An Obscure Hope

to
THE INDIAN REFUGEES
Who have lost their Identity
in the

FREEDOM FIGHT OF INDIA

An Obscure Hope

Preface
It may be said that the drawing of the partition line between India and Pakistan, though it was dominated by political considerations based on long-standing communal tensions, resulted almost instantaneously in hundreds of thousands of persons finding themselves forced off their land and seeking new abode. A great many of them suffered violence and were killed or lost in the bitterness of hostility, which followed this, forced exodus. This march of teeming millions! will always constitute the saddest chapter in the history of the country. "ut this now is a story of the past. #umanity is always born in pain, more so a free nation. A poet was once taken in a battlefield, where thousands had perished in a dreadful engagement but which was considered a scene of famous victory. The poet commented$ #ere men slaughtered each other, but %od made the grass grow to hide their shame!. The green grass has grown during these years. "itterness born of hatred has given place to tolerance. &rustration has been overcome by a desire to live. 'isappointments in life have been compensated for by hope and faith in the future. This is all in keeping with the traditions of the virile and enterprising people of the (onar "angla. Their loyalty to their motherland was never divided. They had been citi)ens of India, which was their motherland, and continued to be so even now. *nly they needed to be pushed into a position of complete self-support. They did not expect charity, or want it, but were anxious to stand on their own legs. Thus, the problem of rehabilitation was easy for the refugees from "angladesh. This emphasised the role of the state in rehabilitation and conse+uently raised greater expectations through governmental agencies. If there have been disappointments among the refugees in this direction, which may have given rise to a certain degree of dissatisfaction against the government and the ruling political party, it can be easily understood. "ut the experiment of the settlement of the migrating mass of humanity from ,ast Pakistan can be said to have been fairly successful, as is evident from this document. -est "engal, being the nearest to the border, attracted the largest number of refugees from ,ast Pakistan. "ut, very few were willing to go to a place, ./// 0m away from their homeland in 1aichur district of 0arnataka, among a community whose livelihood pattern was entirely different from that of them. They brought a legacy of excitement, agitation and nervous tension along with an obscure hope in their eyes. They were accommodated in concentrations known as refugee camps. They were in an intense state of suggestibility, which made them inclined to adopt new attitudes towards different institutions and people around them. The predominance of food anxiety engendered a feeling of hostility

An Obscure Hope
among them towards those who either were looking after them or were already inhabitants of 0arnataka and had control over the food supply. This developed a feeling of we-group! and they-group!. The government and the local public represented the 2they-group3. This gave rise to the refugee and non-refugee pre4udice. &or some time loud protests could be heard from them against the local population, referred to by them as #industani. (ometimes the convert pre4udice assumed the shape of open feud and there were periods in which even riots were came to be assimilated into a new socio-economic pattern which did not forsake the established values and norms but added to them. Three decades have past after their migration to this strange and varied socio-climatic region. This study was undertaken to understand the present scenario of the migrants rehabilitated in such a place, where they knew nothing except their family members. *n the auspicious occasion of the World Refugee Day! I dedicate this document to the refugees who have lost their identity in the freedom fight of India. ,ntrepreneurship 'evelopment Institute of India, Prasen 1aptan Ahmedabad, 20th June 2001

An Obscure Hope

Acknowledgement
I pray and bow down to Almighty and my parents for bestowing me with their blessings. The suggestions and criticisms accompany the successful completion of any task, which would be incomplete without expression of appreciation to the persons, who made possible to achieve the goal by their encouraging guidance and proper steering. The feeling of heart cannot be expressed in words- thus I hardly find any words to express my sense of gratitude towards the people who helped me in my endeavour. ,ven though, it is a humble attempt to ponder my obligations to all those who have extended their help directly or indirectly. It is my proud privilege to express the deep sense of reverence and gratitude to my supervisor, '1. 5aresh (ingh, a sociologists and &aculty of 6icro &inance, for his constant encouragement with invaluable guidance during the entire period of the study. #is ceaseless guidance, unerring suggestions, critical observations and unfailing patience formed the ladder of my success. At this 4uncture, it is my esteemed duty to reserve my high regards to '1. 07(6 0rishna 8 6r. 9.P."aptista, my beloved present and former :ourse 'irectors, for availing this opportunity in allowing me to do the research work and providing all the necessary necessities. 6y sincere and heartfelt gratitude to '1. 'inesh 5. Awasthi, :hief &aculty without whose kind help the research would have not been completed in time. 6y special thanks are due to 6r.5abarun (en %upta for his in+uisitive skills, valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms during the study. I put on record my respect and heartfelt thanks to 6r.%.0umarnaik, IA(, 'eputy :ommissioner, 1aichur and 6r. 5.(uryanarayan, 0A(, Tahasildar, (indhanur with their supportive staff for providing me the needed facilities and access to the related documents in their own and other related *ffices. Their polite and cooperative behaviour have really changed my pre-conceived notion 8 mindset about the bureaucrats. I am extremely thankful and deeply indebted to the :hief ,xecutive of ;anakalyan, 6r. (hanti 1an4an 'as, for allowing me to do the research in his *rgani)ation with the necessary staff and other supports. I respectfully oblige his guidance and suggestions during the field study and feel happy to have him as my co-mentor. I respectfully acknowledge the kind cooperation extended to me by the staff of ,'I9I: during my one-year course and %I'1 <%u4arat Institute for 'evelopment 1esearch= during the pro4ect work in selecting the related literatures. 6y grateful thanks are also extended to the villagers, village leaders and all the respondents for cooperating me in obtaining the re+uired and valuable information in successfully completing my study, without which the research would not have any meaning. 6y sincere thanks are also due to my friends, who helped me directly or indirectly during this course.

An Obscure Hope
9ast but not the least, I convey my heartfelt appreciation to (ritimala, for her constant support. It is she, who has been my constant source of inspiration throughout my career. I am extremely indebted to her for her valuable suggestions and constant encouragement. It is my prime duty to extend my hearty thanks and words of gratitude to 5A"A1' for sponsoring me with full fellowship for the course. (ky is the limit to express the deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my Alma 6ater, the ,ntrepreneurship 'evelopment Institute of India, which has laid perfect foundation, by showing me the path for the future. 6y life is with a 2(ilver 9ine3 today and I dedicate to my Profession. It is my prime duty to extend my heartily thanks to 6r. 7arma 1ahul for his cooperation in the technical matter. Prasen 1aptan

An Obscure Hope

Important Milestones of Sindhanur Rehabilitation Project

1947 // 1965 // 1967-69 1969 197* 1971 197, 197. 1974 1975 1976 1977 // 195, 195,-5. 195.-54 1954 1955 1956 1957 1955 1959 // 1994 1995 1996 1997 1995 1999 ,*** ,**1 Independence of India & partition Indo-Pak War Repatriation of Sri Llankan & Bur e!e "i#rant! at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1 Re#i!tration of Ban#lade!$i "i#rant! a! Refu#ee! Interi Re$a%ilitation at different Part! of t$e countr' Re!ettle ent of fe+ fa ilie! in Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), of Sind$anur -ar in# !tarted %' t$e refu#ee! Re!t of t$e Re$a%ilitation &olonie! !tarted functionin# Sc$ool! !tarted in "ot$er ton#ue in all t$e colonie! -e+ fa ilie! de!erted t$e Re$a%ilitation &olonie! (e+ fa ilie! +ere re$a%ilitated /#riculture &ooperati0e Societ' 1/&S2 for ed &anal %reac$e! ,, ti e! & failure of crop! 3illa#e Refor &o ittee for ed -e+ ore fa ilie! re$a%ilitated /&S rena ed a! 3SSS( 4out$ &lu%! !tarted 6i!!olution of t$e 3illa#e Refor &o ittee %' t$e /d ini!trator 7lectricit' &onnection e8tended &iti9en!$ip #ranted to fe+ fa ilie! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect $anded o0er to t$e State ;o0ern ent /ll t$e Sc$ool! tran!for ed to t$e State Lan#ua#e -ir!t tractor +a! purc$a!ed %' t$e refu#ee! W$ite -l' de!tro'ed t$e cotton crop! Padd' crop! ade it +a' in <e ple con!tructed +it$ co unit' contri%ution Pri0ate =indi Sc$ool !tarted at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)4 Refu#ee! Participated in "andal Panc$a'at 7lection Bore +ell in!talled in Re$a%ilitation &olonie! 3i0ekananda 7ducation Societ' !tarted functionin# to run !c$ool! Bu! !tand! +ere con!tructed ;ra Panc$a'at 7lection Pre!ident elected fro t$e Ban#lade!$i Refu#ee! P=> !tarted functionin# 3SSS( !$ifted to Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), Bu! !er0ice e8tended to Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), ?anakal'an for ed and !tarted it! de0elop ental acti0itie! <+o =i#$ Sc$ool! !anctioned for refu#ee! "ilk Producer! &ooperati0e Societie! for ed "ini Water Suppl' Sc$e e for Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), & 4) "arket inau#urated ;ra Panc$a'at 7lection <elep$one &onnection 3SSS( rena ed a! 3SSS( Bank Ltd) <+o !eparate !trike! of a +eek lon# eac$ de andin# t$eir ri#$t! & facilitie!

&@(<7(<S
6

An Obscure Hope

Particular!
&$apter

Page No

Preface Acknowledgement Abbreviation List of Tables List of Boxes List of Figures List of Plates

i ii 0i 0ii 0iii 8 8i

An Obscure Hope
Synopsis of the Study xecutive Summary 8ii 8i0

An Obscure Hope

Introduction

1-7

II

Re0ie+ of Literature
.)1 .), .). .)4 Methodology of the Study Literature and 6ocu ent Re0ie+ Participator' Rural /pprai!al -ocu!!ed ;roup 6i!cu!!ion Indi0idual In-dept$ Inter0ie+ " #ourney $ithout %estination& the rehabilitation Process Pre- i#ration "i#ration Re!ettle ent /daptation Sta%ili!ation (or ali!ation -ailure

8-16

III

1715 15 ,, ,, '-() ,. ,7 .. .7 4* 4. 44

I! 4)1 4), 4). 4)4 4)5 4)6 4)7

An Obscure Hope
4)5 ! 5)1 5), 5). 5)4 5)5 5)6 5)7 5)5 /+arene!! " Snapshot of the Rehabilitation Project 6e o#rap$ic! @ccupational Structure! Re!ource Ba!e Infra!tructure 7ducational Statu! &ultural "ilieu 7cono ic Profile In!titutional Setup 47 *+-6( 51 5, 55 56 57 59 6, 6.

!I 6-1 6)1)1 6)1), 6)1). 6)1)4 6)1)5 6)1)6 6)1)7 6)1)5 66),)1 6),), 6),). 6),)4 6),)5 6),)6 6),)7 6),)5

,hallenges "head Rehabilitation Specific Issues &a!te &ertificate Propert' Ri#$t! Re0enue 3illa#e! "ot$er <on#ue &iti9en!$ip 6e0elop ent /ut$orit' "inorit' =ou!in# Rahabilitation .asic Issues Road and <ran!port Water "edical -acilitie! >ne plo' ent Po!t & <eleco Salinit' <reat ent Reli#iou! & &o on Place! Infor ation & <ec$nolo#'

6*-1+' 66-8+ 66 67 69 7* 74 76 77 77 81-1+' 51 56 59 9. 94 96 97 1*,

10

An Obscure Hope

3II

" Model Proposed for 2conomic Reconstruction

1+(-118

!III /nne8ure I /nne8ure II /nne8ure III /nne8ure I3

,onclusi/e Remar0s "nne1ure Profita%ilit' /nal'!i! of different crop! #ro+n in Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur $a0in# ,-. acre! of land) Inco e & 78penditure /nal'!i! for a Landle!! /#ricultural La%ourer of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur &$eckli!t-I u!ed for inter0ie+in# t$e ;o0ern ent "ac$inerie! &$eckli!t-II u!ed for inter0ie+in# t$e local people and refu#ee!

11)-1 ' 1 (-1 ) 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,5 1'+-1'' 1.* 1.1 1., 1.4 1.5

/ppendi8
/ppendi8 I /ppendi8 II /ppendi8 III &a!te &ertificate i!!ued to (a a!udra co unit' %' t$e /d ini!trator of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect (a a!udra &ate i! re!er0ed under Sc$eduled &a!te 1S&2 cate#or' in four State! Re$a%ilitated (a a!udra i!!ue and Parlia ent

;lo!!ar'
.ibliography

11

An Obscure Hope

A!!reviations
/)&) /&S /(" /P"& B)<ec$) B3Sc &PR 6&= 76I 76ILI& 7"IS -6& -;6 ;I6R I6 I<I I/S A/S A"L/L ")P) "BBS "P&S (/B/R6 (;@ P;6"( P=> PR/ P>& R6 R"P S=; S"SSL& S< <BP >)P) >/S >S 3SSS( CP /!!i!tant &o i!!ioner /#riculture &ooperati0e Societ' /u8illiar' (ur!e & "id-+ife /#ricultural Produce "arketin# &o ittee Bac$elor of <ec$nolo#' Bac$elor 3eterinar' Science &o on Propert' Re!ource! 6$ara+ad &otton ='%rid 7ntrepreneur!$ip 6e0elop ent In!titute of India 76I Li%rar' and Infor ation &entre 7ducation ana#e ent Infor ation S'!te -ir!t 6i0i!ion &lerk -ocu!!ed ;roup 6i!cu!!ion ;u:arat In!titute for 6e0elop ent Re!earc$ Irri#ation 6epart ent Indu!trial <rainin# In!titute Indian /d ini!trati0e Ser0ice Aarnataka /d ini!trati0e Ser0ice Aarnataka "ilk -ederation Landle!! /#ricultural La%ourer "ad$'a Prade!$ Bac$elor "edicine and Bac$elor of Sur#er' "ilk ProducerB! &ooperati0e Societie! (ational Bank for /#riculture and Rural 6e0elop ent (on ;o0ern ental @r#ani9ation Po!t ;raduate 6iplo a in "ana#e ent of (;@! Pri ar' =ealt$ >nit Participator' Rural /pprai!al Pre >ni0er!it' &our!e Re0enue 6epart ent Rural "edical Practitioner Self =elp ;roup S all and "ar#inal -ar er Secondar' Sc$ool Lea0in# &ertificate Sc$eduled <ri%e! <un#a%$adra Irri#ation Pro:ect >ttar Prade!$ >ni0er!it' of /#ricultural Science! >nited State 3'a0a!a'a Se0a Sa$akara San#$a (i'a ita Cilla Panc$a'at

12

An Obscure Hope

"ist o# Ta!le
Sl3o 1 , . 4able 3o1)1 1), 4).)1

<itle 4he general information of the %istrict selected for study 4he general information of the %istrict selected for study Resettlement of families and land ac5uired and allotted to them during the resettlement phase
<$e population of re!pecti0e &olonie! of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) 4otal number of families dependent on different occupations for their li/elihood in the Rehabilitation Project of Sindhanur-

Page 3o4 6 .7

4 5 6

5)1)1 5),)1 5)5)1

51 5. 57

%ata sho6ing the success rate of students7 6ho had attempted SS8, e1amination till 1))8-))7 prior to the establishment of 9indi medium 9igh School
<$e education profile of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur till t$e 'ear ,***-,**1 fro all t$e fi0e &olonie! <$e &ri e &a!e! Re#i!tered %' t$e Refu#ee! and Repatriate! in t$e Police StationD Sind$anur in t$e Pre0iou! . 4ear!)

7 5 9

5)5), 5)6)1 5)7)1

55 61 6,

1* 11

6)1).)1 6)1)4)1

Percentage %istribution of :amilies .elonging to %ifferent ,ategories "ccording to their $ealth 4he names proposed for the Rehabilitation ,olonies&o pari!on %et+een nu %er of per!on! $a0in# #ot $i#$er education fro t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect +it$ pri ar' education in State Lan#ua#e 0/! ot$er ton#ue

69 7*

1,

6)1)4),

,omparison of the SS8, results of t6o Schools ;<annada and 9indi= to analyse the effects of language on education till +++-

7.

13

An Obscure Hope

1.

6),)1)1

14

6),).),

15

6),)5)1

16

6),)7)1

17

7)1

++1 4he number of persons /isited Sindhanur for different purposes through different modes of transports in a 6ee0 of May ++1 ,olony-6ise cattle population of Rehabilitation Project of Sindhanur ,olony 6ise data sho6ing the in6ard letters from /arious places through this sub post office for '+ days ,olony-6ise gro6th of families and population o/er the last three decades for Sindhanur Rehabilitation Project 4he short term and long term inter/entions suggested for the issues of refugee li/es along 6ith the agencies responsible for implementing them

55

9.

95

1*1

116

14

An Obscure Hope

"ist o# $o%es
Sl3o .o1 3o<itle Page 3o-

1)1

.),)1)1

. 4 5 6

.),),)1 .),).)1 .),)4)1 .),)5)1

>eneral :eatures of the Raichur %istrict7 6here refuges are rehabilitated Sample :amily ,ard used in the Social Mapping e1ercise for information collection Sample 4ime 8ine to ta0e the 9istory of the !illage
Sa ple In!titutional ap !$o+in# t$eir relati0e i portance and acce!! %' #eneral pu%lic Sample Pie ,hart sho6ing the occupational details of a /illage

19

,* ,* ,1 ,1

Sample Pair-6ise Ran0ing tool used for problem prioritisation in a /illage situation
"a!!acre of 4oun# 6au#$ter! Aillin# in Ban#lade!$ %' t$eir Parent! "u!li ! $elped =indu! to !a0e t$eir li0e! and reli#ion in Ban#lade!$

7 5 9

4)1)1 4)1), 4)1).

,4 ,5 ,5

1*

4),)1

11 1, 1.

4),), 6)1) 6)1)1)

14

6)1)1)1

4he inhuman Murder of Suren Mondal and his family members in .angladeshParents 0illed the 0id to sa/e their li/es from the terrorist at the interest of the relati/es and neighbiurs2/en relati/es become cruel 6hen 6e are in trouble4he procedure follo6ed to analyse these problems 4he list of the problems caused due the rehabilitation of these ,ommunities4he conse5uences of the ,aste
15

,5

.* 65 66

67

An Obscure Hope

,ertificate issue for the refugees15 6)1),)1 <$e con!eEuence! of not $a0in# o+ner!$ip o0er t$e re!idential plot and /#ricultural land) 65

16

6)1).)1)

17

6)1)4)1

15

6)1)5)1

19

6)1)6)1)

,*

6)1)7)1)

,1

6)1)5)1

4he conse5uences faced by the refugees due to non-re/enue status4he conse5uences of the mother tongue 6ithdra6al at primary le/el 4he conse5uences of not granting the citi?enship of India to these refugees 4he conse5uences of not gi/ing the po6er to the >ram Panchayat 4he major conse5uences of the Minority issues as faced by the refugees of this project 9ouse - the shelter of social animals& <ic0s families sometime to chronic po/erty
<$e a:or con!eEuence! of t$e Bad =ou!in# for refu#ee! of Sind$anur Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect)

69

71

75

76

77

75

,, ,.

6)1)5), 6),)1)

5* 51

,4

6),)1)1)

4he major issues confronting the refugee li/es at Rehabilitation Project of Sindhanur 4he major conse5uences of the improper road facility for the refugees
&on!eEuence! arou!ed due to non-acce!!i%ilit' to t$e a#ricultural land <$e con!eEuence! a! ari!e due to lack of Po!t and <eleco facilitie! <$e a:or i!!ue! e er#ed due to t$e lack of pu%lic tran!portation facilitie! in Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect <$e a:or con!eEuence! of t$e 6rinkin# Water i!!ue in Refu#ee! li0e! <$e life in dan#er +it$ t$e =ealt$ facilit' of

5,

,5 ,6 ,7 ,5 ,9

6),)1), 6),)1). 6),)1)4 6),),)1) 6),).)1

5, 5. 55 57 59

16

An Obscure Hope
.* .1 ., .. .4 .5 6),).), 6),).). 6),).)4 6),)4)1 6),)5)1 6),)5), Re$a%ilitation &olonie! Birt$ of c$ild i! eEual to deat$ of a ot$er <$e a:or con!eEuence! of t$e lack of =ealt$ &are in t$e refu#ee! li0e!) <$e a:or con!eEuence! of t$e >n$'#ienic and un!anitar' condition! of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur <$e a:or con!eEuence! of t$e >ne plo' ent i!!ue! faced %' t$e refu#ee!) Po!tal 6ela'F cau!ed &areer lo!! 9* 9* 9, 94 96 96

4he conse5uences of the lac0 of Post @ 4elecom Ser/ice

17

An Obscure Hope

"ist o# Fig&res
Sl(o 1 , . .)1 4)1)1 4),)1) :igure 3o-

<itle 4he Model for Research and 2/aluation of Rehabilitation Map of India prior to and after the partition of the ,ountry
<$e ap of India !$o+in# t$e =indu! fro i#ration of to Ben#ali Ban#lade!$

Page 3o17 ,6 ,7

4 5 6

4),), 5),)1) 6)1)4),

Aarnataka) <$e #rap$ical repre!entation of t$e total nu %er of fa ilie! i#rated fro Ban#lade!$) %istribution of families based on their occupation in Rehabilitation ,olonies of Sindhanur 4he comparison of the SS8, results of 3etaji <annada Medium School and !i/e0ananda 9indi Medium Schools of Rehabilitation Project of Sindhanur

., 54 7.

6),)7)1)

7)1

7),

>ro6th of population and gro6th of families in the last three decades in the Rehabilitaion ,olonies 4he responsibility distribution chart of /arious issues confronting the refugees at Rehabilitation ,olonies of Sindhanur Responsibility distribution among the different sta0eholder to de/elop the li/elihood of refugees
4he Problem 4ree sho6ing the cause and effect relationship bet6een /arious issues 4he actions to be initiated to o/ercome the issues of refugees in building a happy @ prosperous life

1*1

11*

111

1* 11

7). 7)4

11, 114

18

An Obscure Hope

"ist o# Plates
Sl) (o 1 Plate (o) .)1

4itle Refugees in/ol/ed in Social Mapping e1ercise at Rehabilitation ,olony 3o-*

<$e fate of refu#ee! ade t$e to li0e in t$i!

Pa#e (o) 19

, . 4 5

6)1)5)1 6)1)5), 6),)1)1 6),)1),

79

tinned $ou!e for t$e la!t .1'ear! <$e pre0ailin# d+ellin# condition for t$e e8tended 79 fa ilie! +$o cannot afford a $ou!e 4he condition of the only road through this 51 Sindhanur Rehabilitation Project 5. ,ro6ded housing due to non-

6 7

6),)1). 6),),)1

6),),),

6),).)1

1*

6),).),

11 1,

6),)5)1 7)1

a/ailability of surplus land for the e1tended families left no internal road inside the colonies 4ractor has assumed the role of Public 4ransportation for the refugees Anhygienic conditions near the drin0ing 6ater supply system due stagnated 6ater 4he 6omen are seen to fill the 6ater for household purposes from an open tan0 in the left and the condition of the same during the summer season in the right hand side 4he Primary 9ealth Anit of Rehabilitation ,olony 3oco/ered 6ith 6eeds Sanitary toilet and bathroom of refugees causing unhygienic d6elling conditions 4he letters are placed in the so-called post bo1 hanged in the tea hotel 4he oldest lady of the Rehabilitation Project 6ho has e1perienced the

54 56

57

59

91

95 1*7

19

An Obscure Hope

life in both the countries

20

An Obscure Hope

Synopsis of the Study

It +a! after t$e partition of India and Ban#lade!$ +$en t$e Indian ;o0ern ent in0ited t$e =indu! in =indu!tanD an' =indu fa ilie! +ere i#rated in India) 6urin# 1965-71D an' Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect! +ere e!ta%li!$ed all acro!! t$e &ountr') @ne !uc$ Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect +a! e!ta%li!$ed in Aarnataka and +$ere a%out 1*** =indu fa ilie! +ere re$a%ilitated in a re ote!t area of a %ack+ard 6i!trict of t$e State) <$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect con!i!t! of 5 &olonie! one a on# t$e i! for <a il repatriate!) ;o0ern ent of India pro0ided 4 to 5 acre! of land to eac$ fa il' irre!pecti0e of t$eir fa il' !i9eD one co+D a 4*G 8 5*G re!idential plot and a $ut to li0e) Initiall'D #o0ern ent !upplied t$e ration and ot$er %a!ic nece!!ar' ite !D +$ic$ +a! in!ufficient to fulfil t$eir reEuire ent) ;o0ern ent of India $ad al!o !tarted a !c$ool in eac$ colon' in t$eir o+n lan#ua#e 1up to I3 Standard2) 6e!pite $a0in# uc$ intere!tD all t$e parent! could not !end t$eir c$ildren to !c$ool!D %ecau!e lan#ua#e +a! Aannada) / fe+ +ell to do fa ilie! could afford t$eir c$ildrenG! education in We!t Ben#alD "a$ara!tra etc) eit$er in =indi ediu or in Ben#ali) ;raduall' t$e!e illiterate %ut cle0er people adapted to t$e ne+ cli ate o0er a period of ti e) <$e!e colonie! are located at t$e tail end of t$e <un#a%$adra Irri#ation Pro:ect) Initiall'D t$e' faced a lot of trou%le! in far in#D a! t$e crop!D t$e et$od of culti0ationD cli ateD etc) are co pletel' different fro +$at t$e' +ere acEuainted +it$) =o+e0erD !tarted culti0atin# t$e !u%!i!tence crop! like padd'D +$eat etc) and #raduall' !$ifted to t$e ca!$ crop like cottonD +$ic$ latter turned to %e t$e a:or crop for t$e re#ion a! t$e !oil and cli atic condition! +ere fa0oura%le to t$e !a e) <$e' learnt %' doin# and e8periencin# an' failure! o0er a period) =o+e0erD t$e #o0ern ent ration and ot$er facilitie! cu!$ioned effect! of t$e!e failure!) @0er a period of ti eD t$e upper land +ere acEuired %' pro#re!!i0e far er! and t$e' !tarted culti0atin# padd' lea0in# $ardl' an' +ater for t$e tail end far er! re!ultin# t$eir condition in tra#ed') 6ue to lan#ua#e con!traint! t$e!e people found it difficult to e8c$an#e t$eir idea!D t$ou#$t! and de0elop relation!$ip +it$ t$e local people %ecau!e of t$eir !ocial & cultural difference!) -e+ cunnin# people a on# t$e co unit' #ra%%ed t$e opportunit' of t$eir $elple!!ne!! and a!!u ed t$e role of ediator and !tarted e8ploitin#) ;raduall'D t$i! !et of people took t$e role of local #o0ernance) <$e' al!o %eca e t$e ediator %et+een t$e ;o0ern ent and t$e pu%lic and !tarted di#e!tin# all t$e #o0ern ent facilitie!) <$i! continued for certain period of ti e) It +a! durin# 195.D +$en t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect +a! $anded o0er to t$e State ;o0ern ent) 3er' fir!t !tep of State ;o0ern ent +a! to tran!for t$e Ben#ali "ediu Sc$ool! in to Aannada ediu and !topped pro0idin# t$e ration) Sc$ool dropout! increa!ed to 1**H and people %eca e reall' orp$an!) / !i8-'ear-old %a%' cannot %e !ent for !tud' in ot$er State!) 7ducation le0el !tarted declinin#)

Role )hange

Hel(lessness

Grad&al Ada(tation

Govt Fa'ilities

Introd&'tion

21

An Obscure Hope
It +a! around t$e !a e ti eD a pe!t called IW$ite -l'I 1people call &urrent Pe!t2 ca e and de!tro'ed t$e +$ole cotton crop of t$e re#ion continuou!l' for fe+ 'ear! till t$e pe!ticide! +ere de0eloped) 70er' 'ear far er! u!ed to di%%le t$e !eed! +it$ a $ope and $ad e8perienced failure t$u! increa!in# t$eir de%t 'ear after 'ear) ;raduall'D t$e' !$ifted to padd' culti0ation and found it 0ia%le +it$ t$e application of fertili!er! and pe!ticide! +it$out %a!ic !cientific kno+led#eD +$ic$ re!ulted in to !alinit' and alkalinit') @0erdo!e! of irri#ation +ater leac$ed out t$e icronutrient! fro t$e !oilD #raduall') /l!oD t$e upper land $a! %een u!ed for culti0atin# t$e padd' crop lea0in# 0er' le!! +ater for t$e tail ender!) /ll t$e!e rea!on! re!ulted in to t$e de%t and t$ere i! no +a' to co e out) @n t$e ot$er $andD #o0ern ent! 1State a! +ell a! &entral2 +it$dre+ t$eir !upport ec$ani! !) (o+D after .* 'ear! of e!ta%li!$ ent of t$e pro:ect and in t$e Iera of co puterID t$e!e colonie! do not $a0e a road, bus, post & telecom facilities, hospital, telephoneD etc) <$e' !till li0e in t$o!e tinned huts of .* 'ear! %ack) <$e fa ilie! are %roken in to ,-. and t$e land too in to piece! eEual to t$e nu %er of %rot$er!) Producti0it' reduced to an' le0el) (o ot$er e plo' ent opportunitie!) /ll t$e fa ilie! are cau#$t in 6e%t) 6rinkin# +ater i! !till re ained an i!!ue un-addre!!ed) ISSUES So'iety + )&lt&re O$,E)TI-E
Methodology

Fail&res * De!t

Initiall'D +$en t$e' +ere under t$e control of /d ini!tratorD t$e' $a0e %een con!idered a! Sc$eduled &a!te 1S)&)2 to t$i! J(a a!udraK co unit') State ;o0ern ent i! no+ den'in# t$e !a e t$u! depri0in# t$e co unit' fro t$e %a!ic ri#$t!) Wo enD +$o $a0e ne0er !een t$eir o+n field! neit$er $ere nor in t$eir ori#inal placeD $a0e no+ !tarted +orkin# in t$e field! of t$eir nei#$%ourin# pro#re!!i0e far er!G field!) &$ildren in!tead of learnin# !tarted earnin# for t$eir li0eli$ood) &ulture !tarted deterioratin# and $'%ridi!in# +it$ t$e local culture) <$e'D neit$er $a0e an' or#ani9ation +it$in t$e !el0e! nor an' net+orkin# +it$ t$e ot$er !uc$ pro:ect! el!e+$ere in India) "arria#e of t$eir c$ildren $a! %eco e 0er' difficult a! %ecau!e t$e' do not find +$o i! not related to t$e in t$e!e colonie! and an' ot$er i!!ue!LLLLLLLL 4he objecti/es of the study& !" #nderstand the background of the Sindhanur $ehabilitation Pro%ect" &" #nderstand the present status and the issues of the refugee life" '" Find out the suggestive alternative options for the development of livelihood for the $ehabilitation Pro%ect of Sindhanur" Methodology& (ocument and Literature $eview" )ndividual )n*depth )nterview with key +overnment ,fficials- both present and past- which are.were related with the $ehabilitation Pro%ect" /illage level 0 1luster level P$As to understand the resource profiles and other issues" Focussed +roup (iscussion with different set of people who have experienced the bitterness. sweetness of $ehabilitation Pro%ect- the ,ld 0 2ew leaders"

22

An Obscure Hope

21ecuti/e Summary
!3 August !435 saw the birth of the new )slamic $epublic of Pakistan" At midnight the next day )ndia won its freedom from colonial rule- ending nearly '67 years of British presence in )ndia" The British left )ndia divided in two" The two countries were founded on the basis of religion- with Pakistan as an )slamic state and )ndia as a secular one with ma%ority of 8indu population" 9hether the partition of these countries was wise and whether it was done too soon is still under debate" ven the imposition of an official boundary has not stopped conflict between them" Boundary issues- left unresolved by the Britishhave caused three wars and continuing strife between )ndia and Pakistan" The partition of )ndia left both )ndia and Pakistan devastated" The process of partition had claimed many lives in the riots" :any others were raped and looted" 9omen- especially- were used as instruments of power by the 8indus and the :uslims; <ghost trains< full of severed breasts of women would arrive in each of the newly born countries from across the borders" :any years after the partition- the two nations are still trying to heal the wounds left behind by this incision to once*whole body of )ndia" :any are still in search of an identity and a history left behind beyond an impenetrable boundary" The two countries started of with ruined economies and lands and without an establishedexperienced system of government" They lost many of their most dynamic leaders soon after the partition" Pakistan had to face the separation of Bangladesh in !45!" !6 million refugees poured across the borders to regions completely foreign to them- for though they were 8indu- their identity had been embedded in the regions where their ancestors were from" 2ot only the country was divided- but also so were the provinces of Pun%ab and Bengal- divisions that caused catastrophic riots and claimed the lives of 8indus- :uslims and Sikhs alike" +overnment of )ndia accommodated these refugees in different parts of the country and extended possible relief services" Through a long and tedious process one such group reached Sindhanur block of $aichur (istrict in =arnataka" They had lot of dreams in their eyes before starting for :ysore >=arnataka was known as :ysore? having heard a lot about the place from the +overnment ,fficials" :ost of those dreams dried out when they reached dry

23

An Obscure Hope
$aichur" 8owever- the Tungabhadra $iver blessed them with her neat- clean and pure water both for irrigation and drinking" )t irrigated the dried up dreams and encouraged the despaired refugees by showing way for their livelihood" 9ith new area- new climate- new soil- new technology and new methods they started their livelihood by growing new crops" They challenged all the difficulties and learnt by practice and finally adapted to the new environment experiencing many crest and troughs in their lives" They had to face and are facing many strange events in their lives- which they never expected" :any challenges are ahead of them- which demand immediate attention for their survival and development" Some of these challenges are of specific nature emerged due to their rehabilitation while others are of general nature- which are seen in every locality" The former category includes issues like 1aste 1ertificate- $ights over the 8ousing Plot and Agricultural Land- declaration of $evenue /illages- :other*tongue ducation at the primary level- +rant of )ndian 1iti@enship- Power to +ram Panchayat and :inority issues" The second category is Basic problems and general in nature which includes the internal and external roads with transportation facilities as well as the roads for agricultural land- 8ealth care- 8ousing- #nemployment- 8ygiene 0 Sanitation- (rinking and )rrigation 9ater- Post 0 Telecom Services- 1hange or $eclamation of saline land- /eterinary Service- Temple- Play ground- /illage Boundary xpansion:arket- 1remation 1entre- Library and $eading $oom" Both these categories of problems are eAually important and need to be tackled at appropriate level" The most important among them are the caste issue- primary education in mother tongue- right over their land and plot- grant of citi@enship- minority issue- waterroad 0 communication" About B6"3&C of the people residing in this pro%ect are from a 1aste called D2amasudraE and F"74C from =shatriya- which are considered as Scheduled 1aste in Assam- ,rissa- Tripura- 9est Bengal and Bangladesh" (uring the )nitial period- they had been given such recognition and had availed such benefits" 2owadays- these communities >4!"6!C population? are deprived from their birthrights- which are en%oyed by their relatives and friends settled elsewhere in )ndia" ShouldnGt they be given such recognition- which their behaviour and culture exhibitsH ducation is the backbone of the Society" As a newly born baby reAuires motherGs milk for its healthy growth- the newly %oined child should be given

24

An Obscure Hope
ducation in its mother tongue" )t become easier for digestion and lays a relatively stronger foundation" )t is seen from the study that those who have completed their graduation from this pro%ect- 4'"7&C among them have their primary education either in Bengali or in Tamil medium" Similarly- B5"6C among the Post +raduates and !77C among the technical graduates have had their primary education in Bengali or Tamil language" ,n the other hand- BFC of the students who have had their primary education in other than their mother tonguefailed at matriculation level while rest at 8igher Secondary" Although- agriculture is the sole occupation of the communities residing here having 3*6 acres of land at their disposal- they donGt posses any right over such land neither on the plot on which they are dwelling for the last three decades" ven if any farmer wishes to construct a pucca house- s.he cannot do so- as s.he fails to prove the ownership of the plot for getting permission from the authority" Simialrly- the agricultural land is no longer remained irrigated- as they hardly get water for irrigation during the peak season" About 3!"3!C of landholders of $ehabilitation 1olony 2o"3 and 4FC of $ehabilitation 1olony 2o"6 have almost no access to the irrigation water" For them drinking water is also a ma%or issue" The Police Station records depict that about 37C of the cases were registered for irrigation water"

The /illage Panchayat is comprised of no villages but 6 colonies and & camps" These camps . colonies neither have a boundary nor its internal planning" The Auarrel amongst the neighbours is a common phenomenon for their boundary lines" The /illage Panchayat has no rights over the common property resources nor can implement the tax policies- as they have no power to execute such orders" The )ndians- who fought for its independence- became foreigners after the partition of the country- as because their properties were on the other part of the border" 2ow- they must get citi@enship from the appropriate authority to get recognised as )ndians in their homeland- which is again at the discretion of the authority" About &4C of the community have not been given such recognition" )snGt it an in%ustice to these peopleH Food- shelter and clothes are the three basic needs of human beings" +ood shelter increases the life expectancy of people" Bad dwelling conditions cause

25

An Obscure Hope
severe health and other problems" About 44"6C of the families in these colonies have huts made out of locally available materials" These are prone to fire as thatched either with paddy straw or with tin" )s it not the responsibility of the State to provide the 8omes to these homeless people- as seen in other $ehabilitaion Pro%ectH )t reveals from the study that the overall growth of population is !!'"''C over last '7 years and the families have grown by !33"4FC" Thus- there is a demand for more number of residential plots where the colonies have not even a single family to provide accommodation" There is a need to expand the village boundary or to create an extended village" Also- there is a need for the gra@ing land as the animal husbandry has been promoted effectively among these families with the support and intervention of a local grassroots non*government organi@ation" #nemployment is another ma%or issue for the youths of these colonies" The main reason is low level of education due to language constraints and the communication gap" A provision for technical training can be provided for these youths and $eading cum Library can be started to provide better access to the information" :oreover- as they are unable to compete with the local community due to various constraints- they should be given special reservation till such time that they %oin the main stream" Also a thought can be given towards micro fiannce and micro credit interention to establish a $ural )ndustrial broadening the economic base" $oads are the basic and traditional mode of transportation and communicationwhich this rehabilitation pro%ect is lacking" 2either it has the internal roads- nor the roads to their agricultural land and nor is it connected with the outer world" The Auestion of public transport service does not arise when there is no road connection such is the case with post and telecom" 8ealth service is as important as that of (rinking 9ater- which the pro%ect almost does not have" Such is the case with the /eterinary Service" )t also doesnGt have proper 8ygiene and sanitation measures" About 4F"6C families do not have toilet and 4B"6C bathrooms" The common facilities like 1remation Place- Play +roundTemple- :arket- etc" are also lacking which play a greater role on the livelihood of the people" state for

26

An Obscure Hope
Life is full of problem- which needs to be considered as the goals and then to be tackle with proper planning" The problems cannot be avoided but need to be given attention to overcome them" The refugees must take them with this spirit and resolve them with their self*efforts" The issues which cannot be resolved at their level should be presented to the respective authorities and the authorities reAuire to take appropriate action to see to it that the refugees lives a descent life where they can satisfy their minimum reAuirements of life" Affiliation with the inter*state and national bodies would be a right effort to take care of their ma%or issues and to retain their culture" The unity among them needs to be maintained in order to live a better and descent life" According to these refugees- they have least interest to go back either to the Bangladesh or to any other places" Therefore- it is obvious that they have to live amongst the =annadigas for the generations to come" This demands the knowledge of the local language- culture and other practices" Local )ntegration can be the possible solution to achieve this" )ntegration with the mainstream economy as well as the culture is a must for long run stay of a foreign community in any external culture" They must not loose their religion- honour and culture for which they left their ancestral properties but at the same time they should also put their sereious thought towards the issue of local integration" 1an local integration happen with intercultural marriage with the local communityH

27

An Obscure Hope
)ha(ter I I34RB%A,4IB3
J9e fought for Freedom of )ndia- lost our family members- relatives- friends- near and dear not to see the division of the 1ountry but to live as respectable 1iti@ens of )ndependent )ndia" #nfortunately after independence we have become second 1iti@ens in )ndia" * $efugees of Sindhanur $ehabilitation Pro%ect

India is the home to one of the largest refugee population in world. According to the >.(. (tate 'epartment3s Country Report (1998) on Human Rights Practices , ?@.,AB? refugees were residing in India. The >nited 5ations @B.@ :onvention on the (tatus of 1efugees <1efugee :onvention= defines a refugee as a person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race religion nationality membership of a particular social group or political opinion is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or owing to such fear is unwilling to a!ail himself of the protection of that country"# $ndia being a secular country accommodated refugees from "hutan, 5epal, Tibet, Pakistan, "angladesh and other neighbouring countries. They have been facing extremely difficult and easily solvable issues, which are not being attended by the appropriate authorities. They have been deprived from their birth and constitutional rights. In this context, a study is conducted in the north 0arnataka where the refugees from the then ,ast Pakistan and repatriates from "urma and (ri 9anka are dwelling for the last three decades, rehabilitated by the >nion %overnment. As they were not having anything other than given land, so they had to adopt Agriculture as their means of livelihoods. The study reveals that they are facing two kinds of challenges vi). issues, which have aroused due to their migration and the issues of general nature prevailing in every localities. The most significant factor, which has come out during the study, is that studying in mother tongue at the primary level makes it easier to continue with higher education.

India %eca e Independent on 15t$ /u#u!t 1947 and in t$at freedo

!tru##le all o ent

Indian! irre!pecti0e of &a!teD &reedD &la!!D Se8 and Lan#ua#e took part and re!ultantl' +e $ad our la!t lau#$ a#ain!t Briti!$) But t$e da' +a! al!o !orr' Paki!tan and India) Ben#alD t$e for all Indian! a! t$e countr' +a! di0ided in to t+o on t$e %a!i! of reli#ion 0i9) ot$erland of Ben#ali!D +a! al!o di0ided into t+o part!F We!t Ben#al re ained +it$ India and t$e 7a!t Ben#al +ent +it$ Paki!tan)

28

An Obscure Hope
Ben#ali!D +$o!e propertie! +ere on t$e ot$er !ide of t$e %orderD could not co e to India lea0in# %e$ind t$eir ance!tral propertie!D de!pite of t$e fact t$at t$e' +ere intere!ted to li0e in India a! Indian!) J9e fought for Freedom of )ndia- lost our family members- relatives- friends- near and dear not to see the division of the 1ountry but to live as respectable 1iti@ens of )ndependent )ndia" #nfortunately after independence we have become foreigners in )ndia K) <$i! i! t$e painful e8pre!!ion of an' of t$e people i#rated to India a! refu#ee in t$i! area of !tud') People $ad aintain t$eir ance!tral propert' %elief and !enti ental attac$ ent t$at t$e' !$ould

and !$ould !ta'D +$ere t$e' $ad %orn and %rou#$t up) <$e' +ere proud of t$eir Sonar Bangla 1;olden Ban#lade!$2 and t$u! +anted to li0e till t$e la!t %reat$D +$ere t$e' +ere %orn) /fter di0i!ion of t$e &ountr'D t$e Indian Border +a! open for Ben#ali! %ut 0er' fe+ !$o+ed t$eir +illin#ne!! to cro!! it) =o+e0er t$e upper and iddle cla!! elite #roupD +$o could anticipate and predict t$e future $appenin#!D e8c$an#ed t$eir propertie! and cro!!ed t$e %order) <$e illiterateD lo+er and %ack+ard cla!!e! and rural people failed to anticipate t$e future pro!pect of =indu! in Ban#lade!$ and re ained in t$at countr') In 1965D +$en Paki!tan lo!t fi#$t +it$ India t$en a! a retaliator' i!creant! o0e ade t$e life of Ben#ali-=indu! $orri%leD t$en a#ain ;o0ern ent of India

!$o+ed it! e pat$' to +elco e t$o!e #roup! in India) "an' lo+er and %ack+ard fa ilie! a0ailed t$e opportunit' and ca e to India) <$i! +a! not t$e end of t$eir !ufferin#! rat$er it reac$ed it! peak in 197*-71) >lti atel'D people $ad to re0olt and +ar took place in 1971) Wit$ t$e ti el' inter0ention of IndiaD Paki!tan lo!t t$e +ar re!ultin# %irt$ to a ne+ !tate called JBan#lade!$K) <$e !ufferin#! of Ben#ali-=indu! did not end t$ere %ut finall' t$e' $ad to lea0e all t$eir $ope! of li0in# in t$at countr' and $ad to re!tricted to i#rate to India a! refu#ee!) "o!t i portantl'D !ufferin#! +ere not ale folk onl'D %ut t$e fe ale folk +ere al!o %rou#$t under t$e fold of to lea0e t$e

!e0ere !ufferin#!) <$e painful !ufferin#! of +o en co pelled t$e o%!cure $ope t$at ;o0ern ent of India <$e Indian ;o0ern ent +elco ed t$e i#rated fro i#$t c$an#e t$eir fate)

countr' lea0in# %e$ind t$eir ance!tral propertie! and to %e#in a ne+ life +it$ an

and t$e refu#ee! +ere re$a%ilitated in illion refu#ee! illion !ettled in t$e

different part! of t$e &ountr') /fter partition till 197*D a%out 11 7a!t Paki!tan to India) @f t$e D at lea!t one
29

An Obscure Hope
Aolkata "etropolitan 6i!trict) In 197.D t$e refu#ee population in t$e Aolkata conur%ation +a! 15D.7D965 1&$atter:ee 1976F 5*62 1) Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur %lock in Raic$ur 6i!trict of Aarnataka under t$e !tud' i! one !uc$ centre +$ere Ben#ali refu#ee! and Sri Lankan and Bur e!e repatriate! $a0e %een re$a%ilitated durin# 1967-7* in 5 &olonie! !pread o0er in a%out 15-,* A %lock cit' Sind$anur) <$e &olonie! are connected +it$ Aucc$a fro t$e udd' road! alon#

t$e irri#ation canal and i! located at t$e tail end of t$e <un#a%$adra Irri#ation Pro:ect 1<BP2 on %lack cotton !oilD onl' !ource of +ater %ot$ for drinkin# and irri#ation) In t$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect 1,67 fa ilie! +ere #i0en re!ettle ent and a on# t$e fe+ fa ilie! de!erted t$e place) 6urin# t$e la!t t$ree decade!D +it$ t$e i of i#ration an' ne+ fa ilie!D t$e nu %er of fa ilie! $a! increa!ed al o!t %' 4 ti e!) -or ar#inal far er! +$ile re!t are /#ricultural La%ourer!

all t$o!e fa ilie! /#riculture i! t$e !ole option of t$eir li0eli$ood) /%out 4*)54H of fa ilie! are ! all and 146).6H2 +it$ ne#li#i%le !ection in fi!$in# and ot$er occupation) , 6urin# la!t .* 'ear! t$e!e 0illa#e! $a0e not !$o+n an' !i#n of de0elop ent and are !till a! %ack+ard a! it +a! t$ree decade! %efore) <ill toda'D t$e!e &olonie! are not $a0in# acce!! to proper RoadD <ran!portationD Po!t & <eleco !er0ice!D "edical =o!pitalD 3eterinar' =o!pitalD "arketD 6rinkin# & Irri#ation +aterD $ou!e!D etc) Studie! re0eal t$e cau!e! and i pact! of co i#ration on indi0idual!D fa ilie!D

unitie! and nation a! a +$ole 1Ble0in! 1971D Rao 1951D ;upta 1954D Le0ine i#rant! for adaptin# to t$e ne+ condition!F t$eir difficult' in ilieu of affluence and t$e !en!e of alienation t$i! i#ration)

197.D (aidu & Rao 1955D Ro!en 197.D &$atter:i 19712) "uc$ $a! %een +ritten a%out t$e pro%le ! of findin# +orkD t$eir po0ert' in a intra!tate

produce!.) "an' re!earc$er! $a0e !tudied different a!pect! of inter!tate and i#rationD +$ile 0er' little i! kno+n a%out t$e cro!!-countr'

In t$i! conte8tD t$e pre!ent !tud' titled J/n @%!cure =ope in t$e 7'e! of Refu#ee!F / Stud' of Sind$anur Re$a%ilitation Pro:ectK $a! %een undertaken to under!tand t$e Re$a%ilitation proce!!D cau!e! +$ic$ +ere / are t$e o%!tacle! in t$e de0elop ent of
1 2 3

Narayan (1986)

Annual Re ort o! "anakalyan

#erman$ 1961

30

An Obscure Hope
t$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) It co0er! t$e!e fi0e &olonie! in Sind$anur %lock) In t$i! !tud'D t+o ot$er localitie! 1 ranna &a p & Basavara%eshwari &a p2D +$ic$ fall in t$e %oundar' of t$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ectD $a! not %een includedD a! t$e people of t$e!e ca p! are not refu#ee! and !ettled recentl' at t$i! place fro %' purc$a!in# a#ricultural land) =o+e0erD atte pt $a! %een relation! of t$e!e people +it$ t$e refu#ee!)
<a%le 1)1 <$e #eneral infor ation of t$e 6i!trict !elected for !tud' R/I&=>R 6IS<RI&< /< / ;L/(&7 Lon#itude 77-,1o Latitude 16-1. o ;eo#rap$ical /rea 5.56 SE) A ) (u %er of Block! 5 (u %er of +ram Panchayat 166 (u %er of in$a%ited 0illa#e! 5*5 Population "ale -e ale <otal 6D5.D,** 6D65D6** 1.D51D5** Rural >nran <otal 1*D19D7** .D.,D1** 1.D51D5** (or al Rainfall 6,1),* /ctual Rainfall 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-95 1995-99 5**),1 791)11 7,9)*. .6*)7* 56*),* /#ricultural /rea 1in Lak$ =a2 ;eo#ra -ore!t Land not @t$er -allo+ (et ;ro!! &roppin# p$ical a0aila%le unculti0a Land So+n &ropped Inten!it' /rea for %le land /rea /rea 1H2 &ulti0ation 5).6 *)15 *)41 *)44 1)65 5)65 6)91 1,1)6* Irri#ation 1$a2 (et Irri#ated /rea 145.65 Source! of &anal <ank! Well! @t$er! Irri#ation 1,7,96 ,56, 115*1 67*6 Si9e of land =oldin#! Ran#e 1$a2 M1 1N, ,-4 4 - 1* O 1* <otal (u %er! 44,1* 65,*6 6.,51 4,11. 9*69 ,,6579 /rea 1$a2 ,7.7, 1*114* 17741* ,51555 1..11, 69*6,, /ni al =u!%andr' Plou#$ /ni al! &ro!! Bred co+! ;raded %uffaloe! @t$er! .5.6** 556** 1699** .997** &la!!ification of Worker! &ulti0ator! /#ricultural &otta#e S all & /rti!an! @t$er Worker! La%ourer! Indu!trie! "ar#inal 17,..9 155*,7 ..55 11,416 5.55 1*9.7 (o) of Po!t @ffice! ,91 (o) of Sc$ool! 11* (o) of &olle#e! 7n#ineerin# "edical <ec$nical @t$er! 1 1 . ,7 Bu! facilitie! Rural >r%an 1711 A 1,14 A

/nd$ra Prade!$

ade to under!tand t$e

1) ,) .) 4) 5) 6) 7)

5 9 1*

11

1,

1.

14

15 16 17

15

31

An Obscure Hope
19 3eterinar' In!titution! 57

32

An Obscure Hope

$o% . . General Feat&res o# the Rai'h&r Distri't/ 0here re#&ges are reha!ilitated RAI)HUR DISTRI)T PROFI"E General Feat&res1 Ra$c%ur d$&tr$ct $& &$tuated $n t%e nort%ea&tern &ector o! 'arnataka (tate encom a&&$ng geogra %$cal area o! 8386 ()* 'm* +%e ,$&tr$ct con&$&t& o! !$-e re-enue .lock& &$tuated .etween ma/or r$-er&0 'r$&%na on nort% &$de and +unga.%adra on (out% &$de* +%e ,$&tr$ct !all& under Nort% dry agro1cl$mat$c 2one* +%e redom$nant &o$l& o! t%e ,$&tr$ct are .lack cotton &o$l !ollowed .y red loamy &o$l* +%e le!t .ank canal o! +unga.%adra 3rr$gat$on 4ro/ect ro-$de& $rr$gat$on !or 10270296 5a $n Ra$c%ur0 6an-$ and ($nd%anur .lock&* De2ogra(hi' Feat&res1 +%e ,$&tr$ct account& !or 37 o! t%e total o ulat$on o! t%e (tate* +%e (e8 rat$o o! t%e ,$&tr$ct $& 978 a& aga$n&t t%e (tate (e8 rat$o o! 961* +%e 9$teracy le-el o! t%e ,$&tr$ct $& 2970 w%$c% $&0 le&& t%an t%e (tate 9$teracy le-el o! 56*047* +%e den&$ty o! o ulat$on $& 161 er ()* 'm* a& aga$n&t t%e (tate le-el a-erage o! 234 er ()* 'm* +%e rural o ulat$on con&t$tute& 75*47 o! total o ulat$on o! 13*52 lakh and (:;(+ o ulat$on account& !or 27*37* +%e ,$&tr$ct %a& recorded 30*57 growt% rate o! o ulat$on a& aga$n&t (tate a-erage o! 217 .etween two demogra %$c cen&u& o! 1981 and 1991* )li2ati' Feat&res1 +%e ,$&tr$ct recorded %$g%er ra$n!all $*e* 24*57 more t%an t%e normal ra$n!all (621*2 mm) dur$ng t%ree year& (1994195 and 1996197)* 5owe-er0 dur$ng 1997198 t%e ,$&tr$ct recorded t%e ra$n!all o! 41*970 w%$c% $&0 le&& t%an t%e normal ra$n!all cau&$ng w$de & read droug%t&* Aga$n0 dur$ng 19981 99 actual a-erage ra$n!all wa& recorded at 860*2 mm $*e* 38*57 %$g%er t%an t%e normal ra$n!all* +%e a-erage ra$ny day& $n a year are 48 w$t% $nterm$ttent dry & ell&* Agro Feat&res1 +%e Net (own Area (N(A) o! 5*68 lak% %a !orm& 67*97 o! total geogra %$cal area o! 8*36 lak% %a* +%e #ro&& :ro ed Area (#:A) dur$ng 1998199 wa& 6*91 lak% %a $nd$cat$ng t%e cro $ng $nten&$ty at 121*670 w%$c% $& %$g%er t%an t%e (tate a-erage o! 1157* +%e Net 3rr$gated Area (N3A) at 10480365 %a !orm& 267 o! N(A* +%e &ur!ace water $rr$gat$on account& !or 85*87 o! N3A* )ro((ing Pattern< +%e cro $ng attern $n t%e ,$&tr$ct re-eal& t%at out o! 6*91 lak% %a #:A0 537 $& under cereal&0 97 under ul&e&0 297 under o$l &eed& and 97 under ca&% cro & &uc% a& cotton0 &ugarcane and to.acco* 4lantat$on and 5ort$culture cro & are grown $n 4016*8 %a o! w%$c% 1102 %a $& under dr$ $rr$gat$on* 6a/or cro & grown $n t%e ,$&tr$ct are 4addy0 Jowar ((org%um)0 Tur (Red gram)0 #roundnut and (un!lower* +%e 6a/or lantat$on and %ort$culture cro & grown $n t%e ,$&tr$ct are 6ango0 :oconut0 (a ota0 4omegranate0 =n$on and :%$lly* 6ul.erry $& al&o grown $n 322*6 %a $n t%e ,$&tr$ct* "and Holding< +%e 9and 5old$ng attern $nd$cate& t%at &mall and marg$nal !armer& con&t$tute& 77*47 o! total %old$ng& and actually account& !or 44*3 o! total cult$-a.le land*

33

An Obscure Hope
<a%le 1),) <$e #eneral infor ation of t$e 6i!trict !elected for !tud' SI(6=/(>R /< / ;L/(&7 1) ,) .) 4) 5) 6) 7) 5) ;eo#rap$ical /rea (u %er of +ram Panchayat (u %er of in$a%itant 0illa#e! >n-in$a%itant 0illa#e! &a p! 1$a let!2 Re$a%ilitation &entre! Population "ale 14..** Rural ,4*4** 15945,),. $a .4 14. .1 1*, 5 -e ale 1415** >r%an 44*** 175 ,9)5. H 957 55,)** .45)** ., Land not a0aila%le for &ulti0ation 1,1., &anal 61,,5 1N, 16745 ,45,4 Buffaloe! .41 41 ,5. 54 "edical * <ec$nical 1 Rural 146 ,4 @t$er! * >r%an 497 ;ra9in# Land 4,,5 <ank! .9* ,-4 1,,41 .447. 61795 Well! 15* 4 N 1* 5*4* 476,6 @t$er! 674 O 1* 1,.5 15*9 1 @t$er! <otal 41**4 1..155 <otal 176. <otal ,545** <otal ,545**

5 9 1* 1*

11

6en!it' per SE) A ) 6ecade ;ro+t$ 11951-912 Se8 ratio (or al Rainfall /ctual Rainfall 1997-95 /0era#e Rain' 6a'! /#ricultural /rea 1=a2 ;eo#rap$ical -ore!t /rea 16*166 1*75 Irri#ation 1$a2 (et Irri#ated /rea Source! of Irri#ation Si9e of land =oldin#! Ran#e 1$a2 M1 (u %er! 1,74* /rea 1$a2 5471 /ni al =u!%andr' &attle 745 (o) of Po!t @ffice! (o) of Sc$ool! (o) of &olle#e! 7n#ineerin# * Bu! facilitie! 3eterinar' In!titution!

1,

1.

15 16 17

15 19

<$e rational %e$ind !electin# t$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect for t$e !tud' i! t$at in t$i! Pro:ect %ot$ t$e repatriate! and refu#ee! are !ettled) Secondl'D t$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of India i! t$e fart$e!t fro a on#!t 6ra0idian! fro t$e Ban#lade!$ Border co pare to all ot$er !uc$ pro:ect! operatin# in India) <$irdl'D t$e refu#ee! of Sind$anur Pro:ect are li0in# t$e et$nicit' point of 0ie+ +$o!e lan#ua#eD cultureD t$at of t$e!e attitudeD %eliefD %e$a0iour and ot$er practice! are entirel' different fro

refu#ee! and repatriate!) <$u!D t$e uniEue feature! of t$e!e cro!!-!ectional

34

An Obscure Hope
co unitie! +ill $elp to under!tand t$e adaptation proce!! of refu#ee! takin# into

con!ideration t$e !ocio-culturalD econo icD politicalD cli atic a!pect! %e!ide! t$e o0erall de0elop ent) <$e pre!ent !tud' i! an e8plorator' re!earc$ in nature conducted %' u!in# Eualitati0e tec$niEue! for data collection) It trie! to under!tand t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect and !u##e!t fe+ alternati0e option! for it! de0elop ent) It al!o trie! to under!tand & anal'!e t$e ;o0ern ent inter0entionD it! pre!ent !tatu! and future !cope for de0elop ent) -urt$erD it ai ! to under!tand t$e $i!tor' of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ectD t$e i portant o%:ecti0e! of t$e !tud' are toF 3" #nderstand the background of the Sindhanur $ehabilitation Pro%ect" 6" #nderstand the present status and the issues of the refugee life" F" Find out the suggestive alternative options for the development of livelihood for the $ehabilitation Pro%ect of Sindhanur" ile!tone! and it! 0ariou! p$a!e!) <$e !pecific

35

An Obscure Hope
&$apter II R2!I2$ B: 8I42R"4AR2
A refugee is a man who votes with his feet" - Lenin

%iterature and &ocuments are the only things through which we can remember our past# 'owadays many de!ices ha!e been in!ented to ma(e things easier and permanent such as computer through the electronic media# $nternet has brought the world to our doorstep# Howe!er that doesn)t mean that the old literature has lost its importance# *or the present study both the electronic as well as print media were utilised for re!iewing the literature# <o $a0e a t$orou#$ under!tandin# of t$e !u%:ectD t$e refu#ee re$a%ilitationD it i! nece!!ar' to !tud' t$e pro%le ! a!!ociated +it$ t$e 0ariou! pro:ect! and deci!ion! to+ard! re!ol0in# t$e ) Si ilarl'D to dra+ policie! for planned re$a%ilitationD it i! reEuired to %e acEuainted +it$ t$e concept) Aeepin# t$e a%o0e in 0ie+D t$i! &$apter ake! an atte pt to re0ie+ t$e e8i!tin# literature on 0ariou! a!pect! of Refu#ee!B Re$a%ilitation) >angarajan ;1)7+= found t$at for t$e di!placed $ou!e$old! in <un#a%$adra Irri#ation Pro:ectD ;o0ern ent offered . acre! of free land in t$e co land! +ere far a+a' fro and area of t$e pro:ect) But t$e di!place! re:ected t$e offer on t$e #round t$at t$e!e t$eir ori#inal !ettle ent! and +ere do inated %' ot$er ton#ue of t$e o0e <elu#u-!peakin# peopleD +$erea! Aannada +a! t$e

di!placed per!on!) <$i! nece!!itated t$e ;o0ern ent to plan t$eir re!ettle ent Euite clo!e to t$eir earlier $a%itat!) <$e 0illa#e! +ere #i0en t$e option to to#et$er and !ettle in an' ne+l' con!tructed 4* &olonie!) In t$e difficultie! !ince t$e' in fa iliar !urroundin#!D and a! t$e' period) Muthayya et- al- ;1)8 = !tudied t$e pro%le ! of $ou!e$old! to %e di!placed t$rou#$ t$e con!truction of (ational /lu iniu &o pan' 1(/L&@2D in Aoraput 6i!trict atter of

read:u!t ent to t$e ne+ placeD t$e re$a%ilitant! did not find an' !eriou! o0ed in clu!ter!) <$eir econo ic read:u!t ent al!o +a! ac$ie0ed +it$in a re arka%l' !$ort

36

An Obscure Hope
of @ri!!a) <$i! pro:ect affected 61* fa ilie! fro +ere tri%al) It +a! reco 'out$! fro reco 15 0illa#e!D o!t of +$o

ended t$at (/L&@ !$ould offer tec$nical trainin# to

di!placed fa ilie! and !$ould tr' to e plo' t$e ) It +a! al!o arketin#D etc) !$ould %e

ended t$at in t$e ne+ $a%itat for t$e di!placed per!on!D pro0i!ion! of

!ocial a enitie! like $ealt$D educationD drinkin# +aterD pro0ided) !arma ;1)8*= $a!

ade a detailed !tud' of t$e pro%le ! of Re$a%ilitation of o!t of

per!on! to %e di!placed in t$e con!truction of t$e 2armada ='dro-7lectric Pro:ect in "ad$'a Prade!$ and ;u:arat) <$e !tud' indicated t$at out!ee! +ere not +illin# to #o to di!tant place! for t$eir re!ettle ent) <$e' opted for Re$a%ilitation in an area +it$in a radiu! of 5* A )D po!!i%l' %ecau!e of t$eir fa iliarit' +it$ t$e p$'!ical and !ocio-econo ic condition! of t$e re#ion) <$i! a' indicate t$at t$e out!ee! +ere not lookin# for %etter econo ic ornin#!D and an' i#rate to econo icall' de0eloped area!) =e opportunitie!D or %etter landD at t$e co!t of !ocial $ou!e$old! +ere not +illin# to

!u##e!ted t$at t$e lo#i!tic! of re!ettle ent +ould $a0e to %e +orked out 0er' carefull' !o t$at no kind $o!tilit' i! #enerated %et+een t$e $o!t population! and out!ee!) <$e plan! !$ould al!o pro0ide not onl' for t$e $ou!in# of t$e out!ee! %ut al!o for t$e 0ariou! infra!tructural a enitie! like road!D +ater !uppl'D !c$ool!D $o!pital!D etc) W$ile t$e out!ee! t$e !el0e! con!truct t$eir $ou!e!D t$e infra!tructural facilitie! of out!ee!) 3aidu @ Rao ;1)8*= !aid t$at t$e "i#ration proce!! depend! on 0aried and !electi0e proce!!D +$ic$ affect! indi0idual! +it$ !o e econo icD !ocialD educational and de o#rap$ic c$aracteri!tic!) =ence t$e relati0e influence of econo ic and non-econo ic factor! 0ar' %et+een (ation! and re#ion! a! +ell a! +it$in particular #eo#rap$ic area! and population!) 7arl' re!earc$ on "i#ration focu!!ed attention on !ocialD cultural and p!'c$olo#ical factor!D %ut not anal'!edD t$ou#$ reco#ni!ed t$e i portance of econo ic factor!) a' %e pro0ided %' t$e ;o0ern ent) =e al!o ea!ure! for re$a%ilitatin# t$e econo ic %a!e entioned t$at t$ere !$ould %e

37

An Obscure Hope
Premi ;1)86= found in $i! !tud' t$at t$e literac' rate of t$e $i#$er t$an t$e non- i#rant!) Illiterate Eualification! of di!tance! a! co pared to literate and educated i#rant +orker! +ere found to %e i#rant +orker!) <$e' +ere !i#nificantl' i#rant! +a! uc$

i#rant! #enerall' tra0elled !$ort i#rant!) <$e educational uc$ $i#$er t$an of noni#rant

ore t$an t$o!e of non- i#rant!D +it$

atriculation! and $i#$er Eualification!) @ccupational cla!!ification of t$e proportion! of

and non- i#rant +orker! for certain !elected citie! $a! indicated t$at t$e i#rant +orker! in +$ite-collar :o%!- particularl' profe!!ionalD ana#erial- i! !i#nificantl' $i#$er t$an of tec$nicalD ad ini!trati0eD e8ecuti0e and non- i#rant +orker!) 4ataji ;1)86= clearl' !tated t$at t$e i#rant! +it$ %etter econo ic re!ource! and

!kill! #et in to 0ariou! kind! of %u!ine!!-+$ole!aleD di!tri%utionD a! +ell a! retailD contractD tran!portD etc) or in to !uper0i!or' and +$ite collar :o%! eit$er on t$eir o+n or u!in# kin!$ip linka#e!) W$erea! t$e different t'pe! of i#rant! +it$ poor econo ic re!ource!D #et in to t$e lo+er le0el! of :o% $ierarc$' !uc$ a! pett' tradeD and anual la%our) <$o!e +it$ tec$nical !kill! could enter in to !killed :o%! pro0ided t$e' $ad nece!!ar' contact!) ,ho6dhury @ .ho6mi0 ;1)86= #enerali!ed t$at +$en t$e fa il' a! t$e unit of i#ration take! place +it$

i#rationD it tend! to %eco e per anentD or at lea!t t$e

duration of !ta' in one place tend! to %eco e lon#er pro0idedD of cour!eD conduci0e econo ic opportunitie! are a0aila%le) In ot$er +ord!D ecolo#ical con!ideration and econo ic opportunitie! decide t$e 0olu e and direction of i#rationP t$e fa il' %ein# t$e unit of opportunitie!D decide t$e per anenc' of i#rationD to#et$er +it$ econo ic i#ration)

9el6eg ;1)86= +rite! t$at +$en one e8a ine! t$e literature concernin# t$e effect! of i#ration on a !ociet' 1Papade etroul 195* & S+an!on 19792 t$e' #enerall' one' i! +a!ted conclude t$at t$e net effect! are detri ental) <$e' ar#ue t$at

on con!picuou! con!u ptionD repatriated people are unproducti0e and e i#rant idea! and inno0ation! are #enerall' irrele0ant) ButD a! t$i! !tud' indicate!D e i#rant capital and idea! $a0e certainl' $elped Pun:a% and India in #eneralD ake ?andiali in particularD and ore pro!perou!) It +a! not :u!t t$e capitalD %ut t$e
38

An Obscure Hope
ne+ tec$nolo#' and financial !ecurit' ti tr' out t$e ne+ inno0ation! t$at +ere %eneficial for t$e econo ic de0elop ent of Pun:a%) In factD allo+in# e i#ration a' %e of uc$ ore $elp to certain /!ian countrie! %' t$e We!tern !o0erei#ntie! t$an %ilateral aid) Singh ;1)8)= conducted a !tud' on JRe$a%ilitation and Ri#$t! to Refu#ee!K in Indian conte8t and +rote it i! +ell kno+n t$at !ince t$e la!t centur' t$ere $a! %een a !in#le in!tance +$ere t$e di!placed people $a0e %een !ati!factoril' re$a%ilitated %' t$e !tate) It i! al!o eEuall' kno+n t$at out!ee! $a0e in0aria%l' %een t$e +eake!t !ection of t$e !ociet') If Re$a%ilitation of t$e pro:ect out!ee! i! to %eco e a realit' in IndiaD t$e t$e' o!t funda ental and nece!!ar' condition i! t$at u!t %e le#all' e po+ered to de and t$eir ri#$t!) /nd t$e fir!t !tep in t$i!

direction i! t$e enforce ent of &on!titutional ri#$t of eEualit' %efore t$e la+D /rticle 14D - a ri#$t +$ic$ i! 0iolated %' t$e land la+! in India) <$e!e la+! pro0ide for or #enerate t+o t'pe! of citi9en!) So e #et a ri#$t to land of t$e' $a0e li0ed on it for certain period of ti e or $a0e tilled or culti0ated itD or if t$eir forefat$er! $a0e li0ed t$ere or u!ed it) <$e tenanc' la+ #o0ern! !uc$ people) @n t$e ot$er $andD t$ere are ot$er citi9en! +$o do not #et an' title to land $o+e0er lon# t$e' a' $a0e li0ed on it or culti0ated it or e0en if $eart of t$e Re$a%ilitation pro%le an' #eneration! of t$eir forefat$er! $a0e li0ed and u!ed t$e land) -ore!t la+ #o0ern! !uc$ people) /t t$e i! t$e i!!ue concernin# ri#$t to propert'D and con!eEuentl' co pen!ation! for t$eir lo!!) >nle!! t$e!e i!!ue! are frontall' attacked %' ?uri!t!DD la+ per!on! and all t$o!e en#a#ed in t$e pur!uit of :u!ticeD t$ere i! little $ope t$at t$e underpri0ile#ed people +ill %e e0er e po+ered to $old on to t$eir land or recei0e an eEuita%le co pen!ation for re$a%ilitation) A39,R ;1))7= identifie! t$at t$ere are four rea!on! +$' !o e refu#ee! need to %e re!ettled) -ir!t and fore o!tD re!ettle ent replace ent repre!ent! a 0ital et$od of protection for t$o!e +$o!e !afet' and !ecurit' cannot %e #uaranteed in t$eir countr' of fir!t a!'lu ) Refu#ee! +$o are t$reatened +it$ refoule entD refu#ee! +o en +$o are at ri!k of !e8ual 0iolenceD refu#ee! +$o are t$reatened +it$ 0iolence or ar%itrar' detention %ecau!e of t$eir et$nicD reli#iou! or !ocial %ack#round all co e in t$i! cate#or') SecondD re!ettle ent cn %e effecti0e ea!ure! to a!!i!t refu#ee! +it$ !pecial $u anitarian need!D +$ic$
39

An Obscure Hope
cannot %e et in t$eir countr' of fir!t a!'lu ) Suc$ refu#ee! includeD for life-t$reatenin# edical pro%le ! and ental pro%le ! or e %er! li0in# for !o e

e8a pleD t$o!e +$o are !ufferin# fro

+$o reEuire ur#ent e0acuationP t$o!e +it$ !eriou! in:urie!D

p$'!ical di!a%ilitie!P 0icti ! of torture and rape and !e0erel' trau ati9ed refu#ee!P and refu#ee! +$o +i!$ to %e reunited +it$ fa il' el!e+$ere) / t$ird ain rea!on for re!ettle ent i! to %e found in t$e !ituation of

refu#ee! +$o $a0e alread' %een li0in# in t$eir countr' of fir!t a!'lu

ti eD +$o are unlikel' to %e a%le to return to t$eir $o eland in t$e fore!eea%le futureD and +$o are ne0ert$ele!! una%le to re ain or inte#rate in t$eir $o!t !ociet') Suc$ refu#ee! a' %e con!idered for re!ettle ent if it i! felt t$at t$e' +ould $a0e %etter pro!pect! in anot$er countr'D or if t$e' $a0e no ot$er +a' of findin# a la!tin# !olution to t$eir pli#$t) -ourt$ and finall'D t$ere i! a #ro+in# con!en!u! t$at re!ettle ent repre!ent! an i portant re!pon!i%ilit' for t$e #lo%al refu#ee pro%le ) W$ile t$e 0a!t ean! of !$arin# a:orit' of refu#ee!

continue to %e $o!ted in !o e of t$e +orldB! poore!t countrie!D t$e offer of re!ettle ent opportunitie!D if onl' to a 0er' li ited nu %er of peopleD i! a po!iti0e #e!ture of !olidarit' on t$e part of t$e +ealt$ier nation!)

<een ;1))8= Write! t$e partition of India left %ot$ India and Paki!tan de0a!tated) <$e proce!! of partition $ad clai ed =indu! and t$e "u!li !)15 an' li0e! in t$e riot!) "an' ot$er! +ere raped illion refu#ee! poured acro!! t$e %order! to and looted) Wo enD e!peciall'D +ere u!ed a! in!tru ent! of po+er %' t$e re#ion! co pletel' forei#n to t$e D for t$ou#$ t$e' +ere =indu or "u!li D t$eir identit' $ad %een e %edded in t$e re#ion! +$ere t$ere ance!tor! +ere fro ) (ot onl' +a! t$e countr' di0idedD %ut al!o !o +ere t$e pro0ince! of Pun:a% and Ben#alD di0i!ion! t$at cau!ed cata!trop$ic riot! and clai ed t$e li0e! of =indu!D "u!li ! and Sik$! alike)

4hames ; +++= concluded t$at India $a! an i portant role in t$e treat ent of refu#ee! %ecau!e of it! po!ition a! a leader in Sout$ /!iaD !ettin# an e8a ple for ot$er !tate! in t$e re#ionD and it !$elter! one of t$e lar#e!t refu#ee population! in t$e +orld) IndiaB! lack of clear !tandard! for t$e treat ent of refu#ee #roup!D $o+e0erD i! re!ultin# in 0iolation! of t$e international nor ! for

40

An Obscure Hope
t$e treat ent of refu#ee!) It! policie! are di!cri inator' and ineEuita%leD e0en to e %er! of t$e !a e #roup) /lt$ou#$ <i%etan refu#ee! +$o arri0ed prior to t$e Indian ;o0ern entD a!!i!tance to 195* recei0ed adeEuate a!!i!tance fro

t$e <i%etan refu#ee! +$o arri0ed after 195* $a! declined #reatl'D forcin# t$e to li0e in in$u ane condition!) <$e!e incon!i!tent policie! de on!trate t$at India !$ould adopt %a!ic !tandard! of treat ent for t$e refu#ee! li0in# in!ide it! %order!) In order for India to %rin# it! refu#ee la+ into confor it' +it$ t$e international co refu#ee #roup!) .andyopadhyay ; = pointed out t$at t$e Sc$eduled &a!te re!pon!e! to t$e =indu "a$a!a%$a acti0itie! in t$e 194*!D a! +ell a! t$eir electoral !upport for t$e &on#re!! in 1946D reflected t$eir inte#rationi!t feelin#! and t$eir +illin#ne!! to co-operate +it$ t$eir co-reli#ioni!t! acro!! cla!! and ca!te line!) <$e' +ere deter ined to er#e into t$e IndianD predo inantl' =induD nationD +$ic$ +a! ade initiall'D t$e repre!ented %' t$e &on#re!!-"a$a!a%$a co %ination in t$e critical la!t da'! of colonial rule in India) <$u!D to #et %ack to t$e point +$ic$ +e (a a!udra and Ra:%an!i notion! of Gco unit'G +ere neit$er +$oll' unit'D onl' i pro0in# it! do e!tic la+! i! in!ufficient onitorin# of %ecau!e it +ill continue to re:ect international a!!i!tance and

autono ou! nor a%!olutel' !taticD and p$'!ical and ideational %oundarie! +ere continuall' redra+n a! t$e' +ere e8po!ed and re!ponded to 0aried !ociopolitical realitie!D ideolo#ical influence! and or#ani!ational ediation) <o put it in a different +a'D t$e international %oundarie! t$at +ere dra+n in ea!tern India in 1947 certainl' did not corre!pond to reli#iou! or ca!te frontier!) But t$o!e %oundarie! al!o c$an#ed t$e t$o!e area!) Re/ie6s of Rehabilitation >uidelines of !arious "uthorities /lt$ou#$D t$e #uideline! for Re$a%ilitation of refu#ee! +ere not a0aila%le for !tud'D %ut !e0eral !tate and central ;o0ern ent! and t$eir a#encie!D and international %odie! $a0e reco ended Re$a%ilitation policie!) <$e !alient feature! of !o e of t$e!e policie! are Euoted %elo+F ental frontier! t$at %ounded t$e co unitie! in

41

An Obscure Hope
>o/ernment of Madhya Pradesh Re$a%ilitation #rantF / Re$a%ilitation #rant of R!).,** a' %e #i0en for ar#inal one 'ear for di!placed $ou!e$old! +it$ land) But for $ou!e$old!D +$o are landle!!D Sc$eduled &a!te!D Sc$eduled <ri%e!D ! all and far er!D a Re$a%ilitation #rant of R!)6,** +ill %e paid) /llot ent of Plot! in Rural /re!F -or rural di!placed fa ilie!D a plot of 6*B89*B !i9e +ould %e allotted to eac$ in rural area! free of co!t) &i0ic / enitie!F &i0ic a enitie! +ill %e pro0ided or !tren#t$ened in t$e ne+ !ettle ent!) 6rinkin# Water +ell / tu%e +ell +it$ trou#$) Link and /pproac$ road! and #utter!) 7lectricit') 6i!pen!ar') Pri ar' Sc$ool!) Panchayat +har cu &o unit' $all)

Pla' ;round / &$ildren Park) &attle Stand) Reli#iou! Place! for Wor!$ip) <$re!$in# ;round) Seed Store) &re ation and Burial ;round) PondD +$ere0er fea!i%le) u!t %e #i0en for t$eir

@t$er facilitie!F "an' ot$er nece!!ar' facilitie! econo ic !ta%ili!ation !uc$ a!

<$e' +ill %e #i0en priorit' in e plo' ent in t$e pro:ect) In order to en!ure t$eir #ainful e plo' entD additional trainin# facilitie! +ill %e pro0ided) -ull e8e ption of re#i!tration fee! and !ta p dut' !$all %e #o0en for purc$a!in# land)

>o/ernment of Brissa

42

An Obscure Hope
In addition to t$e a%o0e and an' ot$er facilitie!D it $a! laid do+n t$e

follo+in# nor ! in it! Re$a%ilitation polic') Pro0i!ion for free =ou!e SiteF 7ac$ fa il' +ill %e #i0en a $ou!e-!ite of *).* acre free of co!t) <$e co!t of de0elop ent of t$e $ou!e-!ite and t$e approac$ road! +ill %e %orne %' t$e ;o0ern ent) /#ricultural LandF 7ac$ fa ilie! +ill %e allotted eit$er . acre! of reclai ed-irri#ated land or 6 acre! of reclai ed-unirri#ated land or %ot$D proportionatel'D !u%:ect to a0aila%ilit' of land) Recommendations of $or0ing >roup on de/elopment Scheduled 4ribes ( In t$e Re$a%ilitation policie! of !tate ;o0ern ent t$e e p$a!i! $a! %een on land and $ou!e-!ite allot ent +it$ per!pecti0eD t$e follo+in# reco ini al co unit' a enitie!) But t$e!e adeF a' %e for ulatedD +$ic$ ain and eac$ di!placed fa il' preclude t$o!e !ection!D +$o do not Eualif' for an' co pen!ation) In t$i! endation! are / polic' for Re$a%ilitation at t$e national le0el ancillar' indu!trie! and at lea!t one u!t %e taken inD a! far a! po!!i%le) <$e co!t of Re$a%ilitation !$ould for entioned a%o0e) ;roup / co unit' Re$a%ilitation !$ould %e t$e rule in ca!e of t$eir unit' facilitie! like drinkin# di!place ent) In all !uc$ ca!e! %e!ide! free $ou!e !ite! and conce!!ional loan for %uildin# $ou!eD co +ater !uppl'D !c$ool!D road!D etc) >uideline of the $orld .an0 /! per t$e #eneral polic' of World Bank t$e di!placed people after a rea!ona%le period of tran!ition periodD u!t re#ain at lea!t t$eir pre0iou! u!t %e ade capa%le to unit') =i#$ priorit' !tandard of li0in# and !o far a! po!!i%le t$e' !$ould %e attac$ed to t$e co
4

!$ould #i0e preference to t$e di!place! in :o% under t$e e %er fro

an inte#ral part of t$e pro:ect and in t$e :o%! and !er0ice!

u!t include co!t! reEuired to train t$e

a' %e pro0ided)

!ociall' and econo icall' inte#rate in to t$e $o!t co

unit' infra!tructure and !ocial !er0ice!

>ork$ng #rou Re ort 1984

43

An Obscure Hope
#o0ernin# or t$e di!placedD and ot$er ea!ure! t$at +ill en!ure t$e !ocial unitie!) /fter re!ettle entD t$e

and econo ic 0ia%ilit' of t$e relocated co

!ettler! u!uall' appreciate !er0ice! !uc$ a! !c$ool!D $ealt$ careD and +ater !upplie!D %ut #enerall' place #reater 0alue on acce!! to far land) <$e' tend to di!like read'-%uilt $ou!in# and look up it a! ;o0ern ent propert') SinceD !elf-%uilt $ou!e! are %etter acceptedD pro0idin# of a %uildin# !iteD aterial! and !o e Infra!tructural con!titute an attracti0e option)

44

An Obscure Hope
&$apter III M249B%B8B>C B: 492 S4A%C
Ask Always- D)s there a better way of doing thingsE

+nless it is described how the study has been done the reader will ha!e a curiosity that how this study has been conducted and also will be an incomplete tas(# ,ethodology is the path followed and the tools or techni-ues adopted for the purpose of gathering information and data related to any study# $n this study the techni-ues such as Re!iews PR. */& 0 $&$ are used which are described in this chapter# In t$i! &$apterD t$e di!cu!!edD 0i0idl') <$e et$odolo#' u!ed to under!tand t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! odel u!ed for t$i! !tud' re!e %le! t$e odel !u##e!ted %' odel for Re!earc$ and 70aluation on Re$a%ilitation)

7d+ard /) Suc$ a5 0i9) /

Picto#rap$icall' it can %e repre!ented a! %elo+) Pre*e%isting )onditions Disa!ility Reha!ilitation )onse3&en'es

?$g 3*1* +%e 6odel !or Re&earc% and @-aluat$on o! Re%a.$l$tat$on <$e tec$niEue! u!ed for collectin# infor ation for t$e !tud' are %roadl' cate#ori!ed a! 6ocu ent! Re0ie+ Participator' Rural /pprai!al -ocu!ed ;roup 6i!cu!!ion Indi0idual In-dept$ Inter0ie+) i#ration and 0ariou! Re$a%ilitation pro:ect!

/0aila%le literature! a%out refu#ee!D

+ere re0ie+ed to #et an in-!i#$t under!tandin# a%out t$e !u%:ect) <$e 6ocu ent! related to t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect a0aila%le +it$ 0ariou! aut$oritie! !uc$ a! <$e 6i!trict /d ini!trator 16eput' &o i!!ioner2D Su%-6i0i!ional /d ini!trator

(uc%ma (1965)

45

An Obscure Hope
1/!!i!tant &o i!!ioner2D Block /d ini!trator 1Tahasildar2D +ram Panchayat @fficeD

t$e local leader!D indi0idual fa il'D etc) +ere !tudied in detail) <$e Participator' Rural /pprai!al 1PR/2 tool!/tec$niEue! !uc$ a! <i eline 78erci!eD Social "appin#D In!titutional "appin#D "atri8 "et$od!D Pair +i!e Rankin#D Pie &$art!D =i!torical <ran!actD Li0eli$ood /nal'!i!D etc +ere u!ed for data collection) -ocu!ed ;roup 6i!cu!!ion +it$ different tar#et #roup! !uc$ a! @ld under!tand t$e i!!ue! related to t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) Indi0idual In-dept$ Inter0ie+! +it$ @ld leader!D old an/+o anD Pre!ent @fficer!D an & Wo anD

@ld Leader! and (e+ Leader!D 4out$!D Student!D teac$er!D etc) +ere conducted to and al!o t$e #eneral opinion a%out t$e

Pa!t @fficer!D etc) +ere conducted to under!tand t$e detail and in-dept$ of an i!!ue) <$e detail procedure! are di!cu!!ed in t$e !u%!eEuent !ection) .)1 8iteratures and %ocuments Re/ie6 <$e literature! and t$e !tud' report! a0aila%le on refu#ee!D t$eir i#ration and Re$a%ilitation in 0ariou! countrie! includin# India +a! re0ie+ed in #eneral & t$e !tudie! conducted on Ban#lade!$i refu#ee! in particularD to #ain an in dept$ under!tandin# a%out t$e !u%:ect) 3ariou! We% !ite! related to refu#ee! +ere al!o 0i!ited durin# !tud') <$e docu ent!D +$ic$ are a0aila%le +it$ t$e a%o0e office!D +ere re0ie+ed) <o kno+ t$e under!tandin# !i#ned %et+een t$e refu#ee! and t$e ;o0ern ent durin# i#rationD a0aila%le docu ent! +it$ t$e local leader! and fa ilie! +ere al!o !tudied) <$e !econdar' data related to t$e !aid pro:ect and #eneral infor ation i! al!o collected for t$e !tud') /l!oD !o e of t$e polic' docu ent! +ere re0ie+ed) .), Participatory Rural "ppraisal Participator' Rural /pprai!al 1PR/2 i! a et$odD +$ic$ pro0ide! accurate and et$od +a! u!ed at t+o le0el! in fir!t $and infor ation for an' !tud') <$i!

46

An Obscure Hope
t$i! !tud'- 1a2 3illa#e Le0el PR/ & 1%2 &lu!ter Le0el PR/) 3ariou! tool!/tec$niEue! of PR/ u!ed in t$e !tud' are detailed %elo+)

47

An Obscure Hope
.),)1 Social Mapping Social "appin# i! a tool +$ic$ $elp! t$e in 0illa#e under!tandin# Box. 3.2.1.1 Sample Family Card used in the Social Mapping exercise for information collection.
Fa2ily )ard

profileD +$ic$ include!D t$e $ou!in# patternD location of different in!titution! and !uc$ ot$er detail!) 3illa#er! +ere reEue!ted to dra+ a ap of t$eir o+n 0illa#e on t$e #round +it$ t$e colour po+der! Road!D <ank!D =o!pital!D !$o+in# &anal!D <e pleD +it$ t$e Water Sc$ool!D different

colour! and !' %ol!) <$e $ou!e! +ere !$o+n +it$ t$e pre-+ritten fa il' &ard! on t$e !uc$ a! total populationP

Name of the Head Family: Caste: Members: M: F: T: School going Children: Unemployed: Cows: Bulloc : Buffaloes: Toilet: Motorcycle!Cycle: Cart!Tractor: "lectricity!radio!Tape#recorded! T$!Telephone: %and: &rrigation facility: %oan:
ap) <$i! e8erci!e #a0e clear infor ation

ale-fe ale ratioD !tudent!D une plo'edD and a!!et!

$oldin# etc) !uc$ infor ation +ere collected for all t$e fi0e &olonie!) <rian#ulation +a! done durin# t$e e0enin# for confir ation of t$e infor ation #at$ered fro t$o!e e8erci!e!)

Plate .)1) Refu#ee! in0ol0ed in Social "appin# e8erci!e at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)5

48

An Obscure Hope
.),), 4ime 8ine 21ercise <i e i! no Line 78erci!e i! #enerall' u!ed +$ere t$ere +ritten docu ent a0aila%le a%out t$e #ro+t$ p$a!e of an area & it al!o $elp! to under!tand t$e $i!tor' of t$e 0illa#e) In t$i! !tud' t$i! e8erci!e con!i!ted 1*-,* of t$e e %er! &olon' in and eac$ t$e #roup dependin# on t$e !i9e participant! a0aila%le) Box 3.2.2.1 Sample Time Line to ta e the !istory of the "illage.

'()* '(+, '(+' '(+1 '(*2 '(*+ '((, '((2 '((7 1,,,

Migration -ehabilitation .ro/ect 0griculture started Temple Construction Handed o3er to State 4o3ernment .articipation in election 555555555555566 55555555555556 5555555555555666 555555555555566

/ Line +a! dra+n on a 6ra+in# S$eet +it$ &olour pen! and it +a! di0ided in to .5 eEual part!D eac$ repre!entin# a 'ear +ritten on t$e left !ide of t$e line) <$e e0ent! +ere +ritten c$ronolo#icall' on t$e Ri#$t !ide of t$e line) <$e infor ation +a! collected +it$ participation of t$e co confir ation of t$o!e findin#!) .),). Institutional Mapping In!titutional appin# e8erci!e i! done to under!tand t$e detail! of de0elop ental acti0itie! alread' $a! %een i ple ented %' an' ot$er In!titution!/or#ani!ation/ ;o0ern ent in t$e area) It i! al!o u!ed to kno+ t$e
5=(43+A9

unit' & after $a0in#

detailed di!cu!!ion in t$e #roup) <rian#ulation +a! done in t$e 70enin# for

Box 3.2.3.1 Sample #nstitutional map sho$ing their relati%e importance and access &y general pu&lic.

-I""AGE

(:5==9

$AN4 Has access -elati3e importance No access

#### 8 Si9e 8 8

different In!titution! e8i!t in t$e 0illa#e and t$eir relati0e i portance for t$e #eneral pu%lic and acce!! o0er t$e !a e) <$i! i! al!o kno+n a! 3enn dia#ra ) In t$i! !tud' t$e !a e +a! done on a dra+in# !$eet +it$ pencil and

49

An Obscure Hope
era!er) ) .),)4 8i/elihood "nalysis Li0eli$ood /nal'!i! tool i! u!ed to find out t$e occupational detail in ter ! of H of people en#a#ed in different acti0itie!) In t$i! !tud' t$e Pie &$art +a! u!ed to find t$e !a e for e0er' 0illa#e) / rope +a! u!ed to ake a circle of reEuired !i9e and fe+ %a %oo !tick! +ere u!ed to !$o+ t$e !$are of t$e pie different occupation in t$e 0illa#e) <$e %a %oo !tick! +ere e %er!) <$e trian#ulation +a! done in t$e e0enin# pro#ra ) .),)5 Problem "nalysis <$i! tool i! u!ed to prioriti!e t$e $o% 5 6 7 . Sa2(le Pair*0ise Ran8ing tool &sed pro%le !D +$ic$ need! to %e #or (ro!le2 (rioritisation in a village sit&ation !ol0ed earl') <$i! +a! done in a #roup of 15-.* e %er!
Problem 4 Problem 3 Problem 2 Problem 1

<$e trian#ulation +a! done in t$e e0enin# !$arin# pro#ra

in

pre!ence of lar#e nu %er of participant!)

Box.3.2.'.1 Sample (ie Chart sho$ing the occupational details of a %illage.

9a.our

?$&%$ng

Agri'&lt&re

o0ed to

+iden or reduce t$e !$are of t$e pie) 7ac$ #roup con!i!ted of 1*-15

Proble m1

Proble m2

Proble m3

Proble m4

dependin# on t$e !i9e of t$e 0illa#e) Initiall'D t$e #roup +a! allo+ed to di!cu!! t$e pro%le ! and t$en to :ot do+n t$o!e pro%le !) <$en u!in# t$e Pair+i!e Rankin# toolD t$e priorit'

1 1 1 1

4 2 2 2 (:=R@( 6 5 4

4 3 2 1

4 4 4 4 RAN' 1st Rank 2nd Rank 3rd Rank

4R=A9@6( Problem 4 li!t +a! prepared +it$ t$e acti0e Problem 1 Problem 2 in0ol0e ent of t$e 0illa#er!) <rian#ulation +a! done in t$e e0enin# pro#ra )

50

An Obscure Hope
.). :ocused >roup %iscussion -ocu!ed ;roup 6i!cu!!ion 1-;62 +a! u!ed to find out t$e i!!ue related to t$e particular #roup !uc$ a! Student!D <eac$er!D @ld Leader!D Pre!ent Leader!D Wo en etc) It +a! one !ort of %rain!tor in# !e!!ion for t$e #roup of 5-1, e %er!D +$ic$ $elped t$e to t$ink on t$e i!!ue! & to co e out +it$ pro%a%le !olution!) In t$i! e8erci!e e0er' a on# t$e e %er +a! repre!ented %' a facilit' !uc$ a! $ealt$D t$e #roup and t$e re ainin# e %er! +ere e %er & +$at e %er to

+aterD !c$oolD etc) +$ic$ repre!ent! an Ideal 3illa#e !ituation) <$en one +a! re o0ed fro reEue!ted to %rain!tor a%out t$e i pact of a%!ence of !uc$

could %e done to co pen!ate t$e i pact) /l!oD +$at cau!ed t$e lea0e t$at #roup +a! di!cu!!ed) In eac$ rotation one t$e !a e e8erci!e continued) .)4 Indi/idual In-depth Inter/ie6 <$i! +a! conducted +it$ fe+ identified e8erci!e to kno+ are furni!$ed in t$e for

e %er +a! re o0ed &

e %er! !elected durin# t$e PR/ ainl' to

ore detail a%out t$eir li0e! and 0ie+!) <$e!e !tud' report of ca!elet! in t$i! report) <$i! i! on oneB! life) Indi0idual in-dept$ i!!ionerD <a$a!ildarD

under!tand t$e i pact of t$e pro%le

inter0ie+ +a! al!o u!ed to inter0ie+ t$e 6eput' &o

Local peopleD Police Su% In!pectorD and ot$er @fficer! & #eneral pu%lic to collect 0ie+! and infor ation a%out t$eir under!tandin# re#ardin# refu#ee! and Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) <$e infor ation o%tained fro different &olonie! t$rou#$ 0ariou! e8erci!e!

are di!cu!!ed under t$e follo+in# $eadin#! in t$e !u%!eEuent c$apter! <$e =i!tor' of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) Pre!ent Scenario of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) <$e &$allen#in# I!!ue! /$ead) /n @%!cure 6rea in t$e 7'e! of t$e Refu#ee!)

51

An Obscure Hope
&$apter I3 " #BAR32C $I49BA4 %2S4I3"4IB3& <$e Re$a%ilitation Proce!!
: Friend of obscurity; %oo at the Bengal; The hamlet S<uares heaped with corpses; The ri3ers flooded with blood6

. person without a goal is li(e ship without the sail1 does not (now where will it reach# 2he refugees sailed their lifeboat in such a conte3t without ha!ing an idea where they were going to reach# 4elie!ing in fate they started their un(nown 5ourney from 4ay of 4engal without any destination and finally reached near the ban( of .rabian 6ea# 2his horrible e3perience in their life is described in this chapter# <$i! c$apter trie! to an!+er t$e Eue!tion! like W$'D =o+D W$en & W$ere t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect +a! !tartedQ) /lt$ou#$D actual de arcation i! ade to practicall' i po!!i%le and o0erlappin#D !till an atte pt $a! %een di!cu!!ed in t$e !u%!eEuent !ection!) 4)1 Pre- i#ration P$a!e "i#ration P$a!e Re!ettle ent P$a!e) /daptation P$a!e) Sta%ili!ation P$a!e) (or ali!ation P$a!e) -ailure P$a!e) /+arene!! P$a!e) 11947-19642 11964-19692 11969-197,2 1197,-19762 11976-195.2 1195.-19542 11954-19942 11994 on+ard

di0ide t$e $i!tor' of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect in to t$e follo+in# 5 p$a!e! t$at are

Pre-migration India #ot Independence at t$e co!t of di0i!ion of t$e countr') Paki!tanD +$ic$ %eca e a ne+ !tate on 14t$ /u#u!tB1947D #ot ea!tern part of Sonar Bangla in to it! territor') <$e Indian!D +$o fou#$t for it! IndependenceD t$en na ed forei#ner! a! t$e' re ained in Paki!tan) =o+e0erD t$e' +ere $app' to li0e in t$eir "ot$erland) But t$e partition did not $elp t$e Sc$eduled &a!te a!!e!) "an' pro inent #roup! like t$e (a a!udra! and t$e Ra:%an!i! lo!t t$eir

52

An Obscure Hope
territorial anc$ora#e andD contrar' to t$eir $ope! and in !pite of t$eir plea!D o!t of t$e (a a!udra-in$a%ited area! in Bakar#an:D -aridpurD ?e!!ore and A$ulnaD like t$e Ra:%an!i area! of 6ina:pur and Ran#purD +ent to 7a!t Paki!tanD in!tead of We!t Ben#al) <$e po!t-partition 0iolenceD a! -)&) BourneD t$e la!t Briti!$ ;o0ernor of 7a!t Ben#al reported in 195*D left co pelled uprooted fro an' of t$e to an' of t$e +it$ <nothing beyond their lives and the clothes they stand up in F<) <$i! i#rate a! refu#ee! to IndiaD +$ere %ein# i#rationD t$i! ti e %' an Ban#lade!$D once a#ain t$eir traditional $o eland t$e' $ad to %e#in once a#ain t$eir pea!antr' fro

!tru##le for e8i!tence) <$e po!t-1971 ne+ +a0e! of i po0eri!$ed and de!olate "u!li

t$reatened t$e po!ition of t$e Sc$eduled &a!te pea!antr'D !ettledD after lon# period! of !tre!! and painD in t$e %order di!trict! of We!t Ben#al 7)

6 7

Note .y #o-ernor o! @a&t Aengal Aandyo adyay

53

An Obscure Hope
<$e upper and fa ilie! took iddle cla!! deci!ion Box.4.1.1. Massacre of Young Daughters Killing in Bangladesh by their arents On the way back from her friend s house! a 1" years old #irl was cau#ht by few youn# $uslims and was ra%ed by them on the road& They then left her near her house! with torn dresses and wounds on her body& Peo%le thou#ht that when their honour is bein# s%oiled it is better to die& 'ince the $uslims had wea%ons and %olitical %owers and they had none! they started the massacre of their own dau#hters& Twenty( four dau#hters of 1)(1" years old were killed in an hour by strikin# their necks with the ed#es of bricks or with the *e#etable cuttin# kni*es& +t was *ery stran#e( there e*ery #irl was demandin# her father or brother that she should be killed first& ,hen the military saw this scene that they had killed their own dau#hters and that hea%s of bodies were lyin# all around! they thou#ht that could not esca%e death at our hands& -inally! they hel%ed them to cross the border&

ti el'

re!pondin# to t$e call of Indian ;o0ern entD cro!!ed t$e %order durin# t$at period and e8c$an#ed =o+e0erD %ack+ard failed to t$eir t$e cla!! lo+er rural utuall' and people propertie!)

o0e +it$ t$e pace due

to failure to predict t$e futureD a! t$e' +ere little a+are a%out t$e $appenin#! in & around) JWe heard about the partition through others but we thought that this division would not disturb the rural community" 9e would t$e continue living as we always hadE- !a'! an old per!on fro co unit'"

Box.4.1.!. Musli"s helped Hindus to sa#e their li#es and religion in Bangladesh ,e were about twenty(fi*e .indu families li*in# as a *illa#e& ,e were the tenants of a $uslim /amindar& ,hen the trouble started! he asked us to mo*e into his bi# house otherwise the $uslims would kill us& ,e all went with our ba#s and ba##a#e( includin# cattle& Two days later! some $uslims collected outside his house to kill us& 0t first we ho%ed that he would sa*e us but seein# the mob of $uslims! he too chan#ed& .e came ridin# on a horse with an o%en sword on his hand and said either become $uslims or he would kill us& Then we thou#ht we should collect all our womenfolk in a room and burn them& Then we should fi#ht with the $uslims and kill some of them and be killed by them rather than become $uslims& .e came in and ad*ised us that he would cut our hairs and tell the leader of the mob that we had become $uslims in order to sa*e our li*es& ,e reluctantly a#reed and cut our hairs oursel*es to sa*e our ,omen and 1hildren& Re!ultantl'D t$e' !$o+ed intere!t todan#er co e before to India %e$ind t$eir ,e stayed on for few more lea!t days in constant we lea0in# #ot away& ance!tral propertie! and t$e' re ained $app' +it$ t$eir life in Sonar Bangla)

54

An Obscure Hope
Wit$ pa!!a#e of ti eD t$e political Paki!tan t$en doin# %e$a0iour e8perienced Painfull'D t$e =indu! +ere conte8t c$an#ed) Paki!tan +it$ of <$e !tarted 7a!t
$o% 9 . 51 The inh&2an M&rder o# S&ren Mondal and his #a2ily 2e2!ers in $angladesh Suren :ondal >'6?- resident of (evitala village of Batiyaghata Thana>Block? in =hulna (istrict of Bangladesh- having four 1hildren eldest being a daughter >!5?" 8e had a happy %oint family with ' of his brothers- married having children" They had lots of properties like landlivestock- fishponds- boats etc" )n !4FB- one night few :uslim people entered in to his house and tied Suren and his wife with a pillar and killed their & sons in front of their eyes" Then- all those miscreants had their physical en%oyment with the !5 years old daughter in front of her parents" (ue to continuous physical assaults she died on spot" They did not spare his wife 0 another daughter also 0 had the same behaviour with them 0 finally killed his wife" They cut the breast of daughter with a knife 0 left Suren alive to bear all these pain" The next morning before he committed suicide- he narrated the yesterdayGs night story 0 told him to leave the country on the day itself"

!tep ot$er

Paki!tan & t$u! t$at period an' riot!) Ben#aliade t$e

onl' tar#et of t$eir attack) -inall'D t$e "u!li ! of 7a!t +$ic$ 1971) Paki!tan re!ulted Wit$ t$e re0oltedD +ar in ti el' #ot

inter0ention of IndiaD 7a!t Paki!tan independence and ne+

nation JBan#lade!$K for ed) Wit$ t$e for ation of ne+ !tate al!o t$e fate of Ben#ali-=indu! did not c$an#e and t$e "u!li ! continued t$eir in$u an treat ent +it$ t$i! #roup) <$e a!!acre of 2oakhaliD +$en $undred! of ultra!D & +ater of ri0er! Ben#ali-=indu! +ere #unned do+n %' "u!li

c$an#ed it! colour to redD !peak! a%out t$e lifeD t$e Ben#ali =indu! +ere pa!!in# t$rou#$) <$e' !natc$ed crop!D landD fi!$pond!D $ou!e! and finall' t$e ill %e$a0iour +it$ #irl! & +o en of =indu fa ilie!) ;o0ern ent of India !$o+ed it! kindne!! %' in0itin# t$e!e fa ilie! in India) If +e look %ack to $i!tor'D t$en it i! !een t$at after lo!in# t$e fir!t +ar in 1965 t$e Paki!tani "u!li ! increa!ed $ara!! ent +it$ Ben#ali =indu!) Seein# t$e !ufferin#! of =indu!D ;o0ern ent of India opened it! %order for t$e ) "an' preferred to enter India +it$ e pt' $and a! refu#eeD %ut re!t decided not to lea0e t$e !tateD lea0in# %e$ind t$eir ance!tral propertie!) <$i! ! all #roup did t$eir %e!t to #et ad:u!ted +it$ t$e "u!li nei#$%our! t$rou#$ !acrificeD co pro i!e and a#ree ent!) JWe saw 8indus going to )ndia" 9e thought we had better come
55

An Obscure Hope
to )ndian because all other villages were becoming empty" )n Bangladesh we were thinking ourselves unsafe and could not help thinking of death constantly" The :uslims asked us to turn ourselves in to :uslims but we could not do so and we refused-E !a'! a #roup leader +$o finall' decided to lea0e t$e countr'" @0er t$e period of ti eD t$eir la!t $ope of !ta'in# %ack to t$at !tate +a! %adl' $it due to t$e increa!in# a#nitude of $ara!! ent! & t$e' !tared plannin# to lea0e t$e countr' in order to !a0e t$eir li0e! and +o en) /nd t$ere !tarted t$e :ourne' for unkno+n de!tination)

-i#) 4)1)1) "ap of India prior to and after t$e partition of t$e &ountr')

4),

Migration :igration is defined as a shift in the place of residence for some length of time while it excludes short visits and tours- it includes different types of both voluntary and involuntary movements 5) <$e "i#ration proce!! depend! on 0aried and !electi0e proce!!D +$ic$ affect! indi0idual! +it$ !o e econo icD !ocialD educational and de o#rap$ic c$aracteri!tic!) =enceD t$e relati0e influence of econo ic and non-econo ic factor! 0ar' %et+een nation! and re#ion! a! +ell a! +it$in population!) arly research on :igration focussed attention on social- cultural and psychological factors- but not analysedthough recognised the importance of economic factors 9)

8 9

Rao 1981

Na$du et al (1985)< 12
56

An Obscure Hope

-i#)4),)1)<$e Aarnataka

ap of India !$o+in# t$e

i#ration of Ben#ali =indu! fro

Ban#lade!$ to

In earl' re!earc$ t$e ter t$e & ur%an to rural and t$e opportunitie! +$ile t$e

i#ration i! u!ed to denote t$e u!ual trend i)e) ain factor! identified +ere e plo' ent & ot$er i#ration referred $ere i! alto#et$er different) a nation to anot$er and t$e cau!e!

i#ration of rural people to ur%an area!D ur%an to ur%anD rural to rural

<$e "i#ration referred $ere i! fro

+ere t$e Political & Reli#iou! factor!) (o dou%t t$e a%o0e non-political factor! +ere rele0ant and i portantD %ut t$e Political & Reli#iou! factor! pla'ed a a:or role in t$e pre!ent conte8t of i#ration of refu#ee!)
Box 3"&"!I Parents killed the kid to save their lives from the terrorist at the interest of the relatives and neighbours" Bi%it :ali started for )ndia with his neighbours and relatives" 8e had a & months kid and two more children; one among them was physically handicapped" 8is wife was ill when he had decided to leave" Actually- it was not his decision but his relatives and neighboursG decision" So- he had to accompany them- as because otherwise next day morning he will be alone with his family residing there" )t was midnight when they had started" Somehow- he managed to %oin the group" 9hen they reached the bank of the river- the & months kid started crying" 8is wife was ill- so he had to take care of the kid" 8e tried his best to stop the kidGs crying- but failed" The whole group was annoyed as if anyone comes then their life would had been in danger" So- they forced him to stop his 1hild" 9hen kid did not stop crying they finally advised him to throw kid in river %ustifying that if he survives then can re*procreate many such children or else he can leave the group" As the whole group cannot die for a child- so he decided to throw the kid in to water" Then with out bringing his decision in to the notice of his wife he immersed the kid in water" Thus- he himself killed his kid bowing down his head in considering context of that particular situation" 57

An Obscure Hope

D9e were told by the people that we would have to come to )ndia but we never thought it would come true in our lives" 9e heard it while we were harvesting paddy" ven with such news we sowed our summer crops and did not bother to sale our winter crops" 9e thought that agriculturists could never leave their landsE- !a'! a ! all far er of t$e co lea0e t$e countr'D !o enterin# India fro unit') =o+e0erD t$e ;o0ern ent of Ban#lade!$ $ad put re!triction for it! citi9en! not to Ban#lade!$ +a! fearful and ea!ure! to co e to ri!k') <$e ;o0ern ent of Ban#lade!$ neit$er took an' !ecurit' to protect t$e life and propertie! of =indu! nor allo+ed t$e

India openl') Seein# t$at condition t$e =indu! t$ou#$t t$at !ta'in# t$ere ean! to die +it$ t$eir fa il') <$u!D t$e' !tarted enterin# India in ni#$t lea0in# %e$ind t$eir ance!tral propertie! and e0er't$in# t$ere J )n our village there were 56C :uslims and rest 8indus" 9e did not bother about to take anything with us" 9e thought that as in earlier history the rule had changed but not the public" So we were hopeful of coming back after sometime" 9hy should we take anythingH 9e locked our doors but never guessed that the houses would be burnt after looting as we later learnt"-E !a'! a old +o an of Re$a%ilitation &olon') <$e' +ere co in# in #roup! of 1** to ,5* e %er! 11* to ,5 fa ilie!2 +it$ c$ildren and little one'D +$at!oe0er t$e' $ad) "an' #roup! could not ateriali!e t$eir planD a!

t$e' +ere killed on t$eir +a' to India) -e+ #roup!D +$o +ere cau#$t %' t$e PoliceD +ere taken %ack to t$eir nati0e place) JW hen the police arrested us on the way- we knew that he would demand that we become :uslims or be killed" But we had decided to be killed rather than become :uslims because one must die one day or the other but one must never sacrifice his honour-E i! t$e reaction of parent! $ad to i an' people fro t$e pro:ect) <o confir an' t$e ! oot$ & !afe entrance to India durin# t$e ni#$t pa!!a#e incident! +ere 0er' co

er!e t$eir c$ildren in +ater) Suc$ $eart%reakin# on and people did not look %ack to !ee +$at or

58

An Obscure Hope
+$o +a! left %e$ind) 6ifferent #roup! reac$ed Indian %order at different ti e and date!) 4et no definite fi#ure can %e pre!ented +it$ re#ard to t$e nu %er of Ban#lade!$i i i#rant! in to IndiaD %ut t$e di0i!ion in 1947 and Ban#lade!$ to t$e +ar of li%eration of Ban#lade!$ in 1971 $ad created condition! for pu!$in# out a lar#e nu %er of people a! refu#ee! fro Indo-Pak %order !ince 1947 1* and We!t Ben#al) /ll of t$e in India) <$i! i! +ort$ to o!t of t$e India) <$e 1951 cen!u! reported t$at ,74D*** refu#ee! $ad cro!!ed t$e +ere Ben#ali =indu!) <$e ;o0ern ent $ad !tarted Relief @ffice! at Ba!ir$aat and =a!na%ad of +ere needed to re#i!ter t$eir na e! a! refu#ee! ention $ere t$at t$o!e peopleD +$o fou#$t for

IndiaB! independenceD finall' %eca e refu#ee in t$eir $o eland) <$e' re#i!tered t$e !el0e! in different centre!) <$e' +ere al o!t in e pt' !to ac$ +it$ no roof a%o0e t$eir $ead for con!idera%le period of ti e) <$e' $ad to !ta' under t$e tree or a tent prepared out of =atha 1a +inter clot$ ade out of u!ed and +a!te !ari!2)
Box 3"&"&" ven relatives become cruel when we are in trouble" The first night in )ndia was on the road with wife and children" ,n of my relatives was employed at Basirhaat and ) reAuested him if we can stay with his family for few days as my wife was sick" 8esitatingly- ) had to accept" ,n the third day- when a neighbour visited his house- his wife told to him that she was sick of the guest after they had stayed there for three days" ,n hearing this- my sick wife reAuested to leave that house" But ) had to rethink our position and find another place for shelter" ) still remember- at that ) had exhausted those ten rupees- which ) had brought from Bangladesh and ) had no option but to stay on another week with them" )t was the beginning of the second week when we were told that we could no longer stay in their house" 9e were asked to Auit when it was severely raining and our bedding and the little clothing- all that we had- one small box- were put out in the open"

<$o!eD +$o ca e fir!tD could #et refu#e in t$e out$ou!e! of local peopleD %ut later t$e' failed to acco re!ettle ent did not take odate t$e influ8 of refu#ee!) <$e' $ad to +ait for . ont$! to 1 'ear) Initiall'D uc$ ti eP %ut later on it +a! ti e con!u in# a! re!ettle ent for a period ran#in# fro

;o0ern ent of India $ad to con!ult concerned !tate ;o0ern ent! %efore it !tart! an' Re$a%ilitation ca p in t$at !tate) =o+e0erD ;o0ern ent !tarted pro0idin# ration !oon after t$e re#i!tration in t$e Relief @ffice!) <$ou#$D t$e ration +a! not !ufficient for t$e +$ole fa il'D !till it +a! apprecia%le con!iderin# t$at it $elped t$e to !ur0i0e +it$ little ot$er earnin#!) <$e life killin# di!ea!e! like &$olera turned epide ic due to un$'#ienic and un$ealt$'
10

4art$t$on o! 3nd$a

59

An Obscure Hope
condition of food and acco ;o0ern ent took re edial con0enience!) refu#ee!) -ro $ere t$e' +ere taken to @culenta @ffice of Aolkata and pro0ided +it$ =o+ra$ t$rou#$ e %er!D odation & took an' li0e! at t$e!e centre!) edical

ea!ure %' pro0idin# 0accine! and ot$er

@t$er 0oluntar' or#ani!ation! +ere al!o not %e$ind & ca e for+ard to !er0e for t$e!e

or#ani!ation like Sri Ra akri!$na /!$ra

$ou!e$old uten!il! & dre!!e! to all t$e fa ilie! and t$en a!ked to #o to different part! of t$e countr' in %atc$e! of ,5-.5 fa ilie! fro #eneral co part ent! of train) "an' of t$e do+n to #et !o e +ater or food for t$e fa il' lo!t t$eir fa il'

relati0e! or friend! in t$e +a') <$e train left t$e !tation +$en t$e' $ad #ot e %er! and ne0er turned up) t$e top of t$e train +$ile In!tance! can %e #i0en +$en people fell do+n fro

tra0ellin# a! it +a! packed up +it$ pa!!en#er!) /le8ander 11 et) al) !u##e!ted t$at there is a deeply held belief that some days and some period of each day are inauspicious either for leaving a house- or for occupying a new house" ,n the other hand- some periods are considered to be auspicious for such activities" 9hile shifting a household- and taking them to a new sitesuch sentiments should be kept in mind- and avoidable irritations should not be built up over small issues" 8e also suggested that in case any particular family doesnGt want to move into the proposed $ehabilitation site- then it should be given the freedom to move to any village of its own choice- and resettle there" ButD in t$e ca!e of t$e!e refu#ee!D t$ere +a! no option to !a' RnoB once it $ad declared t$at t$e fa il' $ad to tra0el to an' particular place on an' particular da') W$et$er t$e fa il' not intere!ted in t$at particular placeD t$e' %' t$e re!pecti0e aut$orit') <$i! led t$e e %er! +ere ill or in:ured or +ere u!t tra0el on t$e date announced to a !ituation +$ere t$e' u!ed t$eir o0in# to particular place

o+n !trate#ie! to a0oid t$e ;o0ern ent order!) 70enD !o e of t$e fa ilie! $a0e c$an#ed t$eir na e and !urna e! to a0oid on a particular da') <$e!e refu#ee! +ere taken to different place! fro t$e re#i!tration centre! place ent!) /t

!uc$ a! =a9ari%aa# of Bi$arD "ana &a p of ")P)D for interi

11

Ale8ander et*al (1991)<113

60

An Obscure Hope
=a9ari%aa# t$e refu#ee! $ad to !ta' a%out , 1/, 'ear! +$ile at "ana &a p fe+ #roup! $ad to !ta' a%out 6 tent!) /t t$e!e interi ont$! +$ile ot$er! a%out , 'ear!) In eac$ &a p a%out ,***-.*** fa ilie! $ad to !ta' in t$e tinned $ou!e! or tarpaulin place ent cell! or &a p! e0er' protection +a! #i0en %' t$e central ;o0ern ent alon# +it$ t$e ration) ;o0ern ent al!o tried to pro0ide e plo' ent opportunitie! after 0ocational trainin# to t$e eli#i%le candidate!) <$e facilitie! for Sc$oolin# of t$eir c$ildren +ere al!o arran#ed %' t$e &entral ;o0ern ent) "an' educated 'out$! $ad #ot e plo' ent in t$e!e Sc$ool!) <$e nece!!ar' facilitie! !uc$ a! 6rinkin# WaterD &re ation &entreD =o!pital and ot$er !uc$ facilitie! +ere al!o pro0ided) "o!t of t$e fa ilie! +$o $ad cro!!ed t$e %order durin# t$i! period +ere lo+er and lo+er- iddle cla!! fa ilie! $a0in# fe+ bighas 11/.rd of a acre2 land for a#riculture) <$e' +ere fro co a co unit' called J 2amasudraE %ein# treated a! t$e fi!$er an t$e $i#$er ca!te !uc$ a! Bra$ in! Sc$eduled &a!te in Ban#lade!$) -e+ +ere al!o fro unit') / ne#li#i%le !ection +a! fro

and Aa'a!t$a) A!$atri'a fa ilie! +ere al!o included in t$e #roup) Broad o0er0ie+! of t$e ca!te +i!e di!tri%ution of t$e fa ilie! are #i0en %elo+) Bein# in t$e interi &a p!D t$e!e refu#ee! did not for#et t$eir cultural arria#e! for t$eir Son! & 6au#$ter! t$e

practice!) <$e' did +or!$ip t$eir ;odde!! R (urgadeviB durin# @cto%erD +$ere0er t$e' +ere) <$e' did or#ani!e +it$ all t$e co plication! and !carcitie!) <$e' did not for#et to perfor +it$in t$e co learnt fro

ritual! at an' co!t!) "ore intere!tin#l'D t$e' $ad ne0er for#ot to fi#$t internall' unit' %ut $ad al!o e8$i%ited t$e >nit' to e %ark upon t$e eanin# of t$e ter ! R&ooperationB and R=elpB are to %e e8ternal force!) <$e

t$eir e8a ple! of t$o!e da'!) /%o0e allD t$e' $ad #i0en priorit' to

t$eir c$ildrenB! education)

61

An Obscure Hope

Castewise distribution of families migrated from Bangladesh

A!$atri'a .H Aa'a!t$a 1H Ra:0an!$i 1H Para anik ,H

Bra$ in 1H

Brahmin
(a a!udra 9,H

Kshatriya Kayastha Rajvanshi Paramanik Namasudra

-i#)4),),) <$e #rap$ical repre!entation of t$e total nu %er of fa ilie! Ban#lade!$)

i#rated fro

Illne!! and di!ea!e! +ere 0er' co $undred! of li0e! fro

on in t$e!e &a p!D +$ic$ took a+a'

t$eir relati0e!) <$e i %alanced diet! and un$'#ienic

d+ellin# condition! +it$ i proper !anitar' facilitie! +ere t$e rea!on! for di!ea!e! like &$olera) <$ou#$D t$e ne+ &li ate pla'ed a role on t$e $ealt$ of t$e people %ut t$e fro ore !$are +a! on t$e part of alto#et$er different food ain food +a! Rice & -i!$ in t$at of t$eir place of @ri#in) <$eir

Ban#lade!$ +$ile $ere it +a! W$eat and (aal" It took a lon# ti e to ad:u!t +it$ t$e food $a%it! and t$en #ot t$e re!i!tance a#ain!t t$e di!ea!e!) ;o0ern ent $ad al!o taken curati0e RBein# in t$e interi ca p! ea!ure!) tried to !earc$ for e plo' ent to +$o $a0e e8perienced t$e entire

o!t of t$e an' of t$e

%eco e !elf-dependentB !a'! +$ile o!t of t$e

i#ration p$a!e a! 'oun#!ter!) <$e' al!o #ot te porar' :o%! in near%' citie! u!ed to +ork a! dail' +a#e la%ourer! +$ere0er a0aila%le) one' for t$e future u!e +$ile o!t of t$e u!ed t$e !a e <$e' !a0ed t$i!

durin# $ealt$ pro%le !D "arria#e!D Ritual!D -e!ti0al! and 7 er#enc' need!)

62

An Obscure Hope

4).

Resettlement /%out ,-. 'ear! $ad to $an# a%out in t$e!e interi ca p! for o!t of t$e an' refu#ee!) -inall'D t$e ;o0ern ent !tarted re!ettlin# t$e in different part! of

t$e &ountr' like >)P)D ")P)D "a$ara!traD Bi$arD /)P)D Aarnataka and

ot$er State!) @ne #roup +a! a!ked to !tart for "'!ore 1a! t$e' +ere told %' t$e ;o0ern ent /ut$orit'2) Aarnataka +a! t$en kno+n a! "'!ore State) B' t$i! ti e t$e refu#ee! %eca e little con!ciou! and !elected fe+ leader! a on# t$e to 0i!it t$e place! +$ere t$e' +ere a!ked to #o fore0er) <$e !elected leader! 0i!ited t$e place! to o%!er0e t$e #eo#rap$ical condition! of t$e area) But t$e re!pondent! $a0e dou%t +$et$er t$o!e leader! 0i!ited t$i! place durin# t$eir trip!) =o+e0erD t$e !elected leader! told t$e i! an e8cellent place for d+ellin# and t$u! all of t$e drea ! in t$eir e'e!) It +a! /pril 197* +$en t$e fir!t %atc$ of ,5 fa ilie! re!ettled at Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur %lock of Raic$ur 6i!trict in Aarnataka) /nd t$ereafter till Septe %er 197*D 1* #roup! of ,5 fa ilie! eac$ +ere re!ettled) <$u!D a%out ,5* fa ilie! +ere re$a%ilitated in t$e Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), of Sind$anur %lock) <$e refu#ee! +ere reall' afraid of t$e localit' +$ere t$e' $ad %een dropped %' t$e ;o0ern ent truck!) It +a! !urrounded %' %arren %lack cotton !oil +it$out a !in#le tree an'+$ere eit$er in t$e &olon' or in t$e field) / pat$ +a! t$e onl' connection %et+een t$e 16 A !il0er line! %' t$e udd' far %lock cit' and t$e t$at "'!ore !tarted +it$ lot of

&olon' +it$out an' tran!portation facilit') <$eir dried $ope! a#ain !$o+ed t$e erc' of <un#a%$adra Ri0erD +$ic$ +a! #raciou! enou#$ to to+ard! t$e ) <$ou#$D t$i! +a! t$e onl' ade t$e!e refu#ee! %' e8tendin# it! ar

!ource of drinkin# a! +ell a! irri#ation +aterD e0en t$en ;o0ern ent pro0i!ion! for Pond! for drinkin# +ater in t$e &olon')

Re!t of t$e fa ilie! $ad to prolon# t$eir !ta' in a <ran!it &a p near t$e %lock cit' a! ot$er . &olonie! +$ere t$e' $ad to reallocate +ere !till under creation)

63

An Obscure Hope
/fter a 'ear !ta' in t$e tarpaulin tent in t$i! tran!it ca pD t$e' +ere !$ifted to t$e ne+l' con!tructed &olonie!) ButD unfortunatel'D t$e tarpaulin tent! did not lea0e t$e for Euite lon#er period) <$e circu !tance! of all t$e!e &olonie! +ere !a e and !i ilar %ut t$e fir!t &olon' +a! t$e %i##e!t a on# t$e!e in ter ! of !i9e and population) <$e!e &olonie! +ere reco#ni!ed %' t$e nu erical fi#ure! !uc$ a! Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o),D .D 4 & 5) <$e location of t$e!e &olonie! in t$e %lock of Sind$anur i! !$o+n in t$e fi#ure 4).)1) Prior to t$e re!ettle ent of t$e!e refu#ee! in t$e!e &olonie!D t$e Sri Lankan and Bur e!e repatriate! +ere re$a%ilitated in Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1 in t$e 'ear 1967-69) /%out ,*5 fa ilie! of <a il talkin# people $ad %een prearran#ed Re$a%ilitation +it$ !i ilar facilitie!) So far totall' 1,67 fa ilie! arri0ed in t$i! pro:ect out of +$ic$ ..5 fa ilie! $a0e de!erted/unin$a%ited t$e &olonie! and 9., fa ilie! are !ettled) @ut of t$i! 9., fa ilie! 511 fa ilie! arri0ed prior to 1977 and 77 fa ilie! arri0ed %et+een (o0e %er 1975 to (o0e %er 195, +$ile 16 ne+ fa ilie! $a0e %een inducted durin# 195. and anot$er ,5 fa ilie! in t$e 'ear 1959) / on# t$e!e fa ilie! 14* are repatriate! fro fro Bur a +$ile 65 are fro Sri Lanka and re!t 17,72 refu#ee! for er 7a!t Paki!tan 1no+ Ban#lade!$2) <$e proce!! +a! initiated in

earl' 196. a! per ;o0ern ent of India letter (o) 1.1,2/67-R=-II dated 15)1)196. read +it$ ;)@) (o) 19172/7,-R=-II dated 4)6)1974 and (o) 7/14/756e!k-I3 dated 1,)11)1979 1,) /lt$ou#$D t$e ration +a! t$e onl' ean! of !ur0i0alD e0er' fa il' u!ed to +ork t$e +o enB! e'e! !till drop! t$e arc$ ile! to#et$er $untin# for

in t$e field of ad:oinin# far er!) <$e tear! fro earl' ornin# till late e0enin#) <$e' $ad to

do+n +$en t$e' recall t$o!e da'! of +orkin# in t$e dr' !un !tartin# fro

+ork and to arri0e at t$e field in t$e crack of da+n and +a' %ack after t$e !un!et) <$e' !aid t$at t$e' $ad ne0er !een t$e %oundar' of t$eir field in Ban#lade!$ neit$er +a! t$ere !uc$ a dr' !un) <$e' $ad ne0er !tru##led for t$ree eal! a da') /nd no+Q <$e' a!k t$e Eue!tion to t$e !el0e!) <$e'

12

Tahasil o!!$ce ,ocument& on Re%a.$l$tat$on 4ro/ect o! ($nd%anur re ared .y A*:*

64

An Obscure Hope
$a0e ne0er %een a%le to an!+er t$i! Eue!tion and $old re!pon!i%le t$eir fate for t$e pre!ent !ituation!) It +a! @cto%erD :u!t one 197*D t$e' or#ani!e a contri%ution fro ont$ after t$e la!t #roupB! arri0al in Septe %er eetin# to +or!$ip t$eir di0init' R6ur#ade0iB- and

con!tituted a JPoo%a 1ommitteeB a on# t$e ) <$e' cele%rated it +it$ t$e t$e 0illa#er! !a0ed out of t$eir ration) <$e' for#ot all t$eir difficultie! and +orrie! in t$o!e fi0e da'! recallin# t$e da'! in Ban#lade!$) <$e concept of $ar on' and unani it' +a! !o !tron# and t$e reli#iou! con0iction !tren#t$ened it ore in point of fact) <$i! Poo%a 1ommittee +a! t$e fir!t infor al %ut fa iliar In!titution in t$e =i!tor' of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ectD +$ic$ +a! for ulated in eac$ &olon') ;o0ern ent allotted a plot 14*B8 5*B !i9e2 +it$ tent $ou!e to eac$ fa il' and 4 to 5 acre! of landD durin# t$eir re!ettle ent) /n area of 5**7)4. acre! of land $ad earlier %een acEuired for t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur %et+een t$e period! fro 1967 to 197, %' t$e ;o0ern ent) /n additional area of Re$a%ilitation .11).1 acre! +a! !u%!eEuentl' acEuired in /pril 1975)

Recla ation @r#ani!ation >nit le0elled an e8tent of 4545)11 acre! of land durin# t$e 'ear 1969 to 197, and t$e Land 6e0elop ent &ooperati0e Societ' an e8tent of ,5,).1 acre!D durin# 1976D +$ic$ $a! %een allotted to t$e re$a%ilitated people1.) <$e ;o0ern ent record! !a' t$at t$e' $a0e %een !anctioned !c$e atic loan and ot$er financial relief a!!i!tance! a! per t$e !cale! pre!cri%ed) ButD it doe! not !pecif' t$e Euantu ton#ue +a! !tarted +it$ t$e teac$er! fro fir!t cla!! in t$e !c$ool co !c$oolin# a! t$e co of loan pro0ided to ot$er unit' e8cept in t$e ) / pri ar' !c$ool 1up to I3 !tandardd2 in eac$ &olon' in t$eir t$e !a e co

Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), +$ere t$e Sc$ool +a! up to 3III Standard) <$e enced on ,5 t$ ?une 1971D recall! a retired teac$er of t$e Sc$ool) ;o0ern ent $ad %orn all t$e e8penditure! for unit' +a! treated a! Sc$eduled &a!te 1S&2 a! per t$e &entral ;o0ern ent order)

13

+a%a&$l =!!$ce record& ma$nta$ned .y A*:*

65

An Obscure Hope
/! a part of t$e ad ini!trati0e and financial arran#e ent!D ;o0ern ent of India $a0e accorded !anction for incurrin# an e8penditure on de0elop ental and ci0il +ork! to t$e tune of R!).1D 54D***/- for t$e follo+in# pu%lic !er0ice purpo!e!) 1) Linin# of +ater !uppl' canal! +it$ !tone !ta%le!) ,) &on!truction of "edical Su%-centre %uildin#) .) &on!truction of %uildin# for =i#$er Secondar' Sc$ool) 4) &on!truction of 5 Euarter! for 5 !c$ool!) 6) &on!truction of 1 !taff Euarter for field a!!i!tant) 7) "etallin# of road! connectin# &olon' (o)1 and &olon' (o)4) 5) "aintenance of road! connectin# &olonie! and al!o cro!!-internal road! in t$e &olonie!) /! per t$e ;o0ern ent record!D t$e a%o0e +ork! $a0e alread' %een co pleted %' t$e 78ecuti0e 7n#ineerD I)6)D (o). &anal 6i0i!ionD Sind$anur and $anded o0er to t$e /!!i!tant 78ecuti0e 7n#ineerD Jilla PanchayatD Sind$anur on 16)9)199114) <$e ;o0ern ent record! #i0e t$e detail! a%out t$e fa ilie! re$a%ilitated in t$e!e fi0e &olonie! durin# re!ettle ent p$a!eD +$ic$ i! furni!$ed in ta%le 4).)1)
<a%le)4).)1 Re!ettle ent of fa ilie! and land acEuired and allotted to t$e re!ettle ent p$a!e) Sl) (o 1 , . 4 5 6 7 5 Particular! R)=)&) (o) 1 ,*5 1,65 14* R)=)&) (o) , ,65 147. 165 R)=)&) (o) . 154 11*5 1,5 R)=)&) (o) 4 165 95, 1,* R)=)&) (o) 5 1*7 597 1*5 <otal 9., 54,5 655 5.15).4 4.54)11 1*1, 9., 14 i!!ioner) durin# t$e

edical !taff)

5) &on!truction of 1* Euarter! for teac$er! and 5 for &la!! I3 !taff of

(o) of fa ilie! !ettled Population (o) of Sc$ool #oin# &$ildren /rea! acEuired for t$e 1.1.).* 157*).. 754). 991)1, 655)*9 &olonie! /rea allotted a on# 1*55),4 1.54)1. 6.1).. 5,,)*. 49*)15 9., fa ilie! (o) of $ou!e !ite! ,.5 ,65 154 165 157 for ed (o) of $ou!e! allotted ,*5 ,65 164 165 1*7 (o) of @pen tank! . . . . , SourceF <a$a!il @ffice record! !u ari!ed %' /!!i!tant &o

14

+a%a&$l =!!$ce record& on Re%a.$l$tat$on 4ro/ect*

66

An Obscure Hope

4)4

"daptation /daptation i! a #radual proce!! and cannot take place all of a !udden) Indi0idual take! ti e to %eco e accu!to ed +it$ ne+ circu !tance!) / ne+ !ituation a' %e in ter ! of cli ateD #eo#rap$'D cultureD lan#ua#eD etc) <$e adaptation proce!! depend! on t$e a#eD !e8D educationD cultureD inco e le0elD attitude & %eliefD ti e and t$e contact! +it$ t$e pre0iou! & pre!ent !ituation!) <$e!e refu#ee! al!o took fe+ 'ear! to adapt +it$ t$e ne+ en0iron ent of cli ateD #eo#rap$'D lan#ua#e and culture) <$e' $ad to take an' trial! to adapt +it$ t$e food $a%it! of Aarnataka !o +it$ t$e far in# practice!) <$e a:or crop of Ban#lade!$ +a! padd' and :ute a! it i! a 1ountry of $ivers) W$ile t$e crop! of Aarnataka are &ottonD Kawar 1Sor#$u 2D etc)D +$ic$ are dr' crop! and a%!olutel' ne+ to t$e!e ne+l' e8po!ed refu#ee!) <$e' $ad ne0er kno+n t$e concept of irri#ationD a! it +a! auto aticall' %' nature in Ban#lade!$) <$eir dut' +a! to !o+ t$e !eed! after land preparation and to $ar0e!t at t$e end of t$e !ea!on) ;o0ern ent introduced t$e ne+ crop! to t$e!e refu#ee! t$rou#$

de on!tration +it$ all t$e input! in t$e field of fe+ !elected far er! in t$e fir!t 'ear after e!ta%li!$ ent of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) In t$e ne8t 'earD ;o0ern ent pro0ided input! !uc$ a! !eed! 1&ottonD ?a+ar and W$eat2D fertili!er!D pe!ticide!D etc) for 5 acre! of landD in ter ! of !u%!id') ;o0ern ent $ad al!o !upported for plou#$in#D !o+in#D +eedin#D $ar0e!tin# and ot$er e8pen!e! for t$e croppin#) >nfortunatel'D ;o0ern ent +ould feed t$e an' of t$e +ere not intere!ted in culti0ation and $ence $ad !o+n t$e %oiled !eed! %elie0in# t$at t$e if t$e' do not #ro+) /l!oD t$e' +ill %e a%le to onetar' return out of it) <$e' o!t t$i! point on+ard) =o+e0erD !ale t$e fertili!er! and pe!ticide! to #et !o e de0eloped a %ad i a#e for t$e !el0e! fro of t$e

incurred lo!! durin# t$i! 'ear in /#ricultureD a! t$e' +ere ne+) <$e ake t$e !elf-reliant

;o0ern ent $ad c$an#ed it! aid polic' at t$e %e#innin# of t$e 'ear 1197,2 %' pro0idin# 5*H ration to e0er' fa il') <$i! !tep +a! to

67

An Obscure Hope
%' earnin# for t$eir li0eli$ood a! t$e' $ad %een #i0en 5 acre! of producti0e land) In t$e !ucceedin# 'ear anot$er atte pt +a! t$e ade %' t$e ;o0ern ent to train

t$e culti0ation proce!! t$rou#$ de on!tration in t$eir field!) =o+e0erD

;o0ern ent didnBt !upport full' rat$er pro0ided 5*H of t$e total co!t of culti0ation a! !u%!id') 6urin# t$i! 'ear t$e ration +a! !topped totall') <$e re!ult +a! %ack-:ourne' of fe+ fa ilie!) -e+ fa ilie! +ent %ack to Ban#lade!$ or an' ot$er Indian State! 1197,2) <$i! 'earD a#ainD ;o0ern ent re$a%ilitated fe+ %e !elf-dependent) 6urin# 197.D +$en ;o0ern ent !topped financial %ackin#D t$e far er! felt t$e need for credit for a#riculture) <$e' e8pre!!ed t$e !a e to t$eir caretakerD t$e t$en /d ini!trator of t$e pro:ect 1an 6eput' &o i!!ioner cadre @fficer of I/S rank2D and finall' #ot !anctioned an /#ricultural &ooperati0e Societ' 1/&S2 for t$i! re#ion) It %eca e operati0e in t$e 'ear 1974) 6ue to functional and tran!portation pro%le !D it +a! located at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1 t$ou#$ it +a! !anctioned for Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o),) Wit$ t$e !upport of t$i! Self-"ana#ed Societ'D t$e' continued +it$ culti0ation and at lon# la!t adapted t$e /#riculture a! t$eir li0eli$ood) <$e' learnt t$e far in# practice! for fe+ crop! !uc$ a! cottonD ?a+ar etc) <$i! /&S +a! rena ed a! /yavasaya Seva Sahakara Sangha 2iyamita -3SSS( 1/#riculture Ser0ice &ooperati0e Societ' Ltd2 in t$e 'ear 1976) <$e' al!o attuned +it$ t$e cli ate and food $a%it!) <$e' u!ed to purc$a!e t$e food #rain !uc$ a! padd'/rice %' !ellin# out ca!$ crop! #ro+n in t$eir field) Started interactin# +it$ t$e local in$a%itant! for t$eir dail' reEuire ent) <$ou#$ lan#ua#e +a! a %arrier in e8c$an#in# t$eir idea! and t$ou#$t! +it$ t$e local peopleD t$e' could !ati!fied) ana#eD !o e$o+D to #et t$eir reEuire ent ore fa ilie! in t$e!e &olonie!) =o+e0erD t$e 'ield! of ore t$an e8pectation) /nd t$en t$e' +ere a!ked to a#ricultural crop! +ere

68

An Obscure Hope
Wit$ t$eir +$ole$earted and !incere effort! +$en t$e far er! learnt $o+ to culti0ate t$e crop!D t$e' !tarted #ro+in# different 0arietie! of crop! +it$ lot of $ope! in t$eir e'e!) <$e' a0ailed credit fro t$e /#ricultural &ooperati0e Societ' for input!) <$e' +ere reall' in $i#$ !pirit! +it$ t$eir 'ield and return) <$e' +ere :u!t in t$e p$a!e of co pletin# t$e adaptation proce!! %ut e0er't$in# %eca e #re' and depre!!in# +$en t$e Left Bank &anal of <BPD +$ic$ i! t$e %a!i! of t$e #reenerie! of t$i! pro:ectD %reac$ed ,, ti e! in 1975) <$e !tandin# crop! dried up +it$out irri#ation and t$e far er! +ere trapped in 6e%t) In t$e !ucceedin# 'ear t$e' continued +it$ culti0ation a! t$e' $ad no ot$er option for li0eli$ood and al!o t$e credit $ad to %e repaid) Situation co pelled t$e to %e per!i!tent and t$u! it continued))) onke' %u!ine!! +$ile li0in# to#et$er) t$e !a e la+) =enceD t$e elder

"an i! a !ocial ani alP doe! lot of

<$e!e refu#ee! +ere not e8ceptional fro Refor ation &o

per!on! of t$e &olonie! felt t$e nece!!it' of a +ram Sudharak Samiti 13illa#e ittee2) <$e Pro:ect in c$ar#e /d ini!trator accepted t$eir !uc$ a co ittee in eac$ &olon' +it$ t$e ittee continued till 195, and t$en reEui!ition and allo+ed to for

people !elected %' pu%lic) <$i! co di!!ol0ed %' t$e order of /d ini!trator)

/ 4out$ &lu% in eac$ &olon' al!o ca e up in t$i! period +it$ t$e effort! of fe+ !elected per!on! +$o +ere %a!icall' intere!ted in !port! and #a e!) <$e ain o%:ecti0e! of t$e!e 4out$ &lu%! +ere to pro ote Sport! and #a e! alon# +it$ t$e &ulture) <$i! al!o $elped t$e to e!ta%li!$ relation!$ip +it$ t$e local people %' or#ani!in# tourna ent!D co petition!D etc +it$ t$e ) <$o!e 4out$ &lu%! are !till functionin# and can %e !een in t$e !a e !tateD a! t$e' +ere .* 'ear! %ack) ;o0ern ent $ad re$a%ilitated fe+ ore fa ilie! in t$e!e &olonie! in t$e 'ear

1976 and allotted t$e land and ot$er facilitie! to t$e!e fa ilie!) <$e ;o0ern ent did not di!cri inate %et+een an' t+o fa ilie! of an' ca!teD creedD cla!! or !e8ual difference!) It $ad adopted t$e 7Eualit' concept) W$et$er it +a! +i!e or not i! a de%ata%le Eue!tion)

69

An Obscure Hope
<$e c$ildren u!ed to #o to t$e Sc$ool! +$ere ediu of in!truction +a!

Ben#ali or <a il) <$e parent! +ere to a #reat e8tent intere!ted in educatin# t$eir c$ildren) =o+e0erD &$ild "arria#e +a! in practiceD +$ic$ !till e8i!t! in t$e !ociet') <$e #irl c$ildren +ere arried once t$e' attain an a#e of 1, 'ear!D +$ic$ t$e' practi!ed in Ban#lade!$) <$e practice! like %lind-%eliefD o@ha and Baidya for treat ent of !nake%ite! and di!ea!e!D re!pecti0el'D are !till in e8erci!e) <$e' ne0er c$eck +it$ t$e doctor/nur!in# or deli0er' rat$er call! t$e 4)5 Stabilisation Sta%ili!ation i! a proce!! of !ettlin# +it$ a ne+ en0iron ent to cope up +it$ all or !o e practice!/!'!te ! #raduall') It follo+! t$e /daptation proce!!) It depend! on t$e attitude & %eliefD educationD e8po!ure! to t$e ne+ en0iron entD contact! +it$ local peopleD etc) <$e ore one like! t$e ne+ en0iron entD t$e earl' !/$e adapt and t$u! !ta%ili!e in t$e ne+ en0iron ent) <$e refu#ee! of t$i! pro:ect took a !tretc$ed period to !ta%ili!e t$e !el0e! +it$ t$e ne+l' e8po!ed en0iron ent) <$e far in# practice! +ere t$e i portant and ne+ t$in#! for t$e o!t to learn a! t$e +$ole econo ' +a! %a!ed id+i0e! for t$e purpo!e) aternit' $o e for

on t$e !a e) =o+e0erD fertile land +it$ %lack cotton !oil of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1D ,D 4 & 5 aided in t$e proce!! to learn t$e culti0ation of &otton ea!il' and in t$e earl' $our!) /0aila%ilit' of +ater +a! anot$er ad0anta#eou! factor a! t$e upper land of t$e canal +a! unde0eloped) <$e' $ad $ired t$e local e8pert! for different practice! and al!o $ad contact! +it$ t$e /#riculture @ffice! for t$e !u##e!tion!) <$e ='%rid cotton 16&=-.,2 de0eloped %' >ni0er!it' of /#ricultural Science!D 6$ar+ad $ad #i0en 'ield a! $i#$ a! ,5 Euintal! per acre of land) <$e econo ' %uilt up !oon +it$ a#riculture 'ield and local people !tarted 0i!itin# t$eir plot! to learn fro $a0e $eard a%out in t$eir li0e! in Ban#lade!$) <$e &oncept of 7Eualit' %roke do+n at t$i! point of ti e) <$e c$ain of co and de0eloped +it$in t$e co
70

ore

!pecificall' +it$ cotton crop) <$e' #ot t$e fa e of #ro+in# cotton +it$ $i#$e!t t$e ) <$e' learnt t$e application of c$e ical fertili!er! and pe!ticide!D +$ic$ t$e' ne0er

unit') Supre ac' of ric$er !tarted

An Obscure Hope
e8ploitin# t$e poorer at t$i! :uncture) Patron-client relation!$ip +a! fir!t !een in t$i! co unit' at t$i! periodD +$ic$ !till e8i!t!) <$e upper cla!! people $ad acEuired propertie! like t+o +$eeler!D #old and land eit$er around t$e pro:ect or in !o e ot$er !tate!) "an' fa il'-$ead! al!o 0i!ited Ban#lade!$D in t$i! periodD to enEuire t$e po!!i%ilit' of #oin# %ack to t$eir t$eir ind and econo ') eticulou! ot$erland) /nd finall' decided to !ta' %ack at t$e end of t$i! p$a!e) <$i! %rou#$t t$e !ta%ilit' %ot$ in

Sc$oolin# of t$eir c$ildren +a! re#ular and +a! e8ceptionall' a%out it) ButD after pa!!in# 3II !tandard fro +$ere t$e c$an#e in ediu ediu

t$e local !c$ool! of

Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o),D t$e' $ad to continue t$eir education at Sind$anurD of in!truction +a! AannadaD t$e !tate lan#ua#e) / !udden cau!ed t$e total failure in Sc$ool final e8a ination 11* t$

Std2) /l!oD t$e lack of $o!tel and tran!portation facilit' retarded t$e rate of !c$oolin#) "an' could not afford t$e !ta' of t$eir c$ildren in a rented $ou!e at cit' le0el) in additionD It +a! totall' un!ecured for t$e #irl c$ildren) <$u!D t$e' dropped out +$ic$ pro oted &$ild "arria#e) -e+ +ell-to-do fa ilie! !ent t$eir c$ildren 1%o'!2 to ot$er !tate! like "a$ara!traD "ad$'a Prade!$ +$ere $o!tel facilit' +a! a0aila%le and t$e added ad0anta#e for t$e 2amasudra & =shatriya co ediu of in!truction +a! =indi- a lan#ua#e !i ilar to Ben#ali) -e+ al!o tried educatin# t$eir c$ildren in We!t Ben#al) <$e +a! t$e Sc$eduled &a!te &ertificate 1for unit'2 i!!ued %' appropriate aut$orit' fro

Aarnataka) <$e Pri ar' 7ducation le0el rai!ed !i#nificantl' +$ile t$e le0el of =i#$er 7ducation +a! ne#li#i%le encoura#in# t$e c$ild la%our and c$ild arria#e practice) <$e data !$o+! t$at t$ou#$ re!t failed or dropped out after 3II2 fro an' 1a%out 6* c$ildren2 atte pted Sc$ool -inal e8a ination 1SSL&2 in t$i! period of 1. 'ear! 1and all t$e!e &olonie!D not e0en a !in#le +a! a !tudent pa!!ed t$e !a e i)e) t$e pa!!in# rate +a! *H) (one of t$e

#irl a on# t$e candidate! +$o $a0e atte pted t$e SSL& e8a ination) <$e rea!on!D people cite!D +ere tran!portation facilit' and t$e =o!tel for #irl!) @n t$e contrar'D t$o!e +$o $a0e #one out for t$eir education could pa!! t$eir S Standard +$ile fe+ 1a%out 52 of t$e >nfortunatel'D a#ainD none of t$e al!o pa!!ed de#ree e8a ination) +a! a #irl)

71

An Obscure Hope
&ultural practice! of t$e!e refu#ee! +ere alto#et$er different fro people) =o+e0erD t$e' $ad ne0er +it$dra+n to practice t$e ritual!D t$e fro t$at of local

in front of t$e

local people) <$e' $ad al!o in0ited t$e local people durin# t$eir fe!ti0al!D arria#e! etc) <$e' $ad al!o attended t$e !a e of t$e local people t$e to %e fa iliar +it$ and #ain kno+led#e a%out odatin# and local people) <$e relation +it$ t$e local people +a! incredi%l' #ood upon #ettin# in0itation fro

and +ell %uilt in t$i! period) <$e local people al!o $ad an acco o%li#in# 0ie+ a%out t$e!e people)

<$e pro:ect +a! under t$e control of &entral ;o0ern ent till t$e end of t$i! period) <$e pro:ect in c$ar#e +a! an /d ini!trator located at t$e %lock cit' Sind$anur) <$e!e people +ere ter ed a! refu#ee! a! t$e' $ad no citi9en!$ip of India) In t$e 'ear 195,-5.D t$e 6eput' &o i!!ioner of Raic$urD Sri /%$i:it 6a! ;uptaD #a0e attention to t$i! i!!ue and finall' i!!ued citi9en!$ip certificate to t$e!e refu#ee fa ilie!) /nd $ere t$e ;o0ern ent of India felt t$at itB! accounta%ilit' i! o0er) <$e &olonie! +ere connected +it$ kuccha road! of Irri#ation 6epart ent alon# t$e Irri#ation canal!) <$e electricit' connection! to t$e!e &olonie! +ere fir!t #i0en in t$e 'ear 195,) 4)6 3ormalisation <$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur +a! t$e cadre of t$e Special 6eput' &o anned %' t$e /d ini!trator in dele#atin# t$e i!!ioner of t$e i!!ioner and apart fro

financial and ad ini!trati0e po+er! of t$e 6eput' &o

6i!trictD t$e /d ini!trator +a! al!o declared a! =ead of t$e 6epart ent) <$e "ini!tr' of =o e /ffair!D ;o0ern ent of IndiaD in t$i! p$a!eD nor ali!ed t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect %' tran!ferrin# t$e ad ini!tration of t$e Pro:ect to t$e State ;o0ern ent +it$ effect fro 1)4)1954) i)e) t$e ;o0ern ent of India $anded it o0er to t$e State ;o0ern ent +it$ an a#ree ent to pro0ide all t$e funda ental facilitie! of a citi9en of India to t$e!e !et of people) It tran!ferred t$e entire pro:ect ad ini!tration e8cept pa'in# t$e Re$a%ilitation a!!i!tance

72

An Obscure Hope
due to %e paid a! per pattern !c$e e! to t$e !ettler! +$o could %e !ettled in future a#ain!t t$e de!erted fa ilie! and ot$er 0acancie! 15) <$e po!t of /d ini!trator and certain !taff & ini!terial po!t! di!%anded after

$andin# it o0er to t$e State ;o0ern ent) <$e !keleton !taff !uc$ a! one "ana#erD one -6& and &lerk-cu -<'pi!t attac$ed to t$e /!!i!tant &o i!!ionerD Lin#a!u#ur +it$ =ead Tuarter at Sind$anur) <$e ;o0ern entD i!!ionerD ;ul%ar#a and 6eput' &o i!!ioner Raic$ur to t$rou#$ it! letter (o) R6 1, "&R 56 dated 1)5)1957 $ad i!!ued direction! to t$e 6i0i!ional &o po!t t$e e8i!tin# !taff +orkin# in t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect to t$e <aluka @ffice at Sind$anur +$o +ill al!o attend t$e re!iduar' +ork of t$e Pro:ect in addition to t$e re#ular +ork of t$e <aluka @ffice a! ;o0ern ent of India did not con!ider for furt$er continuance of t$e !taff in t$e pro:ect office) /ccordin#l' t$e !taff 1"ana#er and -6&2 $a! %een tran!ferred to t$e <aluka office a! S$ira!tedar and -6& re!pecti0el') =o+e0erD t$e e8i!tin# procedure a! /!!i!tant &o continued) <$e State ;o0ern ent took t$e fir!t !tep to tran!for ediu t$e Ben#ali & <a il i!!ionerD Lin#a!u#ur in c$ar#e of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i!

Sc$ool! in State Lan#ua#e Aannada after a!!u in# t$e po+er) /! a

con!eEuenceD t$e !c$ool dropout! increa!edD rapidl') Parent! +ere +orried a%out t$eir c$ildrenB! education) <$e !tudent!D +$o continued t$eir educationD forcefull'D +ere #ettin# pa!!ed e0er' 'ear ec$anicall' in t$e pri ar' le0el and failed in t$e SSL& Board e8a ination) /nd t$i! +a! t$e end of t$eir education) (o+D after t$i! le0el of $alf educationD t$e' +ere neit$er prepared to +ork in t$e field a! la%ourer! nor talented to #et an' :o% in i e8ternal +orld due lan#ua#e pro%le ) <$e' +ere learnin# fro ediate or erel' a li0e %urden on t$e

part of t$eir a#ed parent!) <$e ot$er parent! %eca e !en!iti0e %' t$i! le!!onD t$e nei#$%our!D t$at t$e future! of t$eir c$ildren are !i ilar if to t$e field for continued in !c$ool!) &on!eEuentl'D !tarted !endin# t$e earnin# in!tead of Sc$ool! for learnin#) <$e !econd i portant e0ent $appened in t$i! p$a!e +a! +it$dra+al of
15

#o3 =rder No*7(15) B 771,e&k 3C dated 28*11*1983*

73

An Obscure Hope
Sc$eduled &a!te facilit' fro co t$i! co unit') <$e (a a!udra & A!$atri'a

unitie! +ere treated a! Sc$eduled &a!te under t$e &entral ;o0ern ent unit' +a!

/ct and +ere pro0ided certificate! to t$e eli#i%le candidate!) <$e State ;o0ern ent +it$dre+ t$i! facilit' and t$en on+ard! t$e co depri0ed of t$eir %irt$ri#$t!) <$e !a e ca!te! are !till con!idered a! S& in t$e We!t Ben#al) <$i! a#ain +a! anot$er cau!e of t$e drop in education rate in t$e pro:ect) <$e a:or c$an#e! t$at $ad taken place in t$i! p$a!e t$e introduction of

tractor- t$e !i#n of tec$nolo#' c$an#e in /#riculture) It $ad al!o $elped in tran!portation of /#ricultural Produce! a! +ell a! for $u an %ein#!) It !a0ed lot of li0e! in e er#encie! %' takin# t$e to t$e $o!pital in ti e) It +a! al!o a !i#n of Well-%ein# of t$e !ociet') =o+e0erD !ince a !in#le far er %ou#$t itD a dependenc' !'ndro e +a! al!o de0eloped) 4)7 :ailures /#riculture %a!ed econo ' canBt %e ter ed a! a !ta%le econo 'D an' da') It i! !u%:ected an' cre!t and trou#$!D +$ic$ i! true for t$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect too) /n' indu!tr' $a! itB! life c'cle of IntroductionD #ro+t$D "aturit' and 6eclination) Like+i!eD t$e production of &otton reac$ed it! peak in t$e 'ear! 1979-5.D +$en o!t of t$e far er! acEuired lot of +ealt$) <$i! +a! true +it$ t$e application of &$e ical fertili!er! and pe!ticide!) <$e' didnBt kno+ t$e application of t$e !a e and learnt %' practice) Wit$ t$e 0a#ue idea! and e8perience!D t$e' applied o0erdo!e! of fertili!er! and pe!ticide!) /! a re!ultD t$e fertile !oil turned to %e !aline +it$ t$e re!idue! of t$e!e fertili!er!) @0er a period of ti eD t$e in!ect! & pe!t! #ot re!i!tance o0er t$e in!ecticide! & pe!ticide!D re!pecti0el') Si ilarl'D t$e o0er application of irri#ation +ater leac$ed out t$e icronutrient! fro t$e !oil akin# it unfertile) /ll t$e!e t$e area) cau!ed t$e decline in t$e 'ield of cotton) -urt$er oreD a pe!t called JW$ite -l'K ca e in t$e 'ear 1954 and ruined t$e co plete cotton crop fro &on!eEuentl' for t$e ne8t fe+ 'ear!D it !ucked t$e %lood of t$e cotton crop to ake it dr') People ter ed it a! J 1urrent PokaE >7lectric Pe!t2 a! it !uck! t$e %lood of t$e cotton tree like electricit') <$e far er! %eca e 0icti ! of de%t) <$e econo ' collap!ed) <$ou#$ t$e pe!ticide! +ere in0ented %ut t$e !oil did
74

An Obscure Hope
not allo+ t$e far er! to #ro+ cotton no lon#er +it$ profita%ilit') &ottonD t$e a:or & ca!$ crop of t$e re#ionD on t$eir $ead!) Sur0i0al +a! a Eue!tion for t$e ) <$ereforeD t$e' tried for alternati0e option!) ReEue!t! to ;o0ern ent for per i!!ion to #ro+ padd' +a! ade +$ic$ +a! %anned !o far and #ot t$e per i!!ion to #ro+ onl' 1/, an acre of padd') It +a! fir!t introduced in t$e 'ear 1954 and #a0e %etter re!ult +it$ t+o crop! a 'ear) <$e local 0ariet' +a! !o+n) =o+e0erD fe+ al!o tried to e8a ine t$e po!!i%ilit' of #ro+in# t$e 0arietie! of padd'D +$ic$ t$e' u!ed to #ro+ in Ban#lade!$) <$e !eed! t$e' $ad %rou#$t fro latter) Si ultaneou!l'D t$e' +ere al!o +orried a%out t$e education of t$eir &$ildren) <$e econo ' $ad al!o collap!edP $ence t$e' could no ore afford t$eir c$ildrenB! education in ot$er !tate! neit$er in Aarnataka due to Lan#ua#e pro%le ) -inall'D ca e up +it$ a !olution to run tuition cla!!e! %' t$e educated per!on! of t$e co unit') <$e lo#ic +a! t$at at lea!t e0er' %od' ont$ per !tudent! to t$e teac$er!) <a#ore !$ould learn to read and +rite) It +a! fir!t introduced in t$e 'ear 1954) <$e #uardian! u!ed to pa' R!)1* per "e orial 4out$ &lu% of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)4 e!ta%li!$ed in t$e 'ear 1975 %' Sri S$anti Ran:an 6a! al!o ran !uc$ a tuition cla!!e!) It +a! a nor al practice till 199*) &o petition! +ere !een a on# t$e!e tuition cla!!e! to attract t$e !tudent!D +$ic$ $elped t$e parent! to pro0ide t$eir c$ildren %etter education) ButD after t$i! Script kno+led#eD t$e !tudent! couldnBt continue t$eir education) <$e pro%le re ainedD a! it +a! earlier) Sri S$anti Ran:an 6a! e %er!D decided to ca e up +it$ a plan and after di!cu!!ion +it$ t$e clu% Ban#lade!$ durin# t$eir %ack 0i!it! +ere u!ed for trial!) ButD t$e re!ult +a! failure and $ence t$e idea +a! dropped do+n ade it! +a'-out fro t$e areaD finall'D pro%a%l' fore0er) <$e far er!D if trut$ %e toldD no+ %eca e orp$an! +it$ 6e%t

run pri0ate Sc$ool! in Ben#ali "ediu ) (on-a0aila%ilit' of !'lla%u! in Ben#ali lan#ua#e +a! t$e con!traint! and $ence finall' decided to run it in =indi "ediu ) It !tarted +orkin# +it$ ,5 !tudent! in t$e 'ear 1956 in a $ut
75

An Obscure Hope
con!tructed in a plot donated %' a parent) <$e collection tuition fee +a! t$e onl' econo ic %a!e of t$e !c$ool) It #re+ +it$in fe+ 'ear! and !tren#t$ increa!ed like an' t$in#) SinceD it +a! not a re#i!tered Sc$oolD t$e 7ducation 6epart ent ad0i!ed to for 3i0ekananda =indi "ediu latter +it$ t$e de and fro Standard2) <$e t+o tier! Panchayat !'!te +a! introduced in 1957 in Aarnataka) <$e a Societ' and run t$e Sc$oolD le#all') <$e re!ult Sc$ool) Initiall' it +a! up to 3II Standard +$ile t$e parent!D it +a! up #raded a! $i#$ Sc$ool 1S +a! 3i0ekananda 7ducation Societ' and t$e Sc$ool na ed a! Sri

refu#ee!D after citi9en!$ip of IndiaD #ot t$e fir!t opportunit' to ca!te a 0ote and al!o to participate a! candidate! in :andal Panchayat) Repre!entati0e! fro eac$ of t$e!e &olonie! +ere elected) <$e!e &olonie! +ere included in a :andal Panchayat of ad:oinin# 0illa#e called ?a+al#era and t$e Pradhan 1Pre!ident2 +a! fro a8i u t$e !a e 0illa#e) <$e!e &olonie! +ere #i0en lea!t !er0ice! durin# t$i! period a! t$e repre!entati0e! t$u! !elected +ere illiterate or did not kno+ Aannada and t$e' +ere fe+ in nu %er fi0e &olonie!2) <$e elected e %er! +ere i#norant a%out t$e 1onl' 5 fro

i!!ue! of t$e Re$a%ilitation pro%le !) =enceD t$i! +a! anot$er failure on t$e part of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) 6rinkin# +ater +a! an i portant i!!ue for t$e!e refu#ee!) <$e canal +ater +a! t$e onl' !ource durin# t$e croppin# !ea!on +$ile durin# !u erD +$en canal run! dr'D t$e 0illa#e pond +a! t$e alternati0e) <$e!e pond! +ere ! aller in !i9e and +ere in!ufficient for t$e $u an %ein# a! +ell a! cattle) <$e +ater +a! rationed in pot! per fa il' per da' %a!i! +it$out con!iderin# t$e nu %er of fa il' 7 A e %er! a! +ell a! cattle) <$e +o en $ad to +alk a%out .t$e a#ricultural draina#e 1 nala2) <$e!e nalas er !ea!on %ut pota%le +ater +a! a0aila%le at in !earc$ of +ater fro

re ain! dr' durin# t$e !u

!$allo+er dept$) <$e 'ield +a! a#ain 0er' le!! and +o en $ad to +ait for $our! to#et$er 1!o eti e! +$ole ni#$t2 to #et a pan of +ater) <$e cla!$ for drinkin# +ater +a! 0er' freEuent a on# t$e +o en a! +ell a! en) "andal Panchayat in!talled %ore +ell! for drinkin# +ater in e0er' &olon' +$ile all

76

An Obscure Hope
failed e8cept &olon' (o)1 & .D +$ere t$e pota%le +ater +a! a0aila%le) <$e i!!ue of drinkin# +ater continued to %e un!ol0ed for unkno+n period) 4)5 "6areness <$ou#$ it cannot %e de arcated a! +$en t$e a+arene!! p$a!e +a! !tarted %ut t$e co ence ent of t$e !a e can %e con!idered fro t$e introduction of t$ree tier! Panchayat S'!te ) <$i! +a! t$e ti e a !eparate +ram Panchayat +a! !et up e8clu!i0el' for Re$a%ilitation Pro:ectD $ead office %ein# at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1) Sri S$anti Ran:an 6a! +a! elected a! t$e pre!ident of +ram Panchayat) J8e is a person committed for social serviceE N !a' t$e Re$a%ilitation &olon' in$a%itant!) =e i! eEuall' +orried and concerned a%out t$e i!!ue! of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) /ccordin# to $i t$e i portant i!!ue are &a!te &ertificateD Pri ar' education in "ot$er ton#ueD =ou!e and Land Ri#$t!D Po+er! to Panchayat) =e !a'! t$e +ram Panchayat of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect $a! no po+er a! t$e &olonie! $a0e not %een declared a! re0enue 0illa#e!) =e conducted &olon'-+i!e a+arene!! pro#ra ! to put acro!! t$e e!!a#e! to t$e pu%lic) Wit$ t$e $elp of a reputed i!!ionerD Raic$ur) /%out ,5 (;@ 1Samuha2D $e or#ani!ed to conduct PR/ in 1995 to articulate t$e pro%le ! for !u% ittin# to t$e 6eput' &o &o pro%le ! +ere articulated in t$i! e8erci!e and !u% itted to t$e 6eput' i!!ionerD Raic$ur16) <$i! +a! a 7 da'! e8erci!e and %orn lot of i pact! on people) <$i! can %e ter ed a! t$e in!ti#ation of t$e /+arene!! P$a!e +$en t$e' could reco#ni!e and %e a+are of t$eir pro%le !) /not$er a:or !i#n of a+arene!! +a! cele%ration of R =alo (eevashB 1Black

6a'2 on t$e occa!ion of 5*t$ 'ear! of Independence %' t$e Pre!ident of +ram Panchayat) It +a! !' %olicall' cele%rated at t$e +ram Panchayat @ffice of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1 to dra+ t$e attention of ;o0ern ent 17) <$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect $a! !een an' c$an#e! durin# t$i! p$a!e) -our

"ilk Producer! &ooperati0e! Societie! are for ed in t$e!e &olonie! %' t$e effort! of ?anakal'anD an (;@ !tarted +orkin# in t$e!e area! in t$e 'ear
16 17

4RA e8erc$&e re ort o! (amu%a (1995)* Pra2a*aani (22*8*1997) B 'uddimoola (27*8*1997)

77

An Obscure Hope
1997) 6epart ent of 7ducation !anctioned a =i#$ Sc$ool in Aannada ediu fro at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), and an unaided =indi "ediu =i#$ Sc$ool at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)4) <+o Pri ar' Sc$ool! +ere up#raded I3 to 3II !tandard under t$e 6P7P !c$e e) <$e P=> $a! !tarted functionin# at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o),) 6rinkin# +ater facilit' i! e8tended to Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), & 4 t$rou#$ "ini Water Suppl' Sc$e e) =ou!e +ater connection! for fe+ fa ilie! are al!o #i0en in Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), +$ile in Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1 & . fe+ +ater $a! %een in!talled) / +$ic$ i! e8cluded fro ore %ore +ell! for drinkin# arket $a! %een inau#urated in Re$a%ilitation

&olon' (o), and four colonie! #ot <elep$one connection e8cept &olon' (o)5D t$e Re$a%ilitation +ram Panchayat) ;ot in touc$ +it$ /ll India (a a!udra Aal'an Sa iti and conducted a (ational le0el &onference at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)4 a%out t$e ca!te certificate) -or ulated a Pro:ect le0el &o ittee called =isan /ikash Samiti for t$e o0erall de0elop ent of t$e pro:ect) <$e State tran!port $a! e8tended t$e pu%lic tran!portation facilit' to Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o),D t+ice a da') /yavasaya Seva Sahakara Sangha 2iyamita - 3SSS( 1/#riculture Ser0ice &ooperati0e Societ' Ltd)2 i! !$ifted to Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), in it! ne+l' con!tructed %uildin#) <$ree da'! non-0iolence !trike +a! $eld de andin# t$e +ara%and$i !'!te 0ariou! S=;! de andin# %a!ic in 54/11R di!tri%utor' of <BP) /%out 15* Wo en fro e orandu ini u facilitie! to t$e!e colonie!) W$ole 0illa#e et 6)&) in $i! c$a %er and !u% itted t$eir

participated in a +eek !trike in front of t$e Irri#ation 6epart ent de andin# t$e Road con!truction for t$e!e colonie! +$en t+o road! +ere !anctioned) Recentl'D on t$e occa!ion of World Refu#ee! 6a'D t$e' +ent for =un#er !trike de andin# t$eir con!titutional ri#$t! and %a!ic facilite! 15)

18

(amyukta 'arnataka< 131612001B 1516120010 (udd%$moola<131612001 B 1516120010 Ra$c%ur Caan$<13161 2001 B 141612001*

78

An Obscure Hope
&$apter 3 492 S3"PS9B4 B: R29".I8I4"4IB3 PRB#2,4 2o maintain the prosperity of the 6tate troubles should be remo!ed causes eliminated impediments remo!ed and financial distress eliminated# - Aautil'aD <$e /rt$a!a!tra 4efore we go for understanding the issues of the Rehabilitation Pro5ect we must (now the pre!ailing conditions# 7ith this endea!our this chapter ma(es an attempt to document the present scenario of the pro5ect# $t critically obser!es the demographics 8ccupational structure Resource 4ase $nfrastructures 9ducational status Cultural ,ilieu 9conomic Profile and $nstitutional set up of the area# Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! located at t$e (ort$-7a!t of Sind$anur to+n at a di!tance of 1*-15 A fro it to+ard! Raic$ur and a id!t an irri#ated tractD +$ere li0e a%out 1,D*** Sri Lankan & Bur e!e repatriate! and Ben#ali refu#ee!) <$e' $a0e %een re$a%ilitated $ere !ince 1969-7.) <$e older people !peak <a il and Ben#ali +$ile t$e 'oun#er one! $a0e no+ #one t$rou#$ a #eneration of Aannada !c$oolin#) But %e'ond t$e fact t$at t$e' re!ide in AarnatakaD and depend on local econo ' for t$eir !ur0i0alD t$e' $a0e 0er' little in co on +it$ t$e people a id!t +$o t$e' li0e) -or all intent! and purpo!e!D %ecau!e of a ran#e of factor! - !ocialD culturalD lin#ui!ticD educational and politicalD t$e' are in0i!i%le) /! t$e!e localitie! are !till colonie! and not t$e 0illa#e!D t$e' do not appear in t$e official ap of t$e %lock or di!trict) Si ilarl' t$e facilitie!D +$ic$ a 0illa#e en:o'!D are t$e!e colonie!) But po0ert'D t$e inti ate friend of rural Indian! did not on t$e #round t$at t$e' are not 0illa#e! %ut colon'-d+eller!) It 0er' an' factor! re!pon!i%le for t$e re!ource %a!eD a0aila%ilit' of i!!in# fro

fail to $u# t$e

uc$ e8i!t! in all t$e fi0e colonie!) <$ere are de o#rap$ic factor!D t$eir occupationD t$e

!u!taina%le po0ert' in t$e!e colonie!) @0er+$el in# population and ot$er infra!tructure!D education !tatu!D cultural !ection! of t$i! c$apter) ilieuD econo ic profile and in!titutional !et

up are i portant a on# t$e!e factor!) <$e!e are anal'!ed in t$e !u%!eEuent

An Obscure Hope
5)1 %emographics <$e refu#ee! of t$e!e &olonie! !till $a0e not for#otten t$eir !+eet re ini!cence! of t$eir RSonar BanglaB !o i! true +it$ t$e <a il repatriate! a%out t$eir $o e-real ) <$e' keep on 0i!itin# t$eir re!pecti0e place! often and t$u! population fluctuate! at an' point of ti e) <$e population $a! increa!ed a%out , ti e! to t$at at t$e ti e of Re$a%ilitation +$ile t$e nu %er of fa ilie! $a! %eco e al o!t 4 ti e!) It i! !o %ecau!e of t$e di0i!ion of t$e fa ilie! into an' and t$e i i#ration of fe+ ore fa ilie! after re$a%ilitation) It i! +ort$ to ention $ere t$at t$o!e fa ilie! +$o $a0e co e

after re!ettle ent $a0e not %een #i0en an' facilitie! %' t$e ;o0ern ent) It i! al!o to %e noted $ere t$at t$e' $a0e neit$er %een #i0en a re!idential plot too nor a piece of land for t$eir !ur0i0al) <$e !tud' of t$e 0oter li!t! prepared durin# t+o different period! re0eal! t$atD initiall' t$e' $ad %een #i0en 0otin# ri#$t! +$ile no+ t$at po+er $a! %een +it$dra+n) <$e population of all t$e 5 &olonie! are furni!$ed in t$e ta%le 5)1)1)
<a%le) 5)1)1F <$e population of re!pecti0e &olonie! of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect)
Sl) (o (a e of t$e &olon' Population a! per &en!u! of India ,**1 "ale -e ale <otal Se8 Ratio

1 R)=) &olon' (o)1 , R)=) &olon' (o), . R)=) &olon' (o). 4 R)=) &olon' (o)4 5 R)=) &olon' (o)5 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect

74* 1554 1717 991 655 6*,*

74, 145, 1003 171, .596 909 1555 ..*, 923 944 19.5 953 65* 1..5 945 56.. 1165. 9.6 SourceI Pre*published 1ensus of )ndia &77!

<$e ta%le !$o+! t$at R)=) &olon' (o) , i! t$e %i##e!t a on# all t$e 5 &olonie! $a0in# population of .596 and R)=) &olon' (o) 5 i! t$e ! alle!t $a0in# population of 1..5 per!on!) <$e !e8 ratio of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! 9.6 a! a#ain!t t$e !tate a0era#e of 964) <$e total area of t$e pro:ect includin# a#riculture and (on-a#riculture land i! 451.).4 19 119)45 SE) A )2 acre! and t$u! t$e Population den!it' of t$e pro:ect co e! to 595 per!on! per !Euare kilo etre a! a#ain!t t$e State Population 6en!it' of ,75) It i! +ort$ entionin# $ere t$at t$e total non-a#ricultural land i! 4,9),. acre!D +$ic$ include! area under $a%itationD office !paceD $o!pitalD #ra9in# landD roadD te pleD pla' #roundD !c$ool!D cre ation centreD etc) <$u!D land a0aila%le per
19

+a%a&$l =!!$ce record&

An Obscure Hope
per!on in t$e!e &olonie! co e! to *)19 acre! per fa il'D +$ic$ i! too den!el' populated to li0e)
<a%le) 5)1),F 6i!tri%ution of fa il' on t$e %a!i! of ca!te! for all t$e fi0e &olonie!) Sl) (a e of t$e &olon' (o 1 R)=) &olon' (o)1 , R)=) &olon' (o), . R)=) &olon' (o). 4 R)=) &olon' (o)4 5 R)=) &olon' (o)5 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect Per cent a#e 1H2 (a a! udra ... 545 5*5 4., 1.. 1951 55)4, Bra$ i n * . . 6 1, *)5. Aa'a!t $a 5, ,4 ,1 97 4),5 A!$atri Ra:%an Para an 'a !$i ik 1, , 51 1. 1, 44 5 9 . ,7 ,9 . 11 1.9 ,4 61 6)*9 1)*5 ,)67 SourceI P$A exercise report

<$e ca!te-+i!e fa il' di!tri%ution i! furni!$ed in ta%le 5)1),) <$e re!ult! !$o+ t$at t$e a8i u fa ilie! are fro R 2amasudraB 155)4,H2 co unit' follo+ed %' R=shatriyaB 16)*9H2) <$e (a a!udra & A!$atri'a co unit' +a!

con!idered a! S& in t$e initial period and al!o it i! con!idered S& in /!!a D Bi$arD @ri!!a and We!t Ben#al) <$e Paramanik 1%ar%er2 and $a%banshi 1fi!$er an2 are al!o S& %' t$eir profe!!ion) <$ereforeD a%out 95),.H of fa ilie! in t$e!e &olonie! %elon# to t$e Sc$eduled or Back+ard &a!te!) 5), Bccupational Structure /lt$ou#$D a#riculture $a! all t$e uncertaintie! a! it %' and lar#e depend! on t$e cli ate and rainfallD o!t of t$e people re!idin# $ere are a#riculturi!t! 14*)54H2) <$o!e +$o $a0e co e durin# t$e re!ettle ent p$a!e $a0e a#ricultural land 14-5 acre!2 for culti0ation) "o!t of t$i! S all & "ar#inal -ar er! 1S"-2 are located at t$e tail-end of t$e <un#a%$adra Irri#ation Pro:ect 1<BP2 and recei0e! inadeEuate Euantu of +ater for irri#ation) Wit$out a ple rainD culti0ation in t$e Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)5 and part of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)4 i! a drea ) <$u! t$e lo!! in a#riculture i! rat$er certain) <$e profita%ilit' of different crop! in t$e!e &olonie! are anal'!ed and anne8ed in /nne8ure IID +$ic$ !$o+! t$at a ! all far er $a0in# . acre! of /#ricultural land ake! a net profit of R!) 6***/- per annu ) <$e total e8penditure for t$e fa il' +ould co e round R!),1D9**/- t$u! a ountin# t$e total deficit of R!)15D9**/- per annu )

An Obscure Hope
/not$er &ate#or' of people 146).6H2 li0e in t$i! pro:ect i! Landle!! /#ricultural La%ourer! 1L/L2) 6ail' +a#e i! t$eir earnin# for li0eli$oodD +$ic$ i! a#ain a%!olutel' dependent on a#ricultureD and 'et a#ain it i! uncertain) @n an a0era#e an /#ricultural La%ourer #et! ,7* +o an/ an-da'! of +ork in a 'earD earnin# R!),5-.5 per da' per per!on) <$u!D t$e annual inco e of a fa il' $a0in# t+o earnin# e %er! 1$u!%and & +ife2 i! R!)16D ,**/-) <$e e %er! 1=u!%andD Wife & , annual e8penditure of a ! all fa il' of 4 cau!in# a deficit of R!)57**/- per anu )
<a%le)5),)1F <otal nu %er of fa ilie! dependent on different occupation! for t$eir li0eli$ood in t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur) Sl) (a e of t$e (o &olon' 1 R)=) &olon' (o)1 , R)=) &olon' (o), . R)=) &olon' (o). 4 R)=) &olon' (o)4 5 R)=) &olon' (o)5 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect Per cent a#e 1H2 S",*5 ,65 154 165 1*7 9., 4*)54 L/L 15. ,5. .45 ,57 47 1*55 46).6 -i!$eren 5. ,, 14 11 1** 4).5 6air' Bu!i- @t$er! <otal ne!! 1. 1, 14 .97 17 1. ,. 6,7 11 11 17 59. 19 1, 19 459 6 . , 176 66 51 75 ,,5, ,)59 ,),. .),9 1**)** SourceI P$A exercise report

&$ildren2 i! R!),1D 9**/-) <$e detail i! furni!$ed in /nne8ure III) <$u!D

/ !e# ent of t$e population i! dependent on &o repatriate! and $ence $a! a #ood

on Propert' Re!ource!

1&PR2 like ri0er 14).5H2) -i!$ i! t$e !taple food for t$e!e refu#ee! & arket) /%out 4).5H of t$e total fa ilie! a+a'2 i! t$e %a!e for t$eir !ur0i0al) $a0e adopted fi!$in# a! t$eir occupation) <$e near%' <un#a%$adra 1,* A a+a'2 and Ari!$na Ri0er! 11**-15* A depend! on la%our +ork!) @0er a period of ti e a%out ,),.H of t$e total population $a! acted upon t$e opportunitie! co co and %eco e %u!ine!! en/local trader!) <$e Bra$ in t$e ritual!D unit' 1*)61H2 alt$ou#$ culti0ate t$eir landD t$e' al!o perfor 6urin# t$e !ea!on onl' t$i! people can catc$ t$e fi!$ and re!t of t$e 'ear

arria#e!D etcD a! a !ource of !u%!idiar' inco e) <$e Paramanik 1%ar%er2 unit' !er0e! t$e !ociet' in t$eir cu!to ar' +a'D +$ic$ i! t$eir !ource of are i!olated fro a#ricultureD +$et$er $a! a piece inco e) ButD none of t$e of land or not)

An Obscure Hope

%istribution of families on the basis of their Bccupations

.5* .45

.** ,65 ,5* 6ifferent @ccupation! ,*5 ,** 154 165 15. 15* 1+7 1** (7 5. ,, 1411 * S"L/L -i!$er- en 17 19 1. 11 6 6air' 1,1. 111, ' Bu!i-ne!! ,. 14 1719 @t$er! R)=) &olon' (o)1 R)=) &olon' (o), R)=) &olon' (o). R)=) &olon' (o)4 R)=) &olon' (o)5 ,5. ,57

5*

(u %er of -a ilie!

-i#) 5),)1) 6i!tri%ution of fa ilie! %a!ed on t$eir occupation in Re$a%ilitation &olonie! of Sind$anur

An Obscure Hope
Pre!ent trend of Inco e ;eneration i! !$iftin# to+ard! 6air' acti0it') ?anakal'anD an (;@D +$en inter0ened in t$e areaD found it +ort$ !tartin# 6air' a! an Inco e ;eneration /cti0it' 1I;/2 and t$u!D +$o are o!t of t$e far er!D e %er! of S=;!D are $a0in# at lea!t one cro!! %reed co+! at t$eir

di!po!al) <$i! #i0e! a !upple entar' inco e of R!)75-1,5 per da' per co+ +it$ no la%our lo!!) / ne#li#i%le !ection of t$e co !tarted unit' 1!peciall' t$e 'oun#er #eneration2 are

i#ratin# to t$e near%' citie!/to+n! for e plo' ent) "o!t of t$e

en#a#ed in con!truction +ork! in ;oaD $otel !er0ice! in ='dera%adD tea #arden +ork! in "'!oreD etc) @nl' 5-1* per!on! are e plo'ed in ;o0ern ent and Pri0ate @ffice!) 7 plo' ent in an' for al !ector i! adrea refu#ee!) /! t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! located in an irri#ated tractD no indu!tr' $a! %een !et up !o far) Per$ap!D non-a0aila%ilit' of ra+ aterial i! one of t$e a:or cau!e! for it) (e0ert$ele!!D fe+ Rice "ill! are !een $ere and t$ere in t$e entire %lock of Sind$anur) <$u!D t$e' neit$er $a0e an opportunit' for e plo' ent in an' Indu!tr' nor are t$e' co petent enou#$ to a0ail t$e e8i!tin# facilitie!) W$at!oe0er i! t$eir !ource of li0eli$oodD t$e inco e i! in!ufficient for ana#e ent of t$e fa il') /! $a! alread' %een !een in t$e earlier para#rap$!D /"- & L/L $a! no ot$er #o t$an to %orro+ loan to fulfil t$e #ap %et+een t$eir annual inco e and e8penditureD for +$ic$ t$e' donBt $a0e an' !ource of repa' ent) 5). Resource .ase Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur $a! $otD aridD irri#ated land +it$ %lack cotton !oil in all t$e &olonie! e8cept in Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o).D +$ere t$e !oil i! red-loa ') /#riculture i! t$e !in#le lar#e!t indu!tr' and %a!e of t$e econo ') &ottonD +$ic$ +a! t$e for %lack cotton !oilD fro al!o a:or & ca!$ crop of t$e re#ionD and !uita%le ai9eD ade it! +a' out and padd' $a! occupied it! po!ition for t$e!e

1954 on+ard!) @t$er crop! like KawarD red #ra D Ben#al #ra D ake trial! for !u#arcane #ro+in#)

!unflo+er and ot$er cereal! & pul!e! are al!o #ro+n in t$e area) -e+ far er!

An Obscure Hope
<BP +ater i! di!tri%uted to t$i! areaD +$ic$ i! u!ed for irri#ation a! +ell a! drinkin# purpo!e!) Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1 & . $a! a #ift of nature and are a%le to e8tract #round +ater for %ot$ drinkin# a! +ell a! irri#ation 1fe+ fa ilie!2 purpo!e!) Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), & 4 $a0e t$e drinkin# +ater !uppl' fro a point 4-6 A a+a' to+ard! Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1)

&PR like ri0er i! anot$er re!ource a0aila%le for t$e!e refu#ee! for t$eir li0eli$ood) /%out 6* acre! of fallo+ and +a!teland 1co0ered +it$ Prosophis %uliflora2 around Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)5 are a0aila%le and i! %ein# u!ed for t$e fire+ood) (o ot$er re!ourceD eit$er natural or artificialD i! acce!!i%le to t$e!e co unitie!) Su aril'D land +it$out proper irri#ation facilit' i! t$e onl' re!ource for t$eir !ur0i0al) 5)4 Infrastructure /ll t$e a:or %ut nece!!ar' p$'!ical a! +ell a! !ocial infra!tructure! are @fficeD Bank!D 6e0elop ental @ffice!D t$rou#$ t$e located at t$e %lock cit' Sind$anur) <$e Pri ar' =ealt$ &entreD &olle#e!D /d ini!trati0e @ffice!D Po!t & <eleco Police StationD -ire StationD /P"&D "arket!D and ot$er !er0ice! are a0aila%le at Sind$anur) <o a0ail t$e!e !er0ice!D one $a! to tra0el 15-,* A Irri#ation 6epart entB! udd' road! alon#!ide t$e canal! o0er %ic'cle /

otorc'cle or cart / tractor) <$e road condition! are !o %adD +$ic$ %eco e co pletel' i pa!!a%le durin# rain' !ea!on) <$e a#ricultural land al!o doe! not $a0e connectionD e0en +it$ t$e udd' road!) <$e Aarnataka 7lectricit' t$e &olonie! in t$e 'ear 195,) Board 1A7B2 $a! re o0ed t$e darkne!! fro

/ll t$e &olonie! $a0e #ot telep$one connection in t$e 'ear ,*** e8cept Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)5) Pu%lic 6i!tri%ution S'!te ! 1P6S2 are al!o functionin# in e0er' &olon' %ut card! for +$ic$ t$e' are eli#i%le) / Pri ar' Sc$ool in e0er' &olon' i! e!ta%li!$ed durin# t$e re!ettle ent p$a!e +$ile a Pri0ate =indi "ediu "ediu Sc$ool and ;o0ern ent Aannada Sc$ool i! al!o operatin# 1996 on+ard!) <$e +ram Panchayat @ffice an' of t$e fa ilie! donBt $a0e t$e ration

i! located at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1 and a Pri ar' =ealt$ >nit $a! %een e!ta%li!$ed in Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o),D +$ic$ operate! t+ice a +eek) /

An Obscure Hope
(urgadevi te ple i! con!tructed in e0er' &olon' +it$ t$e co contri%utionD +$ic$ need to %e reno0ated) 5)5 2ducation Status 7ducation i! t$e %ack%one of a Societ'- %elie0e! t$i! co t$eir uc$ intere!t in t$eir c$ildrenB! educationD unit') 6e!pite failed to unit' in one o!t of t$e unit'

continue t$eir c$ildren to !c$ool! due to 0ariou! rea!on!) <$e fore o!t a on# t$e i! RLanguageB and R1aste 1ertificateG !a'! t$e co 0oice) <$e ot$er rea!on! are financial condition!D lack of facilitie! like tran!portationD $o!tel! 1!peciall' for #irl!2D di!cri ination to+ard! #irl c$ildD pa!t e8perience!D etc) <$e data pre!ented %elo+ !$o+ t$e i pact of lan#ua#e on t$e !ucce!! rate of education in t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur)
<a%le 5)5)1 6ata !$o+in# t$e !ucce!! rate of !tudent!D +$o $ad atte pted SSL& e8a ination till 1995-99D prior to t$e e!ta%li!$ ent of =indi
Sl) (a e of t$e &olon' (o

ediu

=i#$ Sc$ool)
H of !tudent! pa!!ed S 78a

Student! appeared in S Student! pa!!ed S 78a 78a till 1995-99 till 1995-99

Bo' 1 R)=) &olon' (o)1 , R)=) &olon' (o), . R)=) &olon' (o). 4 R)=) &olon' (o)4 5 R)=) &olon' (o)5 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect 141 .,4 ,1, ,1. 51 941

;irl 19 ,7 9 14 5 74

<otal 16* .51 ,,1 ,,7 56 1*15

Bo' 41 71 47 54 1, ,,5

;irl 5 9 . 5 , ,4

<otal

Bo'

;irl

<otal

46 ,9)*5 ,6)., ,5)75 5* ,1)91 ..).. ,,)79 5* ,,)17 ..).. ,,)6, 59 ,5).5 .5)71 ,5)99 14 ,.)5. 4*)** ,5)** ,49 ,.)91 .,)4. ,4)5. SourceI P$A exercise report

<a%le 5)5)1 !$o+! t$e !ucce!! rate of !tudent! +$o $a0e atte pted SSL& 1Secondar' Sc$ool Lea0in# &ertificate2 e8a ination till 1995-99 fro all t$e 5 &olonie!) It clearl' depict! t$at t$e pa!!in# percenta#e i! a! lo+ a! ,4)5.H +$ile t$e State a0era#e ran#e! %et+een 4*-5*H 1t$i! 'ear it i! 41)69H2 ,* fro 'ear to 'ear) 4et t$e literac' rate of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! a%out o!t of 49).6H a! a#ain!t t$e Block rate of .4)45H and State rate of 56)**H ,1) Pro%a%l'D it i! !o %ecau!e of $i#$ induction rate in t$e !c$ool and t$e +$ic$ nece!!aril' are I-I3 !tandard pa!!ed and are all %elo+ t$e a#e #roup of .* 'ear!D ean! t$at t$i! !ection $a! %orn and %rou#$t in t$e!e t$e ta%le t$at onl' ,4 #irl! $a0e Eualified

&olonie! onl') It i! al!o e0ident fro

20 21

www*onl$ne.angalore*com ,$&tr$ct (tat$&t$cal =!!$ce0 Ra$c%ur

An Obscure Hope
in t$eir SSL& e8a ination a#ain!t ,,5 %o'! in t$e la!t . decade!) <$i! i! %ecau!e of lack of tran!portationD $o!tel facilitie! and t$e di!cri ination of parent! to+ard! t$e #irl c$ildren) <$e pre!ent education le0el of t$e &olonie! i! furni!$ed in ta%le 5)5),) It i! !een fro t$e ta%le t$at t$e induction rate i! 0er' $i#$ 1497, !tudent! in t$e pri ar' le0el2 +$ile onl' 4*9 per!on! could reac$ SSL&D 91 P>& 11*U,2D 4. #raduation and onl' 5 per!on! co pleted t$eir Po!t ;raduation in t$e la!t t$ree decade!) /%out 1, per!on! $a0e co pleted t$eir tec$nical education like 1 "BBSD 1 B3ScD 1 B)<ec$) 1/#) 7n##)2D , 6iplo a 7n#ineerin# and re!t I)<)I) <$e fi#ure! #i0en in t$e ta%le %elo+ are cu ulati0e fi#ure! for t$e la!t .*-., 'ear!)
<a%le 5)5), <$e education profile of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur till t$e 'ear ,***,**1 fro Sl)
(o

all t$e fi0e &olonie! (u %er of per!on! Eualified in different le0el >p to 3II 3III-S SII ;raduation P; <ec$nical ,14 67 11 5 1 . 1751 1,1 .1 19 6 5 95. 94 1, 5 15.1 1*4 ,5 11 1 4 49. ,. 9 . 497, 4*9 91 4. 5 1, SourceI P$A exercise report 0 1hildren 1ensus $eport &77!"

(a e of t$e &olon' 1 R)=) &olon' (o)1 , R)=) &olon' (o), . R)=) &olon' (o). 4 R)=) &olon' (o)4 5 R)=) &olon' (o)5 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect

<$e 7ducation 6epart ent 7"IS Report ,, ,***-,**1 of Sind$anur %lock pu%li!$ed %' (I7P/D (e+ 6el$i !$o+! t$at onl' .1 rural Sc$ool! of Sind$anur %lock out of ,64 !c$ool! enrolled !tudent! in t$e ran#e of ,,1-.**D a on# t$e al!o are fro . are fro t$e!e Pro:ect) /#ain onl' 16 rural Sc$ool! $a0e %een a8i u !tudent! i)e) ore t$an .**D a on# t$e . ean t$at $a0in# !uc$ a #ood enrol ent in reported to %e enrolled

t$i! pro:ect) 6oe! it

t$e pri ar' le0elD t$e rea!on! for !uc$ a lo+ literac' le0el i! t$e lan#ua#eQ

22

@63( 200012001

An Obscure Hope
*-6 ,ultural Milieu Intra-,ommunity Relation& &ulturall' t$e!e refu#ee! are alto#et$er different fro t$e local people) <$eir fe!ti0al!D arria#e !'!te D ritual!D etc) differ! a lot) /#ain t$i! practice differ! %et+een t$e refu#ee! and repatriate!) <$e' cele%rate an' poo%as in a 'ear) (asara i! t$eir #reat fe!ti0al!P cele%rate for ont$ of "arc$-/pril for fi0e da'!D +$ic$ t$e' call a! Basanti an' ot$er fi0e da'! durin# @cto%er in e0er' &olon') Si ilar kind of poo%a t$e' a#ain cele%rate in t$e poo%a) 6urin# t$e!e t+o poo:a!D e0er' fa il' purc$a!e ne+ dre!!e!D irre!pecti0e of +$et$er t$e' are ric$ or poor) <$e' al!o cele%rate S$eetalaD and R+uruB fro poo%as like Saraswati- +aneshD La8 iD S$i0aD Ari!$naD :aa :anashaD =artikD an' ot$er! durin# different !ea!on! of a 'ear) <$e' %elie0e u!t take R(eekshaB to ake t$e %od' $ol') 3ariou! arria#e!) t$at e0er' indi0idual

different di!ciple! like R /aishnabGD RSatsanghBD RSuksevaGD etc) u!t for an' kind of fe!ti0al!D ritual! or unitie! t$at a Bra$ in

Pre!ence of Bra$ in i! a

<$e ca!te $ierarc$' i! !o !tron# a on# t$e!e co ne0er con!u e! food once (a a!udra co ne0er

unit' touc$e! it) =o+e0erD t$e'

ind if lo+er ca!te! 0i!it! or enter in to a Bra$ in! $ou!e)

"arria#e i! anot$er i portant a!pect in t$eir culture) >nlike t$e Aannadi#a!D t$e arria#e !$ould %e out!ide %lood relation) <$e parent! are !till and 0ice-0er!a) <$e arria#e i! arria#e re!pon!i%le for !electin# %ride for %ride#roo

conducted durin# ni#$tD unlike ot$er! conductin# in da'ti e) <$e

$a! to %e conducted at t$e re!idence of dau#$terD $o+e0er poor or ric$ $er parent! are) <$e pre & po!t- arria#e reEuire ent! con!u e! lot of ti e and one' for %ot$ t$e partie!) <$e do+r' !'!te <3S !till e8i!t! %ut t$e !i9e of t$e arria#e ran#e! %et+een a' reac$ 5 !a e depend! on t$e part') (or all'D a %ic'cle or a <3 1%lack & +$ite2D or a otorc'cle etc) i! #i0en a! do+r') <$e co!t of R!)5***/- to R!)5*D ***/- e8cludin# e8ceptional ca!e! +$ere it di#it! fi#ure!) <$e da'ti e onl') (eedle!! to co ention at t$i! :uncture t$at t$e !'!te $a! %een odified o0er a

arria#e! of <a il repatriate! are conducted durin#

period of ti e) <$ere i! ca!ti!

+it$in t$e refu#ee!) <$e (a a!udra arria#e! out!ide t$eir ca!te

unit' cannotD e0en if t$e' +antD arran#e

An Obscure Hope
and t$e !a e i! true for an' ot$er ca!te!) ButD a! t$e !ettle ent i! 0er' ! all in !i9eD pre!entl' it $a! %eco e e8tre el' difficult for t$e period of ti e) =enceD inter-ca!te! a#ain rare) ButD !o far no c$ildren to arran#e arria#eD a! all t$e fa ilie! $a0e %eco e relati0e! to eac$ ot$er o0er a arria#e i! !eenD no+ada'!D +$ic$ i! arria#e! $a0e %een conducted +it$ t$e local

Aannadi#a!) Pre!entl'D it i! al!o !een t$at t$e parent! are +illin# to #et t$eir arried out!ide t$e %oundar' of t$i! refu#ee &olonie!) <$e place! like &$andrapur of /)P)D We!t Ben#alD "a$ara!traD ")P)D etc) +$ere0er Ben#ali people are re!idin#) W$ate0er t$e practice! areD it $a! %eco e 0er' difficult and a co!tl' affair! for e0er'%od' to #et a %ride for a %ride#roo 0ice-0er!a in t$e pre!ent da'!) I!olation fro of t$e !ettle ent are t$e a:or cau!e! for it) or re!t of t$e +orld and ! all !i9e

Ritual! are anot$er co!tl' affair! for t$e!e refu#ee!) It i! a co pul!or' !ocial practice t$at upon deat$ of parent!D t$e !on! $a0e to fa!t for ele0en da'! +it$ lot an' rule! and re#ulation!) W$ile di!cri ination i! !$o+n +it$ t$e dau#$ter! #i0in# onl' four da'! pro0i!ion %' t$e !ociet') /t t$e end of t$e 11t$ da'D t$e RPurohitB 1Bra$ in2 doe! t$e RShraaddhaB like a Lagna and on t$e t$irteent$ da'D a fea!t for t$e Bra$ in a! +ell a! +$ole 0illa#e people i! a u!t) <$e' conduct It i! al!o +ort$ to an' ot$er ritual! on Birt$ of a c$ildD if it i! ill / di!ea!ed unitie!D !till in t$i! a#e of co puter) unit' i! fro different ention at t$i! point t$at t$i! co etc) <$e %lind %elief i! !een in t$e!e co

di!trict! of Ban#lade!$ and $a0e re#ional difference! in t$eir cultureD lan#ua#eD and ritual!) =o+e0erD t$e' $a0e a lot in co on %arin# fe+)

Inter-community Relation& 6e!pite li0in# $ere for t$e la!t t$ree decade! t$e' $a0e 0er' ini u contact! +it$ t$e local people) It i! al!o !een durin# t$e an' of t$e doe! not kno+ interaction! +it$ local and nei#$%ourin# peopleD <a il people $a0e

a%out t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect and t$e Ben#ali! re!idin# t$ere) =o+e0erD t$e uc$ %etter contact! +it$ t$e local and !tate le0el t$e !tud' t$at a%out 45H of 11, out of ,52 aut$oritie!) It i! e0ol0ed fro

re!pondent!D !elected rando l'D do not kno+ eit$er a%out t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect or t$e Ben#ali! re!idin# t$ere and a%out .6H of 19 out of ,52 do kno+ a%out t$e <a ilian)

An Obscure Hope
It i! al!o found t$at onl' ,5H of t$e people fro t$e Ben#ali co unitie!

kno+ to interact or at lea!t to under!tand t$e Aannada lan#ua#e +$ile a%out .6H of <a ilian kno+! to !peak in Aannada) /%out ,4H of Ben#ali people kno+ to read and +rite Aannada +$ile ,*H of <a il people kno+ to read and +rite Aannada) It i! +ort$ entionin# t$at t$e @fficial lan#ua#e i! Aannada) It i! al!o !een t$at a%out 7H of Ben#ali +o en kno+ to interact in Aannada +$ile ,1H of <a il +o en kno+ to interact in Aannada) / on# t$o!e +$o kno+ to readD +rite or !peakD o!t of t$e are %elo+ .* 'ear! old)

/ccordin# to t$e Police 6epart entD t$e!e people are peace lo0in# and $a0e 0er' #ood track record! of not creatin# conflict!) <$e data o%tained fro t$e cri e record! of t$e police !tation for t$e pre0iou! . 'ear! are #i0en in t$e ta%le %elo+D +$ic$ !$o+! t$at onl' ,5 ca!e! +ere filed in t$e pre0iou! . 'ear!) It al!o pro0ed t$at a%out 4*H 11* out of ,5 ca!e!2 out of t$e!e ca!e! +ere for irri#ation +ater 1=urt!2 +$ile 5H +a! t$e ini u for t$e 6o+r' / $ara!! ent e0ent!) R)=) &olon' (o)1 $a! filed "a8i u 'ear!)
<a%le 5)6)1 <$e &ri e &a!e! Re#i!tered %' t$e Refu#ee! and Repatriate! in t$e Police StationD Sind$anur in t$e Pre0iou! . 4ear!) Sl (o &olonie! <'pe of ca!e! 1995 /ccident 6o+r' =urt! Riot! @t$er! <'pe of ca!e! 1999 /ccident 6o+r' =urt! Riot! @t$er! <'pe of ca!e! ,*** /ccident 6o+r' =urt! Riot! @t$er! <ot al

14*H2 ca!e! +$ile

R)=) &olon' (o). $a! filed t$e lea!t 15H2 nu %er of ca!e! in t$e pre0iou! .

1 R)= &olon' (o)1 , R)= &olon' (o), . R)= &olon' (o). 4 R)= &olon' (o)4 5 R)= &olon' (o)5 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect

1 1

1 1

- - 1 - . 1 - 1 - , 1 1* - - - - - - - - 1 . - 1 5 - - - - - - - - - 1 - , - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - . - - - - - - - - - - 1 4 5 - - 1 - . 1 1 , 1 7 , 5 ,5 SourceI 1rime $egisters of Sindhanur Police Station "

<$e record! furt$er !a' t$at a total of .45 ca!e! +ere filed in t$e 'ear 1995 in t$e cri e depart entD .54 in t$e 'ear 1999 and 4*. in t$e 'ear ,*** fro +$ole %lock) But fro t$e!e 5 &olonie! onl' ,D 6 and 17 ca!e! +ere filed

An Obscure Hope
re!pecti0el' i)e) onl' ,),H 1,5 out of 11.5 ca!e!2) /%out 5 ca!e! of ,*** +ere durin# election ti e +$ere Ben#ali! +ere one of t$e accu!ed and onl' a !in#le ca!e a on# t$e +a! +it$ t$e local peopleD +$ic$ +ere a#ain an a' %e a! accident of t+o-+$eeler! and t$e re!t +it$in t$e !el0e!) <$u! it can %e :u!tified t$at t$e' $a0e 0er' #ood relation +it$ t$e local peopleD %ecau!e t$e' do not interact people) -e+ $ire la%our! fro uc$ +it$ t$e con!traint!) =o+e0erD for t$eir e0er' reEuire ent t$e' %ecau!e of lan#ua#e u!t #o to t$e local

t$e nei#$%ourin# 0illa#e! +$ile ot$er! !ale!

la%our for t$e local people) <$enD +$' t$e conflict! are le!!Q 6oe! it !u%!tantiate t$at t$e' are peace lo0in#Q 5)7 2conomic Profile <$e +$ole econo ' of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! %a!ed on a#ricultureD +$ic$ i! uncertainP t$u! t$e econo ' of t$e area i! un!ta%le) <$e 'earD +$ic$ #et adeEuate rain and t$u! #et #ood 'ield fro t$e fieldD t$e price! of t$e produce! decline like an't$in#) <$e far er! are t$e !ufferer!) @n t$e ot$er $andD if it doe! not rainD #et no or le!! 'ield and a#ain t$e far er! are !ufferer!) <$u!D t$e econo ' i! a fluctuatin# econo ') =o+e0erD a ini u of 675* tonne! of padd'D 75* tonne! of cottonD and 5** tonne! of ot$er a#ricultural produce! are t$e annual contri%ution of t$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect to t$e (ational 7cono ') <$e percenta#e di!tri%ution! of fa ilie! a! e0ol0ed fro t$e +ealt$ rankin# e8erci!e are furni!$ed in t$e ta%le %elo+)

<a%le) 5)7)1) Percenta#e 6i!tri%ution of -a ilie! Belon#in# to 6ifferent &ate#orie! /ccordin# to t$eir Wealt$) Sl) (a e of t$e &olon' (o 1 R)=) &olon' (o)1 , R)=) &olon' (o), . R)=) &olon' (o). 4 R)=) &olon' (o)4 5 R)=) &olon' (o)5 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect 3er' Ric$ 1)**H ,)**H 1)**H *)5*H *)**H *)9*H Ric$ 5)**H 1.)**H 15)**H 5)**H ,)**H 9),*H 3ulnera%l e .5)**H .9)**H ,*)**H .5)**H .5)**H 15)**H 4*)**H ..)**H 5)**H ..)**H .5)5*H ,*)**H .5)**H .5)**H ,5)**H .5)6*H .6)7*H 17)6*H SourceF PR/ e8erci!e report Poor 3er' Poor

<$e anal'!i! of t$e data !$o+! t$at a%out 1*)1*H of t$e fa ilie! are +ell-off +$ile t$e re!t 59)9*H are poor and 0ulnera%le !ection!) If t$e 0illa#e! are

An Obscure Hope
ranked accordin# to t$i! data t$en R)=) &olon' (o). 119H +ell to do fa ilie!2 top! ot$er! and R)=) &olon' (o)5 li!t! t$e la!t $a0in# onl' ,H of ric$ fa ilie!) <$e criteria adopted for rankin# of t$e co unit' +ere people $a0in# <3D RadioD "otorc'cleD Land +it$ +aterD and ot$er a!!et! for ric$ and 0er' ric$ cla!!e! +$ile re!t poorD 0er' poor and 0ulnera%le !ection!) It $a! %een !een fro t$e anal'!i! t$at t$e 97)5H people %elon#in# to t$e ore of 7n#li!$D Aannada or t$e poor t$e ot$er e %er fro t$e fa il'D to

Ric$ and 3er' Ric$ cate#or' kno+ an' one or cate#or' $a0e learnt and learnin#D at lea!t one t+o 10er' poor & 0ulnera%le2 cate#orie!D +$ere onl' t$e 5)5

=indi lan#ua#e to readD +rite and !peak) <$e 157H2 people fro !peak Aannada and kno+ little a%out =indi) W$ile 9.H people fro ot$er ton#ue and 0er' little or not$in# a%out =indi e0en)

o!t of t$e refu#ee! fallD kno+

Institutional Set up In!titution! %rin# a co unit' to#et$er +$ic$ %eco e pillar of t$e !ociet') are !till functional !ince "an' in!titution! are functionin# in t$e!e &olonie!) <$e olde!t a on# t$e are t$e 'out$ clu%! in all t$e &olonie!) <+o of t$e fro t$e la!t ,*-,5 'ear! +it$ t$e c$an#e of leader!$ip +$ile re!t are al o!t

defunct) -e+ ot$er or#ani!ation! / in!titution! t$o!e are al!o +orkin# / functionin# in t$e!e &olonie!) 3i0ekananda 7ducation Societ' i! older a on# t$e +$ic$ runnin# an unaided reco#ni!ed =indi "ediu =i#$ Sc$oolD +$ic$ $a! turned t$e ode of education) Bina Pani 7ducation Societ' $a! recentl' Sc$oolD +$ic$ $a! 'et not %een reco#ni!ed itted for Inte#rated

!tarted an unaided =indi "ediu

%' t$e ;o0ern ent) ?anakal'an i! a #ra!!-root (;@ co

6e0elop ent of t$e!e refu#ee!D i ple entin# 0ariou! de0elop ental pro#ra ! in all t$e 5 &olonie! and ot$er !urroundin# 0illa#e!) /%out 6* +o en and 16 en S=;! are functionin# +it$ co0era#e of a%out 1*** unit') -our "ilk Producer!B &ooperati0e ilk collection of a%out ,*** litre!) -i0e fa ilie! in all t$e 5 &olonie!) <$e' $a0e al!o for ed a clu!ter le0el federation to %rin# one-ne!! a on# t$e co Societie! are +orkin# +it$ a dail'

'out$ clu%! are functionin# +it$ acti0e participation of 'out$! in t$e de0elop ental acti0itie!) +ram Panchayat @ffice i! located at R)=)&olon' (o)1 in +$ic$ %ot$ en and +o en are e %er!) In t$e la!t electionD t$e

An Obscure Hope
pre!ident +a! fro t$e R)=) &olon' (o)4 +$ile t$i! ti eD it i! a lad' fro a

local 0illa#e) ;o0ern ent Pri ar' Sc$ool! are functionin# in eac$ &olon' +$ile a =i#$ Sc$ool i! al!o functionin# at R)=) &olon' (o), in Aannada ediu ) It i! intere!tin# to kno+ t$at al o!t all t$e fa ilie! are one or t$e ot$er in!titution! in t$e!e &olonie!) e %er! of

An Obscure Hope
&$apter 3I 492 ,9"8823>2S "92"%

Problems are integral part of a life" Facing these with courage help a person to grow and develop in his.her life" Such problems are to be converted as goal and then to be taken as challenge to overcome them- systematicallyE -S$anti Ran:an 6a!D e8-pre!ident of +ram Panchayat)

Ha!ing understood the pre!ailing scenario of the Rehabilitation Colonies let)s now understand the life that these refugees are passing through in this era of computer# 7e will find that they are residents of an $sland surrounded by unculti!able .gricultural land completely isolated from rest of the world# ,any challenging issues are ahead of them which neither they e!er been able to sol!e nor the respecti!e authorities tried to resol!e them# 2hese challenging issues can be categorised in two broad groups !i:# the specific issues emerged due to their Rehabilitation 0 the general issues which are commonly seen in e!ery localities# .lthough few of these issues can be tac(led easily at the local le!el but no efforts ha!e been put to do so# %et us see what are they; <$e!e refu#ee! $a0e %een re!idin# $ere for t$e la!t t$ree decade! +it$out t$e %are ini u and nece!!ar' facilitie!) <$e c$allen#e! a$ead of t$e are of different nature and need to %e dealt +it$ alto#et$er different approac$e!) Suc$ pro%le ! +$ic$ $a0e dra+n t$e attention of t$e!e refu#ee! can %e cla!!ified in to t+o %road cate#orie! %a!ed on t$eir nature a! N 1) Re$a%ilitation! Pro%le ! or Pro%le ! of !pecific nature ,) Ba!ic Pro%le ! or Pro%le ! of #eneric nature <$e pro%le ! can al!o %e cate#ori!ed on t$e %a!i! of !ource! of ori#in or t$e aut$oritie! to tackle t$e 1) ,) .) 4) &o a! N unit' Le0el Pro%le
Box"F"!"The procedure followed to analyse these problems" 9hat is the problemH 9hy is it a problemH For whom all is it a problemH 9hat is the impact of a problemH >)t is to record specific instances of how a problem had affected an individual?" 9hat the recommendations areH >8aving identified the problem- the people were asked to use their knowledge about the problem- and of all the attempts to resolve it in a best possible manner" This !) Auestion is answered in the 1hapter on Suggestion?" 9ho is responsible for solving the particular problemH >1ontribution of 1ommunity- Local +overnment- State +overnment- 1entral +overnment- (evelopmental ,rgani@ationsand others?"

Local Le0el Pro%le !) State Le0el Pro%le ! &entral Le0el Pro%le !)

An Obscure Hope

<$e!e are cla!!ified in t$i! docu ent u!in# t$e for er cate#orie! +$ile t$e !u##e!tion! of t$e !a e are di!cu!!ed u!in# t$e latter cate#or') 6-1 Rehabilitation Specific Issues <$e pro%le !D +$ic$ $a0e arou!ed !pecificall' due to t$eir i#ration and re$a%ilitationD are referred a! t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro%le ! or Pro%le ! of Specific nature) Suc$ pro%le ! #enerall' are not !een in an' ot$er localitie! e8cept t$e!e kind! of re!ettle ent!) <$e ain a on# t$e are #i0en in t$e Bo8)6)1)1) 6etailed di!cu!!ion i! done in t$e follo+in# !u%-!ection!)
Box"F"!"!" The list of the problems caused due the $ehabilitation of these 1ommunities" i? 9ithdrawal of 1aste 1ertificate from the 2amasudra and =shatriya 1ommunity" ii? 2o ownership over the 8ousing Plot and Agriculture Land iii? 2ot declaring the 1olonies as revenue villages even after three decades" iv?9ithdrawal of :other tongue from the primary level" v? 2o 1iti@enship for many families even after ' decades" vi?2o Power to +ram Panchayat" vii? 2o recognition as :inority class" viii? 2o 8ouse for residing

6)1)1 ,aste ,ertificate /llD +$o $a0e %orn in a !ecular countr' like IndiaD are %elon# to a co unit' and t$e !a e i! reco#ni!ed %' $i! or $er ca!te) >nfortunatel'D t$e!e people do not $a0e an' ca!teD a! t$eir ca!te i! not %ein# included in t$e State &a!te ;a9ette) /%out 97)*5H of t$e refu#ee! and 56)47H of repatriate! are Sc$eduled &a!te! 1S&2 a! per t$e ;a9ette notification of We!t Ben#alD @ri!!aD <ripura and /!!a 1See /ppendi8 III & I32) Initiall'D +$en t$e pro:ect +a! under t$e control of &entral ;o0ern entD t$e /d ini!trator of t$e pro:ect i!!ued S& certificate! to t$e!e people 1!ee /nne8ure I2) W$en t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect +a! $anded o0er to t$e State ;o0ern entD t$e State ;o0ern ent +it$dre+ t$e facilit') /! a re!ult an entire #eneration $a! #ro+n up in t$e!e &olonie! +it$out an' ;o0ern ent aid or a!!i!tance) <$e' $a0e %een depri0ed fro t$eir Birt$ri#$t!) &anBt it %e ter ed a! di!cri ination unit' !ettled el!e+$ere in India t$e !a eQ W$' unit' at different part! of t$e to+ard! t$e!e refu#ee! a! t$e !a e co !uc$ di!cri inati0e treat ent to t$e !a e co

deri0in# t$e %enefit +$ile t$e!e people are depri0ed fro

countr' +$en India a! a countr' $a! t$e !a e con!titution t$rou#$out itQ /n

An Obscure Hope
atte pt $a! %een t$e Bo8)6)1)1)1) ade to enli!t t$e a:or con!eEuence! of t$i! pro%le in

An Obscure Hope
Box"F"!"!"!" The 1onseAuences of the 1aste 1ertificate )ssue for the $efugees"

As the refugees are economically backward- they face extreme difficulties to go for higher education" :ost of them also felt it difficult in the primary level itself" :any +overnment schemes are specially designed for S1.ST communitiesG development while rest has a specific Auota reserved for them" All these schemes are implemented through the Panchayat $a% )nstitutions >P$)?" The $ehabilitation +ram Panchayat consists of 6 $ehabilitation 1olonies and two local camps" Since- these refugees are not recognised as S1- the schemes cannot be implemented and thus go as a waste" Similarly- they face the problem in employment too"

/! $a! %een alread' di!cu!!ed el!e+$ere t$at t$e!e co illiterate lot!D t$e' t$e ain!trea u!t %e #i0en !pecial protecti0e

unitie! are

ea!ure! to inte#rate +it$ u!t take it into

econo ') It i! nece!!ar' %ecau!e t$e' are into an alto#et$er

different and ne+ en0iron ent) <$e polic' aker!

con!ideration for t$eir re!er0ation a! S&D +$ic$ are t$eir !o-called Birt$ri#$t!) 6)1), Property Rights 6urin# re!ettle ent of t$e!e peopleD ;o0ern ent allotted a re!idential plot of 4*B85*B !i9e in t$e!e &olonie!) /lt$ou#$D t$e' $a0e %een re!idin# on t$e!e plot! for t$e la!t .*-., 'ear!D !till t$e' $a0e not %een #i0en t$e ri#$t! o0er t$e!e plot!,.) <$u!D !till t$e' are refu#ee! a! re!idin# on ot$er! land) In t$e!e t$ree decade! t$eir c$ildren $a0e #ro+n up and no+ $a0e fa ilie! of t$eir o+n) >nfortunatel'D t$ere i! no !urplu! land a0aila%le for t$e!e &olonie! to con!truct $ou!e! neit$er t$e a#ricultural land i! nearer to t$e 0illa#e +$ere t$e' can !$ift) -a ilie! $a0e !u%di0ided t$eir ori#inal 4*B85*B plot! +$ere0er po!!i%le) (o+ t$e' are reali!in# t$at t$eir c$ildren and #randc$ildren +ill $a0e to lea0e t$e!e &olonie! if t$e' +ant to %e independent) <$eir !ituation i! particularl' tra#icD !ince t$e' no+ face a future in +$ic$ t$eir c$ildren +ill %e forced to %e refu#ee! in t$eir o+n ri#$t) <$e fe+ pro%le are furni!$ed in %o8)6)1),)1) a:or con!eEuence! of t$i!

Si ilar i! t$e ca!e +it$ t$e a#ricultural land) /! t$e' onl' $a0e t$e tillin# ri#$t!D t$e' can neit$er !ale nor e8c$an#eD e0en if it i! !alineD or $a0e no +ater for irri#ation or unfertile ,4) /%out .*H of t$e total land $a! no+ turned to
23 24

Ra$c%ur Caan$< 141612001 (udd$.$m.a< 121612001

An Obscure Hope
%e !aline +$ile t$e tail-ender! $a0e %eco e orp$an due to non-a0aila%ilit' of +ater durin# t$e !ea!on) /%out 41)41H land$older! of R)=) &olon' (o)4 and 96H of R)=) &olon' (o)5 $a0e no acce!! to irri#ation +ater +$ile t$eir li0eli$ood i! co pletel' dependent on a#riculture) <$e!e fa ilie! can neit$er culti0ate t$eir land nor can t$e' !ale to purc$a!e fertile land +$ere +ater i! a0aila%le) /%out ,9H fa ilie! do not $a0e eit$er land or a re!idential plot de!pite li0in# $ere for ore t$an t+o decade!) The )ndian +overnment refused to grant new allotments of land- despite the fact that it admitted many new refugees after !4B7&6) @ne can ar#ue +$et$er t$e' are not eli#i%le to #et a piece of land for t$eir d+ellin#Q
Box"F"!"&"!" The 1onseAuences of not 8aving ,wnership ,ver the $esidential Plot and Agricultural Land"

There have been regular Auarrel among the neighbours for the boundary as it has not been surveyed and fixed The 1olonies have no map and they do not appear on the Sindhanur Block map where all other villages have been shown" These 1olonies have no recognition at any level" +etting permission from the authorities for construction of a house is next to impossible- as one has no documents to prove the ownership on the plot" +ram Panchayat faces problems to collect the revenues- as it officially does not know which plot belongs to whom" 1onstructions of huts on the internal roads- in the School or temple campuses have created lot of nuisances to the general public" ven if the land is unfertile- have no water or saline- they cannot go for sale or exchange it in some other area"

<$i! i!!ue dra+! t$e !pecial attention %ecau!e it i! e!!entiall' an i inter0ention reEuired fro

ediate

t$e related aut$oritie!D ot$er+i!e t$o!e fa ilie!

+$o!e land are !aline or donBt $a0e irri#ation +aterD +ill $a0e !tar0ation a! t$e onl' +a' outD a! t$i! piece of land i! t$e onl' !ource of inco e for t$e ) /l!o for re!t of t$e fa ilie! t$e !a e ri#$t! !$ould %e #i0en if t$e' could #o for a %etter option) Si ilarl' t$e' al!o de!er0e t$e ri#$t o0er t$eir re!idential plot!D +$ic$ ot$er+i!e create! &o foru ) 6)1). Re/enue /illages an' unnece!!ar' pro%le ! in da'-to-da' life) unit' need! to initiate t$e proce!! and rai!e t$e i!!ue at an appropriate

25

<$a e! 1,***2

An Obscure Hope
6e!pite $a0in# li0ed $ere for ., lon# 'ear!D and de!pite $a0in# ade t$i!

place t$eir $o e!D t$e' are re inded of t$eir refu#ee %ack#round e0er' ti e t$e' u!e t$eir addre!!) <$e!e are !till $ehabilitation 1olonies identified +it$ nu erical fro 1 to 5 for different &olonie!) &olonie! / ca p! are for te porar' !ta' +$ile t$e!e people $a0e %een #i0en Re$a%ilitation for #eneration! to co e) 70en t$ree decade! after t$e re!ettle entD it $a! not %een reco#ni!ed %' t$e Sur0e' of India and not !$o+n on t$e Block or 6i!trict)
<a%le 6)1).)1) <$e na e! propo!ed for t$e Re$a%ilitation &olonie!) Sl)(o 1 , . Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)4 4 Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)4 5 Ra akri!$napura) ;and$ina#ar (a e of t$e &olonie! Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1 Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o). Propo!ed na e a! Re0enue 3illa#e "a$$a0eerana#ar) Sar0a#napura Ra0indrana#ar

ap of t$e

;o0ern ent record !a'!D propo!al for declaration of t$e!e &olonie! a! 5 independent re0enue 0illa#e! +it$ propo!ed na e! $a0e %een !u% itted to t$e &o 6i0i!ional &o i!!ionerD ;ul%ar#a in con!ultation +it$ 6eput' i!!ionerD Raic$ur) In t$i! re#ard !upple entar' infor ation reEuired i!!ionerD Raic$ur t$rou#$ t$i! atter i! %ein# pur!ued ,6) ButD !till t$e'

$a! %een al!o furni!$ed to t$e 6eput' &o @ffice letter dated 1.)5)1954 and t$e pro%le are #i0en in t$e %o8 6)1).)1)

are &olonie! and not 3illa#e!) <$e con!eEuence! arou!ed due to t$i!
Box F"!"'"!" The conseAuences faced by the refugees due to non*revenue status"

Since- these are not revenue villages- Panchayat cannot collect taxes" And thus- the Panchayat due to financial constraints can implement no development activities" These are not villages hence no road connection by the Authorities" Thus- the =arnataka State $oad Transport 1orporation >=S$T1? does not extend public transportation facilities" The +overnment can develop no infrastructures- as they are not permanent villages but temporary 1olonies" 2o public facilities can be created for the common use" The 1P$s are not being handed over to the +ram Panchayat" 2o authority has been given clear*cut direction or power for these 1olonies" Assistant 1ommissioner says it belongs to the +ram Panchayat while the +ram Panchayat says it does not have any written document to execute its power" )nitially6)1)4 Mother the 4ongue Administrator was the all*in*all of the pro%ect- to be mentioned here"
26

+a%a&$l =!!$ce0 ($nd%anur

An Obscure Hope
Level of education attained by the people of a nation is an integral indicator of the Auality of life 7) JAbove all education is the most vital area of development" )t is through formal as well as informal education that the society can be made to understand how to live a better lifeK 8) @n t$i! #round t$e State ;o0ern ent of Aarnataka $a! an apprecia%le polic' of pro0idin# Pri ar' 7ducation co pul!oril' in ot$er ton#ue) / ne+l' %orn %a%' need! %rea!t ilk 1"ot$erB! "ilk2 a! foodP !i ilarl' a ne+l' ad itted c$ild to t$e !c$ool need! to %e #i0en in!truction in ot$er ton#ue) It $a! %een pro0ed t$at %rea!t fed %a%' t$e!e &olonie! $a0e ade iddle) ot$er ton#ue $a0e %eco e $ealt$' and !tron#D !i ilarl' t$e data fro pro0ed t$at t$e c$ildren +$o $a0e t$eir %a!e in <$e data o%tained fro #i0en in ta%le 6)1)4)1)
<a%le 6)1)4)1) &o pari!on %et+een nu %er of per!on! $a0in# #ot $i#$er education fro t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect +it$ pri ar' education in State Lan#ua#e 0/! ot$er ton#ue
Sl (a e of t$e &olon'
Lan#ua#eState

%ri#$ter future +$ile ot$er! failed to continue t$eir education in t$e

t$e!e &olonie! to pro0e t$e a%o0e !tate ent are

(u %er of per!on! Eualified in different le0el ;raduation Po!t ;raduation <ec$nical ;raduate
Lan#ua#e State Lan#ua#eState

<otal

<otal

"ot$er ton#ue

"ot$er ton#ue

R)=) &olon' (o)1 1 R)=) &olon' (o), , R)=) &olon' (o). . R)=) &olon' (o)4 4 R)=) &olon' (o)5 5 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect

1 , .

4 17 5 11 . 4*

5 19 5 11 . 4.

1 1

1 5 1 7

1 6 1 5

ton#ue"ot$er

. 5 4 -

. 5 4 1,

1,

SourceF PR/ e8erci!e & Sc$ool! Record!

<$e ta%le !$o+! t$at t$o!e +$o $a0e co pleted t$eir #raduationD 9.)*,H a on# t$e $a0e t$eir pri ar' education eit$er in Ben#ali or in <a il ot$er ton#ue!) ediu ) Si ilarl'D 57)5H a on# t$e Po!t ;raduate! and 1**H a on# t$e tec$nical #raduate! $a0e $ad t$eir pri ar' education in t$eir
27

$o% : . 9 . the 'onse3&en'es o# the 2other tong&e 0ithdra0al at (ri2ary

(eet%aramu (1991) level 28 Ramac%andran (1991) <$e fore o!t a on# t$e i! t$e pre!ent condition of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) <$e literac' rate i! 0er' lo+) /! a re!ult t$e co unit' i! facin# a lon# li!t of pro%le ! and none of t$e aut$oritie! are t$ere to a!k for t$e ) Illiterate Societ' i! t$e $o!t for Po0ert'D +$ic$ i! true for t$i! pro:ect too) Illiterac' i! t$e cau!e for une plo' ent) =u an re!ource i! t$e o!t i portant re!ource for an' (ation) <$u!D Illiterac' i! a

<otal

An Obscure Hope
It i! +ort$ to ention $ere t$at t$o!e +$o $ad t$eir pri ar' education in $a0e failed at t$e atriculation it!elf t$e data t$at

re#ional lan#ua#eD 56H a on# t$e

+$ile re!t at t$e =i#$er Secondar' le0el) It i! al!o e0ident fro all t$o!e +$o $a0e $ad pri ar' education in

ot$er ton#ue could not

co plete t$eir $i#$er education) / nota%le percenta#e 1.4H2 a on# t$e $a! al!o failed eit$er at t$e Secondar' or at t$e =i#$er Secondar' le0el) But o!t of t$e cited different rea!on! !uc$ a! financial con!traint!D not #ettin# ana#e entD lack of $o!tel or ad i!!ion a! t$e' didnBt $a0e t$e ca!te certificateD +ork load %' t$e #uardian!D re!pon!i%ilitie! to+ard! $ou!e tran!portation facilit'D etc) <$u!D it can %e concluded t$at t$e lan#ua#e $a! contri%uted !i#nificantl' to t$e education le0el of t$e refu#ee!) <$e con!eEuence! of t$i! pro%le are furni!$ed in t$e Bo8 6)1)4)1)
3o4&6&1&4&1&The conse5uences of the mother ton#ue withdrawal at %rimary le*el

The foremost among them is the present condition of the $ehabilitation Pro%ect" The literacy rate is very low" As a result the community is facing a long list of problems and none of the authorities are there to ask for them" )lliterate Society is the host for Poverty- which is true for this pro%ect too" )lliteracy is the cause for unemployment" 8uman resource is the most important resource for any 2ation" Thus- )lliteracy is a national problem causing lot of damages to the nation"

In t$e ta%le 6)1)4), t+o =i#$ Sc$ool!B re!ult! 1(eta:i Aannada "ediu Sc$oolD Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), and 3i0ekananda =indi "ediu lan#ua#e on education) (eedle!! to kno+! Ben#ali) It i! !een fro pa!!ed fro

=i#$ =i#$

Sc$oolD Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)42 are co pared to anal'!e t$e i pact of ention t$at =indi and Ben#ali lan#ua#e! are !i ilar and one can under!tand =indi ea!il' pro0ided !/$e t$e ta%le t$at a%out 7*)7H of t$e !tudent! $a0e t$e (eta:i 3i0ekananda =indi =i#$ Sc$ool a! a#ain!t 64)4H fro

Aannada =i#$ Sc$ool) It i! note+ort$' t$at t$i! pa!!in# percenta#e i! ac$ie0ed after .* 'ear! of t$e re!ettle ent a! one #eneration $a! #one t$rou#$ of Aannada education) In t$e initial periodD t$e re!ult +a! al o!t 9ero) @ne can ar#ue t$at t$e total nu %er of !tudent! appeared fro t$e (eta:i Sc$ool 17*2 i! $i#$er t$an t$at of 3i0ekananda Sc$ool 1552) ButD it i! onl' %ecau!e of t$e financial con!traint! t$e parent! are co pelled to !end t$eir c$ildren to t$e ;o0ern ent Sc$ool 1(eta:i2 co pro i!in# +it$ t$e Eualit' of t$e education and t$e future of t$e c$ild) -urt$er oreD t$e !tudent!D +$o $a0e

An Obscure Hope
continued t$eir $i#$er education $a! al!o %een recorded to !ee t$e difficultie! faced in t$eir $i#$er education)

An Obscure Hope
<a%le 6)1)4),F &o pari!on of t$e SSL& re!ult! of t+o Sc$ool! 1Aannada and =indi2 to anal'!e t$e effect! of lan#ua#e on education till ,***-,**1) Sl) (o 1 , . 4ear
Bo'

Student! appeared Aannada =indi

;ir l <otal Bo' ;ir l <otal Bo'

Student! pa!!ed Aannada =indi

;ir l <otal Bo' ;ir l <otal Bo'

H of Student! pa!!ed Aannada =indi

;irl <otal Bo' ;irl <otal

1995-1999 1999-,*** ,***-,**1 <otal

14 ,* 19 5.

5 4 5 17

,, ,4 ,4 7*

1. ,* 17 5*

1 . 4 5

14 ,. ,1 55

6 1. 1. .,

5 4 4 1.

11 17 17 45

6 1. 17 .6

1 * 4 5

7 1. ,1 41

4,)9 65)* 65)4 6*)4

6,)5 1**) 5*)* 76)5

5*)* 7*)5 7*)5 64).

46), 1**) 5*)* 65)* *)* 56)5 1**) 1**) 1**) 7,)* 6,)5 7*)7 SourceI School $ecords

Students appeared and passed from t6o schools in the past three years
3umber of Students

8+ 6+ (+ + + ( (

7+ *8 (* 11 17 17 1( ' 1 7 /ppeared in =indi "ediu Pa!!ed in =indi "ediu 1' 1 (1 1995-1999 1999-,*** ,***-,**1 <otal

/ppeared in Aannada ediu

Pa!!ed in Aannada ediu

Cear6ise students appeared and passed

-i#) 6)1)4),) <$e co pari!on of t$e SSL& re!ult! of (eta:i Aannada "ediu of Sind$anur Sc$ool and 3i0ekananda =indi "ediu Sc$ool! of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect

An Obscure Hope
A study of South* ast Asian refugees in Texas found that many parentsparticularly those in more scattered immigrant communities- are so worried that their children are in danger of shedding the parental language and culture that they send their children for extra weekend classes in their own language" 9ashington (1 has !B schools that offer tuition in =orean- and !F which work in 1hinese&4) <$e parent! e8pre!!ed t$e feelin# and t$e !a e practice! are al!o o%!er0ed in t$e!e &olonie!) But t$e' are afraid +$et$er t$e' +ill %e a%le to retain t$eir lan#ua#e and culture unle!! it i! in!titutionali!ed in t$e !'!te ) <$i! can onl' $appen if at lea!t one lan#ua#e i! introduced in t$e e8i!tin# !c$ool!) 6)1)5) ,iti?enship )ndia bases its treatment of various refugee groups on political groundsresulting in an unstable and ever*changing domestic policy" )ndia grants privileges to certain refugee groups based on bilateral and multilateral political relations with other states- as well as domestic political opinion" An examination of )ndiaGs treatment of Tibetan refugees arriving in the !4F7s and !457s versus Tibetan refugees arriving since the !4B7s provides an example of )ndiaGs discriminatory policies" )ndia gave Tibetan refugees arriving in the !4F7s and !457s preferential treatment compared to the other refugee communities living in )ndia for a variety of reasons .*) <$e Indian ;o0ern ent pro0ided land and $ou!in# to e!ta%li!$ far in# !ettle ent! for refu#ee! and #ranted Indian Re!idential &ertificate! for identification purpo!e!D per i!!ion to +orkD do e!tic tra0el ri#$t!D Indian Identit' &ertificate!D +$ic$ allo+ed t$e to tra0el in!ide IndiaD and a0ail !er0ice!) <$e ;o0ern ent decided to #rant !u%!tantiall' le!! a!!i!tance to t$e refu#ee! arri0in# after re!ettle ent a! increa!in# nu %er of refu#ee co unit' %e#an to place #reater !train on co on !er0ice!) /lt$ou#$ India ad itted refu#ee! into t$e countr' after 195*D t$e ;o0ern ent $a! denied t$e!e refu#ee! %ot$ Re!idential &ertificate! and Identit' &ertificate!) <$e refu!al to #rant of t$e!e &ertificate! create! !eriou! con!eEuence! %ecau!e
29 30

%tt <;;$mm$grat$on*a.out*com; +%ame& (2000)

An Obscure Hope
educationD e plo' ent and naturali9ation $in#e on po!!e!!ion of t$e!e docu ent!) <$e ar#u ent i! t$at t$i! $a! lead to o0erpopulationD une plo' entD and food !$orta#e! in t$e refu#ee re!ettle ent!)

/lt$ou#$D t$e!e refu#ee! +ere Indian prior to di0i!ion of t$e &ountr' %ut no+ t$e' are not entitle to #et citi9en!$ip of India) /%out ,9H per cent of t$e in$a%itant! of t$e!e &olonie! !till $a0e not #ot citi9en!$ip) It i! +ort$ entionin# t$at t$e!e portion! of t$e co unit' $ad %een #i0en 0otin# po+er durin# certain period %ut pre!entl' !uc$ po+er $a! %een +it$dra+n) <$e' donBt $a0e eit$er a re!idential plot or a#ricultural land for t$eir !ur0i0al) 6ail' %a!i! la%our i! t$e option for t$eir !u!tenance) ButD it i! nece!!ar' to t$at accordin# to Indian &on!titutionD an indi0idual li0in# for t$an t+o decade! t$e' $a0e not %een #i0en !uc$ reco#nition) It ention ore ore t$an 1* u!t al!o %e

'ear! in India i! eli#i%le to #et Indian citi9en!$ip) 6e!pite re!idin# for

entioned ;o0ern ent of India $a! directed t$e /d ini!trator of Sind$anur Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect %ut !till t$e' $a0e not %een #ranted t$e citi9en!$ip .1) <$ereforeD t$e' need local inte#ration at t$i! :uncture of ti e) <$e con!eEuence! of t$i! pro%le are #i0en in t$e Bo8) 6)1)5)1)

.o1-6-1-*-1- 4he conse5uences of not granting the citi?enship to these refugees <$e!e people are depri0ed of t$eir Birt$ri#$t!) <$e' donBt $a0e 0otin# po+er too) <$e' are not reco#ni!ed a! Indian and a! a con!eEuenceD facin# lot of pro%le ! officiall' and unofficiall') <$e' are not eli#i%le for an' ;o0ern ent and con!titutional %enefit! due to t$e a! citi9en! of India) "oreo0er t$e' donBt $a0e an' propert' for t$eir li0eli$ood) <$e' are reco#ni!ed a! t$e >n-!ettler %' t$e Settler 1t$o!e +$o $a0e co e durin# t$e re!ettle ent p$a!e2 and are treated %adl' %' t$e Settler and t$e ;o0ern ent ac$inerie!)

According to #281$., 8umanitarian Agenda of !445- local integration of refugees with Local +overnments has remained the right approach to the resolution of the refugee problem" According to them- the process of local integration in those countries has been aided by two factors" First- in each of these cases the refugees have been living in exile or long period of time" :ost are at least partially self*sufficient and are already well integrated in to the society and economy of their host countries" Second- according to the
31 32

#o3 letter No*28;25;771R5*33;,e&k13C dated 281911981*

DN5:R (1997) < 9ocal 3ntegrat$on $n 6e8$co*

An Obscure Hope
nationality laws of the region- children have an automatic right to the nationality of their place of birth ) Large number of refugee children who were born in exile therefore has full rights to citi@enship and residence in their country of asylum" For parents with such children- local integration represents much less of a rupture in family life than a return to their country of origin" /ccordin#l'D t$e refu#ee! of Sind$anur !ati!f' %ot$ t$e factor! and $ence are eli#i%le for local inte#ration) In ot$er +ord!D t$eir i!!ue! need to %e !ol0ed +it$ local inte#ration) 6)1)6 %e/elopment "uthority <$i! i! a ne+l' %orn pro%le Panchayat $a% S'!te e er#ed +it$ t$e introduction of t$ree tier! in Aarnataka) <$e lo+er le0el PRI i)e) +ram

Panchayat 13illa#e Panchayat2 i! t$e aut$ori!ed %od' $a0in# control o0er all t$e local re!ource!) ButD t$i! +ram Panchayat i! a peculiar ca!eD $a0in# no 3illa#e! %ut , &a p! and 5 &olonie!D !a'! t$e Pre!ident of +ram Panchayat) It doe! not $a0e an' docu ent! to e8ecute it! po+er o0er !uc$ propertie!) -urt$er oreD no o+ner!$ip i! clearl' defined for !uc$ propertie!) 6urin# t$e nor ali!ationD a Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect 6e0elop ent &o c$aired %' t$e /!!i!tant &o Secretar' of t$e &o &o ittee +a! for ed i!!ioner) <$e Block /d ini!trator 1"e %er-

ittee2 !a'! it i! %e'ond $i! control +$ile t$e /!!i!tant

i!!ioner !a'! it i! under t$e control of Block /d ini!trator) Bot$ of t$e

cannot $and o0er t$e ri#$t! to t$e +ram Panchayat) 70en t$e c$an#in# %ureaucrat! of t$e 6i!trict /d ini!tration $a0e 0er' le!! kno+led#e a%out t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect and e0er' ti e t$e elected e %er! need to de!cri%e t$e ) Sri to e0er' ne+l' :oined %ureaucrat! to #et certain ta!k! done fro

S$anti Ran:an 6a!D t$e fir!t Pre!ident of t$e +ram PanchayatD $a! rai!ed t$e i!!ue at t$e State and &entral le0el %ut no re!ult $a0e %een !een !o far) <$e fe+ a:or con!eEuence! of t$i! pro%le are furni!$ed in t$e Bo8 6)1)6)1)

Box" F"!"F"!" The conseAuences of not giving the power to the +ram Panchayat P$) being the development institute- it cannot implement its plans for development of the area- as it has no right over the properties" )t cannot issue any order on illegal acAuisition of Public Properties as it itself is not the owner of the same" $esultantly- the unauthorised acAuisition and thus hindrance to the development of the area is stagnated"

An Obscure Hope
/! t$e co plete re!pon!i%ilit' of de0elop ent of 0illa#e! are decentrali!ed to t$e +ram Panchayat it need! to %e e po+ered +it$ nece!!ar' po+er!D +$ic$ e!!entiall' lack! in t$i! +ram Panchayat) <$e elected &olonie! foru ) 6)1)7 Minority /! per t$e &en!u! of India-,**1D t$e population of Aarnataka i! 5,D7..D955 .. +$ile t$e population of t$i! Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! 11D57. i)e) onl' *)*,H of total population of Aarnataka i! Ben#ali and <a il !peakin# peopleD +$ic$ i! al o!t ne#li#i%le) <$enD canBt t$e' %e #i0en t$e "inorit' !tatu!Q SinceD t$e' $a0e not %een #i0en !uc$ !tatu!D t$e' are facin# lot da'-to-da' li0e!) -e+ of t$e an' i!!ue! durin# t$eir are enli!ted in t$e Bo8) 6)1)7)1) u!t con!tantl' pur!ue t$e e %er! of t$e atter to #et t$eir ri#$t! at appropriate

Box" F"!"5"!" The ma%or conseAuences of the :inority issues as faced by the refugees of this pro%ect

(epriving from such benefits- which are due to the :inority Section of the Society Thus- there development is hindered in a great way" Problems in education- employment and other forums"

W$en t$e' are !uc$ a ne#li#i%le !ection and li0in# in an entirel' different re#ion and econo 'D t$i! i#$t #i0e t$e an opportunit' to enter into t$e inorit' !tatu! at lea!t for t$e local econo ') <$e' de!er0e t$e lin#ui!tic econo ') 6)1)5 9ousing =ou!in# i! one of t$e %a!ic nece!!itie! of $u an life) In order of i portanceD it co e! ne8t to food and clot$in#) In 0ie+ of it! !i#nificanceD t$e 3II fi0e-'ear plan $ad aptl' !tatedF J in fulfilling the basic needs of the population- housing ranks next only to the food and clothing in importance" A certain minimum standard of housing is essential for healthy and civilised existence" The development of housing- therefore- must en%oy high priority in poor society like ours where housing amenities are far below the minimum standards that
33

education and e plo' ent purpo!e! !o t$at t$e' can !ta%ili!e +it$ t$e local

4re1 u.l$&%ed :en&u& o! 3nd$a 2001

An Obscure Hope
have been internationally acceptedK) (o dou%tD t$e pro%le #eneral) =o+e0erD it $a! %eco e like t$e!e refu#ee!) It i! !een t$at 99)5H of t$e $ou!e$old! of t$i! area li0e in kuccha !tructure! $a0in# no plint$ and t$e +all of non-dura%le ade up aterial! like
Box F"!"B"! 8ouse * the shelter of social animalsI =icks families sometime to chronic poverty :anorn%an 8a@ra >3!? is a resident of $ehabilitation 1olony 2o"3" 8e was happy with his wife and two sons by managing his =irana shop" 8is mother and father were taken care by his other two brothers" 8is shop was top in the village with a sale of $s"!677 per day in about !7 years ago" But presently he is in hand to mouth situation and has become a landless wage labourer with his wife and sons" )t was a heartrending story" 8is shop cum residence was thatched with paddy straw" 8is children were studying in primary schools" 8is wife used to take care of the business while he used to look after the procurement of materials" )t was running well with lot of profit margin" ,ne winter night- they were sleeping" ,ne of his nephews was also there in his house" )t was about !&"'7 in the midnight" 8e realised the hot burning sensation" Suddenly- he woke up and started shouting MF)$ - F)$ G" )t was a piece of burning straw fell on his mosAuito net from the roof and started burning" 8is wife took a child while he carried the other out of the house in the sleeping condition and started shouting MF)$ *helpGN People around his shop %umped on to it with buckets- as they were afraid of if it catches their houses too" The whole villagers assembled there" After certain time they realised that his nephew is sleeping inside the house" Soon- a person %umped in to canal- which was fortunately flowing that night- and then got in to the house with minimum clothes on the body and escaped his nephew" Luckily he was less brunt and immediately transported to the hospital" And thatGs the end; both for his shop and happy life" verything burnt except the nightclothes on there bodies"

of $ou!in# i!

ore acute for t$o!e #ro0ellin# in po0ert'

%a %oo and roof! are t$atc$ed +it$ padd' !tra+ or tin 1!ee t$e p$oto#rap$2) <$e d+ellin# place! of t$e area lack %a!ic a enitie! !uc$ a! !anitationD +a!te! t$e di!po!alD $and 0entilationD 96)5H of li#$tin#D drinkin# +aterD etc) @n ot$er $ou!e$old! $a0e no toilet!D 95)5H are +it$out Bat$roo !D a part of t$e li0in# roo i! %ein# u!ed a! Aitc$en %' 19H of t$e fa ilie!) It i! al!o e0ident fro t$e area t$at onl' a%out ,* $ou!e$old! &olon' connectionD of Re$a%ilitation $a0e i! +ater a#ain (o),

+$ic$

in!ufficient) Persons belonging to S1- ST- landless agricultural and non*agricultural labourersartisans- economically weaker sectionsvictims of natural calamities etc"- need special

An Obscure Hope
assistance and attention on priority basis so that they can have this basic necessity.4) /! $ou!in# encoura#e! econo ic acti0itie!D #enerate!

Plate)6)1)5)1) <$e fate of refu#ee!

ade t$e

to li0e in t$i! tinned $ou!e for t$e la!t .1'ear!)

e plo' ent opportunitie! and create! a !olid %a!e for $ealt$' and $'#ienic li0in#D t$e a#nitude of t$e pro%le and it! in$erent difficultie!D t$e ta!k of i pro0in# t$e $ou!in# condition! in t$i! area !$ould %e 0ie+ed a! an inte#ral part of a pro#ra for o0erall de0elop ent of t$e!e &olonie!) J +overnment o!t of t$e people re!idin# in t$i! area) agreed to provide a house to each family while finally- it made us to stay in hutsK- i! a !tate ent of

34

($ng% (1999)

An Obscure Hope

Plate 6)1)5),)<$e pre0ailin# d+ellin# condition for t$e e8tended fa ilie! +$o cannot afford a $ou!e

/lt$ou#$ an' docu entar' e0idence! are not a0aila%le in t$i! re#ard %ut it i! e0ident fro t$e $ou!in# condition! of t$e!e refu#ee! and repatriate! t$at li0in# in t$e!e $ut! are dan#erou! & un$'#ienic) <$e 0er' purpo!e of $ou!e i! !afet' and !ecurit'D +$ic$ t$i! kind of $ou!e! doe! not !er0e) W$ile t$e $ou!e! are to protect t$e per!on! li0in# in it %ut $ere t$e per!on! need to protect t$i! kind of $ou!e! fro +o an) <$e 6)1)5),)
Box" F"!"B"&" The ma%or conseAuences of the Bad 8ousing for refugees of Sindhanur $ehabilitation Pro%ect" )t catches fire very easily- both thatched and tinned roof- as the walls are made up of bamboos" The rich can become orphan in a day" >See the caselets? #nbearable hot during summer season" :oreover- it doesnGt have windows and ventilators" $ainwater seeps inside the houses as the floor is made up of mud and cow dung" )t becomes dumpy during rainy season" )t should be mentioned here that about 3C of families use cots while rest sleep on the floor" Twice a week the floors need to be washed with cow dung slurry" )t takes lot of time of women- energy and efforts" Snakes and other poisonous creepers dug holes in the floor and sometimes life become insecure due to them" The wind takes away the roofs or falls on the persons residing in it during summer season causing in%uries to them" very &*' years the roof >in case of thatched? and the walls need to be changed" ,therwise the rainwater seeps in to the houses"

fireD t$ie0e!D ani al!D etc) Wo an $a! lea!t

pri0ac' in t$i! kind of $ou!e!D a! t$e' cannot afford !eparate roo ! for t$e a:or con!eEuence! of %ad $ou!in# are furni!$ed in t$e Bo8

An Obscure Hope
<o !er0e t$e 0er' purpo!e of t$e =ou!eD t$e' !tandard $ou!e!D +$ic$ u!t $a0e certain ini u

a' pro0ide !afet' and !ecurit' to t$e ) Wit$ t$i! ittee a!!ured in a :oint unit' eetin# +it$ t$e

de andD +$en t$e launc$ed a $un#er !trike in ?une ,**1D t$e Pre!ident of Re$a%ilitation 6e0elop ent &o refu#ee! t$at eac$ of t$e o%tain t$e facilitie! and +ill %e pro0ided a $ou!e under t$e Ra:ee0 ;and$i u!t put it! effort! to aintain t$e +it$ due care)

=ou!e &on!truction Sc$e e).5 =o+e0erD t$e co

/ll t$e!e 5 c$allen#e! are peculiar in nature and cannot %e found in an' ot$er 0illa#e! e8cept t$i! kind of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect!) But t$e' are 0er' i portant and need to %e re!ol0ed i to t$e co 6), ediatel') @t$er+i!eD it a' cau!e lot of da a#e! unit' and t$eir #ro+t$)

Rehabilitation .asic Issues <$e!e i!!ue! are #eneral in nature and are found in an' Indian 0illa#e! %ut t$e inten!it' of pro%le a' differ fro 0illa#e to 0illa#e) =o+e0erD t$e!e refu#ee! are facin# alto#et$er di0er!e i!!ue!D a! t$e' are not 0illa#e! %ut &olonie!) <$e i portant i!!ue! c$allen#in# t$e refu#ee! are enli!ted in t$e Bo8 6),)1 and t$e!e are di!cu!!ed in %rief in t$e !u%!eEuent !ection!)
Bo8)6),)1) <$e a:or i!!ue! confrontin# t$e refu#ee li0e! at Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur) Road & Pu%lic <ran!port Water "edical -acilitie! =ou!in# >ne plo' ent Po!t & <eleco Ser0ice! Salinit' <reat ent 3illa#e 78pan!ion "arket Li%rar' cu Readin# Roo Reli#iou! & &o on Place!

6),)1 Road and 4ransport

35

4roceed$ng& o! t%e "o$nt 6eet$ng< 131612001

An Obscure Hope
21ternal Roads& 6e!pite %ein# :u!t fe+ Ailo etre! off t$e Sind$anur-Raic$ur road 1S= 192D and 5-,* Ailo etre fro Sind$anurD t$e &olonie! are p$'!icall'

PlateF 6),)1)1) <$e condition of t$e onl' road t$rou#$ t$i! Sind$anur Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect

i!olated fro

t$e re!t of t$e World) <$e condition of t$e roadD +$ic$ are o!t of t$e 0e$icle! can not

pri aril' canal in!pection road! of Irri#ation 6epart entD connectin# t$e &olonie! to t$e re!t of t$e +orld i! !o %ad t$at tran!port fro tra0el fa!ter t$an in 1!t #ear) 70en pri0ate 0e$icle!D +$ic$ pla' a! pu%lic t$e neare!t &olon'D are reluctant to operate $ere %ecau!e of Since t$e!e are t$e onl' in t$e Bo8)6),)1)1) t$e!e %ad-conditioned road!) <$e!e are all kuccha road! and %eco e i pa!!a%le e!peciall' durin# rain' !ea!on) of difficultie!) /tte pt $a! %een connection %et+een t$e &olonie! and t$e re!t of t$e +orldD t$e people face lot ade to enli!t fe+ of t$e

Box" F"&"!"!" The ma%or conseAuences of the improper road facility for the refugees Agricultural inputs purchasing become difficult for the farmers so is with the sale of the produces" Patients in emergencies die on the road while travelling over tractor because of %erks due to bad road conditions" )nstances can be Auoted when the pregnant women delivered child on tractor before reaching the 8ospital" The connection with the rest of the world breaks completely during the rainy season" People cannot come out of the 1olonies for any purpose except by walk through muddy roads" Accidents are common such as tractor falling in the canal with goods 0 passengerslandslide near the canal- etc" A visit of +overnment Authorities become very difficult and finally drops out the idea"

An Obscure Hope

Roads for "gricultural 8and& <$e di!tance of t$e a#ricultural land fro $o e differ! in different &olonie!) In

t$e

o!t of t$e ca!e! it ran#e! %et+een *)5 -

6 A ) /%out 4*H of t$e land! $a0e acce!! t$rou#$ kuccha 1,B +ide road!) 6urin# croppin# !ea!on t$e' %eco e i pa!!a%le and re!t $a! no acce!!) -or t$e it %eco e e8tre el' difficult to culti0ate t$eir land a! acce!!in# t$e land %eco e! e8tre el' difficult) "oreo0erD t$ere are fe+ nala! acro!! t$e!e road! +it$out an' cul0ert or ot$er !tructure!D due to +$ic$ t$e' $a0e to pa!! t$rou#$ ,-. feet of +ater e!peciall' durin# rain' !ea!on) <$e fe+ con!eEuence! are enli!ted in t$e Bo8)6),)1),
Box" F"&"!"&" 1onseAuences aroused due to non*accessibility to the agricultural land

a:or

They can neither transport their inputs to their field nor the produces from field to the home" They can even not go to their field nor the labours reach it especially during rainy season" Taking agricultural implements such as tractor and bullock operated ones- even bullocks become impossible during cropping season"

Internal Roads& <$e pro0i!ion! for internal road! are cotton 1cla'2 !oilD t$e internal

ade in t$e plan

docu ent durin# it! e!ta%li!$ ent) /! t$e &olonie! are !ituated on t$e %lack o0e ent durin# t$e rain' !ea!on %eco e an'D e8tre el' difficult) /l!o a! t$e &olonie! $a0e no place for it! e8pan!ionD o0er a period of .* 'ear! t$e fa ilie! $a0e #ro+n lar#e and %roken in to +$o $a0e no !pace for con!truction of t$eir $ou!e!) <$e ori#inal 4*B8 5*B plot $a! %eco e ! aller for t$e ) "an' of t$e fa ilie! $a0e encroac$ed t$e

An Obscure Hope
internal road! to con!truct t$eir $ou!e!) "o!t of t$e fa ilie! $a0e !tarted

4late 6*2*1*2* :rowded %ou&$ng due to non1a-a$la.$l$ty o! &ur lu& land !or t%e e8tended !am$l$e& le!t no $nternal road $n&$de t%e colon$e&

du pin# t$e co+ dun# and kitc$en +a!te! on t$e!e internal road! creatin# un$'#ienic condition!)
Box. 6.2.1.3. The consequences as arise due to lack of Post and Telecom facilities. The information doesnGt reach at proper time causing difficult situations" :any received the interview cards after completion of the interview" Admission letters and even telegrams received after the date is over" )nvitation 1ard reached when the function was news" Telegram received one month after the death of mother and many"

Public 4ransport& 6e!pite %ein# onl' fe+ Ailo etre! fro Euarter! and al!o fro

t$e %lock =ead-

t$e State =i#$+a' 19D t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect doe!

not $a0e %u! connection +it$ Sind$anur or an' ot$er citie! e8cept Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o),D +$ic$ $a! %een connected +it$ !tate tran!port in

An Obscure Hope
recent pa!t) <ran!portation facilit' i! 0er' !uc$ a! a#ricultural input!D $ou!e$old co uc$ e!!ential !er0ice a! t$e!e arket) -or an' !er0ice! oditie!D Sc$ool Stationerie!D Po!t

&olonie! are co pletel' dependent on Sind$anur

& <eleco D 6ifferent @ffice!D Police Ser0iceD &ourtD &olle#e!D Bank!D and all !uc$ facilitie! t$e' $a0e to #o to Sind$anur) <ran!portation of a#ricultural produce! to t$e tran!port arket i! eEuall' difficult) <ractor i! %ein# u!ed a! t$e pu%lic arket and ot$er da'!) PeopleD %ot$ en & +o enD !it ean! on

on t$e top of t$e tractor loaded +it$ a#ricultural produce!) /ccident! are often !een due to %ad road condition! and freEuenc' increa!e! in t$e rain' da'!) /ll tran!port !top! durin# t$e rain' !ea!on %ecau!e t$e road! %eco e i pa!!a%leD a! t$ere i! real ri!k of t$e 0e$icle! !kiddin# in to t$e canal!)

Plate 6),)1).) <ractor $a! a!!u ed t$e role of Pu%lic <ran!portation for t$e refu#ee!

It $a! %een e0ol0ed fro Sind$anur dail' +$ile t$e 6a'2 and or ini u

a +eek !tud' t$at an a0era#e of ,6, per!on! #o to a8i u 15742 per!on! 0i!it on <ue!da' 1"arket

1552 on Sunda') <$i! fi#ure! e8clude! t$e !tudent! +$o a' differ fro !ea!on to !ea!on and in !pecial ore nu %er of people 0i!it! for a +eek !tud' of

!ta' in Sind$anur +$ile it include! t$e data if a per!on 0i!ited Sind$anur t+ice ore a da') <$e fi#ure! occa!ion! like (iwaliD (asaraD etc) +$en t$e per!on! +ent to Sind$anur)

0ariou! purpo!e!) <a%le 6),)1)1 #i0e! t$e data o%tained fro

An Obscure Hope
<a%le 6),)1)1) different
&olonie!

<$e nu %er of per!on! 0i!ited Sind$anur for different purpo!e! t$rou#$

Sunda' "onda' <ue!da' Wedne! <$ur!da' -rida' Saturda' /0era#e

ode! of tran!port! in a +eek of "a' ,**1) 15 ,, 1. ,1 14 55 .7 45 .. ,9 11 155 ,15 ,47 159 171 5, 574 .6 54 .7 .6 5 171 4, 47 41 5, 1, 194 4. 4, 5. 61 19 ,15 ,4 59 ,6 69 .1 47 5 1.6 57 6* 15 ,6, SourceF Pri ar' 6ata &ollection)

R)=) &olon' (o) 1 R)=) &olon' (o) , R)=) &olon' (o) . R)=) &olon' (o) 4 R)=) &olon' (o) 5 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect

It i! !een fro

t$e ta%le t$at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)5 0i!it! Sind$anur le!!

1a0era#eV15 per!on! per da'2 +$ile Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), 0i!it! t$e o!t 1a0era#e V 69 per!on! per da'2) It can %e noted $ere t$at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), $a! t$e %u! facilit'P $ence it i! ea!' for t$e &olonie! $a0in# ;o0ern ent !er0ice en fro to 0i!it Sind$anur) /l!o t$e population of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), i! $i#$e!t a on# t$e!e out!ide +$ile Re$a%ilitation Sind$anur +it$ no &olon' (o)5 $a! lea!t population and fart$e!t fro are affected dail' in an' +a'!D fe+ of t$e

tran!portation facilitie!) Becau!e of lack of re#ular tran!port !er0ice!D people are #i0en in t$e Bo8)6),)1)4)
Box"F"&"!"3" The ma%or issues emerged due to the lack of public transportation facilities in $ehabilitation Pro%ect Students find it difficult to attend educational institutions at Sindhanur" Poor access to medical facilities" specially in emergencies- the condition becomes worst" People die without treatment or before reaching the hospital" :arketing of produce and procuring daily living materials become problematic" Approaching +overnment offices and visits by +overnment ,fficials is a ma%or problem" 2o 2ewspaper and maga@ine services any agencies"

Road! & <ran!port facilitie! are 0er' e!!ential !er0ice in t$e indu!triali!ation) -ro t$e da+n of t$e da' +e reEuire

odern da'! of oditie! for rural

an' co

+$ic$ +e are co pletel' dependent on eac$ ot$er) Li0in# in i!olation i! e8tre el' difficult for an' $u an %ein# irre!pecti0e +$et$er !/$e i! fro co or ur%an %ack#round) <$ereforeD ut o!t i portance !$ould %e #i0en for t$e unication %rid#e +it$ t$e re!t of t$e +orldD a! it directl' influence! t$e econo ' of t$e area)

An Obscure Hope

An Obscure Hope
6),), $ater Water i! not onl' a p$'!iolo#ical nece!!it' to $u an! and ani al! %ut al!o e!!ential to a#ricultural and Indu!trial de0elop ent and #ro+t$ of an' &ountr') -ro ti e i e orialD an $a! accepted t$e i portance of +ater +$ere0er $e found it and u!ed it ad0anta#eou!l') %rin0ing $ater& <$ere i! an acute drinkin# +ater pro%le t$at $i#$) 6urin# t$e !u fetc$ +ater fro 1)5 to 4 A in Re$a%ilitation

&olon' (o)5 +$ile it al!o e8i!t! in all ot$er &olonie! %ut t$e inten!it' i! not er !ea!on +$en t$e irri#ation canal run dr'D t$e' for . - 4 ont$! in a 'ear) /! t$e Re$a%ilitation

Plate 6),),)1) >n$'#ienic condition! near t$e drinkin# +ater !uppl' !'!te +ater)

due !ta#nated

Pro:ect i! !ituated o0er a !aline patc$D all atte pt! to %ore for drinkin# +ater $a0e failed) <$e onl' !ource of +ater for drinkin# and ot$er do e!tic purpo!e! and for cattle i! t$e <BP left %ank canal) <$e open tank! are con!tructed +$ere +ater i! !tored +$en t$e canal! run to u!e durin# t$e canal clo!ure period!) <$ere are 14 !uc$ open tank! of different capacitie! .6) 1Refer !ection 4).)1) for t$e &olon'-+i!e li!t2) People u!e !aline and tanked +ater for $ou!e$old and %at$in# purpo!e!) <$e +ater i! rationed on t$e %a!i! of nu %er of
36

e %er! in a fa il' +$ile t$e +ater for li0e!tock $a! to %e

+a%a&$l =!!$ce0 ($nd%anur

An Obscure Hope
ana#ed fro el!e+$ere) 70en t$i! +it$ #reat difficult' !ince t$e' often $a0e

to Eueue up for $our! to #et t$eir pot! filled) <$i! tanked +ater often #et conta inated and !poiled 1colour %eco e %lui!$ +it$ %ad odour and ta!te2

-i#)

Plate 6),),),) <$e +o en are !een to fill t$e +ater for $ou!e$old purpo!e! fro in t$e left and t$e condition of t$e !a e durin# t$e !u

an open tank

er !ea!on in t$e ri#$t $and !ide)

after .* to 45 da'! or e0en earl' in certain ca!e! +$ile t$e canal re ain! dr' for 75-9* da'!) <$i! pro%le pre0ail! in all t$e 5 &olonie! irre!pecti0e of +$et$er t$e' $a0e %ore-+ell! or not a! t$e' need tank +ater for cookin#) "o!t of t$e fa ilie! of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), do not u!e t$e +ater !upplied %' t$e "ini Water Suppl' Sc$e eD a! it contain! !o e c$e ical!D +$ic$ cau!e! $ealt$ pro%le !) <$e %ore +ell +ater of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o). i! cau!in# t$e teet$ of t$e 'oun# c$ildren to %e turned a! %ro+ni!$) <$u!D t$e' are afraid of u!in# t$e !a e for drinkin# %ut $a0e no ot$er option) <o conclude it can %e !aid t$at all t$e 5 &olonie! $a0e drinkin# +ater pro%le +$ile it! inten!it' and t'pe differ! fro con!eEuence! of t$i! pro%le &olon' to &olon') <$e i portant are furni!$ed in t$e Bo8 6),),)1)

Box" F"&"&"!" The ma%or conseAuences of the (rinking 9ater issue in $efugees lives

The tanked water becomes unusable after '7*36 days after storing in the tank" Sincethey donGt have any other option- they become the victims of many water born diseases using this water for drinking and bathing" The :ini*water Supply Scheme water creates health ha@ards in many ways" The tanked water is not sufficient for the '*3 months during the summer seasoncausing women to travel !"6*3 =m for drinking water" The bore water turns the teeth brownish- and creates problems for girl child during their marriages" :anaging water for cattle is highly impossible" :ost of the farmer sales the cattle out during summer season at cheaper prices and purchases during cropping season at higher prices"

An Obscure Hope
Irrigation $ater& <$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! !ituated at t$e co and area

of <BP) 6e!pite %ein# t$e part of itD !uppl' of irri#ation +ater i! not adeEuate a! t$e di!tri%utarie! 154/9R & 54/11R2 end $ere in t$i! pro:ect) /! a re!ult o!t of t$e far er! face a#ricultural and financial pro%le ! a! a re!ult of poor crop 'ield) <$e pro%le a8i u i! co pounded for t$o!e at t$e tail end!D +$o are in t$i! Re$a%ilitation an' in!tance! forced to practice dr'-land a#riculture) <$e Police record! !a' nu %er! of ca!e! 14*H2 filed in la!t . 'ear! fro Pro:ect are for irri#ation +ater) Becau!e t$e !uppl' of +ater i! inadeEuateD appro8i atel' 5*H of 1.54)1. acre! of land 154/9R2 in Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o),D a%out ,5* acre! 154/11R2 & 75 acre! 154/9R2 of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)4 and 49*)15 acre! 154/9R2 of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)5 re ain! fallo+ e0er' 'ear) <$e ric$ and Influential far er! at t$e $ead reac$ recei0e adeEuate irri#ation at t$e co!t of ! all and !'!te con!eEuence! of t$i! pro%le ar#inal far er!) / rotation i! follo+ed in canal 54/9RD +$ic$ i! not !een in canal 54/11R) <$e are !elf-e8planator') InadeEuate irri#ation

ean! failure of crop! leadin# to de%t and finall' po0ert') <$e tail end far er! $ad #one non-0iolence !trike a#ain!t t$e Irri#ation depart ent de andin# t$e warabandhi !'!te re!ult i! a! it +a!) )n most of the Asian 1ountries- the utilisation of water is worked out at B6C for cropland for irrigation- BC for )ndustrial Activities and only 5C for domestic purposes" A significant portion of irrigation water is wasted with 57*B7C of water evaporating or seeping in to the ground before reaching to the crops" Since launching of $a%iv +andhi 2ational (rinking 9ater :ission >$+2(9:? in !4BF- the pace of coverage increased many folds" ,ver 46C of the rural population in !'"4F lakh habitations of the country has now access to drinking water with an investment of over !B7-777 million through installation of over ' million hand pumps and !"!F lakh piped water supply system" ,nly 33-777 habitations left uncovered under this :ission '5 and Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur %lock fall! in t$e latter cate#or') Water i! life and for t$e!e dr' land :%and (1999) i ple entation %ut failed due to 0ariou! inadeEuacie! in t$e ad ini!trati0e !'!te ) <$e' $a0e al!o filed a ca!e in t$e =i#$ &ourt %ut

37

An Obscure Hope
pea!ant co unitie! it i! a u!t) Special attention need! to %e #i0en to !ee

t$at t$e !afe drinkin# & adeEuate irri#ation +ater reac$e! t$e )

An Obscure Hope
6),). Medical :acilities Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), $a! a Pri ar' =ealt$ >nit 1P=>2 %uildin# con!tructed recentl') It $a! a !anctioned po!t of full ti e "edical @fficer and
Box" F"&"'"!" The life in danger with the 8ealth facility of $ehabilitation 1olonies Paresh >'B years old? is a landless agricultural labourer residing in $ehabilitation 1olony 2o"&" 8e has a & daughters and the youngest is a son >& years old?" 8is wife has undergone family planning operation after the birth of the son" They were happy" ,ne fine morning- his only son Prabhat was ill" 8e consulted the local $:P and he prescribed certain medicines" )n the night- it becomes very serious" All the attempts of local $:Ps failed" 8e advised to take him to Sindhanur- right then" But- the doctor forgot about the transportation part of the story" PrabhatGs sisters and mother had no other option than praying god and crying" Paresh was helpless" 8e did not have a cycle too" 9hile he waited the whole night in his house with his sick son- it did not end there" Since from early morning- again she waited near the road for a transportation facility while Paresh begged for a two*wheeler from door to door for one hour" By the time when he reached his son near the road- he was no more" ,n that very day- with the heart*ending story- the left the village forever- blaming the fate" This is a common happening of this $ehabilitation Pro%ect"

Plate 6),).)1) <$e Pri ar' =ealt$ >nit of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o), co0ered +it$ +eed!)

. /("! 1/u8iliar' (ur!e & "id-+ife2 +$ile t$e 6octor co e! t+ice a +eek and /("! are !een on t$o!e particular da'!) / &o pounder !it! for t$e re!t of t$e da'! in a +eek) It $a! onl' #eneral di!ea!e! treat ent facilit')

An Obscure Hope
Box" F"&"'"& Birth of child is eAual to death of a mother This is a heartrending story of a poor woman of $ehabilitation 1olony 2o"6 who had difficulties during her first delivery at the age of !B years old" As a normal practice village midwives attended the delivery" After continuous efforts of more than & hours- the mid* wife said it is out of her control and need to be taken to Sindhanur" This 1olony has no transportation facility even very few families have two wheelers and about &*' tractors" They hired a tractor for her transportation over this bad road for !4 =m" She could not tolerate and died on the way before reaching the hospital giving birth to a girl child" 8er husband again married to take care of his daughter" But- the fortune of that girl needs not to be spelled- as happens with every orphan- and here in this case she is a girl"

"oreo0erD t$e di!ea!e cannot +ait for t$e 6octor to co e on $i! !c$eduled da') <$e ;o0ern ent officer! do not !$o+ t$eir +illin#ne!! to co e to t$e!e colonie! %ecau!e of 0ariet' of factor! like lack of drinkin# +aterD lack of pu%lic tran!portD etc)D +$ic$ $a0e co pounded for t$eir functionin# affected) Lack of proper edical facilitie!D 0er' %ad road! and !carce pu%lic tran!port 1tractor2 a:or pro%le for t$e in$a%itant! of t$e!e onl' !een in t$i! pro:ect and t$ere uni!ation an' are enli!ted ake e0en ! all illne!! a

&olonie!) <$e ca!elet! !$o+n are co

are a 0ariet' of ot$er ca!e! related to $ealt$ facilitie!- !a' an old +o an of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)5) =ealt$ care and %a!ic !er0ice! like i di!crepancie! are o%!er0ed in t$e!e &olonie!D fe+ a on# t$e in Bo8) 6),).).)
Box"F"&"'"'" The ma%or conseAuences of the lack of 8ealth 1are in the refugees lives" (eath has become very common" Though relevant are not available with anybody- the people believe that the mortality and morbidly rate is very high in these 1olonies" 8ealth status is very poor" Thus- Life has become shorter" 36*67 years is the range while a lady of !7' years old can be seen in this pro%ect >photo annexed?" People go for more number of children- as the mortality rate is very high" 9omen and ,ld peopleGs health has been given least importance while men and childrenGs >specially boys? has been given more importance" Small diseases become dangerous as it compounds over a period of time due to lack of facilities at local level and costs very high- sometimes the life itself"

are not re#ularl' and !'!te aticall' a0aila%le) /! a re!ult t$e

9ygiene and Sanitation& ='#iene and Sanitation i! a! i portant a! t$at of =ealt$ care) Re$a%ilitation &olonie! are +ell planned +it$ pro0i!ion for proper road!D +ater %odie!D te pleD Sc$oolD etc) /lon#!ide t$e road!D t$ere are pro0i!ion! for draina#e in t$e plan docu ent!) But t$e' $a0e ne0er %een con!tructedD p$'!icall') /! a re!ultD t$e runoff durin# rain' !ea!on !ta#nate!

An Obscure Hope
on t$e road!D re!idential plot! and ot$er place! cau!in# lot of $ealt$ related pro%le !) Black !oil %eco e! !tick' and $ence t$e internal road! %eco e i pa!!a%le)
+=39@ ++ Aat%room

Plate 6),).),) Sanitar' toilet and %at$roo

of refu#ee! cau!in# un$'#ienic d+ellin# condition!

7Euall' i portant i! t$e !anitar' facilit') /! !tated earlier a%out 96)5H of $ou!e$old! do not $a0e toiletD t$e' $a0e to u!e fallo+ or a#ricultural land for t$e purpo!e) Initiall' plent' of fallo+ land +a! a0aila%le around t$e &olonie!D +$ic$ +ere co0ered +it$ Prosophis %uliflora- a t$orn' %u!$ nor all' u!ed a! fuel +ood) (o+D t$e!e area! $a0e %een de0eloped and u!ed for culti0ation) 6urin# t$e croppin# !ea!on neit$er t$e far er! allo+ people into field! for e8cretion nor it i! con0enient a! t$e field! are irri#ated) <$e rain' !ea!on i! t$e +or!t %ecau!e t$e place!D +$ic$ could %e u!ed in ot$er ti e! of t$e 'earD %eco e unu!a%le) Wo en u!uall' $a0e to turn a+a' fro place! ti e and a#ainD %ecau!e of le!! pri0ac') <$e c$ildren u!e t$e internal road! for t$e purpo!e +$ile t$e elder! u!e 0illa#e connectin# road!D field!D etc) Wo en are +or!t !ufferer! a! far a! t$e ='#iene and Sanitation i! concerned) Becau!e it i! t$e' +$o need pri0ac' t$e $ou!e$old! do not $a0e %at$roo !) <$e o!t +$ile #i0en t$e lea!t) 70en if t$e ca!e! of %at$roo ! are taken upD a%out 95)5H of an take! %at$ in t$e flo+in# canal or open tank! +$ile t$e +o enQ <$e' $a0e to follo+ t$e !a e practice of

An Obscure Hope
takin# %at$ in open place $a0in# no ot$er option) <$i! +ater a#ain !tore! near t$e road! and #i0e %irt$ to t$ou!and! of de!tructi0e in!ect!) /not$er practice of t$i! co unit' i! du pin# co+ dun#D kitc$en & ot$er +a!te! near or on t$e are li!ted in t$e Bo8 6),).)4) road!) <$e con!eEuence! of t$i! pro%le

Box" F"&"'"3" The ma%or conseAuences of the #nhygienic and unsanitary conditions of the $ehabilitation Pro%ect of Sindhanur"

The stagnated water gives birth to various health ha@ardous insects" Because of constipation >improper excretion of body wastes at improper time? the people >specially women? end up with gastric problem" Blockage of internal roads as the cow dung and other waster are dumped on to the roads" :ore often people affected by different health problems"

!eterinary Ser/ice ,entre& &ontinuou! failure of crop! o0er a period of 'ear! ade t$e far er! to t$ink for an alternati0e and found 6air' acti0it' a! t$e ta%le %elo+D t$e total a 0ia%le option) Pre!entl'D t$e population of cattle increa!ed like an't$in# a! e0er' fa il' $a0e at lea!t one co+) /! !een fro i! e!!ential for of 15 A population of t$e cattle e8ceed! ten t$ou!and!) <$ereforeD a 0eterinar' clinic edical care of t$e!e cattle) -or t$e cro!!%reed co+!D t$e u!t +$ile t$e facilit' doe! not e8i!t +it$in a radiu! /rtificial In!e ination i! a

e8cept in Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1D +$ic$ i! a defunct unit) arketin# of to pro0ide t$e ilkD t$e' edical

<$ou#$ Aarnataka "ilk -ederationB! 1A"-2 "ilk ProducerB! &ooperati0e Societie! 1"P&S2 are functionin# in e0er' &olon' for lack in edical facilit') ?anakal'an $a! a pro#ra

facilit' to t$e cattleD +$ic$ cannot !ati!f' all t$e de and! due financial con!traint!) /! a re!ultD o!t of t$e far er! are incurrin# lo!! due i proper $ealt$ care facilit' to t$e!e cattle) <$ere i! a !cope for i pro0in# t$e local %reed a! cro!! %reed %' /rtificial In!e ination o0er fe+ #eneration! to reduce t$e initial in0e!t ent for dair' acti0it') It al!o a' de0elop a cli ate re!i!tant %reedD +$ic$ +ill %e !u!taina%le in t$e e8i!tin# cli ate) <$e population of cattle i! increa!in# at a 0er' fa!t rate and it i! e8pected t$at t$e cro!!%reed ani al! +ill replace t$e local %reedD 0er' !oon) /ccordin# to t$e e!ti ation of ?anakal'an t$e total population +ill reac$ ,*D*** %' t$e end of t$e 'ear ,**1)

An Obscure Hope
<a%le 6),).),) &olon'-+i!e cattle population of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect of Sind$anur Sl) (o R)=) &olon' (o)1 1 , . 4 5 R)=) &olon' (o), R)=) &olon' (o). R)=) &olon' (o)4 R)=) &olon' (o)5 <otal 577 7,* 554 .75 .6. ,559 .51 ,6, ,97 .71 417 ..6 74 175 ,.6 ,,5 .** ,79 1.5, 1,,1 1445 669 &olonie! W$ite &attle Local &ro!!ed Black &attle S$eep & ;oat Poultr'

55 6, 166 596 1..9 1*64 1,*9 5616 SourceF ?anakal'an &attle &en!u! Report ,***-,**1)

/! +e are ad0ancin# in our

odern tec$nolo#ie!D +e are facin# ne+er and !uc$ di!ea!e! +e

!tran#e di!ea!e! and difficultie!) =o+e0erD to e!cape fro t$e!e facilitie! due to

need to $a0e acce!! to t$e a0aila%le tec$nolo#ie!) <$e rural poor fail to a0ail an' rea!on! !uc$ a! tran!portationD po0ert'D etc) "ore often t$e +o en and old parent! are ne#lected unle!! it %eco e! !e0ere and life killin#) <$i! %ein# a %a!ic nece!!it'D one need! #et t$e t$i! !er0ice e8tended to t$e!e colonie!) 6),)4 Anemployment 6urin# t$e re!ettle ent p$a!eD 9., fa ilie! $a0e %een allotted 4 to 5 acre! of landD +$ic$ $a0e %roken into nu %er of fa ilie! $a0e %een i an' and t$e land too) Be!ide t$i! eEual i#rated in t$i! pro:ect after t$e re!ettle ent

p$a!e) <$u!D t$e nu %er of fa ilie! $a0e %eco e al o!t . ti e! a! t$at of t$e re!ettle ent p$a!e +$ile t$e e8tent of land re ained t$e !a e) "oreo0erD t$e producti0it' of t$e land declined to
1

/4t$ of t$e ori#inal production)

Population $a! increa!ed to 1165. +$ile it +a! onl' 54,5 durin# t$e re!ettle ent p$a!e) <$i! +$ole population i! dependent on a#riculture $a0in# no ot$er option for inco e #eneration) In addition to t$i!D t$e +ater $a! %eco e a !carce re!ource in pre!ent da'!) Police Station record! $a0e !$o+n t$at o!t of t$e ca!e! re#i!tered are in:ur' ca!e! related irri#ation operation $a! replaced 6*H of la%our fro a#riculture) /%out Water) >!e of inten!i0e tec$nolo#ie! !uc$ a! padd' $ar0e!terD tractor for o!t of t$e far ,6H of culti0a%le land located near t$e nalas $a! %eco e !aline) <$u!D pre!entl' a%out 5,H of total population are di!#ui!ed une plo'edD a%out 1*H are en#a#ed 1for 9 ont$!2 in t$eir o+n land +$ile re!t are une plo'ed) /!

An Obscure Hope
t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! i!olated fro t$e re!t of t$e +orldD t$e educated

'out$! are $andicapped in t$eir !earc$ for :o%! %' lack of infor ation and contact!) /%out 5*H of t$e population $ere are landle!! la%ourer!D +$o!e li0eli$ood i! co pletel' dependent on a#riculture) /! t$ere i! no a#ricultural acti0it' durin# . t$e' ont$! +$en t$e canal! run dr'D t$e' !ur0i0e on +$ate0er ont$!) So e a%le %odied people i#$t $a0e !a0ed up in t$e pre0iou! 9

i#rate to far off place! durin# t$i! period +it$ or +it$out fa ilie! in !earc$ of e plo' ent) @lder people are left %e$ind and face e8tre e di!tre!!) <$e con!eEuence! of t$i! pro%le are #i0en in t$e Bo8 6),)4)1)

Box" F"&"3"!" The ma%or conseAuences of the #nemployment issues faced by the refugees" )ncreasing poverty and thus irrecoverable debt" Louths are dependent on parents without any earning" (isguised unemployment caused less per capita income thus the family management become difficult" Poor families engage their children in works during the cropping season to earn for the rest of the years- as there wonGt be work during summer season" Thus- the literacy rate decreases and 1hild Labour problems increases"

Language matters primarily because immigrants who speak at least some of the local language stand a better chance of getting a %ob" Those familiar with the local language are likely to earn more" A study of South* ast Asian refugees in Texas found that those fluent in nglish earned on average more than twice as much as those who could understand only short conversations 'B +$ic$ a %i# o%!tacle for t$e!e refu#ee!) <$e' can neit$er #et education due to an' con!traint! nor are t$e' a%le to co pete +it$ t$e ain!trea pla'er!) <$e' need a !pecial protecti0e ea!ure! to cope up +it$ t$e e8i!tin# a' not %e a%le to !ta%ili!e

econo ') It !ee ! t$at t$e a#riculture need! to %e !upple ented %' certain ot$er !u%!idiar' inco e !ource) "ere a#riculture t$e econo ' of t$e!e refu#ee!)

6),)5 Post @ 4elecom <$e purpo!e and function of po!t office need not %e !pelt outD !o i! a%out it! i portance) <$e +$ole Pro:ect $a! a Su%-po!t @ffice at Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o)1D +$ic$ i! nearer to Sind$anur %ut far a+a' fro all ot$er &olonie!) @ne po!t an !er0e! all t$e 5 &olonie! and , local ca p!) <$e di!tance! of t$e
38

%tt <;;$mm$grat$on*a.out*com;

An Obscure Hope
po!t office fro ot$er &olonie! ran#e fro ,)5 to 9 A ) /%out 41 A need! to

%e tra0elled %' $i

o0er %ic'cle to di!tri%ute t$e

ail! in t$e!e !e0en

colonie!D +$ic$ i! practicall' i po!!i%le o0er t$e in-na0i#a%le road! due to inadeEuate pu%lic tran!port) <$u!D $e !end! t$e letter! of re!pecti0e &olonie!

4o &t Ao 8
Plate 6),)5)1) <$e letter! are placed in t$e !o-called po!t %o8 $an#ed in t$e tea $otel)

t$rou#$ an' pa!!er-%' and t$e' put t$e!e letter! in a tea $otel of t$e 0illa#e! 1!ee t$e fi#ure2) <$e addre!!ee collect! it fro t$ereD upon infor ation #i0en ont$ %' !o e%od' +$o !ee! t$e letter fallin# t$ere) It take! rou#$l' o0er a

for a letter to %e recei0ed %' or !ent to an addre!!ee) "oreo0erD no &olonie! ot$er t$an t$i! po!t office $a0e a Po!t Bo8D +$ere a letter can %e dropped for po!tin#) @ne need! to tra0el 15-,* A to po!t e0en an ordinar' letter) <$i! !er0ice! $ei#$ten t$e !en!e di!tanceD and t$e a%!ence of an' po!t & teleco pro%le fro are an'P fe+ of t$e

of p$'!ical i!olation in Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) <$e con!eEuence! of t$i! are enli!ted in Bo8 6),)5),) <$e data collected ini u of 55 letter! o0er 41 A in 7 t$e !u%- po!t for .* da'! i! #i0en in t$e ta%leD +$ic$ !$o+! t$at dail' letter! 195)45H2 are of ordinar' cate#or' +$ile t$e re!t

t$e po!t an need to deli0er a localitie!) "a8i u

are re#i!tered letter!D "one' @rder! and ot$er!)

<a%le 6),)5)1 &olon' +i!e data !$o+in# t$e in+ard letter! fro 0ariou! place! t$rou#$ t$i!

An Obscure Hope
!u% po!t office for .* da'! Sl) &olonie!
(o

R)=) &olon' (o)1 1 R)=) &olon' (o), , R)=) &olon' (o). . R)=) &olon' (o)4 4 5 R)=) &olon' (o)5 Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect

@rdinar' letter! .75 4,1 ,,4 .97 1*. 15,*

Re#d letter 14 5 1 16 1 .7

")@ , 11 , 9 * ,4

@t$er! 4 . 1 , 1 11

<otal .95 44* ,,5 4,4

6ail' /0era#e 1. 16 5 14

1*5 4 159, 55 SourceF Sur0e' record

<$e

ini u

Box F"&"6"! Postal (elayI caused 1areer loss Prasen was a student of Science- studied his P#1 at 8ubli&&6 =m away from his home" 8e is resident of $ehabilitation 1olony 2o"3" 8is ambition is to become a doctor" 8e got very good percentage in P#1 and also in 1ommon ntrance Test >1 ?" As he cannot afford his stay in 8ubli- he returned to his home and waited for the interview call to come" As this 1olony does not have telephone connection neither the newspapershe reAuested his friend at 8ubli to inform him about the interview call which will be announced in (aily newspapers" 8owever- he also used to travel 6*F =m over cycle to Kawalagera to read the newspapers" )t was ,ctober !443" (asara (ays" The then (eputy 1ommissioner- Sri San%ay (as +upta fixed a program in $ehabilitation 1olony 2o"3" Prasen was engaged in organising for the same" 8e could not read the paper on that particular day" 8owever- next day onward he continued to see the papers" )t was ,ctober !4- !443" A person from his village gave him a letter" 8e opened it with curiosity" Saw his 1 number being called for medical interview at Bangalore on that particular day and for ngineering on the next day >&7*!7*!443?" Bangalore is F77 =m from his place" 8e could neither attend the medical interview nor attempted for attending engineering one" Parallel to this he had also attended another entrance test for #AS- (harwad and applied for B"Tech" >Ag" ngg"?" ,n &!st (ecember- !443 he received a telegram saying &!*!&*!443 is the last date for getting admission in the said course" )t was about !&"'7 p"m" 8e started for (harwad which is about &67 =m from his place" 8e could meet the $egistrar >="S"Sheelavantar? on the next day" )nitially- he refused to admit him but upon confirmation of the fact that the delivery seal on the telegram was on &!*!&*!443- he had no other option than permitting him to get admission"

letter! are !een for Re$a%ilitation &olon' +$ile !een Re$a%ilitation &olon' 1a0era#e da'2) 16 (ote (o), per t$at a8i u (o)5 i! in 1a0era#e 4 per da'2

t$e!e fi#ure! do not include t$e letter! po!ted fro acute pro%le t$e aut$orit' +$ic$ t$e' t$e!e and !$ould are &olonie!) <$i! i! an re!pecti0e

e8tend t$e !er0iceD depri0ed of for t$e la!t t$ree decade!)

Box F"&"6"&" The conseAuences of the lack of Post 0 Telecom Service

An Obscure Hope

2o connection with the outer world" Lack of information and contacts with the relatives- friends and the officials" :any letters- invitation cards reached after the :arriage is over Telegram received after one month of the rituals of oneGs mother" 1all letters delivered on the day of interview . %oining" Letter posted from Ahmedabad reached one month after my arrival to the colony"

6),)6 Salinity 4reatment /! !tated in earlier para#rap$!D t$e co plete econo ' of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect i! dependent on t$e a#riculture) /%out 5*H of t$e fa ilie! $a0e 4-5 acre! of land allotted %' t$e ;o0ern ent durin# t$eir re!ettle ent) <$e landD +$ic$ i! !ituated %e!ide t$e nala $a0e %eco e !aline due to +$ic$ t$e far er! cannot #ro+ an' crop t$ou#$ nala +ater i! a0aila%le for t$i! land) <$e!e far er! $a0e %eco e reall' orp$an! a! t$e' donBt $a0e an' ot$er option for inco e #eneration neit$er t$e' can #ro+ an't$in# in t$eir field!) "an' factor! are re!pon!i%le for !alinit' like c$okin# of natural nala! %' 0e#etaion +$ic$ re!trict! t$e flo+ of +ater and encoura#e! t$e !eepa#eD reducin# t$e dept$ and +idt$ of t$e nala!D +$ic$ increa!e! t$e #round +ater ta%le) <$e re!idue! of c$e ical fertili!er! and pe!ticide! and u!e of nala +ater for irri#ation increa!e! t$e !alt content of t$e !oilD +$ic$ enter! t$e root 9one! a! t$e #round +ater le0el increa!e!) >nle!! t$i! i! c$ecked i ediatel' t$e land +ill per anentl' loo!e it!

c$aracteri!tic!) It +ill not onl' %ear i pact! on t$e fa il' dependent on it %ut al!o +ill %e a national +a!te) <$e far er! !$ould take care of t$e factor!D +$ic$ can %e controlled at t$eir le0el +$ile t$e &o and /rea 6e0elop ent /ut$orit' !$ould al!o con!ider t$e ca!e for i pro0e ent of t$e !oil Eualit') 6),)7 Religious @ ,ommon Places 4emple& <e ple i! a !' %ol of ci0ili!ed !ociet'D +$ic$ %rin#! t$e culture of a co unit' in to forefront) <$i! co unit' %ein# econo icall' poor could not ont$ of @cto%er) @t$er t$an t$i! al!o t$e' con!truct a te ple for t$eir ;odde!! 6ur#ade0i) =o+e0erD t$e' +or!$ip #randl' t$eir ;odde!! durin# t$e +or!$ip an' ;od! and ;odde!!e! durin# different period of a 'ear) 6e!pite

$a0in# !pecific land for t$e purpo!e and +ill to con!truct a #ood te ple for t$eir ;odde!! t$e' failed to do itD onl' due to financial con!traint!) It i! +ort$ to recall at t$i! :uncture t$at t$i! co unit' $ad left %e$ind t$eir ance!tral

An Obscure Hope
propertie! to protect t$eir reli#ion and $onour onl') <$e' feel #uilt' t$at t$e' could not con!truct a #ood $o e for t$eir ;odde!! +$o al+a'! !a0e! t$e fro e0er' difficult') "ore t$an t$eir o+n $ou!e! it i! i portant for t$e ) <$e' contri%uted to t$e e8tent po!!i%le and con!tructed a te porar' !tructure in eac$ 0illa#e) Playground& Pla'#round i! an inte#ral part of an' 0illa#eD +$ic$ i! not %ein# pro0ided in t$e plan of t$e!e colonie!) <$e population $a! increa!ed al o!t . ti e!D +$ic$ i! puttin# lot of !trainD a! t$e colonie! do not $a0e an' !urplu! land for t$eir acco odation) W$ere to $a0e a pla' #round i! a %i# Eue!tion ake! people $app' and %efore t$e ) Pla'#round i! a recreation centre and ediu

$ealt$') 4out$! %eco e ener#etic t$rou#$ !port! and #a e!) It i! a #ood of %uildin# $ealt$' relation!$ip +it$ ot$er!D fa!ter) It de0elop! ne+ Eualitie! in indi0idual!) It i! !een t$e e8perience! of t$e earl' da'! t$at t$e' de0eloped cordial relation!$ip +it$ t$e local people t$rou#$ !port! and #a e!) <$i! i! an i!!ue %e'ond t$eir controlD a! t$e' cannot create t$e land) <$e inter0ention of t$e related aut$orit' i! reEuired to re!ol0e t$e i!!ue) Mar0et& <$e!e &olonie! are 15-,* A Sind$anur cit' fro a+a' fro t$e ain arket of

+$ere t$e' #et t$eir dail' reEuired co

oditie!) /! t$e

State <ran!portation &orporation doe! not $a0e a net+ork +it$ t$e!e &olonie!D it %eco e practicall' i po!!i%le for t$e t$eir reEuire ent!) <$i! co pel! t$e i! 0er' uc$ e!!ential for t$eir !ur0i0al) <$i! to tra0el t$i! di!tance for odit' e0en if it t$i! not to acEuire t$e co

a' cau!eD !o eti eD $ealt$

$a9ard! or ot$er pro%le ! for t$e ) /l!oD if t$e' $a0e to #et it fro di!tanceD t$e co!t! of t$e ode of tran!port t$e' adopt and t$e lo!! of t$e +a#e for t$e da')

aterial! increa!e %' 1*-,*HD dependin# on t$e

&on!iderin# t$i! con!eEuenceD t$e pre0iou! +ram Panchayat planned for e!ta%li!$in# a arket at R)=) &olon' (o), and inau#urated it in t$e 'ear 1999) 6ue to certain official pro%le ! t$at t$e +ram Panchayat doe! not $a0e aut$orit' o0er t$e landD it could not co e o0er t$ere) =ad t$i! %een !tarted $ere in R)=) &olon' (o),D +$ic$ i! t$e central place %et+een all t$e &olonie! and al!o fe+ ot$er 0illa#e!D could $a0e created lot of opportunitie!

An Obscure Hope
for t$e refu#ee! and !a0ed lot of Pro:ect) <$i! +ould a%!or% !uc$ a arket in t$e!e colonie!) one' #oin# out of t$e pro:ect) It could $a0e an' une plo'ed per!on! and create

pla'ed a crucial role in t$e de0elop ent of t$e econo ' of t$e Re$a%ilitation opportunitie! for t$e refu#ee!) /n appropriate !tep i! reEuired to e!ta%li!$

,remation ,entre& &re ation &entre i! a nece!!ar' pu%lic facilit' reEuired for all t$e co unitie!) R)=) &olon' (o) 4 $a! reported to %e not $a0in# t$i! ade for facilit' +$ile for ot$er &olonie! it i! a0aila%le $o+e0er ! all it i!) /! per t$e official record! t$e pro0i!ion for !uc$ cre ation centre! $a0e %een e0er' &olon') It need! to %e enEuired +$ere it i! locatedQ <$e re!ident! of t$e!e &olonie! are findin# it e8tre el' difficult for funeral! of t$eir pa!! out!) <$e co unit' $a! acEuired , acre! of land fro a +o an of R)=) &olon' one' to $er) 7ac$

(o)4 for t$e purpo!e +it$ an a#ree ent of pa'in# certain

$ou!e$old $a! contri%uted certain fi8ed a ount for t$i! purpo!e and !tarted u!in# t$e land) ButD !till fe+ t$ou!and! need to %e paid +$ic$ t$e' failed t accu ulate) <$e o+ner of t$e land %ein# a +ido+ +ant! t$e i ediatel') =o+ to re!ol0e t$e i!!ue i! a Eue!tion %efore t$e co one' unit')

>ra?ing 8and& /! $a! %een !een in t$e earlier !ection! t$at t$ere $a! %een a !$ift in t$e occupational pattern and o!t of t$e far er! adopted dair' a! t$e !ole occupation or a! a !u%!idiar' !ource of inco e alon# +it$ a#riculture) <$e pre!ent population of t$e cattle in t$e &olonie! i! 11517 and i! increa!in# +it$ !uc$ an alar in# rate t$at it i! e8pected to reac$ ,*D*** %' t$e end of t$i! 'ear pro0ided ?anakal'an continued +it$ it! !er0ice! .9) Wit$ t$i! #ro+in# population of cattle t$e de and for t$e #ra9in# land i! al!o increa!in#D +$ile none of t$e &olonie! $a0e an' e8tra land near%') <$e ;o0ern ent record !a'!D Sind$anur %lock $a! a total of 1,,55)55 $a of #ra9in# land 4*) /l!oD a! per t$e Re$a%ilitation land acEuire ent record!D e0er' &olon' i! allotted +it$ certain a ount of #ra9in# land 41D a! it i!
39 40

andator' to allot +$ile de!i#nin#

an' localitie!) <$e concentration of t$e cattle %ein# 0er' $i#$ in t$e areaD it
:attle (ur-ey 2001 o! "anakalyan Ra$c%ur ,$&tr$ct at a #lance 41 +a%a&$l =!!$ce Record&

An Obscure Hope
u!t po!!e! t$e #ra9in# land) <$i! i!!ue %ein# a !en!iti0e i!!ue and i! %e'ond t$e control of t$e co %e located) unit'D a! t$e' cannot afford land for t$e #ra9in# purpo!e) <$u!D land allotted for t$e purpo!e %' t$e aut$orit' need to

An Obscure Hope
<a%le 6),)7)1) &olon'-+i!e #ro+t$ of fa ilie! and population o0er t$e la!t t$ree decade! for Sind$anur Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect Sl (o 1 , . 4 R)=) &olon' (o)5 5 Re$a%ilitation Pronect 1*7 9., 597 54,5 176 1..5 64)49 1,4)1, ,,5, 1165. 144)96 11.).. SourceF Pre-pu%li!$ed &en!u! of India ,**1 & <a$a!il @ffice docu ent &olonie! R)=) &olon' (o)1 R)=) &olon' (o), R)=) &olon' (o). R)=) &olon' (o)4 &en!u! of India 1971 -a ilie! Population ,*5 ,65 154 165 1,65 147. 11*5 95, &en!u! of India ,**1 -a ilie! Population .97 6,7 59. 459 145, .596 ..*, 19.5 -a ilie! 9.)66 1..)96 ,,,),5 191)*7 ;ro+t$ H Population 17)15 144)1. 195)*1 97)*5

Population >ro6th B/er past three decades

4*** .5** .*** ,5** ,*** 15** 1*** 5** *
R)=)&olon' R)=)&olon' R)=)&olon' R)=)&olon' R)=)&olon' (o)1 (o), (o). (o)4 (o)5

>ro6th of families in the past three decades 7++ 6++ *++

.97 ,65 ,*5 154 165 176 1*7 6,7

.596

..*,

59. 459

19.5 145, 1,65 147. 11*5 95, 597 1..5

(++ '++ ++ 1++ +

R)=)&olon' R)=)&olon' R)=)&olon' R)=)&olon' R)=)&olon' (o)1 (o), (o). (o)4 (o)5

1971

,**1

1)71

++1

An Obscure Hope
-i#) 6),)7)1) ;ro+t$ of population and #ro+t$ of fa ilie! in t$e la!t t$ree decade! in t$e Re$a%ilitaion &olonie!

An Obscure Hope
21panding !illage .oundary& <$e &olonie! +ere for ed +it$ 1*1, $ou!e !ite! in all t$e fi0e &olonie! i)e) to acco odate 1*1, fa ilie! +$ile 9., fa ilie! +ere re!ettled durin# t$at period and &olon' (o)1 & 5 $ad .* & 5* plot! 0acantD re!pecti0el') &olon' (o),D . & 4 $ad no !in#le plot e0en for pu%lic place! like te pleD arketD pla' #roundD etc) Pre!entl'D t$e population ore t$an ,,5.) =a0in# no !pace for $a! increa!ed to 1165. and fa ilie! to internal road!D !c$ool ca pu!D etc) It i! !een fro t$e ta%le t$at t$e o0erall #ro+t$ of population i! 11.)..H o0er

con!truction of t$eir $ut!D people $a0e !tarted encroac$in# pu%lic place! like

la!t .* 'ear! and t$e fa ilie! $a0e #ro+n %' 144)96H) <$e lea!t #ro+t$ rate i! o%!er0ed in &olon' (o)1 +$ile $i#$e!t in &olon' (o).) <$e fa ilie! $a0e increa!ed a8i u in &olon' (o). %' ,,,),5H +$ile lea!t in &olon' (o)5 %' 64)49H) Wit$ t$i! #ro+t$ rate t$e 0illa#e %oundar' need to %e al!o e8panded) ButD unfortunatel' no &olon' $a! !urplu! land around it e8cept in &olon' (o)5D +$ere t$e #ro+t$ rate i! 0er' le!! due to lack of +ater and ot$er facilitie!) <o re!ol0e t$e pro%le ! of Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect t$e %oundarie! of t$e colonie! need to %e e8panded or an 78ten!ion 3illa#e need to %e con!tructed +it$ t$e pro0i!ion! for &re ation &entreD Pla'#roundD #ra9in# landD t$e purpo!e and for e8pan!ion of t$e 0illa#e %oundarie!) 6),)5 Information @ 4echnology <$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect %ein# located onl' 7-15 A fro t$e State =i#$+a'D doe! not $a0e acce!! to t$e infor ation !'!te ) 6ue to +or!t road condition!D tran!portation facilitie! are not e8tended and t$u! no a#enc' i! read' to !uppl' t$e ne+!paper!D a#a9ine! or ot$er !ource! of infor ation) ode of In t$e a#e of infor ation tec$nolo#' 1I<2D and Aarnataka %ein# reco#ni!ed for t$e I<D a part of t$e Aarnataka !till doe! not $a0e t$e olde!t %roadca!tin#) Radio! and <ele0i!ion! are !till !een a! t$e +orld) <$e ne+! or ode to o%tain arket etc) /n appropriate action need to %e initiated to find out t$e land allotted for

infor ation a%out t$e ne8t-door nei#$%our a! +ell a! t$e !tateD nation and e!!a#e! reac$ed t$e!e colonie! +$en t$e' %eco e

An Obscure Hope
da'! old) Si ilar i! t$e ca!e +it$ t$e tec$nolo#'D +$ic$ reac$e! t$e!e colonie! 0er' !lo+l') <$ereforeD t$e' are !till practicin# a#e-old far in# tec$niEue!) <$e' al!o do not $a0e an' Li%rar' or Readin# Roo D +$ere t$e' can #et certain i portant infor ation) / Li%rar' in t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect +ould $a0e %een of a #reat u!e) It +ould $a0e %orn certain i pact! on t$e econo ' of t$e &olonie!D %' pro0idin# infor ation a%out t$e e plo' ent opportunitie! a0aila%le in t$e "arket) Suc$ ! li%rar' !$ould pro0ide infor ation related to t$e far er!D une plo'edD +o enD !tudent!D #eneral pu%lic and ot$er!) It !$ould al!o $a0e ne+!paper!D a#a9ine!D etc)

<$e!e are t$e c$allen#e! a$ead of t$e refu#ee! re!idin# in t$e Sind$anur Re$a%ilitation Pro:ectD +$ic$ t$e' are facin# for t$e la!t t$ree decade!) I ediate inter0ention i! reEuired to re!ol0e t$e at t$i! :uncture)

An Obscure Hope
&$apter 3II " MB%28 PRBPBS2% :BR 2,B3BMI, R2,B3S4RA,4IB3
67od was dis%leased and .e brou#ht this ha*oc& ,hy should we blame anybody! our fates were such that we were to face this trouble89 1 +%e =ld !olk& o! t%e Re%a.$l$tat$on 4ro/ect

It is the time to introspect what I have found out in this study. The concrete observations made, which are supported by the data and information, are listed in this chapter for a better and clearer understanding. .s we all (now that the social animal Human 4eing desires to li!e united with all possible comforts# 2his group also wishes to ha!e the hea!en in their localities and hopes for the best# 2hey also understand that nothing happens automatically but need to put efforts to achie!e them# 2heir obscure dream ne!er had been in reality despite their continuous efforts# 6ome alternati!es are suggested in this chapter in order to ma(e their dreams realised#

<$e partition of t$e countr' +a! in 1947D +$en co

o!t of t$e educated & $i#$er ca!te

unitie! cro!!ed t$e %order a0ailin# t$e %enefit of t$e "utual Propert' (a a!udra & A!$atri'a co unitie!D +$o could not predict t$e po!tunitie! cro!!ed t$e %order t+o +$o unitie!

78c$an#e Sc$e e) "o!t of t$e people +$o $a0e cro!!ed %order durin# 1964-69 +ere fro freedo effect! +ell in ad0ance) W$' t$e!e co

decade! latterQ It +a! !o %ecau!e t$e' +ere illiterate and u!ed to li0e in t$eir o+n territor') <$ere +ere 0er' fe+ educated and intellectual people a on# t$e +ere eEuall' +orried a%out t$eir o+n de0elop ent) "oreo0er t$e!e co

+ere treated a! S& in Ban#lade!$ al!o and !till t$eir relati0e! deri0e t$e !a e %enefit! !ettled t$ere or el!e+$ere in India) Wa! it not t$at %ecau!e of t$eir una+arene!!D illiterac' and %lind %eliefD +$ic$ are t$e #eneral c$aracteri!tic! of an' S& co unitie!D t$e' failed to anticipate t$e future of =indu! in Ban#lade!$Q In t$e unitie!) 6onBt t$eir cultureD d+ellin# condition! and a%o0e unitie!Q initial periodD t$e Indian ;o0ern ent $ad al!o i!!ued !uc$ certificate! and e8tended t$e facilitie! to t$e!e co c$aracteri!tic! pro0e t$at t$e' are Sc$eduled and Back+ard co Initiall'D t$e co

on pu%lic +ere +orried a%out t$eir !u%!i!tence and couldnBt t$ink t$e local aut$oritie!)

%e'ond t$atD per$ap! lan#ua#e +a! a rea!on %e$ind it a! t$e' failed to e8c$an#e t$eir idea!D t$ou#$t! and t$u! failed to #et t$e t$in#! done fro

An Obscure Hope
It al!o +idened t$e #ap %et+een t$e local people +it$ +$o t$e' $ad to interact for

t$eir econo ic acti0itie! and t$e refu#ee!D creatin# t+o #roup! 0i9) Jt$e' #roupK and J+e #roupK due to +$ic$ t$eir econo ic de0elop ent +a! nil and un!ta%le) (ot onl' t$at %ut de!pite li0in# in t$i! area for t$e pre0iou! .*-., 'ear!D onl' ,5H of Ben#ali! and .6H <a il people kno+ t$e Aannada lan#ua#e and t$e co o!t of t$e are %elo+ t$e a#e of .* 'ear!) It al!o created a need for a tran!lator and a !et of peopleD +$o $ad and o0er =indiD #ra%%ed t$e opportunit' and !oon a!!u ed t$e role of ediator! and #raduall' took o0er t$e local #o0ernance) /! t$e ;o0ern ent pro0ided eEual a!!et! and facilitie! to e0er' fa il'D +$ic$ de!tructed t$e Social =ierarc$' and t$u! t$e co on pu%lic !tarted di!o%e'in# t$o!e intellectual #roup! unit') Since t$eir e8cept +$en t$e' in needed t$eir $elp) <$e!e #roup! +ere t$en treated a! t$e a#ent! of t$e ;o0ern ent and repre!entati0e! of t$e co pro%le ! +ere eEuall' !i#nificant a! t$at of t$e co on pu%licD t$e' #a0e ut o!t

i portance to t$eir o+n pro%le ! for#ettin# t$e pu%lic at lar#e) <$i! $a! +idened t$e #ap %et+een t$e poor and t$e ric$) <$e' t$ou#$t lea!t a%out t$e i!!ue! of t$e co unit' and t$u! t$o!e i!!ue!D +$ic$ could $a0e %een !ol0ed 0er' ea!il' durin# t$e aut$oritie!D re ained un!ol0ed a! t$e' failed to anticipate t$e D t$o!e da'! fro

t$en) <$o!e i!!ue!D %ecau!e of t$eir ne#li#enceD $a0e no+ taken a co ple8 !$ape) <$e ti e al!o pla'ed it! o+n role on t$eir fateD +$ic$ can %e !u%!tantiated %' t$e anal'!i! of t$e data t$at a%out 5*H of t$e fa ilie! are defaulter! in crop loan! in different Bank! and -inancial In!titution!) <$e!e loan! +ere taken %et+een 195, & 1956D +$en continuou!l' for fe+ 'ear! t$e &otton failed due to +ater !carcit' and W$itefl') <$ere +ere an' trou#$! and cre!t in t$e li0e! of t$e refu#ee!) =o+e0erD a! t$e' $ad a 0er' #ood track record of t$e %anker! $a0e a #ood opinion a%out t$e pro pt and re#ular repa' ent) /! !een in t$e earlier c$apter! t$at de!pite $a0in# uc$ intere!t in educatin# t$eir

c$ildrenD a! t$e enrol ent rate i! 0er' $i#$ in t$e!e &olonie!D t$e literac' rate i! 0er' lo+) @nl' ,,5 1,7)5H2 %o'! & ,4 1..)5H2 #irl! pa!!ed t$eir SSL&D 91 candidate! P>&D 4. #raduation!D 5 Po!t ;raduation and 1, candidate! t$eir tec$nical education fro t$e 5 &olonie! durin# t$e la!t t$ree decade!) It i! al!o e0ident t$at 9.)*,H of ediu ) Si ilarl'D 57)5H a on# t$e Po!t ;raduate! and 1**H t$o!e +$o $a0e co pleted t$eir #raduation $a0e t$eir pri ar' education eit$er in Ben#ali or <a il

An Obscure Hope
a on# t$e tec$nical #raduate! $a0e $ad t$eir pri ar' education in Ben#ali or <a il lan#ua#e) <$ereforeD canBt it %e propo!ed t$at t$e lan#ua#e +a!/i! t$e !in#le %arrier! for !uc$ lo+ rate of literac' in t$i! pro:ectQ W$ile all ot$er c$allen#e! e er#ed fro co t$e !tud' are eEuall' i portantD t$e ore i portant for t$i! ean! for !u%!i!tenceD o!t

irri#ation a! +ell a! 6rinkin# +ater i!!ue i! relati0el' unit') /#riculture %ein# t$e !ole occupation and irri#ation +ater

u!t %e #i0en ut o!t i portant) R)=) &olon' (o)5 %ein# t$e unitie! %eco e 0icti ! of de%t) It i! a8i u people of t$i! &olon' are

re ote!t a on# t$e 5D it #et! little or no +ater durin# t$e peak !ea!on cau!in# dr'in# up of t$e !tandin# crop!) <$e co e0ident fro poor and 0ulnera%le) /! $a! %een a! t$e' are fro entioned el!e+$ere t$at t$e!e people are not a $o o#eneou! #roup different part! of Ban#lade!$ $a0in# ! all-little re#ional difference! unit' politic! +a! 0er' co on fro t$e 0er' t$e +ealt$ rankin# anal'!i! t$at

a on# t$e !el0e!) <$erefore co

%e#innin# a on# different re#ional #roup!D +$ic$ reac$ed it! peak durin# certain period! of ti e) &o petition! & conflict! +ere !een a on# different #roup!D colonie! in cele%ratin# t$e 6ur#a Poo:a and ot$er reli#iou! cele%ration! & !port!D etc) /#ain $ar on' +a! %rou#$t %ack %' t$e inter0ention of t$e !o-called leader!) W$at!oe0er +a! t$e internal conflict!D t$e' aintained 0er' #ood unit' a on# t$e !el0e! +$ile aintained 0er' cordial relation!$ip +it$ Jt$e' police !tation record! and t$e tacklin# an' e8ternal t$reat! and al!o

#roupKD +$ic$ can %e !u%!tantiated %' t$e data fro indi0idual di!cu!!ion! +it$ t$e local people)

/! t$e !ociet' i! $etero#eneou! all t$e!e are %ound to $appen) W$at i! i portant t$at need! to %e under!tood i! t$eir de!ire! and effort! to li0e a peaceful $app' & de!cent life) /l!o +$at i! t$eir @%!cure $ope +it$ +$ic$ t$e' !ailed t$eir life%oat to+ard! t$e IndiaQ Sonar Bangla i! !till in t$e countr' %ut to e orie! of t$e!e refu#ee!F not to repatriate in t$at ini Sonar Bangla- a on#!t t$e Aannadi#a!

ake anot$er !uc$

out!ide Ban#la Border) <$e nutrient! ric$ foodD t$e cultureD t$e people and t$e

An Obscure Hope
%e$a0iour of Ban#lade!$i! !till t$e' re e %er) J ,ne can never forget her mother landDK !a'! t$e olde!t lad' of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) S$e Eue!tion!D +$at i! t$e difference %et+een t$e D %ecau!e of +$o toda' +e are refu#ee! ot$erland and all lea0in# our

ance!tral propertie! %e$indD and u!Q W$' +e $a0e left t$e countr' if +e deteriorate our culture $ere tooQ We $a0e u!t !tri0e to#et$er to de!i#nated in!pire! a! and retain our ori#inalit' for +$ic$ +e %een S$e Rrefu#ee!B)

encoura#e! t$e co our ance!tral

unitie! to propertie!D

!$o+ t$e D +$o $a0e !natc$ed all ot$erland and +$at notD t$at +e could a%le to protect our!el0e! +it$ our $onourD culture & reli#ion and o+n drea
4late 7*1* +%e olde&t lady o! t%e Re%a.$l$tat$on 4ro/ect w%o %a& e8 er$enced t%e l$!e $n .ot% t%e countr$e&

pre!entl' li0in# decentl' in a peaceful & non-0iolent en0iron ent creatin# our ini Sonar Bangla out!ide Ban#la %order) <$i! i! not onl' $er in!piration & %ut al!o of t$e +$ole co unit') /%out 96H of t$e re!pondent!

e8pre!!ed reluctant to+ard! t$e Eue!tion +$et$er t$e' are intere!ted to #o %ack to Ban#lade!$) But a%out .6H of t$e re!pondent! are intere!ted to #o to !o e ot$er place! +it$in Aarnataka) =o+e0erD a%out 44H of t$e <a ilian are intere!ted to !ta' in <a il (adu) <$i! depict! t$eir lo0e and affection to+ard! t$e placeD +$ere t$e' $a0e %een re$a%ilitated) /! t$e' +ere reluctant to lea0e Ban#lade!$ .* 'ear! %ackD t$e' are no+ feelin# t$e !a e kind of difficultie! +$en t$e Eue!tion of lea0in# t$i! place i! a!ked to t$e ) <o reali!e t$eir drea ain!trea eit$er t$e' of creatin# a ini Sonar Bangla t$e' need to enter into t$e ean!

local econo ' t$at de and! t$eir #ood and cordial relation!$ip +it$ t$e u!t learn Aannada or teac$ Ben#ali to Aannadi#a!) <$e latter i!

local peopleD +$ic$ i! po!!i%le t$rou#$ e8c$an#e of idea! and t$ou#$t!) <$i!

An Obscure Hope
i po!!i%le and t$e for er i! fea!i%le) /t t$e !a e ti e t$e State ;o0ern ent !$ould pro0ide t$e facilit' of pri ar' education in $i! or $er al!o to !ta%ili!e t$e econo ic %a!e) /! entioned el!e+$ereD t$e population of t$e!e co unitie! i! a! lo+ a! *)*,H of ac$inerie! ot$er ton#ueD +$ic$ eac$ citi9en of India i! en:o'in#) <$i! +ill not onl' facilitate t$e education le0el to ri!e %ut

t$e total population of AarnatakaP t$e' are in0i!i%le to t$e ;o0ern ent

and political aut$oritie!) <$eir 0oice i! $eard onl' at t$e +ram Panchayat le0el a! t$e' can $ardl' repre!ent at t$e , nd tier of t$e Panchayat $a% S'!te ) Sadl'D t$e' are neit$er #ettin# t$e %enefit! of t$e inorit' nor $a0e t$e population !tren#t$ to rai!e t$eir 0oice to #et t$in#! done) <$e contact! +it$ !i ilar #roup! of people re!ettled el!e+$ere in India re ained a factor for !uc$ depri0ation and pre!ent !tatu!) <$e' need to affiliate +it$ 0ariou! inter-!tate and national %odie! to i pro0e upon t$eir contact!) <$i! +ill facilitate t$e +it$ t$e local co /l!o t$e co unitie!Q and !ol0e an' i!!ue! !uc$ a! arria#e arria#e! pro%le ) ButD at t$e !a e ti e t$e' !$ould al!o t$inkD can t$e' #o for t$e

unit' need to initiate effort! to+ard! t$e c$allen#in# i!!ue! on priorit' u!t %e proacti0e to re!ol0e t$e pro%le ! a:or i!!ue! like &a!te pro%le D pri ar' education in

%a!i! and t$e re!pecti0e aut$oritie! identified and di!cu!!ed) <$e

ot$er ton#ueD Ri#$t! o0er t$e re!idential plot & a#ricultural landD re0enue 0illa#e declarationD #rant of citi9en!$ipD po+er to +ram Panchayat- Irri#ation & 6rinkin# Water and =ou!in# facilitie! t$e !a e) /! t$e co u!t %e #i0en to t$e!e refu#ee!D a! t$e' are eli#i%le for ain unit' face! pro%le ! in ad:u!tin# +it$ t$e lan#ua#eD culture

and ot$er difference!D t$e' !$ould %e #i0en !pecial re!er0ation till t$e' :oin t$e al!o t$e inorit' reco#nition) <$i! +ill $elp t$e

!trea D e!peciall' in education and e plo' ent) &a!te i!!ue i! eEuall' i portant !o to inte#rate +it$ t$e local econo ') Pro0i!ion! !$ould %e created for offerin# tec$nical trainin# to t$e 'out$! of t$e!e kind! of &olonie!) Suc$ facilitie! !$ould %e e8tended to all ot$er Re$a%ilitation pro:ect! of IndiaD +$ic$ are under !i ilar circu !tance!) /! !een fro t$e !tud' t$at t$e a:or cau!e! for t$eir pre!ent !tatu! are t$eir unit' +$ic$ +a! not

%ack#round of %ein# fro

a %ack+ard and illiterate co

encoura#ed %' t$e protecti0e

ec$ani! ! of t$e StateD lack of potential leader!

An Obscure Hope
a on# t$e durin# t$e initial periodD !ole dependenc' on t$e !in#le occupation for

t$eir li0eli$ood cau!in# o0er+$el in# po0ert' and lan#ua#e %arrier re!ultin# into lack of e p$a!i! on c$ildrenB! education) (o dou%t t$e re#ional cli ate and culture pla'ed a role onto it %ut ne+ crop! and far in# practice! +ere i portant factor! for t$eir failure) <o i pro0e t$e li0eli$ood of t$e!e refu#ee! i! not$in# %ut pro0idin# t$e acce!! to t$e e plo' ent opportunitie! and t$e de0elopin# t$e %e increa!ed reducin# t$e dependenc' on ere a#ricultureQ ini u infra!tructure! for t$eir effecti0e utili!ation) =o+ t$e e plo' ent opportunitie! can

>(=&R4, announced t$at the task of protecting refugees is ultimately the responsibility of the States and other political actors" ,f course- #281$ and other humanitarian organisations have an important role to play in this area whether by acting as advocate for the refugee cause- monitoring the situation of exiled populations- providing them with material assistance or ensuring that they are able to repatriate on a voluntary basis" /! al!o !u##e!ted %' /le8ander 4. et) al) t$at as per the +overnmentGs $ehabilitation guidelines- the locations should be developed for housing after keeping necessary area for road- drainage- markets- schoolshospitalsplay groundsreligious places- +overnment officesand other infrastructural facilities" 8e added that +overnment should also build all*weather roads connecting the settlements with the main road- as provided in the resettlement guidelines" )t should also develop other infrastructural facilities like drinking water wells and tanks and each of the settlement also be provided with a community hall" 8e did not forget to suggest that- even though compensation is given for the loss of houses to the households- the +overnment should take the responsibility to provide housing to each household" 8owever- the outsees are to be involved in the construction of houses" <$i! i! o!t apprecia%le !u##e!tion for an' Re$a%ilitation t$i! Re$a%ilitation oral a! Pro:ect durin# it! plannin# p$a!e) ButD it cannot %e e8e pted fro

Pro:ect on t$e #round t$at it i! t$ree decade! old) <$e ;o0ern ent $a! t$e

+ell a! le#al re!pon!i%ilit' to pro0ide all t$o!e facilitie! !u##e!ted %' /le8ander et) al) to t$e re!ident! of t$e!e &olonie! and al!o !uc$ ot$er Re$a%ilitation centre! in India)

42 43

DN5:R (1997) Ale8ander 1991

An Obscure Hope
/ccordin#l' an atte pt $a! al!o %een ade to cla!!if' t$e i!!ue! %a!ed on

aut$oritie!D under +$o!e pur0ie+ t$e!e i!!ue! need to %e re!ol0ed) It i! clearl' !$o+n in t$e -i#) 7)1 t$at fe+ pro%le ! need to !ol0e e8clu!i0el' %' eit$er t$e &entral ;o0ern ent or State ;o0ern ent or t$e Local /d ini!tration +$ile ot$er! de and t$e attention of an' t+o aut$oritie! a on# t$e ) StillD t$ere are 0er' fe+ i!!ue!D +$ic$ dra+ t$e attention of all t$e . le0el of aut$oritie!) But none of t$e %e !ol0ed unle!! t$e co %ecau!e +ill unit' take up t$e i!!ue to t$e re!pecti0e aut$oritie!

ot$er ne0er feed! $er c$ild unle!! it crie!) <$i! re!pon!i%ilit' pa!!e! onto ake t$e people a+are and take

?anakal'anD an (;@ +orkin# efficientl' in t$i! area for t$e de0elop ent of t$e li0eli$ood of t$e refu#ee!) It !$ould take initiati0e to nece!!ar' action! for t$eir li0eli$ood de0elop ent) =o+e0erD t$e ;o0ern ent !$ould %e eEuall' proacti0e for t$e!e #enuine and $u anitarian cau!e! of t$e refu#ee!)

"O)A" GO-ERNMENT
)ENTRA" GO-ERNMENT

)iti;enshi(
Post + Tele'o2

Internal Roads -eterinary Servi'es Mar8et Te2(le )re2ation )entre Play Gro&nd

P&!li' Trans(ortation Health )are Hygiene + Sanitation

)aste Iss&e
Une2(loy2ent (roperty )ights

Mother Tong&e Ed&'ation Develo(2ent A&thority

Ho&sing Salinity Drin8ing Water Reven&e -illage Irrigation Water E%ternal Roads Roads #or Agri'&lt&ral "and

Minority -illage $o&ndary E%(ansion

STATE GO-ERNMENT

-i#)7)1) <$e re!pon!i%ilit' di!tri%ution c$art of 0ariou! i!!ue! confrontin# t$e refu#ee! at Re$a%ilitation &olonie! of Sind$anur

An Obscure Hope
Si ilarl' an atte pt $a! %een ade to !ee +$o i! re!pon!i%le for re!ol0in# t$e unitie!D t$en t$e

refu#ee i!!ue! and to +$at e8tent it fall! under +$o!e :uri!diction) If t$e i!!ue! are cla!!ified and #i0en it! due +ei#$ta#e a! percei0ed %' t$e co follo+in# fi#ure co e! into picture t$at t$e &entral ;o0ern ent i! re!pon!i%le for 15H of t$e pro%le !D State ;o0ern ent ,*HD Local /d ini!tration .*HD 6e0elop ent @r#ani!ation! ,5H and t$e co e8pected to initiate %' t$e co unle!! t$e %a%' crie! into t$e picture to t$e ;o0ern ent ake t$e ac$inerie! unit' 1*H) /lt$ou#$ t$e proce!! i! unit' i! a utopian concept %ut it i! al!o true t$at

ot$er ne0er feed! it) <$erefore t$e role of t$e (;@ co e! a+are and a%le to cr' for t$eir ri#$t!) @nce t$e!e role! u!t al!o %e proacti0e to+ard! t$e!e i!!ue!)

are fulfilled t$en t$e role! of &entralD State and Local ;o0ern ent %e#in!) =o+e0erD

Responsibility of !arious "uthorities for .etterment of the 8i/elihood of the Refugees

,ommunity 1+D 3>B *D

,entral >o/t 1*D

8ocal >o/t '+D

State >o/t +D

&entral ;o0t

State ;o0t

Local ;o0t

(;@

&o

unit'

-i#)7),) Re!pon!i%ilit' di!tri%ution a on# t$e different !take$older to de0elop t$e li0eli$ood of refu#ee!

<$u!D it can %e !aid t$at t$e t$e

a:or re!pon!i%ilit' lie! upon t$e (;@ in initiatin# t$e ac$inerie! to a!!i!t

proce!! %' a+akenin# t$e pu%lic a! +ell a! on t$e ;o0ern ent to reali!e t$eir @%!cure =ope)

An Obscure Hope

9ack o! 3n!ra&tructure&

A&&etle&&ne&& (o de0elop ent t$rou#$ +ram Panchayat (ot declared a! Re0enue 3illa#e
$ad Ho&sing

PO-ERT<

No .ene!$t !rom #o-ernment (c%eme&

(o Repre!entation in Political -oru Minority @ 3o Protecti/e Measures

Dn%yg$en$c B .ad &an$tary cond$t$on&

Bad Tualit' 6rinkin# Water 92"849 PRB.82MS

Poor Health Servi'es 8oss of 6ages

3o !oting Po6er

@0er cro+ded 6+ellin#

(o additional land

I"B/L/(&7 (><RI<I@(

&R76I< -R@" "@(74 L7(67R

7SPL@I</<I@(

67-/>L<7RS I( -I(/(&I/L I(S<I<><7S

Increa!ed co!t of Input!

Distant Mar8et 6i!#ui!ed >ne plo' ent in /#riculture

">RI,A84AR2 8BSS M"<I3> 2342RPRIS2

Lack of &redit a0aila%ilit' -ailure to appl' input! in ti e (o propert' ri#$t (on-a0aila%ilit' of +ater (o <ran!port
(o road or Bad road condition!

>na%le to !ale >nfertile Land

<raditional

Salinit' ;round Water Ri!e

@0er application of +ater

<ec$nolo#'

(on-a0aila%ilit' of 7 plo' ent

Lack of Infor ation

(on-a0aila%ilit' of co unication ean!

ILLI<7R/&4
Poor 7ducation Ba!e Sc$ool 6ropout! & -ailure

@0er application of -ertili!er! & Pe!ticide!

Minority @ 3o Protecti/e Measures

8anguage ,onstraint

-i#) 7).) <$e Pro%le

<ree !$o+in# t$e cau!e and effect relation!$ip %et+een 0ariou! i!!ue!

An Obscure Hope
=o+e0erD +e kno+ t$at t$e i!!ue! e er#ed in t$e !tud' are !e0erel' affectin# t$e li0e! and li0eli$ood of t$e refu#ee! and if not attained !oon for +it$ appropriate action!D t$e' a' cau!e !e0ere c$an#e! in t$eir li0e!) It i! al!o kno+n t$at our ad ini!trati0e proce!! $a! to follo+ a lon# pat$ t$rou#$ t$e $ierarc$ical !'!te con!u in# lot of ti e & ener#' +$ile t$e!e i!!ue! %ein# 0er' !en!iti0e and need i ediate inter0ention) Aeepin# t$i! in 0ie+ an atte pt $a! %een ade to point out t$e root cau!e! of t$e pre!ent !cenario of t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect u!in# Lo#ical -ra e of /nal'!i! 1L-/2 to a!!i!t t$e ;o0ern ental or (on-;o0ern ental @r#ani9ation! to inter0ene +it$ de0elop ental acti0itie!) <$e pro%le under!tood %' t$e co It i! !een fro t$e unit' i! !$o+n in -i#)7).) tree t$at failure of a#riculture i! t$e central i!!ueD +$ic$ i! tree a!

t$e pro%le

a:or cau!e of pre0ailin# po0ert') (o dou%t fe+ ot$er factor! !uc$ a! "inorit'D

(o protecti0e "ea!ure! %' t$e State Polic' 1&a!te &ertificate2D Poor Infra!tructure!D failure of +ram Panchayat in i ple entin# it! pro#ra !D etc) are al!o directl' contri%utin# to t$e e8i!tence of Po0ert') cau!e!D +$ic$ are a:or a on# t$e <$e fi#ure e8plicitl' interpret! t$e root akin# enterpri!e) Illiterac' i! t$e ot$er ton#ue education at t$e akin# it furt$er lo!! akin# /#riculture a! a lo!! re!ulted %' non-a0aila%ilit' of

pri ar' le0el) Lack of e plo' ent opportunitie! $a! co pelled t$e 'oun#er #eneration! to en#a#e in di!#ui!ed e plo' ent in a#riculture ti e and di!tant oriented) (on-a0aila%ilit' of tran!portation facilitie!D irri#ation +aterD credit at ri#$t arket pla'! an i portant role in far in#) Si ilarl' u!e of traditional tec$nolo#' due to lack of infor ation cau!ed a! a re!ult of illiterac' i! eEuall' re!pon!i%le for failure a#riculture) /l!o t$e %ad $ou!in# condition!D deteriorated drinkin# +aterD Poor =ealt$ Ser0ice!D lack of infra!tructure!D no acce!! to t$e ;o0ern ent !c$e e! are contri%utin# !i#nificantl' to t$e Po0ert' of t$e!e refu#ee!) <$e o%:ecti0e tree dra+n to !$o+ t$e acti0itie! to %e undertaken for tacklin# t$e i!!ue! entioned in t$e pro%le tree i! #i0en in -i#)7)4) It i! clear fro ini u t$e fi#ure t$at to re!ol0e t$e i!!ue! of refu#ee lifeD t$e' ;o0ern ent policie!D 0otin# po+er 1citi9en!$ip2D u!t $a0e protection under t$e !tandard of $ou!in#D an' ot$er factor!

proper $ealt$ care and ot$er infra!tructure! facilitie!) <$ere are need to %e taken care ofD +$ic$ are e8plained in t$e o%:ecti0e tree)

An Obscure Hope
#ood 3n!ra&tructure&

= t$mum A&&et1.a&e
6e0elop ent %' +ram Panchayat

Aene!$t !rom #o-ernment (c%eme&

Repre!entation in Political -oru

HAPP< + PROSPEROUS "IFE

6eclaration a! Re0enue 3illa#e

Protecti/e Measures

Dn%yg$en$c B .ad &an$tary cond$t$on&

Bad Tualit' 6rinkin# Water

6$n$mum (tandard 5ou&$ng

Aetter 5ealt% (er-$ce&

"oderate 7arnin#
(o 7SPL@I</<I@(

>BB% 92"849
(o &R76I< ReEuire ent

!oting Po6er

S'!te atic 6+ellin#

/cEuire and allocate e8tra land to t$e $o ele!!

I"B/L/(&7 (><RI<I@(

;@@6 & <I"7L4 R7P/4"7(<

">RI,A84AR2 PRB:I4 M"<I3> 2342RPRIS2
Propert' ri#$t Sale or c$an#e

Input! !uppl' at c$eaper rate

9ocal 6arket
>ainful employment

Lack of &redit a0aila%ilit' <i el' application of input!

>nfertile Land
Salinit' treat ent
;round Water <a%le reduced "odern <ec$nolo#' application

Wara%and$i !'!te

&reate 7 plo' ent @pportunitie!

<ran!port facilitie! ;ood road condition!

@pti u application of +ater @pti u u!e of -ertili!er! & Pe!ticide!

Aetter 3n!ormat$on &y&tem

Li%rar' cu Readin# Roo

Literate &iti9en!
Stron# 7ducation Ba!e

Better perfor ance %' Student! Protecti/e Measures

Mother 4ongue 2ducation

-i#) 7)4) <$e action! to %e initiated to o0erco e t$e i!!ue! of refu#ee! in %uildin# a $app' & pro!perou! life

An Obscure Hope
/! t$e kno+led#e of Aannada 1interaction in Aannada2 i! a! lo+ a! ,5-.6HD a Aannada Literac' ca pai#n +ill %e of !c$oolin#) /t t$e !a e ti e a co ter lon# run) Lack of credit a0aila%ilit' !ee ! to %e an i portant cau!e of failure of a#riculture +$ile lack of alternati0e e plo' ent opportunitie! i! al!o re!pon!i%le to a #reater e8tent) /n inter0ention in ter ! of "icro -inance & "icro 7nterpri!e !olution to t$i! i!!ue) <$rou#$ icro finance acti0itie!D %e for ed to de0elop !a0in# %a!e +$ile credit can al!o %e in!titution! to lend to t$e indi0idual enterpri!e de0elop ent inter0ention fro t$e a' a!!i!t t$e co o%ili!ed fro i#$t %e a financial icro en & +o en S=;! !$ould uc$ u!e to ake t$e adult learn $o+ to interact in Aannada +$ile t$e 'oun#er #eneration! +ould learn in t$eir re#ular unit' teac$er !$ould %e appointed a! an !$ort inter0ention +$ile it !$ould %e in!titutionali!ed t$rou#$ polic' inter0ention in

e %er for t$eir econo ic acti0itie!) <$e

unit' to create e plo' ent

opportunitie! a%!or%in# t$e une plo'ed lot! and t$e credit can a#ain %e arran#ed icro finance inter0ention) / Rural Indu!trial 7!tate can %e e!ta%li!$ed unit' !$ed %' 0ariou! +$ere different enterpri!e! can %e !et up in a co for t$e pea!ant co of t$e area) Land i! t$e onl' re!ource for t$e #eneration!) Salinit' treat ent national +a!te) <$e far er! and it !$ould %e pre!er0ed for t$e future et$od of and retain

entrepreneur!) /ni al =u!%andr' can %e a !u%!idiar' option for inco e #eneration unit' for +$ic$ loan can %e a0ailed t$rou#$ "icro -inance acti0it') <$i! +ill reduce t$e dependenc' on a#riculture and re#enerate t$e econo '

u!t %e carried out a! earl' a! po!!i%le to reduce t$e u!t %e educated a%out t$e appropriate a' a!!i!t t$e to reclai 'ield) inter0ention! to c$eck t$e #ro+t$

culti0ation t$rou#$ proper inter0entionD +$ic$ t$e fertilit' of t$e !oil +it$ opti u <$e follo+in# ta%le reco

end certain !$ort-ter

of t$e i!!ue relatedD alt$ou#$ t$e'

i#$t not %e t$e per anent !olution!) 7ffort!

$a0e al!o %een put to find out t$e acti0itie! to %e initiated for per anent !olution! of t$e re!pecti0e i!!ue! and t$e aut$oritie! re!pon!i%le for initiatin# to re!ol0e t$e ) It can %e de!ired t$at t$i! +ill lead to an i pro0ed li0eli$ood of t$e refu#ee! of Sind$anur Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect)

An Obscure Hope

Intervention Plan
Table 7.1. The short term and long term interventions suggested for the issues of refugee lives along with the agen ies res!onsible for im!lementing them. "l. #hallenges $esired %ut omes "hort Term &ntervention 'ong Term &ntervention No. ( tions (gen ies ( tions (gen ies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

#aste

Namasudra ) Kshatriya ommunities should be de lared as "# Privilege of studying mother tongue as a 'anguage at Primary level

,other Tongue -du ation

. /

,inority 0ousing

2 7 7 9

&rrigation 3ater Pro!erty Right Revenue 8illage #iti:enshi!

Re ognition as 'inguisti ,inority se tion in the "tate *ood ) !ermanent shelters for their hygieni ) safe dwelling (de4uate ) e4ual 4uantum of 3ater for &rrigation to every family Rights over the residential !lot ) agri ultural land $e laration as Revenue 8illages instead of olonies *rant of #iti:enshi! to the refugees

Re!resentation at the a!!ro!riate level "!e ial Reservation ) follow u! Re!resentation at the a!!ro!riate level (!!oint ommunity tea hers in every *overnment " hools Re!resentation at the a!!ro!riate level (llotment of houses under various e1isting s hemes 5ormation of 36(s at lo al ) $istributory level

#ommunity %rganisation $istri t (dministration $istri t (dministration #ommunity %rganisation

(ffiliation with various forum Poli y &ntervention to $e lare as "# Poli y &ntervention and in or!oration in syllabus

#ommunity %rganisation #entral *overnment "tate *overnment and $e!artment of -du ation "tate *overnment "tate *overnment $e!artment &rrigation ) #($( of

#ommunity Poli y &ntervention %rganisation $ifferent "!e ial " heme for layers of refugee housing Panchayats #ommunity &ntrodu tion of %rganisation 3arabandhi system Providing the rights

Re!resentation at the #ommunity a!!ro!riate level %rganisation Re!resentation at the $istri t a!!ro!riate level (dministration Re!resentation at the $istri t a!!ro!riate level (dministration

$istri t (dministration Revenue $e!artment "tate *overnment

$e laring Revenue 8illage (uthority to issue su h ertifi ates

An Obscure Hope
; $evelo!me nt (uthority
2

0anding over the !ower to the Gram Panchayat

3

Re!resentation at the Gram a!!ro!riate level Panchayat

4 5

0anding over the !ro!erties

6

$istri t (dministration
7

1<

$rinking 3ater

"afe and lean $rinking 3ater su!!ly

Preservation of the #ommunity e1isting water su!!ly %rganisation system in good ondition "kill Training for mi ro enter!rise setting u! (dult Kannada 'earning #lasses Re!resentation at the a!!ro!riate level #learing and widening the natural nalas Re!resentation at the a!!ro!riate level #ommunity %rganisation #ommunity %rganisation #ommunity %rganisation #ommunity %rganisation #ommunity %rganisation

11

6nem!loym ent

(dditional -m!loyment %!!ortunity #reation

"an tioning Permanent su!!ly system for all olonies #ommunity -nter!rise and worksho! set u! Regular Bus "ervi e

$istri t (dministration= Zilla Panchayat ) -le ted Re!resentatives $istri t &ndustrial #entre and $istri t (dministration K"RT# #($( ) $istri t (dministration $istri t (dministration $istri t (dministration -1tending 0ealth 5a ility through e1isting s hemes $istri t (dministration

1+ 1. 1/ 12

17

Publi Trans!ort "aline 'and Treatment ( ess to (gri ultural 'and 8illage Boundary -1!ansion 0ealth are

-1tension of Regular !ubli trans!ort fa ility Re lamation of "aline land for better yield Provisions for roads to all the agri ultural land $es ent living onditions in a systemati and !lanned village Pro!er 0ealth #are fa ilities at the village level

Treatment of the saline land #onstru tion of roads to land ( 4uiring new area for the homeless family -1tension of

Re!resentation at the #ommunity a!!ro!riate level %rganisation

17

0ygiene ) Pro!er drainage and solid "anitation wastes dis!osal system

Kee!ing surroundings #ommunity neat ) lean and taking !re autions -1tending the sanitary Pan hayat #ommunity fa ilities through e1isting Bodies at "anitation s hemes different level treatment !lant

with

An Obscure Hope
19 ( ess to 3ell established !hysi al the onne tion with rest of the Rehabilitatio world n #olonies Re!air and >illa (ll?weather ,aintenan e of e1isting Panchayat ) onstru tion roads $istri t (dministration roads "tate *overnment ) $istri t (dministration

An Obscure Hope

1;

+<

Post and Regular Postal $elivery Tele om "ystem o!erating in all the "ervi es olonies &nternal (ll?weather Roads within the Roads olonies 8eterinary "ervi es 8eterinary #lini o!erating in the olony

(!!ointment of #ommunity #ommunity Postman %rganisation "hramadan for re!air ) #ommunity maintenan e of e1isting %rganisation roads (!!ointment of a #ommunity #ommunity 8eterinary %rganisation "!e ialist Re!resentation at the #ommunity a!!ro!riate level %rganisation "tart selling ) buying a tivities in a ommon !la e Re!resentation at the a!!ro!riate level Re!air ) ,aintenan e of the e1isting tem!le through ontribution Re!resentation at the a!!ro!riate level Re!resentation at the a!!ro!riate level #ommunity

"an tion of Post Bo1es to every olony Building all?weather roads "an tion of 8eterinary #lini a

#entral *overnment ) $istri t (dministration $istri t (dministration ) Panchayats >illa Panchayat "tate *overnment )

+1

++

Play *round ( Playground for every olony

+.

,arket

( market should o!erate in Rehabilitation Proje t #remation #entre for every village ( Tem!le at -very 8illage

+/ +2

#remation #entre Tem!le

#ommunity #ommunity

+7 +7

*ra:ing 'and &nformation ) Te hnology

(llo ation of *ra:ing 'and ( 'ibrary um Reading Room

#ommunity %rganisation #ommunity organisation

"an tion of a !layground at every olony "an tion and establishment of a market "an tion of a #remation #entre Building a good tem!le in every olony (llo ation of *ra:ing 'and Building a well e4ui!!ed 'ibrary

$istri t (dministration $istri t (dministration ) Panchayat $istri t (dministration $istri t (dministration ) Panchayat $istri t (dministration $istri t (dministration ) Panchayat

An Obscure Hope
&$apter 3III ,B3,8ASI!2 R2M"R<S
:ets no man ask about caste& ,ho worshi%s .ari! he is .ari s& ( Ramanu2a

2he chapter ma(es an attempt to bring out the abstract of the whole report# *inally the conclusion is also drawn at the end of the chapter#

Summary& India i! $o e to one of t$e lar#e!t refu#ee population! in t$e +orld) /ccordin# to t$e >)S) State 6epart entB! 1ountry $eport on 8uman $ights Practices for !44BD .15D49. refu#ee! +ere re!idin# in India) <$e >nited (ation! 1951 &on0ention Relatin# to t$e Statu! of Refu#ee! 1Refu#ee &on0ention2 define! a refu#ee a! a per!on +$oD Jowing to a well*founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race- religion- nationality- membership of a particular social group or political opinion- is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or- owing to such fear- is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country" K @ne !uc$ #roup of refu#ee! $a0e %een re$a%ilitated %' t$e &entral ;o0ern ent in Sind$anur %lock of Raic$ur 6i!trictD Aarnataka) /%out 1,67 fa ilie! of Ben#ali refu#ee! fro 7a!t Paki!tan 1no+ Ban#lade!$2 and repatriate! fro Bur a & Sri Lanka $a0e %een re!idin# $ere for t$e pre0iou! .*-., 'ear!) <$i! !tud' +a! undertaken to under!tand t$e proce!! of Re$a%ilitationD t$e pre!ent condition! and t$e future !cope! for t$eir li0eli$ood de0elop ent) <$e 6i!cu!!ion! and t$e Indi0idual In-dept$ Inter0ie+!) <$e population of t$e &olonie!D a! per &en!u! of India-,**1D i! 1165. +it$ t$e i i#ration of fe+ ore fa ilie! t$ereafter and out i#ration of fe+ fa ilie! fro t$e pro:ect) <$e total #ro+t$ of population o0er t$e la!t t$ree decade! i! 11.)..H and t$e fa ilie! $a0e #ro+n %' 144)96H) <$e econo ' of t$e area i! co pletel' %a!ed on a#riculture) "o!t of t$e fa ilie! fall in to t$e cate#or' of S all and "ar#inal -ar er! 14*)54H2 and Landle!! /#ricultural La%ourer! 146).6H2) et$od! adopted for t$e !tud' +ere 6ocu ent! & Literature re0ie+D PR/ e8erci!e!D -ocu!!ed ;roup

An Obscure Hope
"o!t 1B6"3&C? of t$e are fro a ca!te called (a a!udraD +$ic$ i! !c$eduled ca!te

a! per t$e ;o0ern ent of We!t Ben#al and Ban#lade!$) <$e' are depri0ed fro t$eir %irt$ri#$t!D +$ic$ are due to t$e D and t$eir relati0e! are en:o'in# it !ettled el!e+$ere in India) Pri ar' 7ducation i! anot$er i!!ue for t$e D $a0in# t$e of in!truction i! Aannada fro ediu t$e pri ar' le0el in all !c$ool!) <$e' $a0e lot of

c$allen#e! a$ead of t$e D +$ic$ can %e cate#ori!ed in to t+o) <$e fir!t cate#or' i! Re$a%ilitation related i!!ue! and are !pecific in nature like &a!te &ertificateD Ri#$t! o0er t$e =ou!in# Plot and landD declaration of re0enue 0illa#e!D "ot$er-ton#ue education at t$e pri ar' le0elD #rant of Indian &iti9en!$ipD Po+er to +ram Panchayat and "inorit' i!!ue) <$e !econd cate#or' i! Ba!ic pro%le ! and #eneral in nature +$ic$ include! t$e internal and e8ternal road! +it$ tran!portation facilitie! a! +ell a! t$e road! for a#ricultural landD =ealt$ careD =ou!in#D >ne plo' entD ='#iene & SanitationD 6rinkin# and Irri#ation WaterD Po!t & teleco Ser0ice!D &$an#e or Recla ation of !aline landD 3eterinar' Ser0iceD <e pleD Pla' #roundD 3illa#e Boundar' 78pan!ionD "arketD &re ation &entreD Li%rar' and Readin# Roo ) Bot$ t$e!e cate#orie! of pro%le ! are eEuall' i portant and need to %e tackled at appropriate le0el) It i! found fro local co t$e !tud' t$at t$e' $a0e aintained a 0er' #ood relation!$ip +it$ t$e

unitie!) <$e education le0el of t$e area found to %e 0er' le!! and !till le!! ot$er ton#ue) <$e i!!ue! confrontin# t$e are rooted in t$e unit'

for t$e +o en !ection!) <$o!e +$o $a0e Eualified in t$eir education $a0e t$e pri ar' education in re!ettle ent p$a!e of t$e pro:ect) =ad t$e!e %een tackled at t$at periodD t$e!e could $a0e %een re!ol0ed ea!il') <$e i#norance and %ack+ardne!! of t$e co pre!ent fate) <$i! !upport! t$e propo!ition t$at t$e' are fro Sc$eduled &a!te! co +$ic$ co pelled t$e repre!entati0e!D +$o failed predict t$e i pact in future are t$e rea!on! for t$eir a %ack+ard and unit') <$e lan#ua#e +a! anot$er %arrier for t$e!e refu#ee!D to li0e in i!olation and could not act upon t$e a0aila%le ediator %et+een t$e

opportunitie!) / #roup of literate people a!!u ed t$e role of

;o0ern ent and t$e pu%licD $a0in# t$e ad0anta#e of kno+in# =indi) /doption of 7Eualit' concept +a! anot$er cau!e for t$e pre!ent !tatu! of t$e pro:ect) 6e!pite li0in# t$ere for t$ree decade! t$e' did not learn t$e official lan#ua#e Aannada) Water $a! e er#ed a! anot$er ade t$e 0icti ! of de%t) a:or i!!ue for t$e refu#ee! and continuou! failure of crop!

An Obscure Hope
It i! found 0ia%le for t$e de0elop ent of t$e pro:ect t$at t$e co unit' !$ould take u!t

initiati0e to tackle t$e i!!ue! +it$ t$e united effort! and t$e related aut$oritie! %a!i!) <$e co

take appropriate action after nece!!ar' 0erification to re!ol0e t$e i!!ue! on priorit' unit' !$ould de0elop contact! at 0ariou! le0el! & al!o affiliate to t$e u!t learn t$e t$e inter-!tate and national %odie! to retain t$eir cultural practice!) <$e' facilit' of ot$er ton#ue education in pri ar' le0el)

Aannada lan#ua#e +$ile t$e ;o0ern ent of Aarnataka !$ould al!o pro0ide t$e

,onclusion& It i! concluded +it$ t$e !tate ent t$at t$e Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect and it! re!ident! are e8po!ed to 0ariou! kind! of c$allen#in# i!!ue!D +$ic$ need i attention) <$e re!pon!i%ilit' lie! ediate o!tl' on t$e (;@! functionin# t$ere to a+aken t$e

pu%lic and ;o0ern ent to !upport t$eir initiati0e! and re!ol0e t$e i!!ue!) Since t$e' left t$eir ance!tral propertie! and $o eland for t$e !ake of t$eir reli#ionD $onour and re!pect! t$e' u!t !tri0e $ard to pre!er0e t$e ) But can al!o not den' t$e fact t$at inorit' #roup find! all t$e difficultie! to !u!tain and retain t$e local co unit') @n t$e in lon# run an e8ternal

t$eir ori#inalit' in re!pect to t$eir lan#ua#eD culture and ot$er !i ilar practice! and al!o it i! not ad0i!a%le t$at t$e' tr' to keep a+a' fro ot$er $andD Local inte#ration +it$ t$e econo ' a! +ell a! t$e culture i! t$e pro%a%le !olution to t$e t$eir pro%le ) 6e!pite keepin# t$eir culture t$e' !$ould al!o tr' to inte#rate +it$ t$e local culture in all po!!i%le +a'!) <$e 'oun#er and #eneration u!t al!o put t$eir t$ou#$t to+ard! t$e i!!ue of inter-culture odern arria#e unit')

+it$ t$e !i ilar #roup! a on# t$e local peopleD +$ic$ $a! re ainedD pro%a%l'D t$e onl' po!!i%le !olution for t$e effecti0e and fa!t inte#ration +it$ t$e local co Per$ap! t$i! a' !tren#t$en t$eir relation!$ip +it$ t$e local people and +ill lead to a aintained in t$e life of t$e couple)

%etter future) =o+e0erD all t$e care !$ould %e taken +$ile puttin# an' !tep to+ard! t$i! direction !o t$at peace and $ar on' can %e

<o !tren#t$en and !ta%ili!e t$e econo ' of t$e area it i! found 0ia%le to !tart a Rural Indu!trial 7!tate t$ere%' +idenin# t$e %a!e of t$e econo ') Pre!ent econo ' i! co pletel' %a!ed on a#riculture due to +$ic$ t$e refu#ee! could not !ta%ili!e t$eir li0eli$ood in t$e pa!t t$ree decade!) <$i! +ill not onl' #enerate e plo' ent opportunite! %ut al!o +ill create potential client! for t$e "icro -inance acti0it' t$rou#$ Self =elp ;roup! approac$)

An Obscure Hope
8imitations and Scope of the study& <$e pre!ent !tud' +a! undertaken in partial fulfil ent of t$e cour!e called Po!t ;raduate 6iplo a in "ana#e ent of (;@! 1P;6"(2 at 7ntrepreneur!$ip 6e0elop ent In!titute of India 176II2D /$ eda%ad) <$i! %ein# a one-'ear cour!e onl' 6 +eek! 145 da'!2 +a! allocated for field !tud'D +$ic$ +a! 0er' !$ort period to under!tand t$e dept$ of t$e i!!ue!) =o+e0erD t$e re!earc$er $a0in# t$e ad0anta#e of %ein# fro t$e co unit' under !tud'D it could an' a ti e re!earc$er $a0e %een ea!ier to collect t$e infor ation and data and

u!ed participator' o%!er0ation tec$niEue for data collection and anal'!i!) <$i! !tud' %ein# an e8plorator' in nature trie! to under!tand t$e o0er0ie+ of t$e pro:ectD co unit'D i!!ue! confrontin# and t$e !cope for it! de0elop ent) <$u!D t$ere i! a a' te!tif' t$e findin#! of t$e a' e8plore t$e pro%le ! of i!!ue! attac$ed to Re$a%ilitation of po!!i%ilit' for doin# a furt$er inten!i0e re!earc$D +$ic$ pre!ent !tud' and t$e refu#ee!) /fter t$e freedo of India and !eparation of Paki!tanD +ere acco an' !uc$ Re$a%ilitation

Pro:ect! +ere !tarted in India to acco !tate! of India) "o!t of t$e

odate t$e influ8 of refu#ee! in al o!t all t$e odated in We!t Ben#al) @t$er! +ere in ore t$an .* 'ear! old and $a0e

different part! of 0ariou! !tate!) <$e!e pro:ect! are !eriou! effort $a! %een

%een $anded o0er to t$e re!pecti0e !tate ;o0ern ent!) =o+e0erD !o far $ardl' an' ade %' t$e ;o0ern ent or an' re!earc$ / acade ic %od' to conduct re!earc$ on !uc$ Re$a%ilitation pro:ect! to under!tand and !ol0e t$eir pro%le !) W$at!oe0erD re!earc$ !tudie! are a0aila%leD t$e!e are conducted %' t$e re!earc$er! for t$eir o+n acade ic !peciali!ation) I feel t$at t$ere are #reater !cope! for future !tud' on t$i! co future !tud' are1) Stud' to under!tand and !u##e!t t$e +a'! and t$e!e refu#e! +it$ t$e local co ean! of local inte#ration of unit') <$e %road area!D +$ic$ $a0e potential for

unitie! and econo ')

,) &o pare and contra!t !tud' on different Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect! !ituated in 0ariou! !tate to under!tand t$e i pact! of t$e local factor! !uc$ a! &li ateD @ccupation and State Policie!) .) Stud' to under!tand t$e po!!i%ilitie! and pro!pect! of inter-cultural of refu#ee! +it$ t$e local people) arria#e

An Obscure Hope
4) Studie! to under!tand t$e eac$ a!pect! of Refu#ee Life like 7ducationD /daptation to ne+ and 0aried en0iron entD Socio-&ultural Set upD 7cono ic a!pect!D etc) can %e undertaken in Sind$anur Re$a%ilitation Pro:ect) 5) <$e ='pot$e!i! propo!ed and pro0ed in t$i! !tud' like i pact of "ot$er ton#ue at pri ar' le0el in $i#$er education can %e uni0er!ali!ed %' carr'in# out !i ilar !tudie! in cro!!-cultural and different !ocio-econo ic !et up! in different part!) 6) <$e i pact of lan#ua#e on econo ic de0elop ent of a co under!tood %' a !tud' on t$i! co unit') unit' can %e

<$e re!earc$er/! +ill find it intere!tin# to !tud' t$e!e a!pect! of t$e refu#ee li0e! and li0eli$ood after .* 'ear! or ore t$an t$at after t$e re$a%ilitation)

An Obscure Hope

"332EAR2
"nne1ure I
Profitability "nalysis of different crops gro6n in Rehabilitation Project of Sindhanur ha/ing -' acres of land<$e condition of ! all and ar#inal far er! i! 0er' pat$etic) Recurrin# failure of crop ade t$e 0icti ! of 6e%t) Wo en took t$e role of %read+inner on t$e part of enB! ne#li#ence to+ard! t$e fa il' ana#e ent) But t$e' $a0e no !a' on e8penditure of t$eir earnin#) <o eet t$e additional and e er#enc' need!D c$ildren are al!o taken out fro t$e Sc$ool! for earnin#) <$e inco e and e8penditure! of a S all -ar er $a0in# ,-. acre! of land i! !$o+n in t$e ta%le %elo+) /nnual Inco e and 78penditure of a fa il' of four !ource i! a#riculture)
Sl- 3o 1 Particulars Paddy ,otton Red gram 6*** 5 Tntl 1.** 65** 5** 1*)5* 1)** 1)** 1)** 1)** *)5* 4otal ;Rs= 19*** ----,4,5* 6***

e %er! +$o!e earnin#

. 4 5

,1D9** 6 ;-= 1*7)++ 2"B" !" 2ote that though the paddy can be grown twice a year but due to unavailability of water- farmers do not go for two crops baring few in the 8ead rich of the canal" &" Though the farmers were given 3*6 acres of land- most of them have been broken in to pieces among the brothers" '" The prices of the commodities also fluctuate during the years" 3" The average cost and yield are taken for calculation"

&o!t of culti0ation per acre 7,5* 675* 1Include! landD la%our and input!2 4ield 1/0era#e2 .* %a#! 5 Tntl Rate in Rupee!) .5* 15** Return per acre 1*5** 9*** Profit /Lo!! .,5* ,,5* /nnual -a il' 78penditure! -ood N t+o eal! a da' 1include! riceD 0e#eta%le!D ilkD oilD !pice!D !altD daalD fi!$D eatD fuel +oodD uten!il!D +aterD etc)2 &lot$in# per da' 1include! !titc$in#D +a!$in# etcD al!o2 S$elter per da' 1include! con!tructionD repair & aintenance2 7ducation per da' 1include! education for c$ildren & tra0el! for adult2 =ealt$ per da' 1nor al precautionar' and curati0e ea!ure!2 Ritual! per da' 1-e!ti0al!D arria#e!D funeral!D neat & cleanline!!2 <otal /nnual 78penditure 1R!)15 per da' 8 4 e %er! 8 .65 da'!2 /nnual deficit 14 - 52

An Obscure Hope "nne1ure II

Income @ 21penditure "nalysis for a 8andless "gricultural 8abourer of Rehabilitation Project of Sindhanur @n an a0era#e an /#ricultural La%ourer #et! ,7* +o/ an-da'! of +ork in a 'ear earnin# R!),5-.5 per da' per per!on) <$e annual inco e and e8penditure of a ! all fa il' of 4 e %er! 1=u!%andD Wife & , &$ildren2 +it$ , earnin# e %er! 1=u!%and & Wife2 i! #i0en %elo+) /nnual Inco e and 78penditure of a fa il' of four !ource i! Wa#e la%ourer)
Sl3o 1 , Particulars /nnual Inco e W R!).* per da' 8 , per!on! 8 ,7* da'! /nnual -a il' 78penditure! -ood N t+o eal! a da' 1include! riceD 0e#eta%le!D ilkD oilD !pice!D !altD daalD fi!$D eatD fuel +oodD uten!il!D +aterD etc)2 &lot$in# per da' 1include! !titc$in#D +a!$in# etcD al!o2 S$elter per da' 1include! con!tructionD repair & aintenance2 7ducation per da' 1include! education for c$ildren & tra0el! for adult2 =ealt$ per da' 1nor al precautionar' and curati0e ea!ure!2 Ritual! per da' 1-e!ti0al!D arria#e!D funeral!D neat & cleanline!!2 <otal /nnual 78penditure 1R!)15 per da' 8 4 e %er! 8 .65 da'!2 /nnual deficit 11 N ,2

e %er! +$o!e earnin#

"mount ;Rs= 16D,** 1*)5* 1)** 1)** 1)** 1)** *)5* ,1D9** ;-= *77++

<o fill t$i! #ap 1R!)57**2D t$e' are !endin# t$eir c$ildren to t$e field to 7/R( in!tead of Sc$ool! to L2"R3- -urt$er oreD t$e a%o0e nor al e8penditure! do not include t$e !pecial occa!ion! like "arria#e 1fa il' or relati0e2D fe!ti0al!D ritual!D accident! and ore nu %er of 6ependent e %er! in t$e fa il' !uc$ a! ot$erD fat$erD !i!ter! etc) t$at i! 0er' co on in t$i! area) /l!o t$e +ork i! not a!!ured for t$e t$rou#$out t$e 'ear!) <$u! t$e' u!t earn durin# t$e !ea!on)

An Obscure Hope "nne1ure III

)he'8list * I $%sed for inter#ie&ing the 'o#ern"ent Machineries(

1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6*

Ar$e! 3ntroduct$on o! (el! and t%e 4ur o&e< 5a-e you e-er -$&$ted t%e ro o&ed areaE :ould you k$ndly .r$e! me a.out t%e Re%a.$l$tat$on 4ro/ectE >%en and w%y d$d t%ey come %ereE >%at wa& t%e under&tand$ng o! t%e #o-ernment w%$le $n-$t$ng t%em $n 3nd$aE >%y #o-ernment o! 3nd$a only came !orward to accommodate t%e&e re!ugee&E >%y not ot%er countr$e&E ((ym at%y;em at%y;a& t%ey were 3nd$an and !oug%t !or 3nd$aF& !reedom)* 7* >%at all !ac$l$t$e& #o-ernment %ad ro-$ded to t%emE 8* >%at wa& t%e under&tand$ng .etween t%e Dn$on #o-ernment and t%e (tate #o-ernment dur$ng t%e re%a.$l$tat$on o! t%e&e re!ugee& $n ($nd%anurE 9* >%en and w%y t%e ro/ect wa& %anded o-er to t%e (tate #o-ernmentE >%at wa& t%e under&tand$ngE 10* ,o t%e go-ernment !eel& t%at $tF& re& on&$.$l$t$e& toward& t%e ro/ect and $t& l$-el$%ood de-elo ment $& o-erE 11* 3 %a-e &een dur$ng my &tay t%ere t%at $t %a& no tran& ortat$on B commun$cat$on mean& &uc% a& road0 .u&0 o&tal &er-$ce&0 etc< w%at lan ,$&tr$ct Adm$n$&trat$on %a& !or $m ro-ement o! t%e t%o&e .a&$c &er-$ce&E 12* G#o-ernment agreed to ro-$de a %ou&e to u&H1&a$d t%e re!ugee&* G>%$le0 !$nally made u& to &tay $n a %utH* ,oe& t%e #o-ernment &t$ll %a-e t%e comm$tment to !ul!$ll $tE >%at & ec$al lan do you %a-e !or t%e$r %ou&$ng a art !rom general %ou&$ng &c%eme& l$ke A&%raya0 3AI0 etc*E 13* =ne among t%e 5 colon$e& $*e* R*5*:olony No*5 $& mo&t $nter$or and %a& no dr$nk$ng a& well a& $rr$gat$on water* >%o&e re& on&$.$l$ty $& to ro-$de t%$&E 14* 3t wa& under&tood t%at t%e&e are &t$ll :olon$e&;cam & a!ter 30 year& o! e&ta.l$&%ment* (%ould t%e colon$e& .e announced a& re-enue -$llage& or notE :ould you lea&e tell me w%o&e re& on&$.$l$ty $& t%$&E 15* +%e&e re!ugee& %a-e .een g$-en :$t$2en&%$ o! 3nd$a $n t%e year 1983184* Aut many !am$l$e& %a-e .een e8cluded !rom t%e &ame* 6ay 3 know t%e rea&onE ,o you %a-e any lan to g$-e t%em t%e recogn$t$on to .e an 3nd$anE 16* >e ro o&e t%at t%e r$mary educat$on &%ould .e $n mot%er tongue* Aut0 t%e&e re!ugee& are de r$-ed !rom t%e &ame0 w%$c% $& t%e mo&t $m ortant rea&on !or -ery low educat$on le-el $n t%e&e colon$e& $& t%e o $n$on o! t%e local leader&* :ould #o-ernment make any arrangement !or t%e &ameE 17* ,ur$ng my rel$m$nary -$&$t0 3 wa& told t%at t%ey .elong to a ca&te0 w%$c% $& treated a& (: $n ot%er &tate&J al&o w%en t%e ro/ect wa& under t%e control o! :entral #o-ernment0 t%ey %a-e .een $&&ued &uc% cert$!$cate&* >%at $& your o $n$on a.out t%e $&&ue1 t%ey are el$g$.le or notE

An Obscure Hope
18* 3 could meet 6r&* C$&%ala8m$0 4re&$dent o! #ram 4anc%ayat B (r$ (%ant$ Ran/an ,a&0 @814re&$dent o! #ram 4anc%ayat $n t%e la&t week* Aot% are o! t%e o $n$on t%at t%$& #ram 4anc%ayat %a& no ower* ,o you .el$e-e t%e$r &tatementE 3! ye&0 w%yE 19* +%ey &a$d t%at t%e #o-ernment %a& g$-en t%em a re&$dent$al lot and 415 acre& o! land dur$ng t%e$r re&ettlement .ut not t%e r$g%t o-er t%at* (%ouldnFt t%ey .e g$-en t%e&e r$g%t&E 20* +%e&e colon$e& layout $& well lanned w$t% ro-$&$on& !or $nternal road&0 (c%ool0 etc* Aut0 o-er a er$od o! 30 year&0 w$t% a generat$on ga 0 t%e o ulat$on %a& $ncrea&ed a.out 4 t$me&0 and %a& encroac%ed t%e u.l$c lace& around t%e -$llage&* ?am$l$e& %a-e .een .roken $n to num.er& e)ual to t%e num.er o! .rot%er& $n t%e !am$l$e&* ,o you %a-e any ro-$&$on& !or e8 an&$on o! t%e colon$e&E 21* 5ow t%e area could .e de-elo edE Iour &ugge&t$on& or ad-$ce* 22* Iou m$g%t %a-e %eard a.out t%e N#= "anakalyan work$ng w$t% t%e&e re!ugee&* :ould you make any comment on t%e$r &er-$ce&E :ould "anakalyan a&&$&t t%e ,$&tr$ct Adm$n$&trat$on $n de-elo $ng t%e Re%a.$l$tat$on 4ro/ect o! ($nd%anurE 23* Any ot%er &ugge&t$on& you would l$ke to make on t%e Re%a.$l$tat$on 4ro/ect ,e-elo ment* 24* 3 am really t%ank!ul to you !or g$-$ng your rec$ou& t$me* +%ank&K

An Obscure Hope "nne1ure I!

)he'8list * II $%sed for inter#ie&ing the local people and refugees(

1) Brief Introduction of Self and t$e Purpo!e) ,) Plea!e tell e e0er't$in# t$at $appened to 'ou :u!t %eforeD durin# and after 'ou left Ban#lade!$ and ca e to India) .) <ell e in detail a%out 'our :ourne') 4) W$en 'ou fir!t ca e to India fro Ban#lade!$D +$ere did 'ou #oQ 5) &an 'ou de!cri%e plea!e +$at t$at place +a! like in t$o!e da'!Q 6) =o+ lon# did 'ou !ta' t$ereQ 7) 6id an' e %er! of 'our fa il' or 'ou 'our!elfD encounter an' p$'!ical 0iolence at t$at ti eQ 5) 6id 'ou !uffer an' lo!!e!Q 9) Wa! t$e ;o0ern ent $elpful and !' pat$etic to 'ou to refu#ee! !uc$ a! 'our!elf +$en 'ou fir!t cro!!ed t$e Indian BorderQ In +$at +a'!Q 6id t$e' continue t$e !a e %e$a0iourQ 1*) W$at +a! 'our reaction to #o0tB! action! t$enQ 11) Were t$e local people $elpful and !' pat$etic +$en 'ou fir!t ca e to t$i! !ideQ In +$at +a'!Q =o+ did 'ou feel a%out t$e at fir!tQ 1,) /fter initial pe9riod did 'our relation! +it$ local people c$an#eQ 1.) &an 'ou de!cri%e an' incident t$at illu!trate! t$i! c$an#eQ 14) =o+ lon# +a! it %efore 'ou %eca e !elf-!ufficient and per anentl' e!ta%li!$edQ 15) &an 'ou tell e of an' c$an#e in 'our life after co in# to AarnatakaQ 16) 6o 'ou t$ink t$ere are an' difference! %et+een refu#ee! and non-refu#ee!Q 17) W$at do 'ou t$ink t$at cau!ed partition of IndiaQ 15) W$at do 'ou t$ink t$at cau!ed 'ou to %eco e a refu#eeQ 19) /re 'ou and 'our fa il' %etter off toda' t$an 'ou u!ed to %e %efore 'ou %eca e a refu#eeQ ,*) W$at do 'ou t$ink !$ould %e done to ake t$in#! %etter for 'our!elfQ ,1) 6o 'ou t$ink 'ou +ill e0er %e a%le to return to t$e land of 'our ance!tor!Q ,,) =a0e 'ou e0er 0i!ited Ban#lade!$Q ,.) 6o 'ou feel t$at t$e pre!ent #o0t i! t$e ain cau!e of 'our i!erie!Q ,4) <$e State $a! $elped 'ou !ettlin# do+n- do 'ou %elie0eQ ,5) Would 'ou like to #o %ack to Ban#lade!$Q ,6) 6o 'ou %elie0e t$at it +ill ne0er %e po!!i%le for 'ou to %e +$at 'ou +ereQ ,7) I do not appro0e of arital relation! +it$ local ca!te!- do 'ou %elie0eQ ,5) In co pari!on +it$ ot$er ca!te!D ' ca!te! are #ettin# fe+er opportunitie! and ad0anta#eou!- +$at i! 'our feelin#Q ,9) 6o 'ou a#ree t$at +o en !$ould %e #i0en facilitie! for $i#$er educationQ .*) =o+ do 'ou feel a%out t$e a#ricultural !'!te ! of India and Ban#lade!$Q W$at are t$e difference!Q .1) W$at c$an#e! $a0e taken place! o0er t$e la!t t$ree decade! in t$e!e colonie!Q .,) 6o t$e %ureaucrat! di!cri inate %et+een refu#ee! and non-refu#ee!Q ..) 6o t$e politician! di!cri inate %et+een refu#ee! and non-refu#ee!Q .4) =o+ do 'ou #et o!t of t$e infor ationQ

An Obscure Hope
.5) =o+ do 'ou co unicate +it$ t$e local peopleQ .6) =o+ do 'ou carr' out 'our %u!ine!! in da'-to-da' lifeQ .7) =o+ an' lan#ua#e! 'ou can !peakQ .5) =o+ an' lan#ua#e! 'ou can read and +riteQ .9) W$at +a! t$e o!t un$app' t$in# in 'our lifeQ 4*) &an 'ou tell e !o et$in# t$at ade 'ou an#r' in t$i! colon'/nei#$%our$oodQ 41) Were 'ou e0er arre!tedQ W$'Q 4,) =a0e 'ou e0er %een in a fi#$tQ W$'Q 4.) "u!li ! are a! 0alua%leD $one!t and pu%lic-!pirited citi9en! a! an' ot$er #roup'our reactionQ 44) W$at are t$e a:or pro%le ! people are facin#Q 45) Suppo!e t$at 'our co unit' decided to %uild !o et$in# for t$e co on #ood of all in t$e area and eac$ per!on $ad to contri%ute !o e of $i! la%our to t$e pro:ect) Would 'ou %e +illin# to participate in !uc$ a pro:ectQ 46) /re 'ou a e %er of an' or#ani!ationQ 47) 6o 'ou !upport if a 'oun# an decide! to !elect $i! #irl for $i !elfQ 45) W$at re!pon!i%ilit' t$e &entral #o0t $a! for 'our colon'Q 49) W$at re!pon!i%ilit' t$e State #o0t $a! for 'our colon'Q 5*) W$at re!pon!i%ilit' t$e Local #o0t $a! for 'our colon'Q 51) 6o 'ou t$ink t$e &entral #o0t $a! aided or $urt 'our intere!tQ 5,) 6o 'ou t$ink t$e State #o0t $a! aided or $urt 'our intere!tQ 5.) Suppo!e 'ou +ere t$e Pri e "ini!ter of IndiaD +$at are !o e of t$e t$in#! 'ou +ould doQ 54) /nd if 'ou +ere t$e &$ief "ini!ter of t$e StateQ 55) In +$at circu !tance! do 'ou feel a Satyagraha or hartal a#ain!t t$e #o0t to %e :u!tifiedQ 56) <$ank! for !$arin# t$e infor ation +it$ e)

An Obscure Hope

APPENDI=

A((endi% I

,aste ,ertificate issued to 3amasudra community by the "dministrator of Rehabilitation Project

Govern2ent o# 4arnata8a
(eal o! Adm$n$&trator =!!$ce No* R@5;A,6;6$&c;3;80181; =!!$ce o! t%e Adm$n$&trator0 Re%a.$l$tat$on 4ro/ect0 ($nd%anur0 ,ated 171311981

CASTE CERTIFICATE
<$i! i! to certif' t$at S$ri (eelka al Baira#i S/o &$andrakanta Baira#iD a refu#ee !ettler of Re$a%ilitation &olon' (o I3D Sind$anur %elon# to JSc$eduled &a!teK a! entioned in t$eir 6eclaration recei0e fro t$e &$ief &o andant &a p Raipur 1")P)2

(d;1 Adm$n$&trator0 Re%a.$l$tat$on 4ro/ect0 ($nd%anur* +o0 (%r$ Neelkamal Aa$rag$0 (;o :%andrakanta Aa$rag$0 R;o Re%a.$l$tat$on :olony No*3C0 Sind$anurD 6i!trict Raic$ur)

An Obscure Hope A end$8 33 3amasudra ,ate is reser/ed under Scheduled ,aste ;S,= category in four States

S, F S4 F 2., F B., 8ist of Scheduled ,astes

S, F S4 F 2., F B.,

,ommunity (adia (a#aluF See Band$i (alkada'a / (alkade'a (alkade'aF See (alkada'a (alua AelaF See AelaD (alua etc)

State Anion 4erritory ;u:arat AarnatakaD Aerala

/ 7 I " T > 4

B ? ( R 3 C

& ; A @ S W

6 = L P < S

3amasudra
(ari%atF See (ari%ut (ari%ut / (ari%at (at

$est .engal7 "ssam7 4ripura7 Brissa

6el$i Ra:a!t$anD "ad$'a Prade!$D Bi$arD We!t Ben#alD =ar'anaD Pun:a% 6el$i

(atD Aa%utari / Aa%utari (at (a0 Budd$i!tF See (eo Budd$i!t (a'adi Aerala (a'akF See <$orakD (a'ak (eo Budd$i!$ / (a0 >ttar Prade!$D AarnatakaD ;u:aratD Pun:a%D Budd$i!t /nd$ra Prade!$ (et$akaniF See "ala Sale (uni'a We!t Ben#al

(ource< %tt <;;www*$nd$anngo&*com;$&&ue;ca&te*%tm

An Obscure Hope
A end$8 333

Reha!ilitated Na2as&dra iss&e and Parlia2ent

SirD I al!o like to dra+ t$e attention of t$i! au#u!t =ou!e t$at under /rticle ,4* of t$e &on!titutionD t$e &entral ;o0ern ent i! dut' %ound to pro0ide a #ood ;o0ern ent and t$e de0elop ent for t$e >nion <erritorie!) But +$at i! $appenin# toda'Q W$at t'pe of ;o0ern ent $a0e 'ou #otQ @ne- an ad ini!trationD one an +$o i! ore po+erful t$an t$e Pre!ident of IndiaD one an +$o i! ore po+erful t$an t$e Pri e "ini!ter of IndiaD one an +$o doe! not reEuire con!ultation fro an'%od'X =e i! t$e Lt) ;o0ernor and $e can do and undo an't$in#X <$at i! t$e !'!te X W$en +e are cele%ratin# t$e 5*t$ /nni0er!ar' of our IndependenceD do +e reEuire to $a0e an inferior t'pe of ad ini!trati0e !'!te in t$i! countr' or do +e need t$at t'pe of !'!te of ad ini!tration +$ere all people in t$i! countr' can feel t$at Y+e are all eEualD our !'!te i! eEual and +e can participate in all a:or i!!ue!D +$et$er it i! t$e election of t$e Pre!ident of India or +$et$er it i! to fulfil t$e a!piration! of t$e people in t$i! countr'Q "R) 67P><4-SP7/A7RF "anoran:an B$akta:iD I a told t$at t$ere are t$ou!and! of Sc$eduled &a!te people li0in# in /nda an and (ico%ar I!land! %ut not e0en a !in#le $a! %een reco#ni9ed a! a Sc$eduled &a!te) I! it a factQ S=RI "/(@R/(?/( B=/A</ 1/(6/"/( /(6 (I&@B/R ISL/(6S2F SirD t$e point i! t$at +$en t$e &on!titution +a! +rittenD at t$at ti eD t$ere +a! onl' YSc$eduled <ri%e!G and t$ere +ere $ardl' a fe+ people +$o +ent fro t$e ain land to +ork t$ere) /! !uc$ t$ere +a! not$in# +ritten a! t$e Sc$eduled &a!te in t$e &on!titution) But Sc$eduled <ri%e i! t$ere) "R) 67P><4-SP7/A7RF SoD a Sc$eduled &a!te an fro !o e part of t$e countr' #oin# to /nda an! cea!e! to %e a Sc$eduled &a!te an) S=RI "/(@R/(?/( B=/A</ 1/(6/"/( /(6 (I&@B/R ISL/(6S2F I a an!+erin# 'our Euer') Su%!eEuentl'D +$en t$e people i#rated fro different part! of t$e countr'D in t$at ca!e if t$e Sc$eduled &a!te $a! to %e reco#ni!edD t$en t$e &on!titution a end ent i! nece!!ar') W$at I +a! #i0en to under!tand i! t$at t$i! atter +a! looked into %' t$e Parlia entar' &o ittee on t$e Welfare of Sc$eduled &a!te! and Sc$eduled <ri%e!) <$e' $a0e !aid t$at once !o e%od' i! con!idered a Sc$eduled &a!te in a StateD $e +ill %e con!idered a Sc$eduled &a!te all o0er t$e countr') ButD I t$ink t$ere are !o e difference! a on# t$e )))1Interruption!2 1756 $our! 1"r) Speaker in t$e &$air2 S=RI B/S> 67B /&=/RI/ 1B/(A>R/2F <$ou!and! of tri%al! of &$otana#pur $a0e i#rated fro Bi$ar to +ork in /!!a <ea ;arden!) <$e' are Sant$al tri%al!) <$e' are not reco#ni!ed a! Sc$eduled <ri%e! in /!!a )

An Obscure Hope
!"# $!#TT% B% & 'B%"% %T() # also *ant to add to it. %fter the partition of the countr+, in the undi,ided Ben-al man+ citi.ens reco-nised as those belon-in- to the cheduled $astes, particularl+ the /amasudras, mi-rated to other parts of the countr+, includin- %ndaman and /icobar #slands. #n the %ndaman and /icobar #slands there *as a 0o,ernment1s proposal or pro2ect for their rehabilitation. ome refu-ees ha,e also been taken to Bihar and rehabilitated there. The+ also belon-ed to the cheduled $aste, namel+ the /amasudra $ommunit+. imilarl+, /amasudras are there in 3adh+a Pradesh and 4rissa also. The+ are in man+ other parts of the countr+ too. The+ *ere cheduled $aste citi.ens in the undi,ided Ben-al and no* the+ are no more cheduled $aste people. The+ are sufferin- because the pri,ile-es and special pro,isions a,ailable in the $onstitution are not extended to them. o, throu-h +ou # *ant to dra* the attention of the !ome 3inister to ha,e an enquir+ and to ha,e a status report on these mi-rant cheduled $aste people in different parts of the countr+ after the partition of this countr+. S=RI "/(@R/(?/( B=/A</ 1/(6/"/( /(6 (I&@B/R ISL/(6S2F W$at t$e $on) "e %er $a! entioned i! a 0er' correct po!ition t$at accordin# to our &on!titutionD a Sc$eduled &a!te or a Sc$eduled <ri%e reco#ni!ed in one State i! not auto aticall' reco#ni!ed in ot$er State! until and unle!! in t$e Sc$edule of t$at particular State t$at ca!te na e i! included) <$at i! +$'D if an't$in# i! to %e doneD +$et$er it i! /nda an! or >ttar Prade!$ or Bi$ar ))) "R) SP7/A7RF 6o 'ou +ant to conclude 'our !peec$ toda' or do 'ou +ant to continue ne8t ti eQ S=RI "/(@R/(?/( B=/A</ 1/(6/"/( /(6 (I&@B/R ISL/(6S2F =o+ can I conclude ' !peec$ toda'Q I $a0e :u!t !tartedD Sir) I t$ink it +ill carr' o0er to t$e ne8t ti e) "R) SP7/A7RF 4e!) 4ou can !peak for one ore inute toda')

S=RI "/(@R/(?/( B=/A</ 1/(6/"/( /(6 (I&@B/R ISL/(6S2F <$e point $ere i!D in t$e /nda an and (ico%ar I!land!D +e $a0e e8a ined t$i! proce!! an' ti e!) >ntil and unle!! on t$i! atter a &on!titution a end ent i! not adeD if 'ou +ant to ake re!er0ation for an' :o% a0aila%le in t$e I!land! to t$e people fro t$e ainlandD it +ill create $eart-%urnin# a on# t$e local 'out$ +$o are :o%le!! and +$o are !earc$in# for :o%!) <$at i! +$'D it i! e!!ential t$at t$i! =ou!e !$ould look into t$i! in it! totalit' and not in i!olation) <$at i! ' !u##e!tion) "R) SP7/A7RF <$ank 'ou) 4ou a' continue ne8t ti e)

An Obscure Hope

G"OSSAR<
Sl No
. 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* 9* 10* 11* 12* 13* 14* 15* 16* 17* 18* 19* 20* 21* 22* 23* 24* 25* 26* 27*

Te%t For2
3aidya 3asanti %oo2a* 3asa*ara2eshwari 3i#has 1urrent Poka ;aal ,a&ara ;eeksha ;iwali ;ur#ade*i <ranna 7anesh 7ram Panchayat Jowar =alo ;ee*ashF =artik =atha =isan =shatriya =uccha :akh $aa $anasha $andal Panchayat >ala >amasudra >armada >iyamita

English version
#eneral +rad$t$onal 5ealer ($m$lar to ,a&ara cele.rated dur$ng A r$l16ay Name o! a godde&&
1 rd 3

o! a acre

A e&t &uck& t%e t%e .lood o! t%e cotton tree A d$&% re ared out o! ul&e& +%e ?e&t$-al o! Aengal$& A roce&& .y w%$c% %uman .ody .ecome& %oly .y t%e$r guru A ?e&t$-al o! 9$g%t& Name o! #odde&& A noun u&ed to $dent$!y er&on& #od o! @conomy C$llage 4anc%ayat (org%um Alack ,ay #od o! Aeauty a w$nter clot% made out o! u&ed and wa&te &aree& ?armer& (econd layer $n t%e Carna &y&tem o! 3nd$a 6uddy 0*1 6$ll$on #odde&& o! (nake& ?$r&t t$er o! two t$er 4anc%ayat &y&tem ,ra$nage canal A (c%eduled :a&te denot$ng 6a$n (Nama) (er-er ((udra) Name o! a r$-er 9$m$ted

An Obscure Hope
28* 29* 30* 31* 32* 33* 34* 35* 36* 37* 38* 39* 40* 41* 42* 43* 44* 45* 46* 47* 48* 49* 50* 51* >oakhali O?ha Paramanik Poo2a Pradhan 'ahakara 'amiti 'an#ha 'araswati 'atsan#h 'e*a (%eetala 'hraaddha 'onar 3an#la 'udharak 'ukse*a Tahasil Tur @aishnab @ikash @ya*asaya Aa#na /amindar /illa Panchayat Name o! a lace $n Aanglade&% +rad$t$onal 5ealer !or &nake.$te& Aar.er >or&%$ 4re&$dent o! 6andal 4anc%yat :oo erat$-e :omm$ttee =rgan$&at$on #odde&& o! @ducat$on ,e&$ le& o! +%akur Anakul :%andra (er-$ce #od o! @ $dem$c A r$tual o.&er-ed a!ter deat% o! e-ery 5$ndu #olden Aengal Re!ormat$on ,e&$ le& o! (ukdeAlock Red gram ,$&c$ le& o! 9ord 'r$&%na ,e-elo ment Agr$culture A &cr$!$ce 9andlord ,$&tr$ct 4anc%ayat

An Obscure Hope
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An Obscure Hope
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An Obscure Hope
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An Obscure Hope
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