GNUMakeManual1234 PDF

GNU Make
Linux Linux Linux

Linux Makefile
Linux Makefile
GNU Make 3.79 Linux
GCC GNU Make
E-mail
yfc70@public2.lyptt.ha.cn
GNU make Version 3.79
April 2000
Richard M. Stallman and Roland McGrath
1 make
1.1
1.2 BUG
2 Makefile
2.1
2.2 Makefile
2.3make Makefile
2.4 Makefile
2.5 make
2.6 Makefile
2.7
3 3
Makefile
3.1Makefile
3.2Makefile
3.3 Makefile
3.4 MAKEFILES
3.5Makefile
3.6 Makefile
3.7make Makefile
4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3 wildcard
4.3
4.3.1VPATH:
4.3.2vpath
4.3.3
4.3.4 shell
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.10.1
4.10.2
4.11
4.12
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5 make
5.6 make
5.6.1 MAKE
5.6.2 make
5.6.3 make
5.6.4`--print-directory'
5.7
5.8
6 6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7override
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
7 Makefile
7.1
7.2
7.3
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4 foreach
8.5 if
8.6 call
8.7 origin
8.8 shell
8.9 Make
9 9
make
9.1 Makefile
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.5.1
10.5.2
10.5.3
10.5.4
10.5.5
10.5.6
10.6
10.7
10.8
11 make
11.1
11.2
11.2.1
11.3
11.4
12 GNU make
13
14 Makefile
14.1makefile
14.2makefile
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
15
16make
17 Makefile

1 Make
Make
GNU Make Richard M. Stallman and Roland McGrath Paul D. Smith
V3.76
GNU Make IEEE Standard 1003.2-1992 (POSIX.2) 6.2
C C Make
C Shell
GNU Make
Make Makefile
OBJ
OBJ
Makefile shell
make
Make Makefile
Make Makefile
Make
1.1
Make make
Make GNU Make

GNU Make GNU Make make
Make GNU Make
1.2 BUG
GNU Make BUG
BUG
BUG
BUG
BUG
Makefile Makefile Make
E-mail E-mail
bug-make@gnu.org
GNU Make make--version
config.h
2 Makefile
Make Makefile Makefile

Make
Makefile 8 C 3
Makefile Make
Makefile
Makefile
Make C
C
C OBJ
OBJ
2.1
Makefile
(target): (prerequiries)
<tab>(command)
(target) OBJ
clean
Make
Tab Tab
clern
Make
Makefile Makefile
2.2 Makefile
Makefile edit
8 OBJ .o
8 C 3
C defs.h
command.hbuffer.h
edit : main.o kbd.o command.o display.o \
insert.o search.o files.o utils.o
cc -o edit main.o kbd.o command.o display.o \
main.o : main.c defs.h
cc -c main.c
kbd.o : kbd.c defs.h command.h
cc -c kbd.c
command.o : command.c defs.h command.h
cc -c command.c
display.o : display.c defs.h buffer.h
cc -c display.c
insert.o : insert.c defs.h buffer.h
cc -c insert.c
search.o : search.c defs.h buffer.h
cc -c search.c
files.o : files.c defs.h buffer.h command.h
cc -c files.c
utils.o : utils.c defs.h
cc -c utils.c
clean :
rm edit main.o kbd.o command.o display.o \
Makefile editmake
Makefile make clean
Makefile edit OBJ main.okdb.o
C C main.cdef.h OBJ
cc -c main.ccc -c kbd.c
Tab Makefile
Make
Make
cleanclean
clean make clean
clean
rm make
2.3 make makefile

make .
make
edit
make
make makefile
edit make edit OBJ
OBJ OBJ
OBJ OBJ
Make
make clean
OBJ Make C C
C C make
Make C
Bison Yacc C
OBJ make edit
edit OBJ edit make
edit
insert.c makemake insert.c
insert.o edit command.h
makemake kbd.ocommand.o edit
2.4 makefile
edit OBJ
edit : main.o kbd.o command.o display.o \

cc -o edit main.o kbd.o command.o display.o \
OBJ
makefile
makefile objects, OBJECTS, objs, OBJS, obj, OBJ

OBJ makefile objects
objects = main.o kbd.o command.o display.o \
OBJ `$(objects)'
makefile
edit : $(objects)
cc -o edit $(objects)
cc -c main.c
kbd.o : kbd.c defs.h command.h
cc -c kbd.c
command.o : command.c defs.h command.h
cc -c command.c
display.o : display.c defs.h buffer.h
cc -c display.c
insert.o : insert.c defs.h buffer.h
cc -c insert.c
search.o : search.c defs.h buffer.h
cc -c search.c
files.o : files.c defs.h buffer.h command.h
cc -c files.c
utils.o : utils.c defs.h
cc -c utils.c
clean :
rm edit $(objects)
2.5 make
C make make
CC c C OBJ
make cc -c main.c -o main.omain.c main.o
OBJ
C
C objects
makefile
edit : $(objects)
main.o : defs.h
kbd.o : defs.h command.h
command.o : defs.h command.h
display.o : defs.h buffer.h
insert.o : defs.h buffer.h
search.o : defs.h buffer.h
files.o : defs.h buffer.h command.h
utils.o : defs.h
.PHONY : clean
clean :
-rm edit $(objects)
makefile
clean
makefile
2.6 makefile
makefile OBJ makefile
makefile
makefile
edit : $(objects)
$(objects) : defs.h
kbd.o command.o files.o : command.h
display.o insert.o search.o files.o : buffer.h
defs.h OBJ command.h bufffer.h OBJ
makefile makefile
2.7
make Makefile make
OBJ
make
clean:
rm edit $(objects)
.PHONY : clean
clean :
-rm edit $(objects)

make clean rm
makefile
makefile edit edit
3 makefile
make makefile
3.1 makefile
makefile 5
makefile makefile
OBJ objects
makefile
!
make makefile :
"
makefile makefile
"
makefile
makefile
"
!
# make
\ define
makefile shell
3.2 makfile
make makefile
GNUmakefilemakefileMakefile
makefile makefileMakefile(
MakefileREADME
)GNUmakefile makefile
GNU make make GNUmakefile
makefile
make makefile
make
makefile -f--file makefile

-f name--file=name make name makefile
-f--file makefile makefile
-f --file
GNUmakefilemakefileMakefile makefile
3.3 makefile
include make makefile include makefile
makefile
include filenames...
filenames shell
include make
Tab Tab make
include
make
#
make
.mka.mkb.mkc.mk$(bar) bish bash
include foo *.mk $(bar)

include foo a.mk b.mk c.mk bish bash
make include make makefile
makefile make makefile include
include makefile
include
makefile make makefile
makefile /
-|--include-dir
prefix/include' ( /usr/local/include') /usr/gnu/include', /usr/local/include',

/usr/include'
makefile make
include makefile
makefile makefile make
makefile
-include include
-include filenames...
makefile
make sinclude -include
3.4 MAKEFILES
MAKEFILESmake makefile
makefile Make
include
makefile makefile
MAKEFILES make
make make
MAKEFILES makefile
MAKEFILES makefile
makefile
makefile include ()
3.5 makefile
makefile RCS SCCS
makefile make makefile makefile
makefile make
makefile makefile makefile

make makefile

makefile
make
makefile
makefile
make
makefile
makefile make
makefile make
makefile
-f--file makefile make makefile
3.2
-f--file makefile make
makefile
makefile make
makefile make make makefile
makefile make
-t-t--touch makefile
makefile -t--touch makefile
touch
-q' ( --question')
-n' ( --just-print') makefile makefile
make -f mfile -n foomfile
foofoofoo
mfile
makefile
makefile makefile
makefile makefile -t
make -f mfile -n foomfilefoo
foofoomfile
3.6 makefile
makefile makefile include
makefile makefile
make
makefile makefile
foo makefile Makefile

GNUmakefile makefile
foo:
frobnicate > foo
%: force
@$(MAKE) -f Makefile $@
force: ;
make foomake GNUmakefilefrobnicate > foo

make barmake GNUmakefilebar
make f Makefile barMakefilebarmake
GNUmakefile make
%
forceforce
make make
force
3.7 make makefile

GNU make make makefile
makefile
make
make
makefile makefile
make
make makefile
make
immediate = deferred
immediate ?= deferred
immediate := immediate
immediate += deferred or immediate
define immediate
deferred
endef
+=:=
ifdefifeqifndef inneq
immediate : immediate ; deferred

deferred
makefile
make
makefile
.
/
makefile
makefile all
4.1
targets : prerequisites
command
...
targets : prerequisites ; command

command
...
target
am m a
Tab
Tab
$$\
\make
makefile make
shell
4.2
Make Bourne shell
*[]*.C.C
~~/
home ~/bin/home/bin~ home
~John/binhome/John/bin
ms-dosms-windows home home
\
foo\*barfoo*bar
4.2.1
shell
OBJ
clean
rm f *.o
makefile make print
.c
print: *.c
lpr -p $?
touch print
ptint
$?
objects = *.o
objects *.o objects
objects=$(wildcard *.o)
wildcard
4.2.2
foo OBJ
objects = *.o
foo : $(objects)
cc -o foo $(CFLAGS) $(objects)
objects *.ofoo OBJ

foo
OBJ
foo*.omake
*.o
wildcard
MS-DOSMS-WINDOWS
C:\foo\bar\bar.c
Unix c:/foo/bar/bar.cc:
make
Unix
Unix
4.2.3 wildcard
wildcard
$(wildcard pattern...)
makefile
wildcard
wildcard C
$(wildcard *.c)
C .c.o OBJ
$(patsubst %.c,%.o,$(wildcard *.c))
patsubst
C makefile
objects := $(patsubst %.c,%.o,$(wildcard *.c))

foo : $(objects)
cc -o foo $(objects)
C :=
=:=
4.3
Make
4.3.1 VPATH
make VPATH make
VPATH make
make VPATH
shell
VPATH make
MS-DOSMS-WINDOWS VPATH
VPATH = src:../headers
src/headersmake VPATH
foo.o : foo.c
foo.o : src/foo.c
src foo.c
4.3.2 vpath
vpath VPATH vpath
vpath
vpath pattern directories
MS-DOSMS-WINDOWS VPATH
vpath pattern
vpath
vapth
vpath pattern %
%
%.h .h %
vpath %%
%
%
vpath
vpath VPATH
vpath %.h ../headers
make .h../headers.h
vpath make
Make makefile vpath

vpath %.c foo
vpath %
blish
vpath %.c bar
`.c'`foo'`blish'`bar'
vpath %.c foo:bar
vpath %
blish
`.c'foo'bar'blish'
4.3.3
Make
11 makefile
22
33
44
11
make
22 makefile
make makefile
make
GNU make GPATH
GPATH VPATH
GPATH
4.3.4 shell
make
$^ shell
$^
$@
foo.o : foo.c
cc -c $(CFLAGS) $^ -o $@
CFLAGS C
C
$<
VPATH = src:../headers
foo.o : foo.c defs.h hack.h
cc -c $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@
4.3.5
VPATH vpath
foo.omake foo.c
make foo.c
foo.cmake
4.3.6
-|name
libname.a -|name
-|namemake vpath
VPATH /lib, /usr/lib', prefix/lib'`/usr/local/lib'
MS-DOSMS-Windows make prefix DJGPP
libname.so'libname.so'
libname.a'
/usr/lib/libcurses.a'
foo : foo.c -lcurses
cc $^ -o $@
foofoo.ccc foo.c /usr/lib/libcurses.a -o foo'

libname.so' libname.a'
.LIBPATTERNS
-|namemake name
.LIBPATTERNS "lib%.so lib%.a'"
4.4
clean:
rm *.o temp
rm cleanclean
`make clean'rm
clean
clean clean clean
.PHONY
.PHONY : clean
make cleanclean
make
.PHONY: clean
clean:
rm *.o temp
make makefile
shell
subdirs:
for dir in $(SUBDIRS); do \
$(MAKE) -C $$dir; \
done
shell make -k
make
SUBDIRS = foo bar baz

.PHONY: subdirs $(SUBDIRS)
subdirs: $(SUBDIRS)
$(SUBDIRS):
$(MAKE) -C $
foo: baz
bazfoo
make
makefile makefile
makefile
all : prog1 prog2 prog3

.PHONY : all
prog1 : prog1.o utils.o
cc -o prog1 prog1.o utils.o
prog2 : prog2.o
cc -o prog2 prog2.o
prog3 : prog3.o sort.o utils.o
cc -o prog3 prog3.o sort.o utils.o
make prog1
prog3'
make cleanall' OBJ diff
.PHONY: cleanall cleanobj cleandiff

cleanall : cleanobj cleandiff
rm program
cleanobj :
rm *.o
cleandiff :
rm *.diff
4.5
make
clean: FORCE
rm $(objects)
FORCE:
FORCRclean
FORCRFORCR
FORCR.PHONY: clean
make
FORCR makefile
4.6
touch
print: foo.c bar.c

lpr -p $?
touch print
make print'make
print' lpr $?
4.7
!
.PHONY
.PHONY make
!
.SUFFIXES
.SUFFIXES
!
.DEFAULT
.DEFAULT
-.DEFAULT
!
.PRECIOUS
.PRECIOUS
make
make
.SECONDARY
%.O.PRECIOUS
!
.INTERMEDIATE
.INTERMEDIATE
.INTERMEDIATE
!
.SECONDARY
.SECONDARY
.SECONDARY makefile
!
.DELETE_ON_ERROR
makefile .DELETE_ON_ERROR
make
!
.IGNORE
.IGNORE MAKE
.IGNORE MAKE
.IGNORE .IGNORE
.IGNORE
!
.SILENT
.SILENT MAKE
.SILENT
.SILENT
-s-silent()
!
.EXPORT_ALL_VARIABLES
MAKE
MAKE
!
.NOTPARALLEL
.NOTPARALLEL -jmake
make makefile .NOTPARALLEL
.NOTPARALLEL
.c.o
.
.
4.8
$@
kbd.o command.o files.o: command.h
$@
bigoutput littleoutput : text.g

generate text.g -$(subst output,,$@) > $@
bigoutput : text.g
generate text.g -big > bigoutput
littleoutput : text.g
generate text.g -little > littleoutput
-big-little
subst
$@
4.9
make
.
make
makefile make
objectscongfig.h
objects = foo.o bar.o

foo.o : defs.h
bar.o : defs.h test.h
$(objects) : config.h
make
extradeps=
$(objects) : $(extradeps)
`make extradeps=foo.h'foo.h OBJ make
make
4.10
4.10.1
targets ...: target-pattern: dep-patterns ...

commands
...
%%
foo.o%.o
foofoo.cfoo.out
%
%.cfoo%foo.c%
%\%
%\
%`the\%weird\\%pattern\\'`the%weird\' %'
pattern\\'%
.cfoo.obar.o
objects = foo.o bar.o
all: $(objects)
$(objects): %.o: %.c
$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@
$<$@
filter
files = foo.elc bar.o lose.o

$(filter %.o,$(files)): %.o: %.c
$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@
$(filter %.elc,$(files)): %.elc: %.el
emacs -f batch-byte-compile $<
$(filter %.o,$(files))'bar.o lose.o'

C OBJ $(filter %.elc,$(files))' foo.elc'
foo.el
$*
bigoutput littleoutput : %output : text.g
generate text.g -$* > $@
generate $*biglittle
4.10.2
make
!
make
4.11
makefile
4.12
makefile OBJ
main.c#include defs.h
main.o: defs.h
make defs.hmain.o
makefile
#include makefile
C #include
-M
cc -M main.c
makefile main.omain.o
make
make make depend
depend
makefile include makefile
GNU make makefile
make GNU make makefile

Makefile
makefile
name.cname.d makefile makefile
name.o OBJ
C name.cname.d
%.d: %.c
set -e; $(CC) -M $(CPPFLAGS) $< \
| sed 's/$$*$\.o[ :]*/\1.o $@ : /g' > $@; \
[ -s $@ ] || rm -f $@
-e shell $(CC)
shell
sed, make
GNU C -MM-M
GNU CC
Sed
main.o main.d : main.c defs.h
.d.oMake
.d include
makefile
sources = foo.c bar.c

include $(sources:.c=.d)
foo.c bar.c'foo.d
bar.d'.d makefile makefile
make Makefile
shell
- TAB
TAB
shell makefile shell

/bin/sh makefile
shell
/bin/sh shell###
5.1
make

@@ shell makefile
echo makefile
@echo About to make distribution files
make -n--just-print
@
make
-s--silent make @
makefile .SILENT
@.SILENT
5.2
shell
make
shell cd
cd
make shell
foo : bar/lose
cd bar; gobble lose > ../foo
shell
foo : bar/lose
cd bar; \
gobble lose > ../foo
shell SHELL /bin/sh shell

MS_DOS SHELL COMSPEC
shell
MS_DOS makefile SHELL
MS_DOS shellcommand.com make
shell MS_DOS make SHELL
Unix DOS shell SHELL
command.com make SHELL
SHELL Unix shell MS_DOS make
shell shell MS_DOS GNU make
shell:
1 SHELL makefile `SHELL = /bin/sh'make
/bin
2
3 PATH
make sh
make .exe', .com', .bat', .btm', .sh'
shell SHELL shell

SHELL shell
make Unix shellmake
Unix shell
shell makefile SHELL
shell Unix

DOS sh.exe PATH
makefile `SHELL = /bin/sh' Unix makefile
MS_DOS
Unix
SHELL SHELL
shell SHELL
makefile MS-DOS MS-WINDOWS
SHELL
make MS-DOS
SHELL make MAKESHELL make
shell SHELL
5.3
GNU make make
-j--jobs make
MS-DOS -j
-j job slots
-j job slots job slots
make
Broken pipe
make
make
make make
-k
--keep-going
make make
-|
make -|--max-load
-| 2.5
make 2.5 -|
-|
make
-|make
5.4
shell make
shell
make
mkdir
mkdir make
- TAB
- shell
clean:
-rm -f *.o
rm
make -i--ignore-errors
makefile .IGNORE
-
--i make
make
make -k
--keep-goningmake make
OBJ make
OBJ make -k' OBJ
make make
-k make
Emacs -k
make
make
.DELETE_ON_ERROR makefile make
make
5.5 make
make make
make
Ctrl-c OBJ foo.oCtrl-c
OBJ foo.ofoo.c make
Ctrl-c OBJ foo.o make OBJ foo.omake
linker OBJ
.PRECIOUS make
make .PRECIOUS
5.6 make
makefile make
makefile
subdir makefile make makefile
subsystem:
cd subdir && $(MAKE)
, ():
subsystem:
$(MAKE) -C subdir
make
make make
GNU make CURDIR -C
makefile
CURDIR
make
5.6.1 MAKE
make MAKEmake
subsystem:
cd subdir && $(MAKE)
make /bin/make`cd
subdir && /bin/make' makefile make
MAKE -t' (--touch'), -n' (--just-print'), -q'

(--question') MAKE +
make -t
-t
make t
subsystemcd subdir && make t
-t
Make MAKE`-t', `-n' `-q'
MAKE make
MAKEFLAGS make make
5.6.2 make
make make make
-e make makefile
make
make
make
shell
SHELL MAKEFLAGS

MAKEFILE
Make MAKEFLAGS
Make make
make export
export variable ...
make unexport
unexport variable ...
export variable = value

:
variable = value
export variable
export variable := value
variable := value
export variable
,
export variable += value
:
variable += value
export variable
export unexport make shell sh

export
export
make export unexport unexport
export
export
export GNU make makefile

GNU make
.EXPORT_ALL_VARIABLES export GNU make
export
unexport make
export makefile
export unexport
export unexport make
MAKELEVEL
0 make1 make2
--makeMake 1
makefile
makefile

MAKEFILES make makefile
MAKEFILES makefile makefile
make makefile
make makefile MAKEFILES
5.6.3 make
-s-k MAKEFLAGS make make
make make ks MAKEFLAGS
ks
make MAKEFLAGS
make
MAKEFLAGS make
MAKEFLAGS =make
`-C', `-f', `-o', -W MAKEFLAGS

-jN
Unix
make make
N
N make
-j 1 MAKEFLAGS
-j make
-j
1
MAKEFLAGS
subsystem:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) MAKEFLAGS=
MAKEOVERRIDES
MAKEFLAGS
MAKEOVERRIDES
MAKEOVERRIDES =
MAKEFLAGS Arg list too long'
POSIX.2 makefile
.POSIX MAKEOVERRIDES MAKEFLAGS
MFLAGS
MAKEFLAGS
MAKEFLAGS
--warn-undefined-variables
MFLAGS make
subsystem:
cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(MFLAGS)
MAKEFLAGS makefile
make make
make -k
MAKEFLAGS MAKEFLAGS
makefile MAKEFLAGS makefile
MFLAGS MFLAGS
make
make MAKEFLAGS
makefile
make
-C',
-f',-h',-o',-W'
MAKEFLAGS make makefile
make -t', -n', -q'
MAKEFLAGS
5.6.4 --print-directory
make -w--print-directory make
make w
/u/gnu/make make make
make: Entering directory `/u/gnu/make'.
make: Leaving directory `/u/gnu/make'.
make -C-w
make -s-w
-s`--no-print-directory'-w
5.7
define
define run-yacc
yacc $(firstword $^)
mv y.tab.c $@
endef
run-yacc endef define

$
define
Yacc
Yacc y.tab.c
define
foo.c : foo.y
$(run-yacc)
run-yaccfoo.y$^foo.c$@
make
Tabmake shell
(`@', `-', `+')
@echo "frobnicating target $@"

frob-step-1 $< -o $@-step-1
frob-step-2 $@-step-1 -o $@
endef
make
frob.out: frob.in
@$(frobnicate)
5.8
target: ;
target Tab
makefile
makefile
make macros
makefile shell ==
define makefile
:',#',='
shell make make
foo', FOO', Foo'

makefile
6.1
$(foo)'
${foo}'foo$$$
$
OBJ
objects = program.o foo.o utils.o
program : $(objects)
cc -o program $(objects)
$(objects) : defs.h
foo = c
prog.o : prog.$(foo)
$(foo)$(foo) -$(foo) prog.$(foo)
C prog.c
foo C
makefile
$x x
6.2
GNU make
two flavors
= define
foo = $(bar)
bar = $(ugh)
ugh = Huh?
all:;echo $(foo)
Huh?'$(foo)$(bar)$(ugh)Huh?
make
CFLAGS = $(include_dirs) -O
include_dirs = -Ifoo -Ibar
CFLAGS-Ifoo -Ibar
CFLAGS = $(CFLAGS) -O
make
make shell
:=
x := foo
y := $(x) bar
x := later
y := foo bar
x := later
:= shell shell
MAKELEVEL
make
MAKELEVEL
ifeq (0,${MAKELEVEL})
cur-dir
:= $(shell pwd)
whoami
:= $(shell whoami)
host-type := $(shell arch)
MAKE := ${MAKE} host-type=${host-type} whoami=${whoami}
endif
:=
${subdirs}:
${MAKE} cur-dir=${cur-dir}/$@ -C $@ all
makefile
nullstring :=
space := $(nullstring) # end of the line
space # end of the line
dir := /foo/bar
# directory to put the frobs in
dir /foo/bar
/foo/bar
?=
FOO ?= bar
origin
ifeq ($(origin FOO), undefined)
FOO = bar
endif
?=
6.3
6.3.1
$(var:a=b)
${var:a=b}
var a b
a a
a a
foo := a.o b.o c.o
bar := $(foo:.o=.c)
bara.c b.c c.c
patsubst
patsubst make
patsubst$(var:a=b)
%$(patsubst a,b,$(var))
patsubst
foo := a.o b.o c.o
bar := $(foo:%.o=%.c)
bar'a.c b.c c.c'
6.3.2
makefile
x=y
y=z
a := $($(x))
a z$(x)$($(x))y$($(x))$(y)z
$(x)$(x)
x=y
y=z
z=u
a := $($($(x)))
$(x) y$($(x))$(y)$(y) zu
x = $(y)
y=z
z = Hello
a := $($(x))
a Hello$($(x))$($(y))$($(y))$(z), $(z)Hello
subst
x = variable1
variable2 := Hello
y = $(subst 1,2,$(x))
z=y
a := $($($(z)))
a Hello
$($($(z))) $($(y))$($(y))$(subst 1,2,$(x))xvariable1,
variable2$( variable2)
Hello
a_dirs := dira dirb

1_dirs := dir1 dir2
a_files := filea fileb
1_files := file1 file2
ifeq "$(use_a)" "yes"
a1 := a
else
a1 := 1
endif
ifeq "$(use_dirs)" "yes"
df := dirs
else
df := files
endif
dirs := $($(a1)_$(df))
use_a use_dirs dirs a_dirs, 1_dirs, a_files
1_files
a_objects := a.o b.o c.o

1_objects := 1.o 2.o 3.o
sources := $($(a1)_objects:.o=.c)
a1 sources à.c b.c c.c' `1.c 2.c 3.c'
ifdef do_sort
func := sort
else
func := strip
endif
bar := a d b g q c
foo := $($(func) $(bar))
foosort a d b g q c' strip a d b g q c'a d b g q c
sort strip
define
dir = foo
$(dir)_sources := $(wildcard $(dir)/*.c)
define $(dir)_print
lpr $($(dir)_sources)
endef
dir',foo_sources', foo_print'
makefile
6.4
!
make
!
makefile
!
make
!
6.5
makefile =:==
:=
objects = main.o foo.o bar.o utils.o
objects =
=:=
make
makefile
?==
origin
FOO ?= bar
ifeq ($(origin FOO), undefined)

FOO = bar
endif
6.6
+=
objects += another.o
objects another.o
objects += another.o
objects main.o foo.o bar.o utils.o another.o'
`+=' :
objects := $(objects) another.o
+=
=+=
+=make
:=+=
variable := value
variable += more
variable := value
variable := $(variable) more
+==make
make
+=
variable = value
variable += more
temp = value
variable = $(temp) more
temp
CFLAGS = $(includes) -O
...
CFLAGS += -pg # enable profiling
CFLAGS CFLAGS includes CFLAGS

C = CFLAGS
$(includes) -O make CFLAGS
includes CFLAGS
+= CFLAGS
CFLAGS := $(CFLAGS) -pg # enable profiling
:= CFLAGS
make CFLAGS $(CFLAGS) -pg includes
-0 -pg includes
+= CFLAGS $(CFLAGS) 0 -pg
includes includes $(CFLAGS)
6.7 override
makefile
override
override variable = value

override variable := value
override variable += more text
override makefile
C -g
override :
override CFLAGS += -g
define override
override define foo
bar
endef
define
6.8
define
define
endef define
=
define two-lines
echo foo
echo $(bar)
endef
define define
endef endef
two-lines = echo foo; echo $(bar)
shell
make shell shell
define define
override
override define two-lines
foo
$(bar)
endef
override
6.9
make make make make
make makefile
-e
makefile
CFLAGS makefile C
makefile
makefile
CFLAGS CFLAGS make
make make make
make export
make
makefile
makefile makefile
makefile
SHELL shell SHELL
make make
SHELL MS-DOS MS-Windows
SHELL
6.10
make
make
target ... : variable-assignment
target ... : override variable-assignment

target ...
variable-assignment=
:=+=?=variable-assignment
target ... target ...
vs.
makefile
-e override
target ...
prog : CFLAGS = -g
prog : prog.o foo.o bar.o
prog CFLAGS -g`prog.o', `foo.o',

`bar.o' CFLAGS -g prog.o',foo.o', bar.o'
CFLAGS -g
6.11
GNU make
pattern ... : variable-assignment
pattern ... : override variable-assignment
pattern%-pattern ...
variable-assignment
override
%.o : CFLAGS = -O
%.o CFLAGS -0
7 makefile
makefile
make makefile shell
7.1
make CC gcc
CC=gcc
make
libs_for_gcc = -lgnu
normal_libs =
foo: $(objects)
ifeq ($(CC),gcc)
$(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(libs_for_gcc)
else
$(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(normal_libs)
endif
ifeqelse endif
Ifeq
makefile ifeq
else
else
Endif endif makefile
makefile
makefile
CC gcc
foo: $(objects)
$(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(libs_for_gcc)
CC gcc
foo: $(objects)
$(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(normal_libs)
libs_for_gcc = -lgnu
normal_libs =
ifeq ($(CC),gcc)
libs=$(libs_for_gcc)
else
libs=$(normal_libs)
endif
foo: $(objects)
$(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(libs)
7.2
else
conditional-directive
text-if-true
endif
text-if-true makefile
text-if-true
else
text-if-false
endif
text-if-truetext-if-falsetext-if-false
ifeq (arg1, arg2)

ifeq 'arg1' 'arg2'
ifeq "arg1" "arg2"
ifeq "arg1" 'arg2'
ifeq 'arg1' "arg2"
arg1arg2
text-if-truetext-if-false
strip
ifeq ($(strip $(foo)),)

text-if-empty
endif
$(foo)text-if-empty
ifneq (arg1, arg2)
ifneq 'arg1' 'arg2'
ifneq "arg1" "arg2"
ifneq "arg1" 'arg2'
ifneq 'arg1' "arg2"
arg1arg2 text-if-true
text-if-false
ifdef variable-name
variable-nametext-if-truetext-if-false
ifdef
ifdef foo=
ifeq($(foo),)
bar =
foo = $(bar)
ifdef foo
frobozz = yes
else
frobozz = no
endif
frobozz'yes', :
foo =
ifdef foo
frobozz = yes
else
frobozz = no
endif
frobozz' no'
ifndef variable-name
variable-nametext-if-truetext-if-false
Tab
Tab Tab
#
else endif
Tab #
make makefile make text-if-true

make text-if-falsemakefile
makefile Make
makefile
makefile makefile
include
7.3
MAKEFLAGS findstring -t
make touch
findstring -t
-t MAKEFLAGS
ranlib t
archive.a: ...
ifneq (,$(findstring t,$(MAKEFLAGS)))
+touch archive.a
+ranlib -t archive.a
else
ranlib archive.a
endif
+-t
make
makefile
makefile
8.1
$(function arguments)
${function arguments}
function make
call arguments Tab
$(subst a,b,$(x))', `$(subst a,b,${x})'
comma space
comma:= ,
empty:=
space:= $(empty) $(empty)
foo:= a b c
bar:= $(subst $(space),$(comma),$(foo))
# bar is now à,b,c'.
subst foo
8.2
$(subst from,to,text)
texttofrom
$(subst ee,EE,feet on the street)
fEEt on the street
$(patsubst pattern,replacement,text)
textpatternreplacementpattern
%replacement%%
pattern% patsubst %(\)
%%
stem%
the\%weird\\%pattern\\' the%weird\' %'pattern\\'

%
$(patsubst %.c,%.o,x.c.c bar.c)
x.c.o bar.o' patsubst

$(var:pattern=replacement)

$(patsubst pattern,replacement,$(var))
patsubst
$(var:suffix=replacement)
$(patsubst %suffix,%replacement,$(var))
OBJ
objects = foo.o bar.o baz.o
$(objects:.o=.c)
$(patsubst %.o,%.c,$(objects))
$(strip string)
$(strip a b c )'a
b c strip ifeq ifneq
makefile
.PHONY: all
ifneq
"$(needs_made)" ""
all: $(needs_made)
else
all:;@echo 'Nothing to make!'
endif
ifneq $(strip $(needs_made))'$(needs_made)'
$(findstring find,in)
infindfind
$(findstring a,a b c)
$(findstring a,b c)
a findstring
$(filter pattern...,text)
textpattern...pattern...
% patsubst filter
sources := foo.c bar.c baz.s ugh.h

foo: $(sources)
cc $(filter %.c %.s,$(sources)) -o foo
foo' foo.c',bar.c',baz.s' ugh.h'foo.c',bar.c'
$(filter-out pattern...,text)
baz.s'
textpattern...pattern...
filter
objects=main1.o foo.o main2.o bar.o
mains=main1.o main2.o
mains OBJ
$(filter-out $(mains),$(objects))
$(sort list)
list
$(sort foo bar lose)
bar foo lose sort
subst patsubst makefile VPATH

make VPATH:
C
VPATH src:../headers' subst
$(subst :, ,$(VPATH))
src ../headers' patsubst -|

CFLAGS C
override CFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I%,$(subst :, ,$(VPATH)))
CFLAGS -Isrc -I../headersOverride
CFLAGS override
8.3
$(dir names...)
names
./
$(dir src/foo.c hacks)
src/ ./
$(notdir names...)
names
$(notdir src/foo.c hacks)
foo.c hacks
$(suffix names...)
names
names
$(suffix src/foo.c src-1.0/bar.c hacks)
.c .c
$(basename names...)
names
$(basename src/foo.c src-1.0/bar hacks)
src/foo src-1.0/bar hacks

$(addsuffix suffix,names...)
namessuffix Suffix
$(addsuffix .c,foo bar)
foo.c bar.c
$(addprefix prefix,names...)
namesprefix preffix
$(addprefix src/,foo bar)
src/foo src/bar
$(join list1,list2)
$(join a b,.c .o)'a.c b.o'

dirnotdir
$(word n,text)
text n N 1 n text
$(word 2, foo bar baz)
bar
$(wordlist s,e,text)
text s e Se 1 s
text e text s
text s e
$(wordlist 2, 3, foo bar baz)
`bar baz'
$(words text)
texttext$(word $(words text),text)

$(firstword names...)
names
$(firstword foo bar)
foo $(firstword text) $(word 1,text)
$(wildcard pattern)
pattern shel
wildcard
8.4 foreach
foreach
shell sh for C-shell csh foreach
foreach
$(foreach var,list,text)
varlisttext
listvartext
text listlisttext
foreach
files dirs
dirs := a b c d
files := $(foreach dir,$(dirs),$(wildcard $(dir)/*))
text$(wildcard $(dir)/*) dir a foreach

$(wildcard a/*)b foreach
$(wildcard b/*)c foreach
$(wildcard c/*)
files := $(wildcard a/* b/* c/* d/*)
text
find_files = $(wildcard $(dir)/*)
dirs := a b c d
files := $(foreach dir,$(dirs),$(find_files))
find_file find_file =
find_file foreach
find_file wildcard
foreach var foreach
list foreach
var foreach foreach var
foreach
files := $(foreach Esta escrito en espanol!,b c ch,$(find_files))

find_file Esta escrito en espanol!
8.5 if
if GNU make makefile
ifeq
if
$(if condition,then-part[,else-part])
condition
conditioncondition
condition,then-part
if
condition,else-part
if if
then-partelse-part
shell
8.6 call
call
call
call
$(call variable,param,param,...)
make param$(1)$(2)$(0)
variableparam
call
variable make
variable$(1) call param
variable$
make
call variable
foreach if
reverse = $(2) $(1)

foo = $(call reverse,a,b)
foo b a
PATH
pathsearch = $(firstword $(wildcard $(addsufix /$(1),$(subst :, ,$(PATH)))))

LS := $(call pathsearch,ls)
LS /bin/ls
call $(1)
call
map = $(foreach a,$(2),$(call $(1),$(a)))
map origin
o = $(call map,origin,o map MAKE)
o file file default

call
call
8.7 origin
origin
origin
$(origin variable)
variable$
origin
undefined'
variable
default'
variable CC
origin
environment'
variable-e
environment override'
variable-e
file'
variable makefile
command line'
variable
override'
variable makefile override override
automatic'
variable

foo makefile bar makefile
bletchmake f bar makefile bar
bletch makefile foo makefile barbletch
override makefile foo override
override makefile
bar makefile bar
ifdef bletch
ifeq "$(origin bletch)" "environment"
bletch = barf, gag, etc.
endif
endif
bletch
-ebletch
ifneq "$(findstring environment,$(origin bletch))" ""

bletch = barf, gag, etc.
endif
$(origin bletch)environmentenvironment overridebletch
8.8 shell
wildcard shell make
shell shell
shell Make
make /
make shell
makefile shell
shell
shell
contents := $(shell cat foo)
foo contents
files := $(shell echo *.c)
*.c files make shell

wildcard *.c
8.9 make
make makefile
make
$(error text...)
text
text
ifdef ERROR1
$(error error is $(ERROR1))
endif
ERROR01 makefile
ERR = $(error found an error!)
.PHONY: err
err: ; $(ERR)
err make
$(warning text...)
error make text

make
9 make
makefile
makefile make
make
make
0
make
2
2 make
1
1 make -q make
9.1 makefile
makefile -f--file--makefile-f
altmakealtmake makefile
-f-f
makefile
-f--fileGNUmakefile', makefile',
Makefile' makefile
9.2
gaol make
makefile
makefile
make
make
makefile -=
makefile
Make MAKECMGOALS
.d
make
sources = foo.c bar.c

ifneq ($(MAKECMDGOALS),clean)
include $(sources:.c=.d)
endif
makefile
.PHONY: all
all: size nm ld ar as
size make size
makefile
makefile clean
make cleanmake
GNU make
all'
makefile
`clean'
make
`mostlyclean'
clean
GCC mostlycleanlibgcc.a
`distclean'
`realclean'
`clobber'
clean
makefile
install
print
tar
tar
shar
shell
dist
tar shar
TAGS
tags
`check'
`test'
makefile
9.3
makefile make
make
`-n'
`--just-print'
`--dry-run'
`--recon'
No-opmake
`-t'
`--touch'
touchmake
`-q'
`--question'
question
`-W file'
`--what-if=file'
`--assume-new=file'
`--new-file=file'
What if-W make
-W-n
-nmake
-tmake touch
-s.SILENTtouchmake
touch touch
-qmake make
0 1 make 2
make -n-t-s
+$(MAKE)' ${MAKE}'
+$(MAKE)' ${MAKE}'
MAKE
-W
!
-n-q make
!
-n-q make -W make
-p-v make makefile
9.4
make
-t make
1 make
2
3make t make
-o file
1make -o file
-o
2make t
9.5
=v=x v x
makefile make
makefile
CFLAGS C make
foo.c
cc -c $(CFLAGS) foo.c
makefile CFALAGS
make make CFLAGS='-g -O' C
cc -c -g -O shell
CFALAGS
makefile
make
:==
makfile makfile
override override variable = value override
9.6
shell make
make make
make
-k--keep-going make
make , make k
shell make
make k-k
make
-k
Emacs M-x compile -k
9.7
make
`-b'
`-m'
make
`-C dir'
`--directory=dir'
makefile dir-C
-C/-C etc-C/etc make
make
-d
---- make
-d--debug=a
`--debug[=options]'
a (all)
-d
b (basic)
v (verbose)
makefile
i (implicit)
j (jobs)
m (makefile)
makefile all
`-e'
`--environment-overrides'
makefile
`-f file'
`--file=file'
`--makefile=file'
file makefile makefile
`-h'
`--help'
make
`-i'
`--ignore-errors'
`-I dir'
`--include-dir=dir'
makefile dir makefile -I
`-j [jobs]'
`--jobs[=jobs]'
make -j
MS-DOS
`-k'
`--keep-going'
`-l [load]'
`--load-average[=load]'
`--max-load[=load]'
load
`-n'
`--just-print'
`--dry-run'
`--recon'
`-o file'
`--old-file=file'
`--assume-old=file'
file file
`-p'
`--print-data-base'
makefile
-v
make qpmake p f/dev/null
`-q'
`--question'
make
0 1 make 2
`-r'
`--no-builtin-rules'
-r
.SUFFIXES -r
-R
`-R'
`--no-builtin-variables'
-R-r
`-s'
`--silent'
`--quiet'
`-S'
`--no-keep-going'
`--stop'
-k make MAKEFLAGS make
-k-k
`-t'
`--touch'
make
`-v'
`--version'
make
`-w'
`--print-directory'
makefile make
make make
--print-directory
`--no-print-directory'
-w-w
--print-directory
`-W file'
`--what-if=file'
`--new-file=file'
`--assume-new=file'
n
n make touch make
`--warn-undefined-variables'
make
makefile
10
OBJ
C cc C
make
C
C .c.o make
C
make .y.c.o
CFLAGS C C
10.1
make
make
makefile
foo : foo.o bar.o
cc -o foo foo.o bar.o $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS)
foo.omake
make foo.omake
foo.o
.o C .C Pascal .p
.C
make C .pmake Pascal
makefile make
make
makefile
make
make
foo.o: foo.p
foo.p make Pascal .p

OBJ .o.p foo.p
foo.c foo.c foo.o C
Pascal
10.2
makefile
-r--no-builtin-rules
make
.SUFFIXES
.out, .a, .ln, .o, .c, .cc, .C, .p, .f, .F, .r, .y, .l, .s, .S, .mod, .sym, .def, .
h, .info, .dvi, .tex, .texinfo, .texi, .txinfo, .w, .ch .web, .sh, .elc, .el
Compiling C programs C
n.o' n.c' $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS)'
Compiling C++ programs C++
n.o'n.cc' n.C'$(CXX) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS)
C++.cc' .C
Compiling Pascal programs Pascal
n.o'n.p'$(PC) -c $(PFLAGS)'
Compiling Fortran and Ratfor programs Fortran Ratfor
n.o'n.r', n.F'n.f' Fortran
`.f'
`$(FC) -c $(FFLAGS)'.
`.F'
`$(FC) -c $(FFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)'.
`.r'
`$(FC) -c $(FFLAGS) $(RFLAGS)'.
Preprocessing Fortran and Ratfor programs Fortran Ratfor
n.f' n.r'n.F' Ratfor
Fortran Fortran
`.F'
`$(FC) -F $(CPPFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)'.
`.r'
`$(FC) -F $(FFLAGS) $(RFLAGS)'.
Compiling Modula-2 programs Modula-2
n.sym' n.def'$(M2C) $(M2FLAGS) $(DEFFLAGS)' n.o'
n.mod':$(M2C) $(M2FLAGS) $(MODFLAGS)'
Assembling and preprocessing assembler programs
n.o'n.S' C cpp:$(CPP) $(CPPFLAGS)'
Linking a single object file OBJ
n' n.o' C linker ( ld): $(CC)
$(LDFLAGS) n.o $(LOADLIBES) $(LDLIBS)'
OBJ
OBJ OBJ
x: y.o z.o
x.c', y.c' z.c'
cc -c x.c -o x.o
cc -c y.c -o y.o
cc -c z.c -o z.o
cc x.o y.o z.o -o x
rm -f x.o
rm -f y.o
rm -f z.o
OBJ
.o-c
($(CC)',$(FC)'$(PC)' C $(CC)')
OBJ
Yacc for C programs Yacc C
n.c'n.y'$(YACC) $(YFLAGS)' Yacc
Lex for C programs Lex C
n.c'n.l' Lex $(LEX) $(LFLAGS)'
Lex for Ratfor programs Lex Rator
n.r'n.l' Lex $(LEX) $(LFLAGS)' Lex
C Ratfor .l
make make .l
OBJ C , C
Ratfor , makefile n.r' make
Ratfor C ,
.c
.SUFFIXES:
.SUFFIXES: .o .r .f .l ...
Making Lint Libraries from C, Yacc, or Lex programs C, Yacc, Lex Lint
n.ln' n.c' lint $(LINT) $(LINTFLAGS)
$(CPPFLAGS) i C n.y'n.l'
TeX and WebTeX Web
n.dvi'n.tex' $(TEX)'n.tex'n.web'$(WEAVE)'
n.w' (n.ch'n.ch') $(CWEAVE)'n.p'
n.web'$(TANGLE)'n.c' n.w' (n.ch'n.ch'
) $(CTANGLE)'
Texinfo and InfoTexinfo Info
n.dvi' n.texinfo',n.texi', n.txinfo', $(TEXI2DVI)
$(TEXI2DVI_FLAGS)' n.info' n.texinfo',n.texi', n.txinfo',
$(MAKEINFO) $(MAKEINFO_FLAGS)'
RCS
n' n,v' RCS/n,v' RCS $(CO)
$(COFLAGS)'n' RCS RCS
RCS RCS
SCCS
n's.n'SCCS/s.n' SCCS $(GET)
$(GFLAGS)' SCCS SCCS
SCCS n' n.sh'
() shell SCCS
RCS RCS
SCCSRCS
COMPILE.c, LINK.p, PREPROCESS.S

Make .x
COMPILE.x.xLINK.x.x
PREPROCESS.x
OBJ OUTPUT_OPTIONmake
-o $@-O
VPATH
OBJ -o VPATH
OUTPUT_OPTION ; mv $*.o
$@
10.3
makefile
make
-R--no-builtin-variables
C $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)

cccc cCCncc
ncc C CFLAGS-g
-g C $CC
$(CFLAGS)
cc
CFLAGS
(
)
AR
ar'.
AS
as'.
CC
C cc'.
CXX
C++g++'.
CO
RCS co'.
CPP
C $(CC) -E'.
FC
Fortran Ratfor f77'.

GET
SCCS get'.
LEX
Lex C Ratfor lex'.

PC
Pascal pc'.
YACC
Yacc C yacc'.
YACCR
Yacc Ratfor yacc -r'.

MAKEINFO
Texinfo makeinfo'.
TEX
TeX TeX DVI tex'.

TEXI2DVI
Texinfo TeX DVI texi2dvi'.

WEAVE
Web TeX weave'.

CWEAVE
CWeb TeX cweave'.

TANGLE
Web Pascal tangle'.

CTANGLE
Web C ctangle'.
RM
rm -f'.
ARFLAGS
rv'.
ASFLAGS
(.s'.S')
CFLAGS
C
CXXFLAGS
C++
COFLAGS
RCS co
CPPFLAGS
C (C Fortran )
FFLAGS
Fortran
GFLAGS
SCCS get
LDFLAGS
linkerld
LFLAGS
Lex
PFLAGS
Pascal
RFLAGS
Ratfor Fortran
YFLAGS
Yacc Yacc
10.4
n.yn.o
Yacc cc
n.c makefile make
C n.c OBJ n.c Yacc
n.cn.o
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makefile
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make b b b b
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make
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10.5
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10.5.1
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make
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10.5.2
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x.cx.o$@$<
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scan.oscan.oparse.tab.hparse.ybison -d parse.y
parse.tab.oscan.o
parse.tab.oparse.tab.c
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10.5.3
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10.5.4
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stem%.otest.o
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10.5.5
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make make
makefile foo.cmake
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10.5.6
%.o : %.s
10.6
makefile
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touch $@
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10.7
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#
#
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10.8
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makefile
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2 2
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11 make
ar
11.1
make
archivemember
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ar
ar
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ar cr foolib hack.o
ar c

foolib(hack.o kludge.o)
foolib(hack.o) foolib(kludge.o)
shell
foolib(*.o)' foolib.o
foolib(hack.o) foolib(kludge.o)'
11.2
a(m)ma
Make make (m)
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a(m)bar.ofoo.afoo.a(bar.o)
make "foo.a(bar.o)"'
shell makefile bar.c
cc -c bar.c -o bar.o
ar r foo.a bar.o
rm -f bar.o
make bar.o
$%
makefile
foo.a(dir/file.o)make
ar r foo.a dir/file.o
dir/file.ofile.a
%D %F
11.2.1
__.SYMDEF __.SYMDEF
__.SYMDEF__.SYMDEF__.SYMDEF
ranlib
ranlib archivefile
libfoo.a: libfoo.a(x.o) libfoo.a(y.o) ...

ranlib libfoo.a
x.o',y.o', , ranlib
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GNU ar __.SYMDEF
11.3
-j
make
makefile -j
11.4
GNU make
make
.a
C
.c.a:
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $*.o
$(AR) r $@ $*.o
$(RM) $*.o
(%.o): %.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $*.o
$(AR) r $@ $*.o
$(RM) $*.o
make .a
.x.a' (%.o)' %.x'.
.a' make
.x.a' (%.o):
%.x' %.a: %.x'.
12 GNU make
GNU make make 4.2 BSD

make makefile make
System V make
VPATH System V
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VPATFH
makefile makefile
GNU

MAKEFLAGS make make
$%
$@, $*, $<, $%, $? $(@F)$(@D)
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makefile
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AT&T Unix AT&T Andrew Hume
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make System V BSD
SunOS 4 GNU make

SunOS 4 patsubst
GNU make patsubst SunOS 4
+ IEEE
Standard 1003.2-1992 (POSIX.2)
+= SunOS 4 make
archive(mem1 mem2...)' SunOS 4 make.
-include makefile with

SunOS 4 make( SunOS 4 make makefile )
SGI make sinclude
GNU make
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make MAKE make

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mk
-o'--old-file'
make C
makefile
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make MAKWFILES make
MAKECMDGOALS
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make SCCS
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13
make GNU make POSIX.2 (IEEE

Standard 1003.2-1992)
file((entry))' file
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make
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~ SCCS .c~.o's.n.c' SCCS

n.o'
GNU make SCCS
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GNU make
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System V 4.3 BSD make VPATH
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cc -c foo.c
Unix make foo.o' foo.c'Make
GNU make
GNU make EFL

EFL
SVR4 make
.c.a:
.c.a'
GNU make
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make shell -e'-k' ()
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14 makefile
GNU make makefile Automake

makefile
14.1 makefile
makefile
SHELL = /bin/sh
SHELL
GNU make
make
makefile

.SUFFIXES:
.SUFFIXES: .c .o
makefile
.'
./
$(srcdir)
build directory ./(source directory) $(srcdir)
configure--srcdir
foo.1 : foo.man sedscript
sed -e sedscript foo.man > foo.1
foo.mansedscript
GNU make VPATH
make $< make
$< makefile
foo.o : bar.c
$(CC) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(CFLAGS) -c bar.c -o foo.o
foo.o : bar.c
$(CC) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
VPATH$(srcdir)
foo.l
foo.1 : foo.man sedscript
sed -e $(srcdir)/sedscript $(srcdir)/foo.man > $@
GNU Info Autoconf,
Automake, Bison Flex
makefile
makefile
make
14.2 makefile
shell sh csh makefile ( shell
configure) ksh bash
configure Makefile
cat cmp cp diff echo egrep expr false grep install-info

ln ls mkdir mv pwd rm rmdir sed sleep sort tar test touch true
gzip dist
mkdir -p'
makefile
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ar bison cc flex install ld ldconfig lex

make makeinfo ranlib texi2dvi yacc
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$(MAKE) $(MAKEINFO) $(RANLIB) $(TEXI2DVI) $(YACC)
ranlib ldconfig
AutoconfAC_PROG_RANLIB'
make
chgrp chmod chown mknod
makefile
14.3
Makefile
Bison, BISON
BISON = bison Bison $(BISON)
ln, rm, mv
FLAGS'--, BISONFLAGS( CFLAGS

C , YFLAGS yacc LFLAGS lex
)
CPPFLAGS LDFLAGS
ld
C CFLAGS
CFLAGS CFLAGS C
,
CFLAGS = -g
ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS)
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CFLAGS -g
GCC CFLAGS -o,
CFLAGS
CFLAGS
C CFLAGS
Makefile INSTALL INSTALL
Makefile INSTALL_PROGRAM INSTALL_DATA(

$(INSTALL))
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(bindir)/foo

$(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(libdir)/libfoo.a
DESTDIR
makefile DESTDIR
DERSTDIR
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/foo
$(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/libfoo.a
14.4
SVR4, 4.4BSD, Linux, Ultrix v4,
`prefix'
prefix /usr/local'
GNU prefix /usr' /'( Autoconf
@prefix@') prefix make install'
èxec_prefix'
exec_prefix $(prefix). (
Autoconf`@exec_prefix@') $(exec_prefix)
$(prefix)
exec_prefix make install'
`bindir'
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@bindir@')
`sbindir'
shell
/usr/local/sbin'$(exec_prefix)/sbin' (
Autoconf, @sbindir@')
`libexecdir'
/usr/local/libexec'
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@libexecdir@')
OBJ
Makefile
`datadir'
/usr/local/share'
$(prefix)/share'( Autoconf, @datadir@')
$(infodir)'$(includedir)'
`sysconfdir'
/etc/passwd'
ASCII /usr/local/etc',
$(prefix)/etc'. ( Autoconf, @sysconfdir@'.)
$(libexecdir)'$(sbindir)'
$(localstatedir)'
`sharedstatedir'
/usr/local/com'$(prefix)/com' ( Autoconf,
@sharedstatedir@')
`localstatedir'
$(datadir)' $(sysconfdir)' $(localstatedir)'

/usr/local/var'$(prefix)/var' ( Autoconf,
@localstatedir@')
`libdir'
OBJ OBJ
$(libexecdir)' libdir /usr/local/lib'
$(exec_prefix)/lib'( Autoconf, @libdir@')
ìnfodir'
Info /usr/local/info'
$(prefix)/info'. ( Autoconf, @infodir@'.)
`lispdir'
Emacs Lisp
/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp'$(prefix)/share/emacs/site-lisp'
Autoconf, @lispdir@'@lispdir@'
configure.in'
lispdir='${datadir}/emacs/site-lisp'
AC_SUBST(lispdir)
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@includedir@') GCC /usr/local/include'
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foo.h' oldincludedir (1)
foo.h' (2) Foo foo.h'
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Unix
`mandir'
/usr/local/man'
$(prefix)/man' ( Autoconf, @mandir@')
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$(mandir)/man2'
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GNU
Unix GNU
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1
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`man2ext'
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shell configure
( Autoconf, srcdir = @srcdir@'.)
#
#
prefix = /usr/local
exec_prefix = $(prefix)
# `gcc'
bindir = $(exec_prefix)/bin
#
libexecdir = $(exec_prefix)/libexec
# Info
infodir = $(prefix)/info
GNU
14.5
GNU makefile
àll'
Info
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-g'
ìnstall'
install-strip
install
make all'
prefix
exec_prefix
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Unix
Info $(INSTALL_DATA) Info
$(infodir)'
install-info install-info
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Info
$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info: foo.info
$(POST_INSTALL)
# . srcdir
-if test -f foo.info; then d=.; \
else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
$(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/foo.info $(DESTDIR)$@; \
# install-info
# if'-'
# install-info
# $(SHELL) -c' shell
#
if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' \
>/dev/null 2>&1; then \
install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir \
$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info; \
else true; fi
install
ùninstall'
--install
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install
install-strip:
$(MAKE) INSTALL_PROGRAM='$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) -s' \
install
BUG
`clean'
.dvi'
clean.dvi'
`distclean'
make distclean'
`mostlyclean'
clean' GCC
mostlyclean libgcc.a'
`maintainer-clean'
makefile
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configure'configure' Makefile
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make maintainer-clean'
maintainer-clean'
make maintainer-clean'
make
maintainer-clean
@echo
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`TAGS'
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Info
info: foo.info
foo.info: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi
$(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/foo.texi
makefile MAKEINFO makeinfo
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make Info
`dvi'
DVI Texinfo
dvi: foo.dvi
foo.dvi: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi
$(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/foo.texi
makefile TEXI2DVI texi2dvi
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`dist'
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in cp tar
gzip tar GCC 1.40
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GNU
`check'

installcheck
$(bindir)'
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installdirs'
mkinstalldirs' Texinfo
# ( $(bindir))
#
installdirs: mkinstalldirs
$(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(bindir) $(datadir) \
$(libdir) $(infodir) \
$(mandir)
14.6
install-info
Info
Info
category lines
Tab make
make makefile
$(PRE_INSTALL)
#
$(POST_INSTALL)
#
$(NORMAL_INSTALL) #
$(PRE_UNINSTALL)
#
$(POST_UNINSTALL)
#
$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL) #
Info
install uninstall
basename bash cat chgrp chmod chown cmp cp dd diff echo

egrep expand expr false fgrep find getopt grep gunzip gzip
hostname install install-info kill ldconfig ln ls md5sum
mkdir mkfifo mknod mv printenv pwd rm rmdir sed sort tee
test touch true uname xargs yes
make -n install -o all \

PRE_INSTALL=pre-install \
POST_INSTALL=post-install \
NORMAL_INSTALL=normal-install \
| gawk -f pre-install.awk
pre-install.awk'
$0 ~ /^\t[ \t]*(normal_install|post_install)[ \t]*$/ {on = 0}
on {print $0}
$0 ~ /^\t[ \t]*pre_install[ \t]*$/ {on = 1}
shell
15
GNU make
GNU make
define variable
endef
ifdef variable
ifndef variable
ifeq (a,b)
ifeq "a" "b"
ifeq 'a' 'b'
ifneq (a,b)
ifneq "a" "b"
ifneq 'a' 'b'
else
endif
makefile makefile
include file
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sinclude file
makefile makefile
override variable = value
override variable := value
override variable += value
override variable ?= value
override define variable
endef
override
export
make make
export variable
export variable = value
export variable := value
export variable += value
export variable ?= value
unexport variable
make make
vpath pattern path
% vpath
vpath pattern
pattern
vpath
vpath
$(subst from,to,text)
texttofrom
$(patsubst pattern,replacement,text)
textreplacementpattern
$(strip string)
$(findstring find,text)
findtext
$(filter pattern...,text)
textpattern
$(filter-out pattern...,text)
textpattern
$(sort list)
list
$(dir names...)
$(notdir names...)
$(suffix names...)
$(basename names...)
$(addsuffix suffix,names...)
names
$(addprefix prefix,names...)
names
$(join list1,list2)
$(word n,text)
text n
$(words text)
text
$(wordlist s,e,text)
text s e
$(firstword names...)
names
$(wildcard pattern...)
shell wildcard
$(error text...)
make text make

$(warning text...)
make text make

$(shell command)
shell shell
$(origin variable)
make variable origin

$(foreach var,words,text)
words var text

foreach
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call
$@
$%
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$+
make $^ $+
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$(@D)
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GNU make
MAKEFILES
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MAKEFLAGS
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MAKECMDGOALS
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CURDIR
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SUFFIXES
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16 make
make
make
-k***
makefile
`[foo] Error NN'

`[foo] signal description'
make make
Error NN
make
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ms-windows
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make makefile
makefile GNU make
makefile
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Ìncluded makefile `xxx' was not found.'
makefile makefile
`warning: overriding commands for target `xxx''
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GNU make ()

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make xxx yyy
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MAKE make j2 make make
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17 makfile
GNU tar makefile makefile
all makefile testpad.h'
testpad testpad.c'
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make install' make tar',rmt',tar.info'
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#### ####
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INSTALLDATA = /usr/local/bin/install -c -m 644
# DEFS
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C
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POSIX.1
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#
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System V/ANSI C
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memory.h.
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sys/mtio.h
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shell
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94
DEFS =
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# rtapelib.o
# NO_REMOTE,
RTAPELIB = rtapelib.o
LIBS =
DEF_AR_FILE = /dev/rmt8
DEFBLOCKING = 20
CDEBUG = -g
CFLAGS = $(CDEBUG) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(DEFS) \
-DDEF_AR_FILE=\"$(DEF_AR_FILE)\" \
-DDEFBLOCKING=$(DEFBLOCKING)
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#
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# tar
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#### ####
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SRC2 =
SRC3 =
SRCS =
OBJ1 =
OBJ2 =
tar.c create.c extract.c buffer.c \

getoldopt.c update.c gnu.c mangle.c
version.c list.c names.c diffarch.c \
port.c wildmat.c getopt.c
getopt1.c regex.c getdate.y
$(SRC1) $(SRC2) $(SRC3)
tar.o create.o extract.o buffer.o \
getoldopt.o update.o gnu.o mangle.o
version.o list.o names.o diffarch.o \
port.o wildmat.o getopt.o
OBJ3 = getopt1.o regex.o getdate.o $(RTAPELIB)

OBJS = $(OBJ1) $(OBJ2) $(OBJ3)
AUX =
README COPYING ChangeLog Makefile.in
makefile.pc configure configure.in \
tar.texinfo tar.info* texinfo.tex \
tar.h port.h open3.h getopt.h regex.h \
rmt.h rmt.c rtapelib.c alloca.c \
msd_dir.h msd_dir.c tcexparg.c \
level-0 level-1 backup-specs testpad.c
all:
tar rmt tar.info
tar:
$(OBJS)
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(OBJS) $(LIBS)
rmt:
rmt.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ rmt.c
tar.info: tar.texinfo
makeinfo tar.texinfo
install: all
$(INSTALL) tar $(bindir)/$(binprefix)tar
-test ! -f rmt || $(INSTALL) rmt /etc/rmt
$(INSTALLDATA) $(srcdir)/tar.info* $(infodir)
$(OBJS): tar.h port.h testpad.h
regex.o buffer.o tar.o: regex.h
# getdate.y 8 /
testpad.h: testpad
./testpad
testpad: testpad.o
$(CC) -o $@ testpad.o
TAGS:
$(SRCS)
etags $(SRCS)
clean:
rm -f *.o tar rmt testpad testpad.h core
distclean: clean
rm -f TAGS Makefile config.status
realclean: distclean
rm -f tar.info*
shar: $(SRCS) $(AUX)
shar $(SRCS) $(AUX) | compress \
> tar-`sed -e '/version_string/!d' \
-e 's/[^0-9.]*$[0-9.]*$.*/\1/' \
-e q
version.c`.shar.Z
dist: $(SRCS) $(AUX)
echo tar-`sed \
-e '/version_string/!d' \
-e 's/[^0-9.]*$[0-9.]*$.*/\1/' \
-e q
version.c` > .fname

-rm -rf `cat .fname`
mkdir `cat .fname`
ln $(SRCS) $(AUX) `cat .fname`
tar chZf `cat .fname`.tar.Z `cat .fname`
-rm -rf `cat .fname` .fname
tar.zoo: $(SRCS) $(AUX)
-rm -rf tmp.dir
-mkdir tmp.dir
-rm tar.zoo
for X in $(SRCS) $(AUX) ; do \
echo $$X ; \
sed 's/$$/^M/' $$X \
> tmp.dir/$$X ; done
cd tmp.dir ; zoo aM ../tar.zoo *
-rm -rf tmp.dir
(1)
MS-DOS MS-Windows GNU Make DJGPP
(2)
MS-DOS , global,
(3)
texi2dvi
TeX . TeX Texinfo
1.54 texi2html 2000 7 19
archive
archive member targets
arguments of functions
automatic variables
backslash (\)
basename
binary packages
compatibility
data base
default directries
default goal
defining variables verbatim
directive
dummy pattern rule
echoing of commands
editor
empty commands
empty targets
environment
explicit rule
file name functions
file name suffix
flags
flavors of variables
functions
goal
implicit rule
incompatibilities
intermediate files
match-anything rule
options
parallel execution
pattern rule
phony targets
prefix
prerequisite
recompilation
rule
shell command
static pattern rule
stem
sub-make
subdirectories
suffix
suffix rule
switches
target
value
variable
wildcard
word
shell
make

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GNU Make

Linux Linux Linux

GNU make Version 3.79

Make GNU Make

Make Makefile Makefile

2.3 make makefile

edit : main.o kbd.o command.o display.o \

makefile objects, OBJECTS, objs, OBJS, obj, OBJ

-rm edit $(objects)

makefile -f--file makefile

.mka.mkb.mkc.mk$(bar) bish bash

include foo *.mk $(bar)

prefix/include' ( /usr/local/include') /usr/gnu/include', /usr/local/include',

make sinclude -include

makefile makefile makefile

makefile makefile make

foo makefile Makefile

make foomake GNUmakefilefrobnicate > foo

3.7 make makefile

immediate : immediate ; deferred

targets : prerequisites ; command

objects *.ofoo OBJ

$(patsubst %.c,%.o,$(wildcard *.c))

objects := $(patsubst %.c,%.o,$(wildcard *.c))

vpath pattern directories

GNU make GPATH

foofoo.ccc foo.c /usr/lib/libcurses.a -o foo'

.LIBPATTERNS "lib%.so lib%.a'"

SUBDIRS = foo bar baz

all : prog1 prog2 prog3

make cleanall' OBJ diff

.PHONY: cleanall cleanobj cleandiff

print: foo.c bar.c

kbd.o command.o files.o: command.h

bigoutput littleoutput : text.g

objects = foo.o bar.o

`make extradeps=foo.h'foo.h OBJ make

targets ...: target-pattern: dep-patterns ...

files = foo.elc bar.o lose.o

$(filter %.o,$(files))'bar.o lose.o'

main.o : main.c defs.h

GNU make makefile

make GNU make makefile

main.o : main.c defs.h

main.o main.d : main.c defs.h

sources = foo.c bar.c

shell makefile shell

shell SHELL /bin/sh shell

make .exe', .com', .bat', .btm', .sh'

shell SHELL shell

MAKE -t' (--touch'), -n' (--just-print'), -q'

export variable = value

export variable := value

export unexport make shell sh

export GNU make makefile

`-C', `-f', `-o', -W MAKEFLAGS

MAKEFLAGS Arg list too long'

makefile MAKEFLAGS makefile

make: Leaving directory `/u/gnu/make'.

run-yacc endef define

(`@', `-', `+')

@echo "frobnicating target $@"

shell make make