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Rural Poultry Keeping to Household Food Security and Poverty Reduction in West Sumatra, Indonesia 1) DR. Rusfidra, S.

Pt 2)
Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University Kampus UNAND Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesia, 25163 Blog: http://rusfidra.multiply.com
e-mail: rusfidra_unand@yahoo.co.id

ABSTRACT Indonesia is an agricultural country with a larger number of indigenous domestic fowl. In Indonesia, indigenous poultry have been kept by rural communities for many generations. This custom is likely to continue and remain popular in rural areas. The rural poultry sistem relies on minimal input of resources. Although secondary to other agricultural activities, rural poultry rearing plays an important role in providing the population with substantial income and high quality protein. Egg are a source of high quality protein for sick and malnourished children under the age of live. Almost every rural family keep small flock of indigenous domestic fowl under backyard farming system. Although indigenous poultry are poor producers of eggs and meat, they are hard and thrive well in the harsh rural environment and some varieties have a superior genetic constitution which has not been fully explored. There is no systematic breeding programme and closed breeding occurs among indigenous stock. Chicken are probable the most universal and important of all domesticated animal species as producers of food human consumption. Village chickens play a significant role in household food security and poverty alleviation. This paper will be elaborating the role rural poultry keeping to house hold food security and poverty reduction in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Key word: rural poultry, food security, poverty alleviation, West Sumatra.
1)

. Paper presented on Agricultural Congress 2009 in Fakulti Pertanian, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, 27-29 October 2009.

2)

. Animal Scientist in Departement of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, West Sumatera Indonesia, 25163.

Introduction
Indonesian is an agricultural country with a large of number of indigenous domestic chicken and duck. The livestock subsector in Indonesia has played a significant role in agricultural development, since it has contributed 11% to the agricultural sector and 1.9 % to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2001 (Utoyo, 2002). Although there are a substantial number of poultry farms with exotic breeds, poultry keeping in Indonesian is still predominantly a rural household activity. In 1996, population of village chickens in Indonesian is 260 million head and increase become 270 million in 1997 (BPS 1997). Village chicken in particular fulfill a wide range function e.g. the provision of meat and eggs, food for special festivals, chicken for traditional cerimonies, pest control and petty cash while requiring minimal external inputs, minimal human attention and causing minimal disruption to the environtment (Alders et al 1997). Village chicken also fulfill a range of other function for which it is difficult to assign a monetary value. They are active in pest, provide manure for biogass, are required for special festivals and to meet social obligations, they are essenstial for many traditional ceremonies and traditional treatment of illness control (Alders and Spradbrow 2001). Indonesian has several breed of native chicken such as Kampung chicken, Pelung, Kedu, Bangkok, Bekisar, Balenggek chickens, etc. Kampung chicken is the most popular native chicken kept under traditional conditions for egg and meat production (Yamamoto et. 1996) and as called indigenous chicken in Indonesian (Mansjoer 1985). Bangkok is fighting type chicken. Pelung, Bekisar and Balenggek chickens are song fowl type because they have beautiful song for hobbies. Although a number of improved have been introduced from foreign countries to improve the economic performance of these native chickens, the native breeds still account for 62 percent of population of all chickens reared in Indonesia (Yamamoto et al 1996). Information on the performances of these indigenous poultry would be beneficial to rural households as well as conservation of indigenous genetic material. This paper reviews the information available on the village chicken production system In Indonesian under free range system.

Table 1 Poultry and poultry products in Indonesian 1997-2000 (DGLS 2001) 1997 Village chicken (x106) Layer Chicken (x106) Broiler chicken (x106) Duck (x106) Native chicken meat (10 tonnes) Layer chicken meat (103 tonnes) Broiler meat (103 tonnes) Native eggs (10 tonnes) Layer eggs (10 tonnes) Duck eggs (10 tonnes) Method This paper reviews the information available on the village chicken production system in Indonesian under free range system with the refer of develop village chicken in other developing countries. The management systems of family poultry in Indonesia are presented with emphasis on bird types, housing, feeding, health and disease control, marketing and use of poultry products as well as socio-economic aspects. The Objectives 1. To information about production system village chicken in Indonesian. 2. To describe the main problem at develop of village chicken in Indonesian. 3. To explain that native chicken can be component on integrated farming system in rural area.
3 3 3 3

1998
253 38.9 354 25.9

1999
252 45.5 324 27.5

2000
259 69.4 530 29.0

260 70.6 641 30.3 314 48.9 512 123 483 158

294 26.2 285 126 266 136

285 23.7 293 166 357 115

265 25.5 515 139 502 141

The Ancestor of Kampung Chicken There are two theories as to whether the jungle fowl is the ancestor of the domestic fowl, namely the monophyletic origin theory which suggest the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) as the ancestor, and the polyphyletic origin theory regarding the grey jungle fowl ( Gallus

sonneratii), the Ceylonese jungle fowl (Gallus lavayetti) and the green jungle fowl (Gallus varius) other than the red jungle fowl as the ancestor (Hutt 1949). Two species, the red and green jungle fowls, still occur in the wild throughout Indonesia. The habitat of the red jungle fowl is limited to the deep forest, while the green jungle fowl even lives in bush near cultivated fields as well as in the forest (Nishida et al 1980). Native chicken breed in Indonesian of probably as fancy fowl such as Kedu chicken, Pelung chicken, Bekisar chicken, Nunukan chicken, Balenggek chicken and Kate chicken (Utoyo et a . 1996). Pelung chicken, Balenggek chicken and Bekisar chicken famous as song fowl because has a beautiful song (crow). Figure 1a and 1b are Balenggek chicken from West Sumatera, Indonesian.

Figure 1a. Red Balenggek chicken in West Sumatera (Foto Rusfidra 2001)

Figure 1b. White Balenggek chicken in West Sumatera (Foto Rusfidra 2001)

Current status of village chicken in Indonesian The growth of the poultry population in Indonesian is shown in Table 2. During period 1969-1997 Indonesia registered the high growth rate in poultry population. In 1997 Indonesian in economic crisis so that alotof poultry farming is collapse.

Table 2 Poultry population in Indonesian 1969-2000 (x 000) (DGLS 2001) Year


1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Native chicken
61.8 98.6 114 166 191 243 250 260 260 253 252 259

Layer
68.8 3.5 7.0 29.6 40.5 63.3 68.9 78.7 70.6 38.9 45.5 69.7

Broiler
110 262 622 689 755 641 354 324 530

Duck
7.3 13.6 18.7 24.7 24.1 27.5 29.6 29.9 30.3 25.9 27.6 29.0

Economic importance of village chicken The traditional system of poultry keeping is still considered quite efficient in the rural areas of Indonesia. Capital and labour inputs are extremely low and the cost of production per eggs or per kg of bird are very small. Indigenous domestic fowl fetch a price two to three times more than that of commercial broilers (Barua and Yoshimura 1997). As well as providing a side income for the farmer from the sale of eggs and bird there are also other indirect benefits. An average of 10-15 layers per household can supplay cheaps eggs and meat to provide an adequate level of animal protein in the familys diet. Domestic fowl and duck also serve as an efficient waste disposal system converting every left over grain into valuable protein for the owner. Kitchen scraps such

as rice, bread and other feedstuffs can be utilized to produce eggs and meat instead of being wasted. At the same time, 15 adult fowl produce about 1.0-1.2 kg of manure per day (Aini 1990) which is a valuable fertilizer for the friut trees and vegetable in

homestead areas, and encourages the development of earth worms in the soil. When poultry are allowed to range freely, these owrms, together with termites and other insects, form an additional source of feed for the poultry. By grazing young grasses and other vegetation, they are also useful in the control of weed (Barua and Yoshimura 1997). Poultry are an important component in an integrated farming system in rural areas. In Table 3 shown comparative rearing village chicken and commercial chicken. The village chicken have unique position in the rural household economy, as supplier of high quality protein to the family food security, in addition to their social and cultural roles in the daily life of the society. The objectives keeping village chicken were reported as being for sale (26.6 percent), sacrifice (healing cerimonies) (25.0 percent), reproduction (20.3 percent) and home comsumption (19.5 percent) (Dessie 1999). Management systems Rural family chicken or village chicken or indigenous chickens are always associated with free range backyard or at most semi intensive system of management (Aini 1999). Generally, poultry are kept by the farmer in the rural areas under a free range and backyard system. The free range system, which in some cases is known as traditional or village system is most popular in rural areas. During the day time, fowl and duck are let out to scavenging freely and at night the usually return to their sheds. The sheds are usually constructed of materials that are easily available in the area, walls are made of bamboo, wooden planks or earth, and roof of palm. Indigenous domestic chicken is usually fed once or twice aday in the morning and evening with kitchen waste such as rice, vegetables waste, leftover raw fish, rice husk, rice brand, etc. The backyard farming system, which is called the family or subsistence is practised by some farmers. In the backyard system bird spend the night in constructed shelters with water and supplementary grain generally being provided. Rural poultry rearing extremely cost effective enterprise for the farm because there is little or no financial input.

In Indonesian, village chickens is rearing on backyard farming system in Indonesia rural areas, because this system most popular in rural areas (Gueye 1998). Tabel 3. Comparison of village and commercial chicken (Alders and Spradbrow 2001) Feature Labour inputs Housing Nutrition Village Chickens Minimal Trees: chicken house of local material; inexpensive Scavenging feed resources base, left over food, cereals, no supplement; inexpensive Well water; used water, natural sources Low; could improve with better nutrition, disease control and shelter from predators Little fat; pleasant flavour; preferred texture Good: good flight skills, more likely to escape predators, can scavenge for own food None, occasional vaccinations Commercial chickens Considerable Chicken unit using conventional materials; expensive Balanced commercial ration; expensive Clean water supply essential High; but require a high level of inputs

Water Production

Meat quality Adaptability

More fat; less flavour; poorer texture Limited: poor flight skills, easily caught by predators, less skilled as scavenging Control of many viral, bacterial and parasitic desease essential for efficient production Negative: intensive production of cereals for rations; occasional improper use of antibiotics, excess ammonia production Usually single enterprise, intensive

Veterinary Input

Environtmental impact

Farming system

Genetic diversity

Minimal: can be positive through provision of organic fertiliser and pest control Complex: integrated system involving enxtensive crop and livestock production Ekstensive Limited

Figure 2 Village chicken production system: factors affecting system output at different levels (Kitalyi 1998). ND : Main Constraint in Development of Village Chicken

In free range poultry keeping disease is the main constraint in the production of indigenous fowl (Aini 1990); however, its control is very difficult. The commonly observed disease are New Castel Disease, coccidiosis, fowl cholera. ND Virus can be mortality until 100 % in unprotected flocks. Outbreaks of ND unpredictable and discourage villagers from paying proper attention to the husbandry and welfare of their chickens (Alders and Spradbrown 2001). In Indonesian, ND is called Tetelo desease (Javanese) and Akuak desease (Minangnese). The problem of disease in village chicken is compounded by the interactions of different entities that are of significant importance to disease epidemiology (Figure 2) (Kitalyi 1998).

Figure 3 Village chicken production system: entities of importance in disease epidemiology (Kitalyi 1998) ND has been labelled as the most important viral desease of poultry in the world and is particularly serious in the South-east Asian countries. This is due to the presence of velogenic strain of the virus in the region. The effect is devastating in village chicken where vaccination is rarely practised, often destroying the entire chicken population. Appropriate vaccination programme, suitable vaccine strains, interval between vaccination and efficient route of vaccination should be established to ensure the success of village chicken production (Aini 1999).

Gender aspect of village chicken production

Gender is defined as the socially determined differences between women asn men, as opposed to word sex which denotes phisycal. Gender differences are historically determined, cultural spesific and dynamic. In traditional village poultry production system, we need to learn who does what and then help them do it better (Alders and Spradbrow 2001). Women and children play a key role important in their management (Kitalyi 1998). Until now, not yet data about gender aspect in management village chickens in Indonesia. Table 4 shows disaggregation of tasks associated with village poultry production in Cambodia. Tabel 4. Disaggregation by gender and age of task associated with village chicken production in Cambodia (Alders dan Spradbrow 2001)
Man Task Feeding in chickens Construction of chicken house X Catching chickens X Who should be informed about the need to catch chicken Selling chickens Deciding when to sell chickens X Deciding whether to vaccinate X chickens Deciding when to eat chickens X Eating chicken X Eating eggs Woman Boy Girl

X X

X X X X X X X (rarely) X (rarely)

Conclusion In Indonesia, the village chicken rearing plays an important role in providing the rural population with a substantial income and high quality protein. However, the production of these birds is characterized by many advantages such as good egg and meat flavour, hard egg shells, high dressing percentages, and especially low cost with little special care required for production. However, efforts to increase productivity through

improvement in health, feeding, housing, genetic and daily management should be encouraged as they will. Improvements in areas of breeding, feeding, housing, health and disease control as well as in marketing and processing of poultry products have been introduced in Indonesia. However, currently more than 62% of the family poultry population are the village chicken types kept on low-input low-output production system.

References
Aini I 1990. Indigenous poultry production in South East Asia. World Poultry Sciences Journal 46: 51-57. Aini I 1999. Desease in rural family chickens in South-east Asia. In Proceeding The First INFPD / FAO Electronic Conference on Family Poultry. http://www.fao.org.WAICENT/ FAO/AGRICULT/AGA/ AGAP/lps/fampo.htm. Alders R G, Fringe R and Mata B 1997. Village chicken production in Bilene Distric, Mozambigue: Current practises and problems. In Proceeding IFPD Workshop, MBour, Senegal, December, 9-13, 1997. Alders R and Spadbrow P 2001. Controling Newcastle Desease in Village Chickens:A Field Manual. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). ACIAR Monograph No 82. Badan Pusat Statistik. 1997. Statistik Indonesia 1997. Jakarta: BPS 1997. Barua A and Yoshimura Y 1997. Poultry keeping in Bangladesh. World Poultry Sciences Journal 53: 387-394. Dessie T 1999. Studies on village poultry production systems in the highland of Ethiopia. In Proceeding The First INFPD / FAO Electronic Conference on Family Poultry. http://www.fao.org.WAICENT/ FAO/AGRICULT/AGA/ AGAP/lps/fampo.htm. Directorate General of Livestock Services 2001. Statistical Book of Animal. Department of Agricultural. Jakarta. Gueye E H F 1998. Village egg and fowl meat production in Africa. World Sciences Journal. 54: 73-86 Hutt F B 1949. Genetic of the Fowl. Mc Graw Hill Book Company Inc. New York, Toronto, London.

Kitalyi A J 1998. Village chicken production systems in rural Africa: Household food security and gender issues. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Rome. Mansjoer S S 1985. The assesment of production traits of Kampung chicken and crossing with the Rhode Island Red chicken. Ph.D Thesis. Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor. Nishida T, Hayashi Y and Kondo K 1980. Ecological and morphological studies on the red jungle fowl and green jungle fowl in Indonesia. In Origin an d Phyilogeny of Indonesian Natives Livestock. The Research Group of Overseas Scientific Survey. Utoyo D P, Djarsanto and Nasution S N 1996. Animal Genetic Resources and Domestic Animal Diversity in Indonesia. Jakarta. Ministry of Agricultural, Directorate General of Livestock Services, Directorate of Livestock Breeding Development. Utoyo D P 2002. Management of the farm domestic animal genetic resources in Indonesia. Paper presented of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and their Conservation in Tropical Livestcok Production. September, 17, 2002. Bogor Agricultural University. Yamamoto Y, Namikawa T, Okada I, Nishibori M, Mansjoer S S and Martojo H 1996. Genetical studies on natives chickens in Indonesia. AJAS, 9 (4): 405-410.

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