99-ASL M&S

HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 1999

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS AS-LEVEL

8.30 am 11.30 am (3 hours) This paper must be answered in English

1. 2. 3. 4.

This paper consists of Section A and Section B. Answer ALL questions in Section A, using the AL(C)1 answer book. Answer any FOUR questions in Section B, using the AL(C)2 answer book. Unless otherwise specified, numerical answers should either be exact or given to 4 decimal places.

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SECTION A (40 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answers in the AL(C)1 answer book. 1. It is given that e xy = (a) (b) x ( x + 1) 3 x2 +1 , where x > 0 .

Find the value of y when x = 1 . Find the value of dy when x = 1 . dx (5 marks) Expand e 2 x in ascending powers of x as far as the term in x 3 .
1

2.

(a)

(b)

Using (a), expand in x 3 .

(1 + x) 2 e 2x

in ascending powers of x as far as the term

State the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid. (6 marks)

3.

A test was carried out to see how quickly a class of students reacted to a visual instruction to press a particular key when they played a computer game. Their reaction times, measured in tenths of a second, are recorded and the statistics for the whole class are summarized below. Lower quartile Upper quartile Median Minimum Maximum Boys 8 14 11 5 17 Girls 9 16 11 7 21 (a) (b) Draw two box-and-whisker diagrams in your answer book comparing the reaction times of boys and girls. Suppose a boy and a girl are randomly selected from the class. Which one will have a bigger chance of having a reaction time shorter than 1.1 seconds? Explain. (5 marks)

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4.

The total number of visits N to a web site increases at a rate of dN (0 t 100) , = t 3 (8 + 11 t 2 ) dt where t is the time in weeks since January 1, 1999. It is known that N = 100 when t = 1 . (a) (b) Express N in terms of t . Find the total number of visits to the web site when t = 64 . (5 marks)
1 1

5.

60% of passengers who travel by train use Octopus. A certain train has 12 compartments and there are 10 passengers in each compartment. (a) (b) What is the probability that exactly compartment use Octopus? 5 of the passengers in a

What is the mean number of passengers using Octopus in a compartment? What is the probability that the third compartment is the first one to have exactly 5 passengers using Octopus? (6 marks)

(c)

6.

At a school sports day, the timekeeping group for running events consists of 1 chief judge, 1 referee and 10 timekeepers. The chief judge and the referee are chosen from 5 teachers while the 10 timekeepers are selected from 16 students. (a) (b) How many different timekeeping groups can be formed? If it is possible to have a timekeeping group with all the timekeepers being boys, what are the possible numbers of boys among the 16 students? If the probability of having a timekeeping group with all the 3 , find the number of boys among the timekeepers being boys is 364 16 students. (6 marks) 2
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(c)

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7.

Three control towers A , B and C are in telecommunication contact by means of three cables X , Y and Z as shown in Figure 1. A and B remain in contact only if Z is operative or if both cables X and Y are operative. Cables X , Y and Z are subject to failure in any one day with probabilities 0.015 , 0.025 and 0.030 respectively. Such failures occur independently. (a)

X Figure 1

Find, to 4 significant figures, the probability that, on a particular day, (i) (ii) (iii) both cables X and Z fail to operate, all cables X , Y and Z fail to operate, A and B will not be able to make contact.

(b) (c)

Given that cable X fails to operate on a particular day, what is the probability that A and B are not able to make contact? Given that A and B are not able to make contact on a particular day, what is the probability that cable X has failed? (7 marks)

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SECTION B (60 marks) Answer any FOUR questions in this section. Each question carries 15 marks. Write your answers in the AL(C)2 answer book.

8.

In a 100 m race, the speeds, S A m/s and S B m/s , of two athletes A and B respectively can be modelled by the functions SA = and SB = 256 1 3 47 2 t + 120t t 9625 3 4

183 kt , te 50 where k is a positive constant and t is the time measured from the start in seconds. It is known that A finishes the race in 12.5 seconds and during the race, A and B attain their respective top speeds at the same time. (a) (b) (c) Find the top speed of A during the race. Find the value of k . (3 marks) (3 marks)

Suppose the model for B is valid for 0 t 12.5 . Use the trapezoidal rule with 5 sub-intervals to estimate the distance covered by B in 12.5 seconds. (3 marks) Find . Hence or otherwise, state with reasons whether B dt 2 finishes the race ahead of A or not. (3 marks) d2SB

(d)

(e)

In the same race, the speed, S C m/s , of another athlete C is modelled by 50 [ln(t + 2) ln 2] . SC = t+2 Determine whether or not C is the last one to finish the race among the three athletes. (3 marks)

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9.

An ecologist studies the birds at Mai Po Nature Reserve. Only 21% of the birds are residents, i.e. found throughout the year. The remaining birds are migrants. The ecologist suggests that the number N(t) of a certain species of migrants can be modelled by the function 3 000 N(t ) = , 1 + ae bt where a , b are positive constants and t is the number of days elapsed since the first one of that species of migrants was found at Mai Po in that year. (a) This year, the ecologist obtained the following data: t N(t) (i) (ii) 5 250 10 870 15 1 940 20 2 670

3 000 Express ln N(t ) 1 as a linear function of t . Use the graph paper on Page 6 to estimate graphically the values of a and b correct to 1 decimal place. (5 marks)

(b)

Basing on previous observations, the migrants of that species start to leave Mai Po when the rate of change of N(t) is equal to one hundredth of N(t). Once they start to leave, the original model will not be valid and no more migrants will arrive. It is known that the migrants will leave at the rate r(s) per day where r(s ) = 60 s and s is the number of days elapsed since they started to leave Mai Po. Using the values of a and b obtained in (a)(ii), (i) (ii) find N (t ) , and show that N( t) is increasing; find the greatest number of the migrants which can be found at Mai Po this year; find the number of days in which the migrants can be found at Mai Po this year. (10 marks)

(iii)

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Candidate Number

Centre Number

Seat Number

Page Total

9. (Contd)

If you attempt Question 9, fill in the details in the first three boxes above and tie this sheet INSIDE your answer book. 3 000 ln N(t ) 1

10

15

20

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10.

A criminologist has developed a questionnaire for predicting whether a teenager will become a delinquent. Scores on the questionnaire can range from 0 to 100 , with higher values indicating a greater criminal tendency. The criminologist sets a critical level at 75 , i.e., a teenager scores more than 75 will be classified as a potential delinquent (PD). Extensive studies have shown that the scores of those considered non-PDs follow a normal distribution with a mean of 65 and standard deviation of 5 . The scores of those considered PDs follow a normal distribution with a mean of 80 and standard deviation of 5 . (a) Find the probability that (i) (ii) a PD will be misclassified, a non-PD will be misclassified. (4 marks) (b) What is the probability that out of 10 PDs, not more than 2 will be misclassified? (3 marks) If a sociologist wants to ensure that only 1 in 100 PDs should be misclassified, what critical level of score should be used? (3 marks) It is known that 10% of all teenagers are PDs. Will the probability of teenagers misclassified by the sociologist in (c) be greater than that misclassified by the criminologist? Explain. (5 marks)

(c)

(d)

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11.

Let

f( x) =

6x 4 2 x

( x2)

and

e x+2 1 g( x) = a , where a and b are constants. ex +b Let C1 and C 2 be the curves y = f( x) and y = g( x) respectively. Figure 2 shows C 2 for 3 x 8 . (a) (b) Show that f ( x) > 0 for x 2 . (1 mark)

Find the equations of the horizontal and vertical asymptotes to C1 . (2 marks) It is given that f( 2) = g( 2) and f(1) = g(1) . Find the exact values of (2 marks) a and b . Sketch C1 on Figure 2 and indicate the asymptotes, intercepts and the points of intersection of the two curves. (3 marks) Find g ( x) . Hence explain briefly why there is no point of intersection of the two curves beyond the range 3 x 8 . (3 marks) Find the area of the region bounded by the two curves. (4 marks)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

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Candidate Number

Centre Number

Seat Number

Page Total

11. (Contd) If you attempt Question 11, fill in the details in the first three boxes above and tie this sheet INSIDE your answer book. y

10

C2
0

10

15

Figure 2

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12.

A bus company finds that the number of complaints received per day follows a Poisson distribution with mean 10 . 40% of the complaints involve the time schedule, 35% involve the manner of drivers, 13% involve the routes and 12% involve other things. These four kinds of complaints are mutually exclusive and can be resolved to the passengers satisfaction with probabilities 0.6 , 0.2 , 0.7 and 0.5 respectively. (a) If a complaint cannot be resolved to the passengers satisfaction, find the probability that this complaint involves the manner of drivers. (4 marks) Find the probability that on a given day, (i) (ii) there are 5 complaints, there are 5 complaints and 3 of them involve the time schedule. (4 marks)

(b)

(c)

Find the probability that on a given day, there are n complaints and 9 of them involve the time schedule. (2 marks) (i) (ii) Show that

(d)

xk = x9e x . k = 9 ( k 9)!

Find the probability that, on a given day, there are 9 complaints involving the time schedule. (5 marks)

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13.

A herbal tea for curing a certain disease is prepared and sold by many different shops. A researcher has collected the herbal tea from 100 randomly selected shops and counted the number of different kinds of medicinal herbs in the tea. The results are shown in the first two columns of Table 1. (a) Find the sample mean number of different kinds of medicinal herbs in the herbal tea. (1 mark) The researcher tried to fit the data by a binomial ( n = 7 ), a Poisson and a normal distribution. The sample mean was used as the mean of the distributions. Class intervals (0.5, 0.5] , (0.5, 1.5] , , (7.5, 8.5] were used to calculate the expected frequencies under the normal distribution. Fill in the missing values in Table 1. (7 marks)

(b)

(c)

Suppose the absolute values of the differences between observed and expected frequencies are regarded as errors. The distribution with the smallest maximum error is considered as the best fit. Which distribution is the best? (1 mark) A man drank a cup of this herbal tea bought from a randomly selected shop each day starting from the first day he felt sick. Find the probability, under the best distribution found in (c), that (i) (ii) the fourth day is the first day that he actually got medicinal herbs in the tea; in ten consecutive days he drank, at least two cups of this tea which contained exactly three kinds of medicinal herbs. (6 marks)

(d)

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Pag Candidate Number Centre Number Seat Number Page Total

13. (Contd) If you attempt Question 13, fill in the details in the first three boxes above and tie this sheet INSIDE your answer book.

Table 1

Observed and expected frequencies of the number of medicinal herbs in a particular herbal tea Observed frequency 5 14 23 22 17 11 5 3 0 100 2.16 0.81 Expected frequency * Poisson 4.98 14.94 22.40 22.40 16.80 9.91 2.48 0.27 1.70 0.40 Binomial 1.99 10.44 23.50 Normal 5.32 11.73 19.37 22.82 19.37

Number of medicinal herbs 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

* Correct to 2 decimal places.

END OF PAPER

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Table: Area under the Standard Normal Curve

z 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 .00 .0000 .0398 .0793 .1179 .1554 .1915 .2257 .2580 .2881 .3159 .3413 .3643 .3849 .4032 .4192 .4332 .4452 .4554 .4641 .4713 .4772 .4821 .4861 .4893 .4918 .4938 .4953 .4965 .4974 .4981 .4987 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .01 .0040 .0438 .0832 .1217 .1591 .1950 .2291 .2611 .2910 .3186 .3438 .3665 .3869 .4049 .4207 .4345 .4463 .4564 .4649 .4719 .4778 .4826 .4864 .4896 .4920 .4940 .4955 .4966 .4975 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .02 .0080 .0478 .0871 .1255 .1628 .1985 .2324 .2642 .2939 .3212 .3461 .3686 .3888 .4066 .4222 .4357 .4474 .4573 .4656 .4726 .4783 .4830 .4868 .4898 .4922 .4941 .4956 .4967 .4976 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4994 .4995 .4997 .4998 .03 .0120 .0517 .0910 .1293 .1664 .2019 .2357 .2673 .2967 .3238 .3485 .3708 .3907 .4082 .4236 .4370 .4484 .4582 .4664 .4732 .4788 .4834 .4871 .4901 .4925 .4943 .4957 .4968 .4977 .4983 .4988 .4991 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .04 .0160 .0557 .0948 .1331 .1700 .2054 .2389 .2704 .2995 .3264 .3508 .3729 .3925 .4099 .4251 .4382 .4495 .4591 .4671 .4738 .4793 .4838 .4875 .4904 .4927 .4945 .4959 .4969 .4977 .4984 .4988 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .05 .0199 .0596 .0987 .1368 .1736 .2088 .2422 .2734 .3023 .3289 .3531 .3749 .3944 .4115 .4265 .4394 .4505 .4599 .4678 .4744 .4798 .4842 .4878 .4906 .4929 .4946 .4960 .4970 .4978 .4984 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .06 .0239 .0636 .1026 .1406 .1772 .2123 .2454 .2764 .3051 .3315 .3554 .3770 .3962 .4131 .4279 .4406 .4515 .4608 .4686 .4750 .4803 .4846 .4881 .4909 .4931 .4948 .4961 .4971 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .07 .0279 .0675 .1064 .1443 .1808 .2157 .2486 .2794 .3078 .3340 .3577 .3790 .3980 .4147 .4292 .4418 .4525 .4616 .4693 .4756 .4808 .4850 .4884 .4911 .4932 .4949 .4962 .4972 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .08 .0319 .0714 .1103 .1480 .1844 .2190 .2517 .2823 .3106 .3365 .3599 .3810 .3997 .4162 .4306 .4429 .4535 .4625 .4699 .4761 .4812 .4854 .4887 .4913 .4934 .4951 .4963 .4973 .4980 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .09 .0359 .0753 .1141 .1517 .1879 .2224 .2549 .2852 .3133 .3389 .3621 .3830 .4015 .4177 .4319 .4441 .4545 .4633 .4706 .4767 .4817 .4857 .4890 .4916 .4936 .4952 .4964 .4974 .4981 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998

Note:

An entry in the table is the proportion of the area under the entire curve which is between z = 0 and a positive value of z . Areas for negative values of z are obtained by symmetry. A(z)
z 0

A( z ) =

1 2

x2 2

dx

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1999 Section A

1.

(a) (b)

ln 4 3 ln 4 2 1 2x + 2x 2 4x 3 + 3

2.

(a)

(b)

3 7 1 3 x + x2 x + 2 8 48

The expansion is valid for x < 1 .

3.

(a) Boys

Girls

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Reaction time (0.1 sec.)

(b) Their chances of having a reaction time shorter than 1.1 seconds are equal. This is because the median reaction times for both the boys and girls are 1.1 sec.

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4.

(a)

N = 6t 3 + 6t

11 6

+ 88

(b) 13912 5. (a) 0.2007

(b) 6 (c) 6. (a) 0.1282 160160

(b) 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. (c) 7. (a) 12 (i) 0.00045

(ii) 0.00001125 (iii) 0.001189 (b) (c) 0.030 0.3785

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1999 Section B

8.

(a)

SA =

256 1 3 47 2 t + 120t t 9625 3 4 dS A 256 2 47 = t + 120 t 9625 2 dt 128 = (t 16)( 2t 15) 9625 15 > 0 when 0 t < 2 dS A 15 = 0 when t = dt 2 < 0 when 15 < t 12.5 2 A attains its top speed at t = Top speed of A = 15 2 (or 7.5)

3 2 256 1 15 47 15 15 + 120 m/s 9625 4 2 2 3 2

10.0987 m/s (b) 183 kt te 50 dS B 183 kt e (1 kt ) = 50 dt k>0 SB = 1 > 0 when 0 t < k dS B 1 = 0 when t = k dt < 0 when t > 1 k 1 B attains its top speed at t = . k 1 15 = From (a), k 2 2 k= 15

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(c)

t SB
12.5 0

0 0

2.5 6.55626

7.5

10

12.5 8.64106

9.39553 10.09829 9.64766

The distance covered by B in 12.5 seconds =

S B dt m

2.5 [0 + 8.64106 + 2(6.55626 + 9.39553 + 10.09829 + 9.64766)] m 2 100.0457 m

(d)

d2SB dt
2

= =

2 183 2 kt k e (t ) k 50
2t

122 15 e (t 15) 1875 <0 for 0 t 12.5 The graph of S B is concave downward for 0 t 12.5 . i.e., The estimated distance covered by B in (c) is underestimated. Hence B covers more than 100 m in 12.5 seconds. B finishes the race ahead of A . 50[ln(t + 2) ln 2] dt t+2 t+2 ] 12.5 25[ln 2 dt t+2 0 2
12.5 0 12.5

(e)

t + 2 2 = 25 ln 2 0 98.1092 C covers only 98.1092 m but both A and B finish the race in 12.5 seconds. C is the last one to finish the race among the three athletes.

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9.

(a)

(i)

N(t ) =

3 000 1 + ae bt

3 000 1 = ae bt N(t ) 3 000 ln = bt + ln a N(t ) 1 5 2.40 10 0.90 15 0.60 20 2.09

(ii)

t 3 000 ln N(t ) 1

3 000 ln N(t ) 1

10

15

20

From the graph,

ln a 3.9 , a 49.4 2.09 2.40 0.3 b 20 5

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(b) (i)

N(t ) = N (t ) = =

3 000 1 + ae
bt

( or

3 000 1 + 49.4e 0.3t

3 000abe bt

(1 + ae )

bt 2

3 000(49.4)(0.3)e 0.3t

N (t ) > 0 for all t N(t) is increasing N (t ) = 1 N(t ) 100 =

(1 + 49.4e )

0.3t 2

( or

(1 + 49.4e )

44460e 0.3t

0.3t 2

(ii) If

3000abe bt

(1 + ae )

bt 2

3 000 1 100 1 + ae bt

e bt = t=

1 a (100b 1)

1 ln[a (100b 1)] 0.3

t 24.2242 N( 1 ln[a (100b 1)] ) = 0 .3 3 000 1 + ae

b{ 1 ln[ a (100 b 1)]} 0.3

= 2900

The greatest number of migrants found at Mai Po is 2900.

(iii) Suppose all the migrants leave Mai Po in x days. Then

x 0

60 s ds = 2900
x

3 40s 2 = 2900 0 x 17.3870 The number of days in which we can see the migrants is 24.2242 + 17.3870 42

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10.

Let X be the score on the questionnaire. (a) (i) P(classify as non-PD | PD) = P(X < 75 | X ~ N(80, 52)) 75 80 ) = P(Z < 5 = P( Z < 1) 0.5 0.3413 = 0.1587 P(classify as PD | non-PD) = P(X > 75 | X ~ N(65, 52)) 75 65 ) = P(Z > 5 = P( Z > 2) 0.5 0.4772 = 0.0228

(ii)

(b)

The probability that out of 10 PDs, not more than 2 will be misclassified 10 10 (1 0.1587)10 + C1 (0.1587)(1 0.1587) 9 + C 2 (0.1587) 2 (1 0.1587) 8 0.7971

(c)

Let x 0 be the required critical level of score. P(X < x 0 | X ~ N(80, 52)) = 0.01 P(Z < x 0 80 ) = 0.01 5 x 0 80 2.3267 5 x 0 68.3665

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(d) If a teenager is classified by the sociologist, then P(classify as PD | non-PD) = P(X > 68.3665 | X ~ N(65, 52)) = P( Z > 0.6733) 0.5 0.2496 = 0.2504 P(misclassified) (0.01)(0.1) + (0.2504)(0.9) 0.2264

If a teenager is classified by the criminologist, then P(misclassified) (0.1587)(0.1) + (0.0228)(0.9) 0.0364 0.2264 > 0.0364 The probability of teenagers miscalssified by the sociologist is greater than that by the criminologist.

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11.

(a) f ( x ) =

6(2 x) + (6 x 4) (2 x ) 2

8 ( 2 x) 2

>0

for x 2

(b)

     

x 2

6x 4 6x 4 = and lim+ f( x ) = lim+ = x 2 x 2 2 x 2x x = 2 is a vertical asymptote to C1 . 4 6 x = 6 lim f( x) = lim x x 2 1 x y = 6 is a horizontal asymptote to C1 . lim f( x ) = lim
x2

(c)

f( 2) = g( 2) and f(1) = g(1)

e0 1 4 = a e 2 + b 3 e 1 2 = a e + b 6e a = 3 e 1 b = 4

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(d)

x=2

10

C1

C2
(1, 2) 2 0 2 (2, 4) 5 2/3 2 4 6 8

y = 6

10

C1
15

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(e) g( x) = g ( x) =

x+2 1 6e e 4 3 x e 1 e

x x+2 (e x + 2 1)e x 6e = 6e e x e e 2x e3 1 e 3 1 e g ( x) > 0 and hence g(x) is (strictly) increasing for all values of x .

For x < 3 , f(x) > 6 but g(x) < 6 . For x > 8 , f(x) < 6 but g(x) > 6 . Thus C1 and C 2 has no point of intersection beyond the range 3 x 8 . (f) = = = = Area of the region bounded by C1 and C 2

1 2 1

(g( x) f( x)) d x

6e e x + 2 1 4 6x 4 d x 3 x 2 e 1 2 x e 6e
3

+ [ 2 x ] 2 + 8[ ln (2 x)] 2 e 12.94312254 + 6 11.09035489 7.8528

2 3

6e

[e 1

(e 1
1 2

e x dx

2 1

4dx

x + e x

8 d x 6 + 2 x
1

1 2

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12.

Let N be the number of complaints received on a given day and X be the number of complaints involving the time schedule. (a) 0.4 0.35 0.13 routes 0.12 other things time schedule 0.6 0.4 manner of drivers 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.5 P(manner of drivers | not resolved) 0.35 0.8 = 0.4 0.4 + 0.35 0.8 + 0.13 0.3 + 0.12 0.5 0.5195 10 5 e 10 5! 0.0378 10 5 e 10 5 C 3 (0.4) 3 (0.6) 2 5! 0.0087

resolved not resolved resolved not resolved resolved not resolved resolved not resolved

(b) (i)

P(N = 5) =

(ii) P(N = 5 and X = 3) =

)
for n < 9 for n 9

0 (c) P(N = n and X = 9) = 10 n e 10 n C 9 (0.4) 9 (0.6) n 9 n!

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(d) (i)

xk x 10 x 11 x 12 = x9 + + + +/ k =9 ( k 9)! 1! 2! 3! = x 9 (1 + = x9e x x x2 x3 + + +/ ) 1! 2! 3!

(ii) P(X = 9) =

=
=

n =9

P( N = n and X = 9)

10 n e 10 n C 9 ( 0 .4 ) 9 ( 0 .6 ) n 9 n =9 n!

n! 10 n e 10 (0.4) 9 (0.6) n 9 n =9 n! (n 9)!9!

9

= =

e 10 (0.4) 9 9! (0.6) e 10 (0.4) 9 9! (0.6) 9 = 4 9 e 4 9!

6n n =9 ( n 9)! ( by (b)(i) )

69 e6

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13. (a) (b)

Sample mean = 3 Number of medicinal herbs 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 10.08 5.04 Expected frequency * Po(3) B(7, 3/7) 29.38 22.03 11.73 5.32 Normal

(c)

The maximum error for Po(3) is less than 1 ( |14.94 14| = 0.94 ) while the maximum errors for B(7, 3/7) and the normal distributions are all greater than 1. The Poisson distribution is the best. Let p be the probability that there is no medicinal herb in the tea, p = e 3 then The required probability = ( p ) (1 p )
3

(d) (i)

= e 3 (1 e 3 ) 0.0001 (ii) Let q be the probability that a cup of tea contains exactly 3 kinds of medicinal herbs, then q = 3 3 e 3 3! 0.22404

( )

10 q(1 q ) 9 ] The required probability = 1 [(1 q)10 + C1

0.6924

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