Lecture Questions: Chapter 6: E.

coli can be grown on a minimal medium that contains just: Answer: glucose plus a few salts

The chemical reactions occurring in our stomachs and small intestines break down many different foods in the process called: Answer: catabolism

The direction of energy flow in the biosphere is primarily: Answer: Solar energy chemical bond energy heat

Under normal cellular conditions, the free energy change when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate is about Answer: - 12 kcal/mole Notice: Synthesizing ATP: + 12 kcal/mole, Hydolyzing ATP: 12 kcal/mole

Chapter 7: Protons are ejected from the mitochondrial matrix as a consequence of: Answer: electron transfer through respiratory proteins

What is the trigger that converts a potentially aerobic cell into its fermentation pathways? Answer: insufficient O2 to accept electrons flowing from pyruvate

The quantum theory of light states that: Answer: light is emitted and absorbed in packets of energy of size hv

Lecture Questions: The Calvin cycle depends upon the light reactions for providing: Answer: ATP and NADPH

What does rubisco do? Answer: catalyzes the fixation of CO2 by attaching it to ribulose-bisphosphate

C-4 plants are a solution to a problem. What is the problem? Answer: closure of stomata raises the ratio of O2/CO2, interfering with rubisco

Chapter 8: When a cell secretes a signaling molecule that binds to receptors on neighboring cells as well as the same cell, this is called __________ signaling. Answer: autocrine

Small molecules, such as cAMP, that relay signals within the cell, are called Answer: second messengers

Which of the following does NOT describe a typical cellular response to signaling molecules? a. Activation of enzymes within in the cell b. Change in the function of structural proteins, which determine cell shape c. Alteration of levels of certain proteins in the cell by changing the level of gene expression d. Change in a gene sequence that encodes a particular protein Answer: (d) Chapter 11 When mice are infected with a mixture of live R-form Pneumococcus and heat-killed S-form Pneumococcus, the mice die, because:

Lecture Questions: Answer: DNA from the S-cells has transformed the R-cells into S-cells

The Hershey-Chase experiment in the 1950s demonstrated that: Answer: it is the P32-containing DNA of phages that enters bacteria and codes for new phages

According to Erwin Chargaff: Answer: the frequency of Adenine + the frequency of Thymine in a sample of DNA is speciesdependent

Meselson and Stahls experiment using 14N and 15N-labeled DNA confirmed Watson and Crickss hypothesis of Answer: semi-conservative replication

Kornbergs DNA polymerase will add what nucleotide to this piece of DNA? 5- A-C-T-G-G-T-A-A-G-T-C-A-C-T-A- 3 A-T-T-C-A-G Answer: dCMP

DNA replication is endergonic. What provides the required energy? Answer: Hydrolysis of the incoming deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates

Replication and subsequent proofreading is so accurate that errors only arise about: Answer: one per hundred million bases, ie, 10-8

What is the explanation for the bubbles that are seen by electron microscopy of replicating chromosomes? Answer: These are expanding regions with growing points on each end of the bubble

Lecture Questions:

Why wont DNA replication be initiated by a DNA polymerase? Answer: Because DNA polymerase requires verification that the preceding base is correctly paired

Telomeres are Answer: the tandomly repetitive DNA at the ends of a chromosomes DNA

Chapter 12 Yanofskys co-linearity experiment on the TrpA gene of E. coli demonstrated: Answer: that the information in the gene is co-linear with the information in its protein product

In order for genotype to be converted into phenotype, which of the following is necessary? a. DNA RNA b. RNA protein c. Protein metabolism d. All of the above Answer: (d)

Why cant the genetic code be a doublet code? Answer: Because a doublet code could only discriminate between 16 amino acids

AAA and AAG both code for lysine. This demonstrates: Answer: a redundancy or degeneracy in the genetic code

RNA splicing is used to:

Lecture Questions: Answer: remove introns from pre-RNA

What regions of DNA code for proteins? Answer: Exons

In molecular biology, promoter is the name for: Answer: the region of DNA at which the RNA polymerase binds for transcription

Each cycle of amino acid addition occurs in a certain sequence. Number the events in proper order in the spaces provided. Then reading DOWN the list yields the correct answer. a. 2-1-3-4 b. 4-2-3-1 c. 2-3-4-1 d. 4-2-1-3 e. 1-4-2-3 Answer: (d) ____ exit of the tRNA from the E site ____ bonding of the growing peptide to the incoming AA ____ binding of amino-acyl-tRNA to the A site ____ translocation of the mRNA and its associated tRNAs

What molecule is responsible for ensuring that the right amino acid is attached to the right tRNA? Answer: the amino-acyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme

Initiation of protein synthesis begins with Answer: a methionyl-tRNA binding to an AUG and to the P site of the ribosome

All of the following are differences between RNA and DNA except which? a. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains the sugar ribose

Lecture Questions: b. DNA uses the thymine base to pair with adenine, whereas RNA uses the uracil base to pair with adenine. c. DNA is usually double-stranded whereas RNA is usually single-stranded d. DNA contains base-pairing between complementary bases, whereas RNA molecules do not. e. DNA is very stable and lasts for generations, whereas RNA molecules are working copies of the DNA. Answer: (d)