SUSPENSION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION:The era of automobiles started without any suspension . riding

comfort was not available in early auto vehicles. The whole vehicle was not supported by any means of elastic. Components of the vehicles were subjected to intense road jerks. The suspension systems employ mainly springs and the damper. The damper is commonly named as shock absorber. We can, therefore , conclude that an automotive suspension system consists of mainly two arrangements viz. 1. prings, and !. hock absorbers

The development of suspension systems, thus, moves around the advancements in the springs and the shock absorbers regarding their materials , design geometry, and location on the vehicles. Objectives of Suspension System: - "arious objectives of providing a suspension system of automobiles may be enumerated as follows. 1. #t provides comfortable riding by minimizing road shocks. !. #t reduces the stresses and strains on various components. $. #t enhances the life of vehicle%s components. &. #t maintains stability in the moving vehicle by absorbing road shocks.

'. #t damps down the amplitude of vibratory oscillations caused due to road undulations. unctions of sp!in" #n$ s%oc& #bso!be! :The suspension spring mounted

between the vehicle%s body and the road wheels serve to store the strain energy by deflecting themselves when the wheels come across any bump on the road. (s soon as the wheels go off the bump, the springs rebound back owing to their inherent elastic action. )y doing so, the strain energy is released, and the springs start vibrating. The amplitude of such vibrations decrease gradually due to internal friction in the springs material and in various joints. *inally, the vibrations may damp down to zero after prolonged duration. The springs are fle+ible elements and continue to vibrate for some time even after the bump is crossed . they will continue vibrating for much longer duration if the wheels pass,on a longer stretch of road full of many undulations, or meet some e+treme bumps. Thus continuous springs will cause uncomfortable riding. Therefore, a system needs to be incorporated for sufficient and -uick damping of the springs vibrations. uch a system should be stiff and more rigid. This is provided by a device called damper, i.e. shock absorber.

Suspension system Type of suspension sp!in"s: "arious types of suspension springs may be categorized as follows. #. .n the )asis of hape and Construction 1. Coiled /helical0 spring !. 1eaf spring ##. .n the )asis of spring 2aterial 1. teel spring $. 4lastic spring !. 3ubber spring &. Composite materials spring $. Torsion bar

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.n the )asis of fluid 5sed 1. 6ydraulic spring !. (ir spring

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.n the )asis of pecialized Considerations 1. Taper spring !.6elper or progressive spring $. piral spring

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.n the )asis of 1oad,7eflection )ehavior 1. oft and 6ard springs !. 6igh and 1ow fre-uency springs

$. Constant rate and variable rate springs. S%oc& 'bso!be!s: -The hock (bsorber is a damping device and is used to damp the spring%s vibrations. )y doing so, it prevents e+cessive fle+ing of the spring and enhances riding comfort. ( shock absorbers works in conjunction with a spring. .n e+periencing the road shock , the spring start vibrating at varying amplitude and fre-uency depending upon the intensity of road bump. This vibration is then damped down by a shock absorber. #n this way, the tem 8shock absorber% appears to be a misnomenclature and instead should be called as 8shock damper% however, it is universally known as shock absorber, and we shall also use the same name. Types of S%oc& 'bso!be!s: everal kinds of shock absorbers have been used on

automobiles. These can be classified as below. #. )ased on 4rinciple of Working 1. *riction type /or mechanical0 shock absorber.

!. 6ydraulic shock absorber. /i0. 3ocking vane type /ii0. 4iston type /iii0. Telescopic type ##. )ased on the type of *luid used 1. 1i-uid /oil0 filled shock absorber !. 9as filled shock absorber /i0 Twin tube type /ii0. 3eplacement cartridge type $. :lectro,theological shock absorber ###. )ased on 7amping (ction Cycle 1. ingle acting shock absorber

!. 7ouble acting shock absorber #". )ased on 1ocation on !,Wheeler 1. *ront fork shock absorber !. 3ear fork shock absorber Types of suspension systems :- 7ifferent types of suspension systems used on various auto vehicles are as follows. 1. Conventional /or rigid a+le0 suspension system.

!. #ndependent suspension system. $. Conventional ;#ndependent mi+ed suspension system. &. #nterconnected /or linked0 suspension system. /i0 6ydrolastic suspension system /ii0(ir suspension system

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(#) *%en t%e !o#$ s%oc& is t!#nsfe!!e$ upon it+ #n$ (b) *%en t%e !o#$ s%oc& is ove! #n$ system !etu!ns to no!m#, con$itions-

STEERIN. SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION The steering system is an assembly is an assembly of linkages that are used to provide directional control to the vehicle. #n controlling the vehicle, and input effort is given to a steering wheel by the driver whose output comes in the form of lateral movement /or swivelling0 of the road wheels. (n efficient directional control can be achieved only when the wheels e+ecute pure rolling motion. The design of linkages in done accordingly although it is not possible to meet the re-uirement of pure rolling under all conditions of steering. 7epending upon the wheels to be steered, a steering system may be of two types viz. 1. *ront wheels steering system, and !. all,wheels steering system. #n the former case, only front wheels are steered by turning them on the road and the rear wheels follow them. )ut in the later case, all the wheels /front and rear0 are steered. Re/ui!ements of # .oo$ Stee!in" System:- *ollowing re-uirements are desired in a good steering system. 0- The vehicle should get steered with a minimum of effort so that the driver does not feel driving fatigue.

1- The steering mechanism should work accurately and should provide pure rolling as far as possible. 2- The steering system should not be affected by the side thrusts, cornering forces and wind effects. 3- The mechanism should have a tendency to regain the straight ahead configuration after steering need is over. !ont '4,e: - 5nlike the rear a+le, the constructional features of front a+le is -uite different. Whereas the rear a+les transmit engine power to the rear wheels in rear wheel drive vehicles, the front a+les do not take part in power transfer. They merely hold on to the front wheels, allow them to rotate, and obey the command of the steering linkages for swiveling the road wheels. 5#yout of # stee!in" system :1. teering Wheel $. teering gear '. 7rag link /or link rod0 =. teering arm /or track rod arm0 ?. 3igid a+le beam 11. Tie rod end joints !. teering column &. 7rop arm /or pitman arm0 <. Tie rod /or track rod0 >. Track rod adjuster 1@. *ront wheels 1!. Aing ; pin

5'YOUT S6O7IN. 8'RIOUS COMPONENTS O STEERIN. SYSTEM