Second Law analysis

Source: Cengel, Y.A., and Boles, M.A.,THERMODY AM!CS :An Engineering A""roac#, $%# Edi%ion in S! uni%,Mc&raw'Hill, ())*. +re"ared ,y: Assoc.+ro-.So..ai +ri"re.,+#D. /+ro,le.s designa%ed ,y a 0C0 are conce"% 1ues%ions, and s%uden%s are encouraged %o answer %#e. all. +ro,le.s wi%# a CD'EES icon are sol2ed using EES. +ro,le.s wi%# a co."u%er'EES icon are co."re#ensi2e in na%ure, and are in%ended %o ,e sol2ed wi%# a co."u%er, "re-era,ly using %#e EES so-%ware.

Exergy, Irreversibility, Reversible Work, and Second-Law Efficiency

8-1C How does reversible work differ from useful work? 8-2C Under what conditions does the reversible work equal irreversibility for a process? 8- C !hat final state will ma"imi#e the work output of a device? 8-$C %s the e"er&y of a system different in different environments? 8-'C How does useful work differ from actual work for what kind of systems are these two identical? 8-(C Consider a process that involves no irreversibilities) !ith the actual useful work for that process be equal to the reversible work? 8-*C Consider two &eothermal wells whose ener&y contents are estimated to be the same) !ill the e"er&ies of these wells necessarily be the same? +"plain) 8-8C Consider two systems that are at the same pressure as the environment) ,he first system is at the same temperature as the environment- whereas the second system is at a lower temperature than the environment) How would you compare the e"er&ies of these two systems? 8-.C Consider an environment of #ero absolute pressure /such as outer space0) How will the actual work and the useful work compare in that environment? 8-11C !hat is the second-law efficiency? How does it differ from the first-law efficiency? 8-11C 2oes a power plant that has a hi&her thermal efficiency necessarily have a hi&her second-law efficiency than one with a lower thermal efficiency? +"plain) 8-12C 2oes a refri&erator that has a hi&her C34 necessarily have a hi&her second-law efficiency than one with a lower C34? +"plain) 8-1 C Can a process for which the reversible work is #ero be reversible? Can it be irreversible? +"plain) 8-1$C Consider a process durin& which no entropy is &enerated /5 &en 6 10) 2oes the e"er&y destruction for this process have to be #ero? 8-1' ,he electric power needs of a community are to be met by windmills with 11-mdiameter rotors) ,he windmills are to be located where the wind is blowin& steadily at an avera&e velocity of 8 .3s. 2etermine the minimum number of windmills that need to be installed if the required power output is (11 k!) 8-1( 3ne method of meetin& the e"tra electric power demand at peak periods is to pump some water from a lar&e body of water /such as a lake0 to a water reservoir at a hi&her

Second Law analysis

elevation at times of low demand and to &enerate electricity at times of hi&h demand by lettin& this water run down and rotate a turbine /i)e)- convert the electric ener&y to potential ener&y and then back to electric ener&y0) 7or an ener&y stora&e capacity of ' 8 11( k!hdetermine the minimum amount of water that needs to be stored at an avera&e elevation /relative to the &round level0 of *' m) Answer: 2)$' " 1111 k& 8-1* Consider a thermal ener&y reservoir at 1'11 9 that can supply heat at a rate of 1'1-111 k:;h) 2etermine the e"er&y of this supplied ener&y- assumin& an environmental temperature of 2'<C) 8-18 = heat en&ine receives heat from a source at 1'11 9 at a rate of *11 k:;s- and it re>ects the waste heat to a medium at 21 9) ,he measured power output of the heat en&ine is 21 k!- and the environment temperature is 2'<C) 2etermine 4a5 the reversible power- 4,5 the rate of irreversibility- and 4c5 the second-law efficiency of this heat en&ine) Answers: 4a5 ''1)* k!- 4,5 (6).7 k!- 4c5 '8)1 percent 8-1. ?econsider 4rob) 8-18) Usin& ++5 /or other0 software- study the effect of reducin& the temperature at which the waste heat is re>ected on the reversible power- the rate of irreversibility- and the second-law efficiency as the re>ection temperature is varied from '11 to 2.8 9- and plot the results) 8-21 How much of the 111 k: of thermal ener&y at 811 9 can be converted to useful work? =ssume the environment to be at 2'<C) 8-21 = heat en&ine that receives heat from a furnace at 1211<C and re>ects waste heat to a river at 21<C has a thermal efficiency of $1 percent) 2etermine the second-law efficiency of this power plant) 8-22 = house that is losin& heat at a rate of 81-111 k:;h when the outside temperature drops to 1'<C is to be heated by electric resistance heaters) %f the house is to be maintained at 22<C at all times- determine the reversible work input for this process and the irreversibility) Answers: 1)' k!- 21)(. k! 8-2 = free#er is maintained at -*<C by removin& heat from it at a rate of 81 k:;min) ,he power input to the free#er is 1)' k!- and the surroundin& air is at 2'<C) 2etermine 4a5 the reversible power- 4,5 the irreversibility- and 4c5 the second-law efficiency of this free#er) Answers: 4a5 1)1( k!- 4,5 1) $ k!- 4c5 2)1 percent 8-2$ 5how that the power produced by a wind turbine is proportional to the cube of the wind velocity and to the square of the blade span diameter) 8-2' = &eothemal power plant uses &eothermal liquid water at 1(1<C at a rate of $$1 k&;s as the heat source- and produces 1$ @! of net power in an environment at 2'<C) %f 18)' @! of e"er&y enterin& the plant with the &eothemal water is destructed within the plantdetennine 4a5 the e"er&y of the &eothemal water enterin& the plant- 4,5 the second-law efficiency- and 4c5 the e"er&y of the heat re>ected from the plant) Exergy Analysis of Closed Syste s 8-2(C %s a process durin& which no entropy is &enerated /5&en 6 10 necessarily reversible? 8-2*C Can a system have a hi&her second-law efficiency than the first-law efficiency durin& a process? Aive e"amples) 8-28 = piston-cylinder device initially contains 2 B of air at 111 k4a and 2'<C) =ir is now compressed to a Cmal state of (11 k4a and 1'1<C) ,he useful work input is 1)2 %d) =ssumin& the surroundin&s are at 111 k4a and 2'<C- determine 4a5 the e"er&y of the air at the initial

Second Law analysis

"

and the final states- 4,5 the minimum work that must be supplied to accomplish this compression process- and 4c5 the second-law efficiency of this process) Answers: 4a5 1- 1)1*1 k:- 4,5 1)1*1 k:- /c0 1$) percent 8-2. = piston-cylinder device contains ' k& of refri&erant1 $a at 1)* @4a and (1<C) ,he refri&erant is now cooled at constant pressure until it e"ists as a liquid at 2$<C) %f the surroundin&s are at 111 k4a and 2$<C- determine 4a5 the e"er&y of the refri&erant at the initial and the final states and 4,5 the e"er&y destroyed durin& this process) 8- 1 ,he radiator of a steam heatin& system has a volume of 21 B and is filled with superheated water vapor at 211 k4a and 211<C) =t this moment both the inlet and the e"it valves to the radiator are closed) =fter a while it is observed that the temperature of the steam drops to 81<C as a result of heat transfer to the room air- which is at 21<C) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 3<C- determine 4a5 the amount of heat transfer to the room and 4,5 the ma"imum amount of heat that can be supplied to the room if this heat from the radiator is supplied to a heat en&ine that is drivin& a heat pump) =ssume the heat en&ine operates between the radiator and the surroundin&s) Answers: 4a5 1) k:- 4,5 11() k: 8- 1 ?econsider 4rob) 8- 1) Usin& ++5 /or other0 software- investi&ate the effect of the final steam temperature in the radiator on the amount of actual heat transfer and the ma"imum amount of heat that can be transferred) Dary the final steam temperature from 81 to 21<C and plot the actual and ma"imum heat transferred to the room as functions of final steam temperature) 8- 2 = well-insulated ri&id tank contains k& of saturated liquid-vapor mi"ture of water at 2'1 k4a) %nitially- three-quarters of the mass is in the liquid phase) =n electric resistance heater placed in the tank is turned on and kept on until all the liquid in the tank is vapori#ed) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C and 111 k4a- determine 4a5 the e"er&y destruction and 4,5 the second-law efficiency for this process) ) 8- = ri&id tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition) 3ne part of the tank contains 1)' k& of compressed liquid water at 11 k4a and (1<C and the other side is evacuated) Eow the partition is removed- and the water e"pands to fill the entire tank) %f the final pressure in the tank is 1' k4a- determine the e"er&y destroyed durin& this process) =ssume the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C and 111 k4a) Answer )(* k: ) 8- $ ?econsider 4rob) 8- ) Usin& ++5 /or other0 software- study the effect of final pressure in the tank on the e"er&y destroyed durin& the process) 4lot the e"er&y destroyed as a function of the final pressure for final pressures between 2' and 1' k4a- and discuss the results) 8- ' =n insulated piston-cylinder device contains 2 B of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure of 1'1 k4a) =n electric resistance heater inside the cylinder is turned on- and electrical work is done on the water in the amount of 2211 k:) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C and 111 k4a- determine 4a5 the minimum work with which this process could be accomplished and 4,5 the e"er&y destroyed durin& this . Answers:,4a5 $ *)* k:- 4,5 1*1' k: 8- ( ?econsider 4rob) 8- ') Usin& ++5 /or other0 software- investi&ate the effect of the amount of electrical work supplied to the device on the minimum work and the e"er&y destroyed as the electrical work is varied from 1 to 2211 k:- and plot your results) 8- * =n insulated piston-cylinder device contains 1)1' m saturated refri&erant-1 $a vapor at 1)8 @4a pressure) ,he refri&erant is now allowed to e"pand in a reversible manner until the pressure drops to 1)2 @4a) 2etermine the chan&e in the e"er&y of the refri&erant durin& this process and the reversible work) =ssume the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C and 111 k4a)

Second Law analysis

8- 8 = 1)2-m insulated ri&id tank contains 2)1 k& of carbon dio"ide at 111 k4a) Eow paddle-wheel work is done on the system until the pressure in the tank rises to 121 k4a) determine 4a5 the actual paddle-wheel work done durin& this process and 4,5 the minimum paddle-wheel work with which this process /between the same end states0 could be accomplished) ,ake To 6 2.8 9) Answers: 4a5 8*)1 k:- 4,5 *)*$ k: 8- . =n insulated piston-cylinder device initially contains 1 B of air at 121 k4a and 2*<C) =ir is now heated for ' min by a '1-! resistance heater placed inside the cylinder) ,he pressure of air is maintained constant durin& this process- and the surroundin&s are at 2*<C and 111 k4a) 2etermine the e"er&y destroyed durin& this process) =nswerF .). k: 8-$1 = mass of 8 k& of helium under&oes a process from an initial state of m ;k& and 1'<C to a final state of 1)' m ;k& and 81<C) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C and 111 k4adetermine the increase in the useful work potential of the helium durin& this process) 8-$1 =n insulated ri&id tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition) %nitially- one part contains k& of ar&on &as at 11 k4a and *1<C- and the other side is evacuated) ,he partition is now removed- and the &as fills the entire tank) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<Cdetermine the e"er&y destroyed durin& this process) =nswerF 12. k: 8-$2 = 1-k& copper block initially at 121<C is dropped into an insulated tank that contains $1 B of water at 2'<C) 2etermine /a0 the final equilibrium temperature and /b0 the work potential wasted durin& this process) =ssume the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C) 8-$ =n iron block of unknown mass at 8'<C is dropped into an insulated tank that contains 111 B of water at 21<C) =t the same time- a paddle wheel driven by a 211-! motor is activated to stir the water) %t is observed that thermal equilibrium is established after 21 min with a final temperature of 2$<C) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 21<C- determine /a0 the mass of the iron block and /b0 the e"er&y destroyed durin& this process) =nswersF /a0 '2)1 k&- /b0 *' k: 8-$$ = '1-k& iron block and a 21-k& copper block- both initially at 81<C- are dropped into a lar&e lake at 1'<C) ,hermal equilibrium is established after a while as a result of heat transfer between the blocks and the lake water) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 21<C- determine the amount of work that could have been produced if the entire process were e"ecuted in a reversible manner) 8-$' = 1) '-m ri&id tank contains refri&erant-1 $a at 281 k4a and '' percent quality) Heat is transferred now to the refri&erant from a source at '1<C until the pressure rises to $11 k4a) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C- determine 4a5 the amount of heat transfer between the source and the refri&erant and 4,5 the e"er&y destroyed durin& this process) 8-$( Chickens with an avera&e mass of 2)2 k& and avera&e specific heat of )'$ k:;k&<C are to be cooled by chilled water that enters a continuous-flow-type immersion chiller at 1)'<C and leaves at 2)'<C) Chickens are dropped into the chiller at a uniform temperature of 1'<C at a rate of '11 chickens per hour and are cooled to an avera&e temperature of <C before they are taken out) ,he chiller &ains heat from the surroundin&s at a rate of 211 k:;h) 2etermine 4a5 the rate of heat removal from the chicken- in k!- and 4,5 the rate of e"er&y destruction durin& this chillin& process) ,ake To 6 2'<C) 8-$* =n ordinary e&& can be appro"imated as a ')'-cm diameter sphere) ,he e&& is initially at a uniform temperature of 8<C and is dropped into boilin& water at .*<C) ,akin& the properties of e&& to be 6 1121 k&;m and c" 6 ) 2 k:;k& oC- determine how much heat is transferred to the e&& by the time the avera&e temperature of the e&& rises to *1<C and the amount of e"er&y destruction associated with this heat transfer process) ,ake To 6 2'<C)

Second Law analysis

&

8-$8 5tainless steel ball bearin& / 6 818' k&;m and cp 6 1)$81 k:;k& oC0 havin& a diameter of 1)2 cm) are to be quenched in water at a rate of 1$11 per minute) ,he balls leavin& the oven at a uniform temperature of .11 oC and are e"posed to air at 1<C for a while before they are dropped into the water) %f the temperature of the balls drops to 8'1 oC prior to quenchin&- determine 4a5 the rate of heat transfer from the balls to the air and 4,5 the rate of e"er&y destruction due to heat loss from the balls to the air) 8-$. Carbon steel ball / 6 *8 k&;m and cp 6 1)$(' k:;k& oC0 8 mm in diameter are annealed by heatin& them first to .11 oC in a furnace and then allowin& them to cool slowly to 111<C in ambient air at '<C) %f 1211 balls are to be annealed per hour- determine 4a5 the rate of heat transfer from the balls to the air and 4,5 the rate of e"er&y destruction due to heat loss from the balls to the air) Answers: 4a5 2(1 !- 4,5 1$( ! ) 8-'1 = 1)1$-m tank initially contains air at ambient conditions of 111 k4a and 22<C) Eow- a 1'-liter tank containin& liquid water at 8'<C is placed into the tank without causin& any air to escape) =fter some heat transfer from the water to the air and the surroundin&s- both the air and water are measured to be at $$<C) 2etermine /a0 the amount of heat lost to the surroundin&s and /b0 the e"er&y destruction durin& this process) 8-'1 = piston-cylinder device initially contains 1)$ k& of refri&erant-1 $a at 1$1 k4a and 21<C) Heat is now transferred to the refri&erant- and the piston- which is restin& on a set of stops- starts movin& when the pressure inside reaches 181 k4a) Heat transfer continues until the temperature reaches 121<C) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C an$ 111 k4adetermine /a0 the work done- /b0 the heat transfer /c0 the e"er&y destroyed- and /d0 the second-law efficiency at this process) =nswersF /a0 2)'* k:- /b0 121 k:- /c0 1 )' k: /d0 1)1*8

Exergy Analysis of Control $ol% es

8-'2 5team is throttled from 8 @4a and $'1<C to ( @4a) 2etermine the wasted work potential durin& this throttlin& 4rocess) =ssume the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C) =nswerF ()( k:;k& 8-'' ?efri&erant 1 $a at 1 @4a and 111 oC is throttled to a pressure of 1)8 @4a) 2etermine the reversible work and e"er&y destroyed durin& this throttlin& process) =ssume the surroundin&s to be at 1<C) 8-'( ?econsider 4rob) 8-'() Usin& ++5 /or other0 software- investi&ate the effect of e"it pressure on the reversible work and e"er&y destruction) Dary the throttle e"it pressure from 1 to 1)1 @4a and plot the reversible work and e"er&y destroyed as functions of the e"it pressure) 2iscuss the results) 8-'* =ir enters a no##le steadily at 11 k4a and 8*<C with a velocity of '1 .3s and e"its at .' k4a and 11 .3s. ,he heat loss from the no##le to the surroundin& medium at 1*<C is estimated to be $ k:;k&) 2etermine 4a5 the e"it temperature and 4,5 the e"er&y destroyed durin& this process) Answers: 4a5 .)'<C- 4,5 '8)$ k:;k& 8-'8 ?econsider 4rob) 8-'*) Usin& ++5 /or other0 software- study the effect of varyin& the no##le e"it velocity from 111 to 11 .3s on both the e"it temperature and e"er&y destroyedand plot the results) 8-'. 5team enters a diffuser at 11 k4a and '1<C with a velocity of 11 .3!s and e"its as saturated vapor at '1<C and 7) .3s. ,he e"it area of the diffuser is m2) 2etermine 4a5 the mass flow rate of the steam and 4,5 the wasted work potential durin& this process) =ssume the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C)

Second Law analysis

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8-(1 =ir is compressed steadily by a compressor from 111 k4a and 1*<C to *11 k4a and 2$*<C at a rate of 11 k&;min) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 1*<C- determine the minimum power input to the compressor) =ssume air to be an ideal &as with variable specific heats- and ne&lect the chan&es in kinetic and potential ener&ies) 8-(1 5team enters an adiabatic turbine at ( @4a- (11<C- and 81 .3s and leaves at '1 k4a111<C- and 1$1 .3s. %f the power output of the turbine is ' @!- determine 4a5 the reversible power output and 4,5 the second-law efficiency of the turbine) =ssume the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C) Answers: 4a5 ')8$ @!- 4,5 8')( percent 8-(2 5team is throttled from . @4a and '11<C to a pressure of * @4a) 2etermine the decrease in e"er&y of the steam durin& this process) =ssume the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C) Answer: 2) k:;k& 8-( Combustion &ases enter a &as turbine at .11<C- 811 k4a- and 111 .3s and leave at ('1<C- $11 k4a- and 221 .3s. ,akin& c" 6 1)1' k:;k& <C and 8 6 1) for the combustion &ases- determine 4a5 the e"er&y of the combustion &ases at the turbine inlet and 4,5 the work output of the turbine under reversible conditions) =ssume the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C and 111 k4a) Can this turbine be adiabatic? 8-($ ?efri&erant-1 $a at 1$1 k4a and -11<C is compressed by an adiabatic 1)'-k! compressor to an e"it state of *11 k4a and (1<C) Ee&lectin& the chan&es in kinetic and potential ener&ies and assumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2*<C- determine 4a5 the isentropic efficiency and 4,5 the second-law efficiency of the compressor) at 111 k4a and 2'<C- determine 4a5 the power potential of the steam at the inlet conditions and 4,5 the power output of the turbine if there were no irreversibilities present) Answer 4a5 ''1' k!- 4,5 .12 k! 8-(' =ir is compressed by a compressor from .' k4a and 2*<C to (11 k4a and 2**<C at a rate of 1)1( k&;sec Ee&lectin& the chan&es in kinetic and potential ener&ies and assumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C- determine the reversible power input for this process) Answer: 1 )* k! 8-(( ?econsider 4rob) 8-(') Usin& ++5 /or other0 software- investi&ate the effect of compressor e"it pressure on reversible power) Dary the compressor e"it pressure from 211 to (11 k4a while keepin& the e"it temperature at 2**<C) 4lot the reversible power input for this processG as a function of the compressor e"it pressure) 8-(* =r&on &as enters an adiabatic compressor at 121 k4a and 1<C with a velocity of 21 .3s and e"its at 1)2 @4a- ' 1<C- and 81 .3s. ,he inlet area of the compressor is 1 1 cm2) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C- determine the reversible power input and e"er&y destroyed) Answers: 12( k!- $)12 k! 8-(8 5team e"pands in a turbine steadily at a rate of 1'-111 k&;h- enterin& at 8 @4a and $'1<C and leavin& at '1 k4a as saturated vapor) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 111 k4a and 2'<C- determine 4a5 the power potential of the steam at the inlet conditions and 4,5 the power output of the turbine if there were no irreversibilities present) Answer 4a5 ''1' k!4,5 .12 k! 8-(. =ir enters a compressor at ambient conditions of 111 k4a and 1*<C with a low velocity and e"its at 1 @4a- 2*<C) and 11' .3s. ,he compressor is cooled by the ambient air at 1*<C at a rate of 1'11 k:;min) ,he power input to the compressor is 11 k!) 2etermine 4a5 the mass flow rate of ail and 4,5 the portion of the power input that is used >ust to overcome the irreversibilities)

Second Law analysis

8-*1 Hot combustion &ases enter the no##le of a turbo>et en&ine at 2(1 k4a- *$*<C- and 81 .3s and e"it at *1 k4a and '11<C) =ssumin& the no##le to be adiabatic and the surroundin&s to be at 21<C- determine 4a5 the e"it velocity and 4,5 the decrease in the e"er&y of the &ases) ,ake 8 6 1) and c" 6 1)1' k:;k&<C for the combustion &ases) 8-*1 5team is usually accelerated in the no##le of a turbine before it strikes the turbine blades) 5team enters an adiabatic no##le at * @4a and '11<C with a velocity of *1 .3s and e"it at ' @4a and $'1<C) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C determine 4a5 the e"it velocity of the steam- 4,5 the isentropic efficiency- and 4c5 the e"er&y destroyed within the no##le) 8-*2 Carbon dio"ide enters a compressor at 111 k4a and 11 9 at a rate of 1)2 k&;s and e"its at (11 k4a and $'1 9 2etermine the power input to the compressor if the process involved no irreversibilities) =ssume the surroundin&s to b at 2'<C) Answer: 2')' k! 8-* = hot-water stream at *1<C enters an adiabatic mi"in& chamber with a mass flow rate of 2 k&;s- where it is mi"ed with a stream of cold water at 21<C) %f the mi"ture leaves the chamber at $'<C- determine 4a5 the mass flow rate of the cold water and 4,5 the e"er&y destroyed durin& this adiabatic mi"in& process) =ssume all the streams are at a pressure of '1 k4a and the surroundin&s are at 2'<C) Answers: 4a5 2)1 k&;s- 4,5 1')' k! 8-*$ Biquid water at 211 k4a and 21<C is heated in a chamber by mi"in& it with superheated steam at 211 k4a and 11<C) Biquid water enters the mi"in& chamber at a rate 1 2)' k&;s- and the chamber is estimated to lose heat to the surroundin& air at 2'<C at a rate of (11 k:;min) %f the mi"ture leaves the mi"in& chamber at 211 k4a and (1<C- determine 4a5 the mass flow rate of the superheated steam and 4,5 the wasted work potential durin& this mi"in& process) 8-*' =ir enters the evaporator section of a window air conditioner at 111 k4a and 2*<C with a volume flow rate of m ;min) ?efri&erant-1 $a at 121 k4a with a quality of 1) enters the evaporator at a rate of 2 k&;min and leaves as saturated vapor at the same pressure) 2etermine the e"it temperature of the air and the e"er&y destruction for this processassumin& 4a5 the outer surfaces of the air conditioner are insulated and 4,5 heat is transferred to the evaporator of the air conditioner from the surroundin& medium at 2<C at a rate of 1 k:;min) 8-*( = 1)1-m ri&id tank initially contains refri&erant-1 $a at 1)2 @4a and 111 percent quality) ,he tank is connected to a valve to a supply line that carries refri&erant-1 $a at 1)( @4a and 1<C) ,he valve is now opened- allowin& the refri&erant to enter the tank- and it is closed when the tank contains only saturated liquid at 1)$ @4a) ,he refri&erant e"chan&es heat with its surroundin&s at $'<C and 111 k4a durin& this process) 2etermine 4a5 the mass of the refri&erant that entered the tank and 4,5 the e"er&y destroyed durin& this process) 8-** = 1)(-m ri&id tank is filled with saturated liquid rater at 1*1<C) = valve at the bottom of the tank is now opened- and one-half of the total mass is withdrawn from the tank in liquid form) Heat is transferred to water from a source of 211<C so that the temperature in the tank remains constant 2etermine 4a5 the amount of heat transfer and 4,5 the eversible work and e"er&y destruction for this process) =ssume the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C and 111 k4a) answers: 4a5 2'$' k:- 4,5 1$1)2 k:- 1$1)2 k:

Second Law analysis

8-*8 = 1)1-m ri&id tank contains saturated refri&erant-1 $a at 811 k4a) %nitially- 1 percent of the volume is occupied by liquid and the rest by vapor) = valve at the bottom of the tank is opened- and liquid is withdrawn from the tank) Heat is transferred to the refri&erant from a source at (1<C so that the pressure inside the tank remains constant) ,he valve is closed when no liquid is left in the tank and vapor starts to come out) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C- determine 4a5 the final mass in the tank -and /b0 the reversible work associated with this process) Answers: 4a5 ).1 k&- 4,5 1(). k: 8-*. = vertical piston-cylinder device initially contains 1)1 m of helium at 21<C) ,he mass of the piston is such that it maintains a constant pressure of 11 k4a inside) = valve is now opened- and helium is allowed to escape until the volume inside the cylinder is decreased by one-half) Heat transfer takes place between the helium and its surroundin&s at 21<C and .' k4a so that the temperature of helium in the cylinder remains constant) 2etermine 4a5 the ma"imum work potential of the helium at the initial state and 4,5 the e"er&y destroyed durin& this process) 8-81 = 1)2-m ri&id tank initially contains saturated refri&erant-1 $a vapor at 1 @4a) ,he tank is connected by a valve to a supply line that carries refri&erant-1 $a at 1)$ @4a and (1<C) ,he valve is now opened- and the refri&erant is allowed to enter the tank) ,he valve is closed when one-half of the volume of the tank is filled with liquid and the rest with vapor at 1)2 @4a) ,he refri&erant e"chan&es heat durin& this process with the surroundin&s at 2'<C) 2etermine 4a5 the amount of heat transfer and 4,5 the e"er&y destruction associated with this process) 8-81 =n insulated vertical piston-cylinder device initially contains 1' k& of water- . k& of which is in the vapor phase) ,he mass of the piston is such that it maintains a constant pressure of 211 k4a inside the cylinder) Eow steam at 1 @4a and $11<C is allowed to enter the cylinder from a supply line until all the liquid in the cylinder is vapori#ed) =ssumin& the surroundin&s to be at 2'<C and 111 k4a- determine 4a5 the amount of steam that has entered and 4,5 the e"er&y destroyed durin& this process) Answers: 4a5 2 )(( k&- 4,5 *(11 k: 8-82 Consider a family of four- with each person takin& a (-minute shower every mornin&) ,he avera&e flow rate throu&h the shower head is 11 B;min) City water at 1'<C is heated to ''<C in an electric water heater and tempered to $2<C by cold water at the ,-elbow of the shower before bein& routed to the shower head) 2etermine the amount of e"er&y destroyed by this family per year as a result of takin& daily showers) ,ake To 6 2'<C)

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