4-way traffic light system

Digital Logic Design LAB

by Awais Ashraf Farooq Azam Farjad Raza

EE113004
EE113096

EE113033

A Project submitted to the Department of Electronics Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BS(ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING)

Faculty of Engineering Mohammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad 7 january, 2013

Copyright 2012 by MAJU Student All rights reserved. No part of these pages,text or image may be used for any purpose other than personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronics projects otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission by
Awais Ashraf Farjad Raza Farooq Azam EE113004 EE113033 EE113096

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Four(4) way traffic light system: Circuit and Model of 4-way traffic light system

4-Way Traffic light controller

At Hardware

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All the praise is for Allah, the most Merciful and Beneficent, Who blessed us with the knowledge, gave us the courage and allowed us to accomplish this task. The special thanks goes to my supervisor, Sir Zeeshan Baig. The support and demonstration that he gave to complete this project is really helpful and also thankful to lab assistant. A lot of difficulties have been faced for completion of assigned tasks and in this project tried to generate some thing best and valuable according to our working. Sir omer Anwer coperation to complete this project is really appreciable. . .

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DECLARATION
It is declared that project work which have the title 4 -way traffic light system submitted to my supervisor Sir Zeeshan Baig in Muhammad Ali jinnah University Islamabad.This project work submitted in the partial fulfillmentof the requirment in the Digital logic Design lab as a final project in the semester in Electronics Engineering Department . .Awais Ashraf Farooq Azam Farjad Raza EE113004 EE113096 EE113033

January,2013

ABSTRACT
It is important for the 4-way traffic light to be high efficient which have stable time delay to glow the lights. This project is conducted with the objective to improve the skills whatever studied in the whole semester. The project name is 4-WAY traffic light system with the help of efficient 4 way traffic light system traffic accidents can be controle. This project is about to manage the complete traffic light system with the accurate time delay.This project support to realize the fact that there is a big difference b/w theoretical and practical work. During working on it the effect of components which are using in this project realized . Project is really motivated and helps to improve the skills and experience. The help of supervisor Sir Zeeshan Baig and lab assistants is really useful to get the actual results. Firstly the major problem that is faced is accurate circuit designing and then implement it on the software then our lecturer Sir Omer Anwer told the real problem in this circuit diagram and he told that you must have to modified this circuit. After that problems of circuit during implementations are approximately reduced. In this projec the usage of different components, software is clear for example: PCB Wizard,Proteus, PSPICE learned how to make the PCB and implement the circuit on it.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment ................................................................................. iii Declaration ........................................................................................... iv Abstract. .................................................................................................v Table of Contents ................................................................................. vi List of Figures .................................................................................... viii List of Acronyms/Abbreviations ......................................................... ix

Chapter 1
Introduction......................................................................................... 10 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Overview ...................................................................................11 Purpose of the project ................................................................11 Applications of the project ........................................................12 Theoretical bases and organization ...........................................12 Summary ...................................................................................12

Chapter 2
Literature review ................................................................................. 13 2.1 2.2 2.4 Related Technologies ................................................................13 2.1.1 Related Technology 1 ...................................................13 Related Projects .........................................................................14 Summary ...................................................................................14

Chapter 3
Tools and techniques ......................................................... 15 3.1 3.2
3.3

Hardware used with complete technical specifications ............15 Software(s), simulation tool(s) used .........................................16
Summary 16

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Chapter 4 Methodologies and Implementation ................................................... 17 4.3 4.5 4.6 Implementation procedure.........................................................17 Details about simulation / mathmatical modeling.....................17 Summary ...................................................................................17

Chapter 5
Results and Analysis ........................................................................... 18 5.1 Presentation of the findings .......................................................18 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 Hardware results ...........................................................19 Software results ............................................................19

Discussion of the findings .........................................................20 Recommendations ...................................................................20 Summary ...................................................................................20

Chapter 6
Conclusion .......................................................................................... 20 References........................................................................................... 21 Appendices(if included) ...................................................................... 22 Appendix - A .......................................................................................22 Appendix - B........................................................................................23

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List of Acronyms/Abbreviations
Gnd mV V PCB Wizard PSPICE Proteus H PF, uF Resistance Ground Mille Volts (unit) Volts Software (To make the PCB) Software (To check the circuit Diagram) Software (To check the circuit Diagram) Henry, unit of Inductor Unit of capacitor Unit of resistors

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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION:
Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal lights, robots and semaphores. are signalling devices positioned at or near road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of traffic. Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in London, United Kingdom, now used in almost every city of the world. Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to road users by displaying lights of a standard color (red, yellow/amber, and green) following a universal color code. Actually this recommended to make by our supervisor. This project is more efficient because it have extra features.

1.1

Overview
are used in this project.To control the time delay in the circuit

The purpose of the project was to get the to controll the traffic in a 4 way. Mc 14016,4017 ic

555timer have been used in this project. In this project the resistors are used to down the value of the voltage.

1.2

Purpose of the project

The purpose of semester project was to make something challenging and new so made up our mind to work on such a task which is new and having a vital importance. So our supervisor gave us this project for enhancement of our skills and gains some practical knowledge about it. Traffic signals are used to assign vehicular and pedestrian right-of-way. They are used to promote the orderly movement of vehicular and pedestrian traffic and to prevent excessive delay to traffic.

1.3

Theoretical bases and Organization

way traffic light system.

At above provides introduction of project and provide a brief introduction of 4

It also gives the information about related studies and how these studies help in completion of the task assigned and related technologies that helped in

this project or related to the project and after adding some amendments. It is also mentiuoned about hardware and software used and introduction and working of these tools and how they were beneficial in this project. All about methods and procedures we perform for completion of the task assigned and its the core of our project and how we use these hardware and software to be utilize using these methodologies. Next chapter is about hardware and software results what are expected and what got comparison about actual and desired output and reasons why dont have desired results. At the end conclusion of the project here our results and assumptions are concluded.

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Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Related Technologies

MC14016B ic:
Features
Diode Protection on All Inputs Supply Voltage Range = 3.0 Vdc to 18 Vdc Linearized Transfer Characteristics Low Noise 12 nV/Cycle, f 1.0 kHz typical PinforPin Replacements for CD4016B, CD4066B (Note improved transfer characteristic design causes more parasitic coupling capacitance than CD4016) For Lower RON, Use The HC4016 HighSpeed CMOS Device or The MC14066B This Device Has Inputs and Outputs Which Do Not Have ESD Protection. Antistatic Precautions Must Be Taken These Devices are PbFree and are RoHS Compliant

2.1.2

Related Technology 2:

HEF4017B ic:
The HEF4017B is a 5-stage Johnson decade counter with ten spike-free decoded active HIGH outputs (Oo to O9), an active LOW output from the most significant

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flip-flop (O5-9), active HIGH and active LOW clock inputs (CP0, CP1) and an overriding asynchronous master reset input (MR).The counter is advanced by either a LOW to HIGH transition at CP0 while CP1 is LOW or a HIGH to LOW transition at CP1 while CP0 is HIGH (see also function table).

2.1.3 555 Timer:

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. Introduced in 1972 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use, thanks to its ease of use, low price, and good stability. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types.

2.4

Summary

Many technologies emerged in 4 way traffic light controller and in these technologies component are used with different values and some components are used because to gain the desire results and their formulas and derivations are different from traffic light controller.

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Chapter 3 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

3.1 Hardware used with technical specifications

After finalize the circuit Diagram breadboard is used to check the circuit execution and find the frequency value. Then worked on the PCB. Its very difficult to work on it because of soldering. After the soldering we check the output and we get the less output than desired output then we modified the circuit Diagram with the help of teachers and get the approximately Actual results.

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3.2
results.

Software(s), simulation tool(s) used

In this project different softwares are used to implement the circuit and get the

PSPICE PCB Wizard Proteuse

3.3

Summary

We draw the circuit Diagram on software and getting the correct result then we implement the whole circuit on hardware we faced the problem of timer difference b/w software and hardware and then we concern our supervisor he told us there is problem in the PCB making. He find out the problem and give suggestions how we get the final results.

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Chapter 4 METHODOLOGIES
4.3 Implementation procedure

The components which are used to make this project are MC14016B 4017 555 timer Capacitors Resistors Diodes

MC14016B
Features

Diode Protection on All Inputs Supply Voltage Range = 3.0 Vdc to 18 Vdc Linearized Transfer Characteristics Low Noise 12 nV/Cycle, f 1.0 kHz typical PinforPin Replacements for CD4016B, CD4066B (Note improved transfer characteristic design causes more parasitic coupling capacitance than CD4016) For Lower RON, Use The HC4016 HighSpeed CMOS Device or The MC14066B This Device Has Inputs and Outputs Which Do Not Have ESD Protection. Antistatic Precautions Must Be Taken These Devices are PbFree and are RoHS Compliant

Capacitors:
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of

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practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

Polarized capacitors

Diodes:
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called

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rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, including extraction of modulation from radio signals in radio receiversthese diodes are forms of rectifiers. However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple onoff action.

Resistors:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.

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Chapter No. 5
Results and Analysis 5.1 Presentation of the findings 5.1.1 Hardware results:

In starting when circuit is implemented at hardware this circuit shows the undesired results for example when 5 v provided to the cicuit firstly LEDs were not glow then we concern our teacher and he find out the real problem that is creating the problem in the whole circuit. The other problem in harware was that only two way traffic controller were work and remaining wasnt.

5.1.2

Software results:

our software results on proteus are good and circuit is also working completly in software but the main problem in this project is to implement the circuit on hardware.

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Chapter 6 CONCLUSION
4 way traffic light system have been made and a lot of effort in this project and learn how to work practically and whats the usage of different components of Electronics. Actually these types of projects help to improve our skills and prepare you for the major projects. In this project circuit analyzing is the main thing and try to improve it.

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REFERENCES
Reference: Fig 1:
http://www.google.com.pk/imgres?q=breadboard+traffic+light+sy stem+4+way&um.

Fig 2:
http://www.google.com.pk/imgres?q=breadboard+traffic+light+sy stem+4+way&um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1024&bih

Appendex A:

http://electroschematics.com/6413/4017-ic-datasheet/

Appendex B:

http://www.digchip.com/datasheets/parts/datasheet/000/MC14016.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light

http://www.autoevolution.com/news/how-do-traffic-light-control-systems-work41839.html

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APPENDICES Appendix A MC14016B Quad Analog Switch/ Quad Multiplexer :

ORDERING INFORMATION
Device Package Shipping MC14016BCPG PDIP14 (PbFree) 500 / Tube MC14016BDG SOIC14 (PbFree) 55 Units / Rail MC14016BDR2G SOIC14 (PbFree) 2500 / Tape & Reel MC14016BFELG SOEIAJ14 (PbFree) 2000 / Tape & Reel For

MC14016B
http://onsemi.com
2

BLOCK DIAGRAM
CONTROL 1 IN 1 CONTROL 2 IN 2 CONTROL 3 IN 3 CONTROL 4 IN 4 OUT 1 OUT 2 OUT 3 OUT 4 13 1 5 4 6 8 12 11 2 3 9 10 VDD = PIN 14 VSS = PIN 7 Control Switch 0 = VSS Off 1 = VDD On

PIN ASSIGNMENT
11 12 13 14 8 9 5 10 4 3 2 1 7

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6 OUT 4 IN 4 CONTROL 4 CONTROL 1 VDD IN 3 OUT 3 IN 2 OUT 2 OUT 1 IN 1 VSS CONTROL 3 CONTROL 2

Philips Semiconductors Product specification 5-stage Johnson counter HEF4017B MSI:

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