FHistos1 PDF

F.S.Immun.L.
Histology
Histology: Cells and Tissues
Dr Mark Hill
Department of Anatomy
School of Medical Sciences
F.S.Immun.LHistology
Histology: Cells and Tissues
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
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Lecture Overview
! Histology
! "The study of cells and tissue on the
microscopic level"
! Objectives
! Organisation of the body into cells,
extracellular matrix and fluids
! Histological basis for classification of the basic
tissues of the body
! Organs of the body are composed of specific
arrangements of basic tissues
! Different basic tissues: epithelium, connective
tissue, muscle, and nervous tissue
http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/
This Lecture
http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/medicine/Fhistology.htm
UNSW Cell Biology Online
External Resources in Lecture
! UWA Blue Histology
! http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/
! Carol Lazar Histology Drawings
! Textbooks
! Molecular Biology of the Cell 4
! Molecular Cell Biology
! Histology - Ross& Romrel
Movie: Mitosis GIT
Movie: Mol Cell Biol ch1anim2.mov
Movie: Embryo Mitosis
Embryo_mitosis.mov
0:18
Embryonic Origins
! Initially three simple
layers form all body
structures
! Two epithelia and one
embryonic connective
tissue
! Ectoderm
! Mesoderm
! Endoderm
Embryonic Layers
Tissues/Organs
! What is a tissue?
! Cells grouped or organised together to have a
specific function.
! All organs
! consist of mixtures of these cellular tissues and
their associated extracellular matrix.
Histological Stains
! Microscopic identification of structure
! tissue fixation and specific stains/dyes
! Haemotoxilyn + Eosin (H&E)
! Hematoxylin
! dark purplish dye
! stain chromatin (nuclear material) within
nucleus a deep purplish-blue colour
! Eosin
! orangish-pink to red dye
! stains cytoplasmic material including
connective tissue and collagen, a orange-pink
counterstain
Four basic tissue types
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscular Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
1. Epithelium
! Cover body surfaces
! Lines body cavities
! Form glands
! Avascular (no blood
vessels)
Epithelium
! Classified by their
microscopic layers and
cell shape
! Simple, Stratified
! Squamous, Cuboidal,
Columnar
! Pseudostratified,
Transitional
Polarised Cellular Structure
! Free apical
! Basolateral membrane
adhesions
! Basal specialized
extracellular matrix -
basement membrane
Apical Specializations
! Microvilli (actin), increase surface area
! Stereocilia (actin) only epididymis, inner
ear
! Cilia (microtubules), motile, 9+2
http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/actin.6.giff
http://www.sk.lung.ca/graphics/ed/cilia.gif
Basolateral Membrane Adhesions
! Many different forms of cell-cell and cell-
matrix adhesions
Glands
! Epithelial cells that make
and secrete substances
! Exocrine (surface)
through ducts or tubes
! Endocrine (into
connective tissue then
blood) no ducts
! Classified by microscopic
appearance
Gland Types
! Cell Number (unicellular,
multicellular)
! Duct Branching (simple,
compound)
! Secretory Cell Shape
(tubular, acinar,
alveolar)
! These can then be
organised into specific
combinations
Gland Secretion
! Two main types
! Mucous - viscous, glycoproteins
! Serous - watery, proteins
2. Connective Tissue (CT)
! Cells embedded in extracellular matrix
! Extracellular fibers, ground substance,
tissue fluid
! Classified by cell, fiber and ground
substance type
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.figgrp.4178
Family of Connective Tissue Cells
Connective Tissue - Artery
Connective Tissue Types
! Connective Tissue Proper
! Loose and dense connective tissue
! Adipose
! Cartilage
! Bone
! Blood
Connective Tissue Fibers
! Secreted by fibroblasts
! Collagen - flexible, tensile strength (eosin acid
dye)
! Reticular - type 3 collagen, supportive
! Elastic - flexible, stretch
Ground Substance
! Proteoglycans, Hylauronic Acid
! Generally lost in histological staining
! Large space-filling molecules
CT Cells
! Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts (synthesis, contractile,
wound healing)
! Macrophages (phagocytosis)
! Mast Cells (immune response)
! Adipose Cells (fat storage)
! Lymphocytes (immune response)
! Plasma Cells
! Other Blood Cells - Eosinophils, Monocytes,
Neutrophils, Basophils
CT - Adipose
! Fat storing cells and rich vascularisation
! Fat - calorie storage for energy, cushioning,
insulation
! White - adult
! Brown - fetal, newborn (metabolism produces heat)
Images: UWA - Blue Histology
CT - Cartilage
CT - Bone
3. Muscle Tissue
! Striated or smooth
! Actin/myosin
contractile filaments,
different
organisation
! Skeletal (striated)
! Cardiac (striated)
! Smooth
Skeletal Muscle - Striations
Muscle - Striated
Muscle - Smooth
4. Nervous Tissue
! Neuron (functional) and glia (supporting) cells
! Central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal
cord
! Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cranial and
spinal nerves, ganglia, motor and sensory endings
Neurons
! Polarised cells
! Dendrites, cell body,
axon
! Classified by number of
processes from cell body
! Synapse - chemical
communication between
cells (+/-)
! Do not divide
Glia
! Physical support
! Insulation
! Nutrition
Neural - Spinal Cord
Neural - Myelination

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