrument. 5. Take that sample whose pH is to be determined. 6. Insert glass electrode probe of the pH meter in the solution which was initially present in standard buffer solution and wait for 5-10 minutes when blinking quotation of stabilizing on the screen of pH meter stops note that reading. 7. Take the glass electrode probe out from the solution and placed again in standard Buffer solution. 8. For next experiment repeat the previous procedure. Precautions: 1. The pH meter should be calibrated against standard buffer solutions of known pH prior to measurement of a sample. 2. Fresh samples should use to determine pH. The temperature at which measurements are made should have always be reported, since pH measurement is influenced by temperature. 3. Errors may be caused by the presence of sodium at Ph values greater than 10.

Observation & Calculation Temperature oC 13.4 7.46 13.7

Sample Name Uni tab water sample Out of uni sample

pH of Sample 7.26

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Experiment # 02 Determination the turbidity of the given solution

Related Theory Turbidity It is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particles. Turbidity is a measure of the light scattering ability of water and is indicative of the concentration of suspended matter in water. The turbidity of water is also related to clarity, a measure of the transparency of water and settle-able material, which refers to suspended matter which settle after a defined time period as opposed to that which remains in suspension. Source of turbidity: There are three major types of particles that contribute to turbidity. The first is algae, which grows in all kinds of lakes and streams. Second, dead organic matter (from algae, plants, bacteria and fungi etc.) also gets washed into lakes, streams, oceans and adds more particles to the water. Turbidity of water is due to suspended solids such as: Clay Plankton Slit Finely divided organic matter Microscopic organisms and similar materials

Unit of Turbidity Because of a wide variety of materials that cause turbidity in natural waste, it has been necessary to use arbitrary standards: 1 mg SiO2/L = 1 Unit of Turbidity. The silica used must meet certain specification as to the particle size. When using Nephelometer, the units are referred to as NTU = Nephelemetric Turbidity Unit Some instrument use standard as farmzaine, hence FTU units are used. Two methods are used for the estimation of turbidity.

Principle of turbidity meter

When particles are suspended in water and a light is shined through the sample, not all of the light will pass straight through the sample. Instead, the light will reflect off of the suspended particles and some of the light will exit at a right angle to the direction of entry into the sample. Our meter uses a laser pointer as a light source, and two photodiodes as detectors for the intensity of the transmitted and refracted light. By measuring the voltages off of both of the photo diodes, we can derive a function which calculates turbidity from the ratio of the voltage across the 90 degree sensor to the voltage across the 180 degree sensor. Environmental Significance Turbidity is an important consideration in public water supplies for three major reasons: 1. Aesthetics Consumer of public water supplies expert and have a right to demand turbidity free water. Most of people are aware to demand waste water is highly turbid. Any turbidity in the drinking water is automatically associated with possible waste water pollution and the health hazards associated by it. 2. Filterability Filtration of water is rendered more difficult costly when turbidity increases. The use of slow sand filter has become impractical in most areas because high turbidity shortens filter runs and increases cleaning costs. Satisfactory operation of rapid sand filter generally depends upon effective removal of turbidity by chemical coagulation before the water is admitted to the filters. Filters to do so can result in short filter runs and production of inferior quality water, unless filters with special construction and operations are used. 3. Disinfection Disinfection of public water supplies is usually accomplished by means of chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide or ultraviolet radiation. To be effective, there must be contact between the agent and the organisms that the disinfection is to kill. In turbid waters, most of the harmful organisms are exposed to the action of the disinfectant. However, in case in which turbidity is caused by municipal waste water suspended solids or runoff from animal feed lots, many of the pathogenic organisms may be encased in the particles and protected from the disinfectant.

Apparatus Self-Contained Turbidity Meter Reagents 1. Formazin suspension 2. Turbid free water 3. Stock Turbidity Suspension Solution Procedure 1. Select a suitable scale. 2. Add the standard solution in turbidity-meter cell and placed it in turbidly-meter. 3. Calibrate the Instrument. 4. Through shake sample. Wait until air bubbles disappear before pouring sample into turbidity cell. When necessary, immerse turbidity tube in an ultrasonic bath for 1 to 2 seconds to dislodge bubbles. Letting the sample stand for a period of time to allow air bubbles to dissipate will also allow solids to settle thus changing the characteristics of the sample being evaluated. 5. Wipe outside of the tube to remove finger prints, dust dirt and water droplets. Place cell in turbidity meter. 6. Read turbidity directly from instruments display. Observation & Calculation Source Out of uni sample Laibor colony sample Turbidity (NTU) 0.61 (NTU) 0.85 (NTU)

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