Sub: Environmental Engineering

Topic : Water Supply Engineering

MODULE- 75A
Water requirements: Quality standards,

___________________________________________________________________________ Raw water source: the various sources of water can be classified into two categories. 1. Surface sources: (a) Ponds and lakes (b) Streams and rivers (c) Storage reservoirs (d) Oceans 2. Sub-surface sources: (a) Springs (b) Infiltration wells (c) Wells Water quality: the raw or treated water is analyzed by testing their physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics. Water= + dissolved gas+ minerals+ impurities

Useful minerals: iron, calcium, magnesium, fluorine etc., Harmful minerals: Arsenic, cadmium, cyanide, lead, chromium etc. salts make water useless. Bacteria causing diseases: cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, hepatitis. (1) Physical characteristics of water: (i) Turbidity: It is due to suspended particles. It depends upon fineness and concentration of particles. It can be measured as the interference to the passage of light through the given water. 1. Turbidity rod: It is to be dipped till the neddle just disappears. That reading of rod gives the turbidity in mg/R. the calibration is based on suspension of silica. 2. Turbidity meters: (a) Jackson turbidity meter: the depth of column of water required to cause the image of a candle flame at the bottom to diffuse into a uniform glow. Units: JTU JH ACADEMY Page 1

Sub: Environmental Engineering

Topic : Water Supply Engineering

(ii)

(b) Baylis turbidity meter or Nephelo meters: The turbidity is measured by a technique to measure level of light level of light scattered by the particles at right angles to the incident light beam. The scattered light is proportional to the particle concentration in the sample. Units: NTU Lake water: Turbidity < 25 units Drinking water: Turbidity < 10 units Color: Dissolved organic matter from decaying vegetation or some inorganic materials may impart color to the water. It can be measured by comparing the color of water samples with other standard glass tubes (Nessler tubes) containing solutions of different standard color intensities. The standard unit of color is that which is produced by 1mg of platinum cobalt dissolved in 1 Litre of distilled water. Instrument: Tintometer. Allowable limit for drinking water:10 Taste and odour: These are due to organic matter, inorganic salts, gas, , etc, minerals like iron, NaCl, sulphates. Units: Thresold odour number. Allowable limit: 1 Temperature: The increase in temperature decreases palatability, because at elevated temperatures, and other volatile gases are expelled. The ideal temperature of water for drinking purposes is 5 to . Above not recommended for drinking.

(iii)

(iv)

(2) Chemical characteristics: (i) Solids: The sum of suspended solids and dissolved solids is called total solids. Suspended solids can be found by filtration and total solids can be found by evaporation. Allowable limit for total solids: 500ppm. (ii) PH: PH value denotes the acidic or alkaline condition of water. It is expressed on a scale ranging from 0 to 14. Which is common logarithm of the reciprocal of the ion concentration. The recommended PH range for drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5 (iii) Hardness: Hardness in water is that characteristic which prevents the formation of sufficient leather or foam when such hard waters are mixed with soap. There are two types of hardness: 1. Temporary hardness: Carbonate and bicarbonates of Ca & Mg. Can be removed by boiling and addition of lime. This is called carbonate hardness. 2. Permanent hardness: Sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of Ca & Mg. it is also known as non-carbonate hardness. Total hardness= temporary hardness+ permanent hardness JH ACADEMY Page 2

Sub: Environmental Engineering

Topic : Water Supply Engineering

If total harness < Alkalinity; carbonate hardness=total hardness Permanent hardness=0 If total hardness > Alkalinity; carbonate hardness= Alkalinity Permanent hardness= total- Alkalinity Disadvantages: scales forms in boilers. Corrosion of pipes making food taseless, greater soap consumption. Alkalinity is due to 1. Carbonate 2. Bicarbonate 3. Hydroxide Total alkalinity = (iv) Chlorides: Excessive presence of chloride in water indicates sewage pollution. Allowable limit: 250mg/lit. (v) Nitrogen: Allowable limit: 45mg/l. as nitrates pressure nitrogen indicates presence of organic matter. There are four forms of nitrogen: (a) Free ammonia or ammonia nitrate: It indicates first stage of decomposition of organic matter. (b) Organic nitrogen or Albuminoidal: Non decomposed organic matter. (c) Nitrites: Partly oxidized organic matter (d) Nitrates: Fully oxidized organic matter. Excess or > 45mg/l causes blue-baby (nethemeolobinemia) Free ammonia and organic nitrogen called Kjedahl nitrogen. 1 mg/ causes Fluorosis 1 mg/ causes dental cavities (vii) Dissolved gases: (a) : bad taste and odour (b) Methane: Explosive tendency (c) : Biological activity and corrosion (d) : Deficiency indicates organic matter. 4 mg/ is required for Fish (3) Bacteriological characteristics: Water polluted by sewage contains one or more species of disease producing pathogenic bacteria. Pathogenic organisms cause water borne diseases and many non-pathogenic bacteria such as E.coli, a member of Coliform group, also live in the intestinal track of human beings. Coliform itself is not a harmful group but it has more resistance to adverse condition than any other group. So if it is ensured to minimize the number of Coliform, the harmful species will be very less. So, Coliform group serves as indicator of contamination of water with sewage and presence of pathogens. JH ACADEMY Page 3 (vi) Floride:

Sub: Environmental Engineering

Topic : Water Supply Engineering

The methods to estimate the bacterial quality of water are (a) Standard plate count test (b) Most probable number (c) Membrane filter technique

a) Standard plate count test: In this test, the bacteria are made to grow as colonies, by inoculating a known volume of sample into a solidfiable nutrient medium, which is poured in a petridish. After incubating ( C) for a specified period (24 hours), the colonies of bacteria (as spots) are counted. The bacterial density is expressed as number of colonies per 100m of sample. b) Most probable number: MPN is a number which represents the bacterial density which is most likely to be present. E.coli is used as indicator of pollution. E.coli ferment lactose with gas formation with 48 hours incubation at C. Based on this E.coli density in a sample is estimated by multiple tube fermentation procedure, which consists of identification of E.coli in different dilution combination.MPN value is calculated as follows. Five 10m (Five dilution combination) tubes of sample is tested for E.coli out of five only one gives positive test for E.coli and all others negative. From the tables MPN value for one positive and four negative results is read which is 2.2 in present case. The MPN value is expressed as 2.2 per 100m . 10 -5 bottles 2+ve 3-ve 1 - 5 bottles 3+ve 2-ve 0.1 - 5 bottles 1+ve 4-ve Then we need to see 2-3-1 which is 14 per 100 . 1 -5 bottles 2+ve 3-ve 0.1 - 5 bottles 3+ve 2-ve 0.01 - 5 bottles 1+ve 4-ve We need to see 2-3-1 which is 14 but MPN=14 We should multiply with 10, because standard sample size is 10, 1, and 0.1 . But we have taken 10 times diluted i.e. 1 , 0.1 , 0.01 . c) Membrane filter technique: Opening less than 0.5 microns. The bacteria will be retained upon the filter paper. After the bacteria colonies can be cultured and counted as colonies per 100ml sample.

JH ACADEMY

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