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SMART MATERIALS AND SENSORS ABSTRACT

Now days, smart materials have found an important place in the modern engineering applications. Smart materials or intelligent materials system include integration of sensors, actuators and control with a material or structural component possesses intelligent and life features .The development of smart material is inspired by the biological structure systems and their basic characteristics of functionality, efficiency, precision, self - repair and durability. Smart materials are not only singular materials but also Hybrid composites or integrated systems of materials. Shape Memory Alloys are one of the ma or categories of smart materials which after being strained at certain temperature revert bac! to the original shape because of uni"ue properties such as Shape Memory effect, Pseudo elasticity and high damping capacity . These properties in smart hybrid composites provide them the tremendous potential for creating new paradigms for material-structural interactions and demonstrate various successes in engineering applications li!e Aeronautical engineering, in medical fields li!e Vascular stents and Osteosynthesis etc., and in commercial fields also. The main advantages of shape memory alloys are, they are Biocompatible, strong and good corrosion resistant. They generally have high power to weight ratio and can withstand large amount of recoverable strain and when heated above transition temperature, they can e#ert high recovery stresses of 700MPa which can be used to perform wor!.

$n this paper, we are presenting one of the ma or categories of smart materials, SMAs, their properties, different types of SMAs and their applications in various fields
.

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS


INTRODUCTION:
Shape memory alloys are metals that, after being strained, at a certain temperature revert back to their original shape. A change in their crystal structure above their transformatations temperature causes them to return to their original shape. SMAs enable large forces (generated when encountering any resistance during their transformation) and large movements actuation, as they can recover large strains. SMAs e hibit two very uni!ue properties pseudo-elasticity and the shape memory effect. "ypical Alloys which e hibit these properties are #i$"i alloy, %ron base SMA alloy, &opper base SMA alloy, Super 'lastic glasses etc.,

SHAPE

E OR! E""ECT:

"he ability of SMAs to return to their original shape after heating to their transformation temperature after having been deformed is termed as #shape memory e$$ect%& "his is due to the change in the crystalline structure during the transition from

martensitic

phase

to

austenitic

phase.

Martensite is the relatively soft and easily deformed phase of shape memory alloys, which e ists at lower temperatures. "he molecular structure in this phase is twinned as shown in the middle of figure. (pon deformation this phase takes on the second form shown in figure), on the right. Austenite, the stronger phase of shape memory alloys, occurs at higher temperatures. "he shape of the Austenite structure is cubic, shown on the left side of figure)."he un$deformed Martensite phase is the same si*e and shape as the cubic Austenite phase on a macroscopic scale, so that no change is visible in shape memory alloys until the Martensite is deformed. "he Shape Memory effect is observed when the temperature of SMA is cooled to below the temperature Mf. At this stage the alloy is completely composed of Martensite which can be easily deformed. "he original shape of SMA can be recovered simply by

heating

the

SMA

above

the

temperature

Af.

"he shape memory effect is currently being implemented in+ Co$$eepots The Space Shuttle Thermostats 'ascular Ste(ts Hydraulic "itti() *$or Airpla(es+

PSEUDO-E,ASTICIT!+

Pseudo-elasticity occurs i( S As -he( the alloy is completely composed o$ Auste(ite. %t occurs without change in temperature. "he load on the SMA is increased until the Austenite becomes transformed into Martensite due to the loading (as shown).

"he loading is absorbed by the softer Martensite, but as soon as loading is decreased the Martensite begins to transform back to Austenite since the temperature of the SMAs is still above Af, and the wire springs back to its original shape. Some Applications of pseudo$elasticity is used are+ Eye)lass "rames edical tools

Cellular pho(e A(te((a Orthodo(tic Arches

"E. SHAPE

E OR! A,,O!S+

!"#$%-&!&A !'M A%%O()


#i$"i alloys are the most used SMA. %t is an e!uiatomic compound of #i$"i, whose transformation temperature can range between -/00 1 //0C& %t has great shape$memory strain (up to 23+4is thermally stable and has e cellent corrosion resistance. ,ecause of the reactivity of "i, all melting of it must be done in a vacuum.

"OPP$* BAS$ SMA A%%O( +"u-,n-Al - "u-Al- i.)


&u$-n$Al and &u$Al$#i alloys are commercially available SMAs. "heir transformation temperature ranges between -/20 1 500C a(d -/60 1 /00 C respectively. "hey are cheaper than #i$"i alloys can be melted in air with ease and have a shape$memory strain up to 6-73& .ot work in air is well suitable, while cold work is suitable only for low Al content alloys *893 -t+&

S'P$* $%AS&!" /%ASS$S+


"hese glasses are made from a super elastic metal alloy. "herefore, they can be bended !uite drastically without permanent damage. The )lasses utili:e the super elastic property o$ Ni-Ti alloys.

!*O BAS$ SMA A%%O(S)

"he most important %ron based shape memory alloy is "e- (-Si. "hey base shape$ memory effect on a different physical principle than conventional SMAs. "hey can recover only less tha( 63 strai(&

APP,ICATIONS:
"he pseudo elasticity and Shape memory effect are being applied to a wide variety of applications in a number of different fields. Some of them are+ Aero(autical E()i(eeri() edical Applicatio(s

Commercial applicatio(s

AERONAUTICS:

Aircraft maneuverability depends heavily of flaps found at the rear or trailing edges of the wings.Aircrafts at present operate these flaps using e tensive hydraulic systems. %n order to maintain reliability of operation, multiple hydraulic lines must be run to each set of flaps. "his comple system is often relatively difficult and costly to maintain. Some of the most promising alternatives to this comple system are+ Pie:oelectric $i;res Electrostricti<e ceramics Shape emory Alloys

/Smart0wings, which incorporate shape memory alloys, are shown.

"his system is much more compact and efficient, in that the shape memory wires only re!uire an electric current for movement.

"he shape memory wire is used to manipulate a fle ible wing surface. "he wire on the bottom of the wing is shortened through the Shape Memory 'ffect, while the top wire is stretched bending the edge downwards, the opposite occurs when the wing must be bent upwards. "he shape memory effect is induced in the wires simply by heating them with an electric current, which is easily supplied through electrical wiring, eliminating the need for large hydraulic lines.

,y removing the hydraulic system, aircraft weight, maintenance costs and repair time are all reduced. "he smart wing system is currently being developed cooperatively through the 0efense Ad1anced *esearch Pro2ect Agency (1A23A, a branch of the (nited States 1epartment of 1efense) and ,oeing.

EDICA, APP,ICATIONS: S'*/!"A% &OO%S)


,one plates are surgical tools, which are used to assist in the healing of broken and fractured bones. "hey are often applied to fractures occurring to facial areas such as nose, 4aw or eye sockets. 2epair like this fall into an area of medicine known as Osteosynthesis3

Curre(tly osteotemy e=uipme(t is made primarily o$ tita(ium a(d stai(less steel. "he broken bones are first surgically reset into their proper position. "hen a plate is screwed onto the broken bones to hold them in place, while the bone heals back together. The dra-;ac> o$ this process is a$ter i(itially paci() the plate o the ;rea> or $racture the ;o(es are compressed to)ether a(d held u(der some sli)ht pressure -hich helps to speed up the heali() process o$ the ;o(e& U($ortu(ately4 a$ter o(ly a couple o$ days the te(sio( pro<ided ;y the steel plate is lost a(d the ;rea> or

$racture is (o lo()er u(der compressio(4 slo-i() do-( the heali() process . f

"he bone plates can also be fabricated using SMAs, in particular #i$"i alloys. (sing a bone plate made out of #i$"i, which has a transformation temperature of around Af much greater than /7 C& the #i$"i plates are first cooled to well below their transformation temperature, then they are placed on the set break 4ust like "i plates. .owever when the body heats the plate upto the body temperature the #i$"i attempts to contract applying sustained pressure on the break or fracture for far longer than stainless steel or "itanium. "his steady pressure assists the healing process and reduces recovery

time.

VAS"'%A* S&$ &S)


A vascular stent is a device which is implanted in a blood vessel (veins and arteries) to provide structural reinforcements of the vessel wall. "he introduction of SMA to stent manufacture allows greater recovery strains for use in wider vessels, or stronger recovery force in narrower vessels.

CO

ERCIA, APP,ICATIONS:

A &!S"A%$0 0$V!"$S)
,asically an e tension which fits between the shower head and the water pipe, containing a "i$based SMA element which e pands if water becomes too hot, choking off the flow. A very cheap, easy and effective alternative to more e pensive technologies.

"O

$"&! / *! /S)
2ings and cylinders of SMA which are austenite at ambient temperature can provide

significant constraining force around their inner circumference, ensuring a strong 4oint which can be released by cooling couplings.

"O44$$PO& &5$*MOS&A&)
A #i$"i spring in coffeepots marketed in 5apan is trained to open a valve and release hot water at the proper temperature to brew a perfect pot of coffee.

4AS&$ ! / 4' "&!O S)


Shape Memory 'ffect 'lements (SM''), in a variety of shapes can be used for fastening and coupling purposes, e&)& ;uildi() e()i(eeri()4 aero(autics a(d i( assem;ly operatio(s. ,y e panding or shrinking at preset temperatures 4 S EE ca( per$orm hi)h $orces a(d assure ti)ht $aste(i()4 either perma(e(t or temporary . %n temporary fastening, the fi ation can be released by means of the two$way$memory effect.

RO?OTICS APP,ICATIONS: S&$ & 4O* V$! S)


"he stent is used for reinforcing weak vein walls and for widening narrow veins. "he chilled stent is brought into position through a probe, and e pands to its original si*e when warmed up to body temperature. "he stent replaces similar steel stents that are e panded with a little balloon.

AD'ANTA@ES O" SHAPE


?io-compati;ility Di<erse "ields o$ Applicatio( @ood

E OR! A,,O!S:

Some of the main advantages of shape memory alloys include+

echa(ical Properties *stro()4 corrosio( resista(t+

Hi)h Po-er to .ei)ht Ratio I( marte(site phase they ca( -ithsta(d lar)e amou(ts o$ reco<era;le strai( *upto 23+ .he( heated a;o<e the tra(sitio( temperature they ca( eAert hi)h reco<ery stress o$ B00 Pa&

CONC,USION:
"hus, the shape memory Alloys are e tensively used in Aeronautics, 6steosynthesis and in some commercial products. Still they have got some drawbacks(7ess efficient, e pensive etc,). 8e can hope that the ongoing researches in SMAs will rectify these drawbacks so that they will emerge as a universally accessible one.

?I?,IO@RAPH!:
9. ). ;. 'ngineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys$1uerig ".8., Melton :.#., Stoeckel 1, 8ayman &.M. 'ngineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys$1.'. .odgson, M... 8u, and 2.5. ,iermann. "itanium$#ickel Shape Memory Alloys$ 1uerig ".8., A.2. 1elton.

.E?SITES:
9. Shape Memory Applications %nc., ). #itinol devices and components %nc.,

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