A

FLOW CALCULATIONS

Digest of Rheological Equations

Dominique Guillot
Schlumberger Dowell

FOR ALL FLUIDS

- COHERENT

UNIT SYSTEM

Annular Flow Slot Approximation zM = P, - 0;) dp 4 d, x rll,

Shear stress at the wall

Fanning friction factor defined such that: where: v = 4xQ rcD2 number defined

,f,. =

(4 - 0;) 4

dz

+pv
V = 4xQ

n (D; - Di)
jjj zz 24 ReAN

Reynolds

fr-=AL ReMR

such as that in laminar flow: Table A-l-Definition of the main parameters.

A-l

WELL CEMENTING

Pipe Flow Newtonian shear rate at the wall

.

Annular Flow Slot Apbroximation

SV
yNW =r YNW = m 0 =

12v
I

Shear rate at the wall

y w

311'f 1 y
411 NW

9,

= ~

2~ + 1 .

3/Z'

YNW

where:

Velocity profile

Newtonian shear rate shear stress relationship Table A-P-Main equations for laminar flow.

A-2

DlGEST

OF RHEOLOGlCAL

EQUAT/ONS

Pipe Flow Reynolds Laminar Number flow Re, = 2100 fr 4) -= dz m V = 16 RC

-12WQ
cir=

Annular Flow Slot Approxhation ReAN = PV (a, 71 4

Re = y

Reynolds number value for end of laminar flow Fanning Frictional NormaQed friction factor pressure drop

Re, = 2100
,fi.&lRf
AN

192v

no4 - 2x . Rez = 3000

( 1 --,.2 )

dz El+

76(Do -I- 0) =

(a

- Di)

velocity profile

I.5 x( 1 -s2)

Turbulerit flow Critical Reynolds number for turbulent flow Critical flow rate for turbulent flow Fanning friction factor

Re, = 3000

Q,=

2356ID p

Q,,

= 2356 q k

+ 4.)
P

1 6

= 4.0 log[Re I@] - 0.4

Blasius approximation

-!- = 4.0 log $Re,,

I@ [

- 0.4

Power law approximation for Re,< Re4 O5

jj. zz 0.0792 x Re-. 0.241p 0.75 170.25

D4.75
Q1.75

,fi = 0.0992 x REP= AN

c,= dz 0.302p.7 17 0.26
Q

43
z=

1 .74

(D,,+ Dj).74(Do-

Dj).

Table

A-3-Newtonian

fluids.

A-3

WELL CEMENTING

Pipe Flow Reynolds Number Laminar flow Reynolds number value for end of laminar flow Fanning friction factor Frictional pressuredrop Normalized velocity profile Turbulent flow Critical Reynolds number for turbulent flow Critical flow rate for turbulent flow dP -=dz +) --V II c& = dz ReMR
=

Annular Flow Slot Approximation Re,,N = pv yL$, - Di) 12[(2/2+ I)/ 3/7]Xk

PV

2 ID I,

W[(3,1 -I- 1)/41$x k

Re, = 3150-115012

Re, = 3150-115On

- 3n + 1 x (1 --s I-1-V/I) n+ 1

G) -- - 2/z+ 1 x (1 -,,- I+ I/n) V I7 + 1

Re, = 4150 - 1150 II

Re, = 4150

115On

(4150 - 1l5OfZ )@,)

Fanning friction factor Power law approximation for Re,&e,cl O5 and Re,<Re,& O5 where:

1 6.

p4.0 1% [ReMRff -I

- %

1 fi

= 4.0

f10.7s

log

$RenN,f,.1-iij2

_ f!~&

b(n) fr = n(n) x Re,,

,fi. = a (n) x [$ ReAw] ( )

a (17)

= 0.0792+ 0.0207 log (17)

-0.251 i-o.141 log
4Q ?+(2-I)/? (If) (I?)

h(n)=

a(n) = 0.0893 + 0.0246 log( 17) h(n) = - 0.263 + 0.138 log( II)

Frictional pressuredrop

= 2a (n) 7

[1

[g- 1(31jl; ~)~k~~~~~~s;~,~,,,)-3,,,,(,,) Table A-4-Power law fluids.

A-4

DIGEST

OF RHEOLOGICAL

EQUATIONS

Pipe Flow
Bingham Reynolds number ReB,q Hedstrom number

Annular Flow Slot Approximation

= PVD 5)

R$

= p v PO - 9 4) ?

pD2r,. He = -----.L p ,; Re,, = PV

,I t = dog dog I(
2-,lDll

He = PP1,-DJ2 p,T

Metzner Reynolds where:

and Reed number

p-

I lc I (Tll,) kw 1

Re*N = p v 2-1(~1,- D~)I~

Q/t-lk f dlog dlog k f = (2w ) ( jNM/ 1

II =

= T,r $$

T,,. jy

Laminar Expressions

flow for v(x) V of Q are: law n = (1+ I-S YY)(l -I- w2) P,, I I I . 11 /if= I 5 P,, Ii I

implicit

implicit

Re AN n k , dp/dz, as a function Local power

(l-q+

+$f+y)

,I! = (1 -Yl(l
b-Y+Y)

+y/2)

and consistency

index

k= I

5 Y

1 -.$v

+fl/f

w
I

1-;y+;yj

Reynolds number for end of laminar Fanning Frictional friction pressure

value flow factor drop from:

Re, = 3150-1150/z
fj. = 16 ReMR

Re, = 3150-115012
,fr = +
AN

can be obtained

or fr (Resg., He)

Normalized

velocity

profile

When: s> 5 or z >T.I 1 (s) -.----= V

2 1 +$y+fyP

1(,\-) -=A V

15 1 +!K 2

where shear

the dimensionless stress is

Table

A-5-Bingham

plastic fluids.

A-5

WELL

CEMENTING

Pipe Flow Turbulent flow Expressions for

Re,, n , k , dp/dz,

Annular Flow Slot Appro%imation

as a function of 0 are: For frictional pressure drop: Start with a guess value for dp/dz, Determine n and k Solve the lfr, ReMR,l or (fr, Re& equations paper law fluids with: Iterate till convergence is obtained Table A-5, continued-Bingham plastic fluids.

implicit

implicit

11 =

11

II =

I1

li

i 1
~ 4/z 377 -t 1

k I

,( =

i 1
311 I
27 + I

,< f

A-6

DlGEST

OF RHEOLOGKAL

EQUATIONS

Pipe Flow Metzner and Reed Reynolds Number Re,,,,, = PVD p,, [ + (Dy) pv~,,)]

Annular Flow Slot Approximation

Laminar flow Reynolds number value for end of laminar flow Local power law

3150I? = I-

115on I 1 +6 VP/J D z,. II = 1-

3150-

II5011

1 f (8V P,,): (9, - Di)z,,

and consistency

index

Frictional

pressure

drop

43 W,,
-=dz JLD

+ A 30

165,

dl)= dz

Turbulent flow Expressions for Re,, n , k, dp/dz as a funstion of Q are:

implicit

implicit

Approximation for the critical rate for turbulent flow For frictional pressure drop: Start with a guess value for dp/dz Determine n and k Solve the (fr, ReMR) or (fr, ReAN) equation for power law fluids with: Iterate until convergence obtained Table A-643ingham is

[l +Vl

15oon PD 4 P +0.000307He]

Q,

4 15007-C iu 1 R+ 4 P [l + VI + 0.000231 He ] =

11 = I?
I k t

11 = 11 k 8

plastic fluids with v << 1.

A-7

WELL CEMENTING

NOMENCLATURE D m pipe inner diameter pipe outer diameter, open hole Do,Di m diameter dpldz fr He k k 12 n Pa m-r Pa.s Pa.s m3 s-I

m m s-

distance from pipe axis or from plane symmetry of the slot velocity at a given distance from pipe axis or from plane of symmetry of the slot average velocity normalized distance from pipe axis 2r-/ D or from the plan of symmetry of the slot 2d/(Dt,-Di) shear rate shear rate at the wall Newtonian shear rate at the wall plastic viscosity of a Bingham plastic fluid shear stress shear stress at a normalized distances from pipe axis or from plane of symmetry of the slot shear stress at the wall yield stress of a Bingham plastic fluid dimensionless shear stress

frictional pressure drop Fanning friction factor Hedstrom number Consistency Index for a power law fluid local Consistency Index Power Law Index for a power law fluid local Power Law Index flow rate critical flow rate for turbulent flow Reynolds number annular generalized Reynolds number Bingham Reynolds number Metzner and Reed Reynolds number critical Reynolds number for end of laminar flow critical Reynolds number for beginning of turbulent flow

m s-l -

s-1 s-1 s-1

Q QC
Re Rem R&c hm Rel Rez

Pa s

m3 s-l -

kg m-3 fluid density Pa Pa

Pa Pa -

A-8