Knowledge and Experience Sharing Seminar on Disaster Management

Current Situation and Future Development of Earthquake Countermeasures for Structures in Sri Lanka

Outline

Current Situation and Future Development of Earthquake Countermeasures for Structures in Sri Lanka

Introduction Seismic Monitoring Current Practices for Earthquake Resistant Structures Preparedness for Earthquakes

Eng. K.L.S. Sahabandu

Chairman
Sub-committee on Developing Building Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Designs

Disaster Management Centre Sri Lanka

Introduction
Sri Lanka had been considered to be in an aseismic

New Plate Boundary Belief

zone being located away from major plate boundaries or any active faults.
However, recent seismic events in the region and

occurrence of few minor earth tremors have reformed this thinking.

In the mean time, recent geological studies show that

there is a possibility of forming of new plate boundary approximately 500 km-700 km south of Sri Lanka in the middle of Indo-Australian tectonic plate.
Therefore, Sri Lanka can no longer be considered

isolated from the effects of seismic activities.

Introduction (contd..)
The first documented earthquake in Sri Lanka occurred in

Record of earthquakes (M>=5) in the region from 1505 to March 2010, by Indian Metrological Department

1615 AD and had an estimated magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter scale. This earthquake killed thousands of people and destroyed hundreds of houses in Colombo. In the recent past we have experienced many earth tremors but no major damages to structures were reported.
Since then about 100 earth tremors have been reported in and

around Sri Lanka.

Any future earthquake close to a city centre such as Colombo will have disastrous consequences due to its present development and population. Therefore, we have understood the necessity to study the seismic effects on Sri Lanka and take appropriate action to mitigate the same.

Eng. K.L.S. Sahabandu, DMC, Sri Lanka

Knowledge and Experience Sharing Seminar on Disaster Management

Current Situation and Future Development of Earthquake Countermeasures for Structures in Sri Lanka

Earthquake Effects on Sri Lanka

Mainly two earthquakes which happened in Indonesia in recent past considerably affected the Sri Lankans.
Earthquake occurred on 26th December 2004, caused huge damage due to Tsunami effect. effect Tsunami waves reached the Eastern and Southern coasts of Sri Lanka two hours later the initial earthquake and killed over 35,000 people and destroyed approximately 100,000 houses. However, earthquake tremor was not felt by Sri Lankans on 2004, while tsunami created a huge damage.

Earthquake Effects on Sri Lanka (Contd)

The next considerable effect of earthquake happened on 11th April 2012. Though the epicenter of this earthquake was located at Indonesia which is more than 1600 km away from Sri Lanka, it was felt by y Sri Lankans at many y p parts of the country y (Even in Central Highland) According to the reported data, many people felt shaking of their households and some complained that their houses (mainly at Diyatalawa, Jaffna and Mannar) had cracked.

Seismic Monitoring in Sri Lanka (Cont) Seismic Monitoring in Sri Lanka SriLanka
Except for micro-seismic activities monitored at Kotmale and Victoria reservoirs (after impounding of the reservoirs) hardly any seismic monitoring was carried out in Sri Lanka till 2003. At the time of Tsunami in 2004 there was only one seismograph operating in Sri Lanka at Peradeniya. Since then Geological Surveying and Mines Bureau (GSMB) has installed seismograph network to monitor inter-plate and intra-plate seismic activities around Sri Lanka at three locations Mahakandarawa, Hakmana and Pallekelle.
GSNStations GEOFONStations

MALK

PALK

HALK

Seismic Monitoring in Sri Lanka (Cont..)

With the new system in seismic monitoring it is possible to:

Current Practices for Earthquake Resistant Designs

Dams and Ancillary Structures

Give early warnings to avoid the possibilities for d devastation t ti d due t natural to t l disasters di t similar i il to t what h t Sri Si Lankans have experienced in the recent Tsunami event. understand the micro-seismic events and tectonic behaviors using the available data from the system.

Buildings

Eng. K.L.S. Sahabandu, DMC, Sri Lanka

Knowledge and Experience Sharing Seminar on Disaster Management

Current Situation and Future Development of Earthquake Countermeasures for Structures in Sri Lanka

Dams and Ancillary Structures

Background Dams in Sri Lanka can be categorized according to age and construction material / technology, (i.e. ancient dams, recent dams and modern dams.)
Large and medium dams......351 Small dams.....12,000 Ancient dams (Large & Medium) built centuries ago but restored from 1850 AD onwards..300 Recent dams built within past 100 years.......35 Modern dams built within last 30 years......15

Dams and Ancillary Structures (Cont...)

Medium and Large 351 Earth dams - 339 Concrete gravity - 07 C Concrete t d/ arch h - 01 Rockfill - 04 Small 12,000

Large Dams according to ICOLD classifications - 80

14

NEEDFOREARTHQUAKERESISTANTDESIGNSFORDAMS
Causes of devastation could be due to earthquake

Likely Damages to Reservoirs during Earthquakes

Earth Mass of Landslides falling into the reservoir. Defects in dam body, body foundation, foundation and auxiliary structures leading to progressive or sudden failures.

action and subsequent release of massive amount of water.

Collapse of a dam or ancillary structure may lead to

a progressive and catastrophic failure releasing a massive volume of water which could devastate the properties and loss of human lives in downstream areas.

15

16

Hydraulic Structures Designed for Earthquakes in Sri Lanka (History)

Designing of Sri Lankan dams for earthquake loadings began only in Nineteen Eighties (1980 AD) during the Accelerated Mahaweli Project. Important structures of Victoria, Randenigala, Kotmale, and Rantembe Reservoir Projects were designed for seismic effects. This trend continued after the Mahaweli Project and main structures of Samanalawewa and Kukule Reservoir Projects were also designed for seismic effects.
17

DESIGN METHOD AND CRITERIA

DESIGN ENVIRONMENT : ASEISMIC EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS : CALCULATED ACCORDING TO THE

PSEUDO STATIC METHOD METHOD PSEUDO-STATIC

HORIZONTAL GROUND ACCELERATION : ASSUMED VERTICAL ACCELERATION : ASSUMED

18

Eng. K.L.S. Sahabandu, DMC, Sri Lanka

Knowledge and Experience Sharing Seminar on Disaster Management

Current Situation and Future Development of Earthquake Countermeasures for Structures in Sri Lanka

ASSUMEDVALUESFORACCELARATIONCOEFFICIENTS
Reservoir Project Horizontal Acceleration Coefficient Vertical Acceleration Coefficient

PSEUDO-STATIC METHOD
THREE TYPES OF EFFECTS CONSIDERED

Victoria Randenigala Kotmale Rantembe Samanalawewa Kukule Upper Kotmale

INERTIA EFFECT Seismic Acceleration Coefficient x Mass HYDROSEISMICAL PRESSURE EFFECT Calculated according to the Westergaad Formula EARTH PRESSURE EFFECT Calculated according to the Monobe-Coulomb Formula

0.1g 0.08g 0.1g 0.05g 0.1g / 0.05g

0.0 0.005g 0.0 0.0 0.0

19

20

INERTIA EFFECT
Horizontal Force = Seismic Coefficient (0.1) x g x Mass
A B H1 = 0.1g x C D H1 = 0.1g x

HYDROSEISMICAL PRESSURE EFFECT

Calculated according to Westergaad Formula
Earthquake Acceleration W.T. W.T. WT W.T.

(bulk) x Volume (ABCD)

(sub.) x Volume (CDEF)

21

22

WESTERGAAD FORMULA
According to the Westergaard Formula increment of water pressure is given by

EARTH PRESSURE AT EARTHQUAKE

GROUND LEVEL

p
Where
p

= 7/8 . kH

gw .(H . Z)
H

= additional water pressure acting on one side (kN/ m2)

=

kH
H z

Seismic Coefficient (0.1)

gw =

density of water (kN/m3) = maximum water depth (m) = distance from the free water surface to the point considered (m) EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO EARTHQUAKE NORMAL EARTH PRESSURE
24

23

Eng. K.L.S. Sahabandu, DMC, Sri Lanka

Knowledge and Experience Sharing Seminar on Disaster Management

Current Situation and Future Development of Earthquake Countermeasures for Structures in Sri Lanka

Total Lateral earth pressure (static +dynamic) was computed by Monobe-Coulomb relationship.

U/S WATER LEVEL

PRESSURE DUE TO WAVE ACTION 14 kN/sq.m

0.32 m

EARTH PRESSURE AT EARTHQUAKE

LOADS AND FORCES

155.50

Earthquake Acceleration
148.00

1 Pae = H 2 K ae 2

K ae =

cos 2 ( ) cos . cos( + + ).(1 + 2 )

2

w Z
H1

20 : 1

INERTIA FORCE, (Due to Earthquake Loading)

D/S WATER LEVEL

=
where,
Kae tan = active earth pressure at earthquake = active earth pressure coefficient = angle of friction of soil = angle of wall friction = slope of ground surface behind wall = slope of the back of wall to vertical

sin( + ). sin( i ) cos( + + ). cos( )

0.33 x (H1-H2) + wH2 w HYDROSEISMICAL HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION (Due to Earthquake Loading)

1:10

UPLIFT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

25

w H2

5:1
HYDROSTATIC HYDROSEISMICAL PRESSURE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION

H2

SELF WEIGHT
10 : 1

Current Practice for Earthquake Resistant Buildings

Most common building types exist in Sri Lanka can be broadly categorized as follows; Non-engineered Buildings Brick /Block Masonry load bearing wall houses Wattle & daub houses Engineered Buildings Reinforced Concrete framed buildings Reinforced Concrete framed buildings with masonry infill Multi-storied buildings with shear walls Steel framed buildings

Current Practice for Earthquake Resistant Building Designs (Contd..)

Until 2000 AD, engineered buildings were designed and constructed without incorporating any earthquake resistant philosophy / details. After 2000 AD, some of the engineered RC buildings have been designed and constructed incorporating earthquake resistant philosophy / details as required by the investors.

Current Practice for Earthquake Resistant Building Designs (Contd.)

The current practice for RC Buildings can broadly be categorized into two;
General Approach pp for Ordinary y Buildings g ( (Seismic Mitigation g R/F Detailing) Analytical Approach for Important / High-rise Structures (Combined with General Approach)

Current Practice for Earthquake Resistant Building Designs (Contd.)

General

4: 3

134.00

26

Approach for Mitigation R/F Detailing):

Ordinary

Buildings

(Seismic

Adopting standard detailing practice to improve the ductility of the structural elements as per the Manual for Reinforcement Detailing to Mitigate Seismic Effects prepared by the Society of Structural Engineers, Sri Lanka.

Eng. K.L.S. Sahabandu, DMC, Sri Lanka

Knowledge and Experience Sharing Seminar on Disaster Management

Current Situation and Future Development of Earthquake Countermeasures for Structures in Sri Lanka

General Approach for Ordinary Buildings (Seismic Mitigation R/F Detailing) (Cont)

General Approach for Ordinary Buildings (Seismic Mitigation R/F Detailing) (Cont)

General Approach for Ordinary Buildings (Seismic Mitigation R/F Detailing) (Cont)

Current Practice for Earthquake Resistant Building Designs (Contd.)

Analytical Approach (Combined with General Approach):
In the case of important structures such as high-rise buildings

ANCHORAGE OF STIRRUPS

seismic loading per available design g as p g codes of other countries such as UBC 97, IS 1893 & AS 1704 are adopted in structural design using either, a) Equivalent Static Approach b) Dynamic Approach
This is only a stop-gap measure intended to fill the vacuum of

appropriate standards to cater to the immediate need.

Preparedness for Earthquakes

It is not possible to prevent the occurrence of an earthquake

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

No comprehensive studies have been carried out to develop

since it is a natural phenomenon.

However, damage can be minimized through preparedness. During the last decade various entities both government and

analysis and design guidelines on earthquake resistant building designs in Sri Lanka as of now.
There is a strong need thus to establish national building

design guidelines for both engineered and non-engineered buildings to resist seismic loads. loads
Though initiations were made for the above after the tsunami of

non-government have been engaged in this direction.

Presently, the Disaster Management Center (DMC) of Sri

Lanka, which was established after 2004 tsunami, take the lead role in this endevour.
DMC is an apex body for the purpose of planning, co-

2004, the earthquake event occurred in Indonesia on 11th April 2012 which was felt by many Sri Lankan solidified the above need.
Accordingly, a subcommittee was formed on 20th April 2012 by

coordinating and implementing strategies to mitigate certain natural and other forms of disasters.

DMC to develop Building Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Designs.

Eng. K.L.S. Sahabandu, DMC, Sri Lanka

Knowledge and Experience Sharing Seminar on Disaster Management

Current Situation and Future Development of Earthquake Countermeasures for Structures in Sri Lanka

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

The Sub-committee on Earthquake Resistant Designs Line of Action
Investigate seismic activities around Sri Lanka and to

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

The Sub-committee on Earthquake Resistant Designs Immediate Need
Response spectrum at a point due to an average

determine characteristics of earthquakes which may occur in the future.

Review of the current design practice which does not

generally cater for seismic resistance.

Develop effective design process to mitigate the

effects of earthquake hazard in future.

National policy on earthquake resistant designs shall

earthquake This requires the study of seismic observations made in the past in sites close to a the point and extrapolate/interpolate from such data. Lack of necessary data will lead us to assume an artificial earthquake based on regional/global knowhow. Seismic Hazard Map It is necessary to prepare seismic zoning map indicating areas of probable maximum earthquake ground motion in terms of peak accelerations since it is not available at the moment.

be prepared based on scientific evidence.

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

The Sub-committee on Earthquake Resistant Designs Proposals
1. Reviewing the seismic monitoring systems and propose

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

The Sub-committee on Earthquake Resistant Designs Proposed Study 1 Reviewing the seismic monitoring systems and propose improvement to the systems. Objective: To establish a system of seismographs at population centers such as Colombo etc. and also at other places of national importance to obtain response spectrum due to a seismic event.

improvement to the systems.

2. Developing Seismic Hazard Map including earthquake 3 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

intensities, acceleration coefficients, response spectrum, return periods etc. D Development l t of f a 3D sub-surface b f model d l that th t improves i th the susceptibility of constructions against the possible earthquake in Sri Lanka. Development of national guidelines for seismic analysis and design of buildings (engineered) in Sri Lanka. Development of national guidelines for seismic analysis and design of buildings (non-engineered) in Sri Lanka. Improvement of the available Detailing Manual Reinforcement Detailing for Mitigation of Seismic Effects published by the Society of Structural Engineers, Sri Lanka. Preparation of guidelines for Retrofitting Works.

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

The Sub-committee on Earthquake Resistant Designs Proposed Study 2 Developing Seismic Hazard Map Objective:
To build a conceptual model for seismic status of Sri

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

The Sub-committee on Earthquake Resistant Designs Proposed Study 3 Development of a 3D sub-surface model Objectives:
To prepare a 3D model for subsurface layers in

Lanka considering inter-plate activity around it.

To produce a seismic hazard zonation map for Sri

Colombo area.
To find out the relationship between the behavior of a

Lanka with recommended bedrock response spectrum/seismic coefficients for each zone. To propose further research projects (long-term) to be performed to improve the accuracy of the map and to extend it to incorporate overburden response.

building due to earthquake motion and underneath soil properties. To find out the susceptibility to an earthquake or load bearing according to the stratigraphy.

Eng. K.L.S. Sahabandu, DMC, Sri Lanka

Knowledge and Experience Sharing Seminar on Disaster Management

Current Situation and Future Development of Earthquake Countermeasures for Structures in Sri Lanka

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

The Sub-committee on Earthquake Resistant Designs Proposed Study 4 Development of national guidelines for seismic analysis and design of buildings (engineered) in Sri Lanka. Objectives: To study and understand concepts, concepts analysis and design criteria, guidelines used in other nations in various part of the world. To develop performance based methodologies to analyze and design buildings in Sri Lanka for possible seismic effects. To check the significance of seismic loads on our building designs (low, medium and high-rise) by case studies.

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

The Sub-committee on Earthquake Resistant Designs Proposed Study 5 Development of national guidelines for seismic analysis and design of buildings (non-engineered) in Sri Lanka. Objectives:
To study and understand concepts, analyses and

design criteria, guidelines and detailing used in other nations in various part of the world.
Preparation of guidelines based on above.

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

The Sub-committee on Earthquake Resistant Designs Proposed Study 6 Improvement of the available Detailing Manual Reinforcement Detailing for Mitigation of Seismic Effects published by the Society of Structural Engineers, Sri Lanka Lanka. Objectives: Improve the details of existing manual to achieve the better constructability and economy.

Preparedness for Earthquakes (Cont..)

The Sub-committee on Earthquake Resistant Designs Proposed Study 7 Preparation of guidelines for Retrofitting Works. Objectives:
To evaluate the condition of the existing buildings using Rapid Visual Screening Method outlined by FEMA. To develop appropriate retrofitting techniques for various types of buildings.

Thankyou

Eng. K.L.S. Sahabandu, DMC, Sri Lanka