NAME OF THE CHAPTER

VECTOR
PART-A ONE MARKS QUESTIONS PART-B TWO MARKS QUESTIONS PART-C FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS PART-D SIX OR FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS PART-E TWO OR FOUR QUESTIONS TOTAL MARKS ALLOTED APPROXIMATELY

16

VECTORS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS : 1.Define a vector and give an example. Solution; A vector is a physical quantity, which has both magnitude and direction. Example; velocity , acceleration , force, etc. 2. Define a scalar and give an example. Solution ; Scalar is a physical quantity which has only the magnitude but not the direction. Example; mass ,volume , density , speed , etc. 3.Define a null vector ( or Zero vector ) Solution ; A vector of magnitude zero is called a null vector . 4. Define a unit vector. Solution : A vector of magnitude unity is called as unit vector.
Note ; If a is a vector then = unit vector in the direction of a = a |a|

5.Define co-initial vectors. Solution; Vectors with same initial point are called as co-initial vectors. 6.Define collinear vectors. Solutions; Two or more vectors are said to be collinear vectors, when they are along the same lines or parallel lines. If a and b are parallel vectors then a = kb. For any scalar k.

7. Define coplanar vector. Solution ; Three or more vectors lie on the same plane are called as coplanar vectors. 8. Define dierection cosines of a vector Solution; If a vector a makes angles , & with the positive direction of x y & z axes respectively, then Cos , Cos & Cos are called as direction cosines of the vector a.
NOTE; If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k then , a1 Cos = | a| a2 Cos = | a| a3 | a| and Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos 2= 1

Cos =

9. Define dot product or scalar product of two vectors. Solution; If a and b are any two vectors and be the angle between them, then dot product of a and b is defined by a b = | a | | b |Cos
b a

10.Define cross product or vector product of any two vectors. Solution; If a and b are any two vectors and be the angle between Them & unit vector perpendicular to both a & b , then, a X b = | a | | b | Sin

11. If the position vectors of P & Q are 3i + 2j 7k and 4i + 7j 11k Then, Find PQ & |PQ|. Solution ; Let O be the fixed point , then Position vector of P = OP= 3i + 2j 7k= ( 3 , 2 , -7 ) Position vector of P = OQ= 4i + 7j 11k = ( 4 , 7 , -11 ) Therefore, PQ = OQ-OP = ( 1 , 5 , -4 ) =i + 5j 4k PQ= |PQ| = ( 1 + 25 + 16 )= 42 units.

12. If a = 2i 3j + k , b = i + 2j k & c = 3i + 2j + 6k , then find |2a + b 3c |. Solution ; 2a = 4i 6j + 2k b = i + 2j k = ( 4 , -6 , 2 ) = ( 1 , 2 , -1 )

3c= 9i + 6j + 18k = ( 9 , 6 , 18 ) 2a + b 3c = ( -4 , -10 . -17 ) |2a + b 3c | = ( 16 + 100 + 289 ) = 405 units.

13. Find the direction cosines of a vector 2i 3j + k Solution ; Let a = 2i 3j + k = ( 2 , -3 , 1 ) | a | = ( 4 + 9 + 1 ) = 14 Direction cosines of a are Cos = 2/14 , Cos = -3/14 & Cos = 1/14. 14.If the direction cosines of a vector are 1/4 , 3/4 & n , then find n. Solution : Let Cos = 1/4 , Cos =3/4 & Cos = n Since, Cos2 + Cos2 + Cos 2= 1 1/16 + 9/16 + n2= 1 n2 = 1 1/16 9/16 = 6/16=3/8 n = (3) / 22

15. find the scalar product of the vectors 2i + 3j k & i - 2j 5k Solution : Let a = 2i + 3j k = ( 2 , 3 , -1 ) b = i - 2j 5k = ( 1 , -2 , -5 ) ab =26+5=1 16. If a = 2i j + 3k & b = i + 2j + k & c = 2i + j + k , find (a + b ) (b c ) . Solution : a = 2i j + 3k =( 2 , -1 , 3 ) b = i + 2j + k = ( 1 , 2 , 1 ) c =2i + j + k = ( 2 , 1 , 1 ) a + b = ( 3 , 1 , 4 ) & b c = ( -1 , 1 . 0 ) ( a + b ) ( b c ) = -3 +1 + 0 = -2 17.Prove that the vectors 3i j 2k & 2i -2j + 4k are orthogonal vectors. Solution : Let a = ( 3 , -1 , -2 ) , b = ( 2 , -2 , 4 ) Consider a b = 6 + 2 8 = 0 Therefore a and b are orthogonal vectors. 18. Find m , if the vectors i + 3j 2k & 2i 4j + mk are orthogonal vectors. Solution : Let a = ( 1 , 3 , -2 ) & b = ( 2 , -4 , m ) are orthogonal vectors, Therefore, ab=0

2 12 2m = 0 -2m = 10 m = -5

19.Find the cosine of the angle between the vectors 3i + j 2k & 3i 5j 2k. Solution : Let a = ( 3 , 1 , -2 ) b = ( 3 , -5 , -2 ) ab= 95+4=8 |a| = ( 9 + 1 + 4 ) = 14 |b| = ( 9 + 25 + 4 ) = 38 ab Cos = |a| |b| = 8 = 14 38 133 4

20. Find the angle between the vectors 2i + j + 2k & i 2j + 2k Solution : Let a = ( 2 , 1 , 2 ) b = ( 1 , -2 , 2 ) ab= 2-2+4=4 |a| = ( 4 + 1 + 4 ) = 3 |b| = ( 1 +4 + 4 ) = 3

ab Cos = |a| |b| = Cos -1 (4/9) =

4 = 3x3

21. Find the projection of the vector 2i + 3j 2k in the dierection of the vector i - 2j + 3k. Solution : Let a = ( 2 , 3 , -2 ) b = ( 1 , -2 , 3 ) a b = 2 - 6 - 6 = -10 |b| = ( 1 + 4 + 9 ) = 14 ab projection of a along b = |b| = 14 -10

22. Find the angle between the vectors a + b & a - b if |a| =|b|. Solution; Let |a| =|b| = ( say ) Consider, ( a + b ) ( a - b ) = |a|2 -|b|2 = 2 - 2 = 0. Therefore angle between ( a + b ) & ( a - b ) is 90.

23.If |a + b|= 5 and a is perpendicular to b , Find |a - b|. Solution; Since, |a + b |2 - |a - b|2 = 4 a b. |a - b|2 = |a + b |2 - 4 a b. = (5)2 - 4(0) = 25 |a - b| = 5 since a lar to b , a b = 0

24. If a & b are unit vectors and , |a + b | = 1 , find |a - b|. Solution; Since, |a + b |2 + |a - b|2 = 2 { |a|2 + |b|2 } |a - b|2 = 2 { |a|2 + |b|2 } - |a + b |2 = 2{ 12 + 12 } - 12. =4-1 =3 |a - b| = 3 25. If a , b , c are 3 vectors , such that a + b + c = 0 and |a| = 1 ,|b| = 2 & |c|=3 , find the value of a b + b c+ c a. Solution; a + b + c = 0 | a + b + c |2= 0 |a |2 + |b|2 + |c|2 + 2 { a b + b c + c a } = 0 2 { a b + b c + c a } = - (|a |2 + |b|2 + |c|2 ) =-(1+4+9) = - 14 a b + b c + c a = -7 Since, |a| =|b|= 1.

26.Find the cross product of the vectors j - 3k & i - j + 2k. Solution; Let a = j - 3k = ( 0 , 1 , -3 ) = ( 1 , -1 , 2 )

b = I - j + 2k i axb= j k

0 1 -3 1 -1 2

=i[2-3]-j[0+3]+k[0-1] = - i - 3j - k

27. If b = 3a + c , prove that a x b = a x c. Solution; Given that, b = 3a + c a x b = a x (3a + c ) =3(axa)+(axc) = 3(0) + ( a x c ) =(axc) 28. Prove that (2a + b ) x ( a + 2b ) = 3 ( a x b ) Solution; consider, (2a + b ) x ( a + 2b ) = 2( a x a ) + 4 ( a x b ) + ( b x a ) + 2 ( b x b ) =2(0) +4(axb)-(axb)+2(0) =3(axb)

29.Show that the vectors 5i + 6j + 7k, 3i + 20j + 5k & 7i - 8j + 9k are coplanar. Solution; Let a = 5i + 6j + 7k = ( 5 , 6 , 7 ) b = 3i + 20j + 5k = ( 3 , 20 , 5 ) c= 7i - 8j + 9k consider, [a b c ]=a(bxc)= 5 6 7 3 20 5 7 -8 9 = 5 [ 180 + 40 ] - 6 [ 27 - 35 ] + 7 [ -24 - 140 ] =0 Therefore , vectors a , b & c are coplanar. = ( 7 , -8 , 9 )

30. If the vectors 2i - 3j + mk , 2i + j - k & 6i - j + 2k are coplanar,then, Find m. Solution; Let a = 2i - 3j + mk = ( 2 , -3 , m ) b = 2i + j - k c = 6i - j + 2k Then, [ a b c ] = 0
2 -3 m 2 1 -1 6 -1 2 =0

= ( 2 , 1 , -1 ) = ( 6 , -1 , 2 ) are coplanar vectors.

2 [ 2 - 1 ] + 3 [ 4 + 6 ] + m [ -2 - 6 ] = 0 2 + 30 - 8m = 0 8m = 32 m=4

31.Prove that [ i - j , j - k , k - i ] = 0 Solution; consider, [i-j,j-k,k-i] = 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 -1 0 1 = 1[1-0]+1[0-1]+0[0+1] =0

VECTORS
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS 1.Prove that the position vector of a point dividing the points A & B internally in the ration m:n is given by
mb + na r = m+n

where a & b are the position vectors of A & B w.r.t some fixed point. Solution :
m Let O be the fixed point . Let P divides the line joining the points A & B internally in the ration m : n a O Let a = position vector of A = OA b = position vector of B = OB r = position vector of P = OP since, P divides the line joining the points A & B internally in the ration m:n, AP/PB = m/n nAP = mPB nAP = mPB r b A P n B

n ( OP - OA ) = m ( OB - OP ) n OP - n OA = m OB - m OP m OP + n OP = m OB + n OA
OP = m OB + n OA m+n mb+na m+n

2. ABCD is a parallelogram and E is the point of intersection of two diagonlas, if O is any fixed point , prove that, OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 OE Solution :
B E A

C Since , E is the midpoint of the diagonals AC & BD. If O is any fixed point, Then, position vector of E = ( OC + OA) / 2 OE = ( OC + OA) / 2 2 OE = ( OC + OA) Similarly, position vector of E = ( OB + OD) / 2 OE = ( OB + OD) / 2 2 OE = ( OB + OD) By adding ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) , we have, OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 OE ------ ( 2 ) ------ ( 1 )

3. If A = ( 2 , 3 , -4 ) and B = ( 1 , -1 . -2 ) Find the co-ordinates of the point dividing AB internally in the ratio 2 : 3. Solution : A 2 P 3 B

Let P be a point which divides line joining the points AB internally in the ration 2:3, If O be the fixed point , OP = position vector of P OA = position vector of A = (2 , 3 , -4 ) OB = position vector of B =( 1 , -1 . -2 ) Then,
2 OB + 3 OA OP = 2+3 = 5 ( 2 . -2 , -4 ) + ( 6 , 9 , -12 ) = 5 ( 8 , 7 , -16 )

= ( 8/5 , 7/5 , -16/5 )

4. Show that the vectors 2i - j + k , i - 3j - 5k & 3i - 4j - 4k form a right angled triangle. Solution : Let a = 2i - j + k b = i - 3j - 5k c = 3i - 4j - 4k since , a + b = c , a , b & c represents sides of the triangle, a = | a | = ( 4 + 1 + 1 ) = 6 units b = | b | = ( 1 + 9 + 25 = 35 units c = | c | = ( 9 + 16 + 16 ) = 41 units since, c = a + b therefore, a, b & c forms a right angled triangle.

5. Show that the points with position vectors i + 2j + 3k , - i -j + 8k & - 4i + 4j + 6k form an equilateral triangle. Solution: Let O be the fixed point. Let OA = position vector of A = i + 2j + 3k = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) OB = position vector of B = - i - j + 8k = ( -1 , -1 , 8 ) OC = position vector of C = - 4i + 4j + 6k = ( -4 , 4 , 6 ) AB = OB - OA = ( -2 , -3 , 5 ) BC = OC - OB = ( -3 , 5 , -2 ) CA = OA - OC = ( 5 , -2 , -3 ) Since , AB + BC + CA = 0 ABC is a triangle. AB = |AB| = ( 4 + 9 + 25 ) = 38 units, BC = |BC| = (9 + 25 + 4 ) = 38 units, CA = |CA| = (25 + 4 + 9 ) = 38 units, Since, AB = BC = CA , ABC is an equilateral triangle.

6. If a = 5i - j -3k , b = i + 3j + 5k , show that , ( a + b ) & ( a - b ) are orthogonal vectors. Solution : consider, a = 5i - j -3k = ( 5 , -1 , -3 ) b = I + 3j + 5k = ( 1 , 3 , 5 ) (a+b)=(6,2,2) ( a - b ) = ( 4 , -4 , -8 ) ( a + b ) ( a - b ) = 24 -8 - 16 = 0 therefore , ( a + b ) & ( a - b ) are orthogonal vectors.

7. Prove that , (i) | a + b | = | a | + | b | + 2 a b (ii) | a - b | = | a | + | b | - 2 a b Solution : | a + b | = ( a + b ) ( a + b ) =aa+a b+ba+bb = | a | + a b + a b + | b | = | a | + 2 a b + | b | Next consider, | a - b | = ( a - b ) ( a - b ) =aa-a b-ba+bb = | a | - a b - a b + | b | = | a | - 2 a b + | b | 8. Prove that ( i ) | a + b | + | a + b | = 2 { | a | + | b | } ( i i ) | a + b | - | a + b | = 4 a b Solution : consider, | a + b | + | a + b | = { | a | + 2 a b + | b | } + { | a | - 2 a b + | b | } = 2 { | a | + | b | }

Next consider, | a + b | - | a + b | = { | a | + 2 a b + | b | } - { | a | - 2 a b + | b | } =4ab

9. If | a | = 3 , | b | = 5 & | c | = 7 and a + b + c = 0 , find the angle between the vectors a & b. Solution: since, a + b + c = 0 , let be the angle between the vectors a & b a+b=- c | a + b | = | -c | | a | + | b | + 2 a b = | c | 9 + 25 + 2 | a || b | Cos = 49 9 + 25 + 2 ( 3 ) ( 5 ) Cos = 49 30 Cos = 49 - 34 30 Cos = 15 Cos = = 60 10. If a & b are unit vectors inclined at an angle of 60 to each other , find | a + b |. Solution: It is given that | a | = | b |.= 1 and = 60

Consider, | a + b | = | a | + | b | + 2 a b = | a | + | b | + 2 | a | | b | Cos = 1 + 1 + 2 (1) (1) cos60 = 2 + 2( ) =2+1 =3 | a + b | = 3 units.

11.If a & b are unit vectors inclined at an angle to each other , show that a b = 2 Sin(/2) Solution : Given that , a = b = 1 consider , | a - b | = | a | + | b | - 2 a b = | a | + | b | - 2 a b Cos = 1 + 1 2 (1)(1) Cos = 2 - 2 Cos = 2( 1 Cos ) = 2 { 2 Sin(/2 )} = 4 Sin(/2) Therefore a b = 2 Sin(/2) 12. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side a then prove that, AB BC + BC CA + CA AB = - 3/2 a Solution: Since ABC is a triangle, AB + BC + CA = 0 AB + BC + CA = 0 AB +BC + CA + 2 { AB BC + BC CA + CA AB } = 0 2 { AB BC + BC CA + CA AB } = - {AB +BC + CA } = - { a + a + a } = -3 a { AB BC + BC CA + CA AB } = -3/2 a since ,AB=BC=CA=a

13.Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors 2i 2j + k & 4i + j k. Solution : Let a = 2i 2j + k b = 4i + j k i axb= j k = i [ 2 1 ] j [ -2 -4 ] + k [ 2 + 8 ] = i + 6j + 10k

2 -2 1 4 1 -1

a x b = ( 1 + 36 + 100 ) = 137 units

axb = = a x b 1 { i + 6j + 10k }

137

14. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points ( 1 , -1 , 2 ), ( 2 , 0 , -1 ) & ( 0 , 2 , 1 ). Solution : Let O be the fixed point. Let OA = position vector of A = ( 1 , -1 , 2 ), OB = position vector of B = ( 2 , 0 , -1 ) OC = position vector of C = ( 0 , 2 , 1 ). AB = OB - OA = ( 1 , 1 , -3 ) AC = OC OA = ( -1 , 3 , -1 ) i AB x AC = j k = i [ -1 + 9 ] j [ -1 -3 ] + k [ 3 + 1 ] = 8 i + 4j + 4k

1 1 -3 -1 3 -1

AB x AC = (64 + 16 + 16 ) = 96 = 46 units
AB x AC = = AB x AC 8 i + 4j + 4k = 46 46 4 { 2i + j + k } = 6 2i + j + k

15. Find the Sine of the angle between the vectors 4i + 3j + 2k & i j + 3k. Solution: Let a = 4i + 3j + 2k b = i j + 3k. i axb= j k = i [ 9 + 2 ] j [ 12 2 ] + k [ -4 -3 ] = 11i -10j -7k

4 3 2 1 -1 3

a x b = ( 121 + 100 + 49 ) = 270 a = ( 16 + 9 + 4 ) = 29 b = ( 1 + 1 + 9 ) = 11

axb Sin = a b = 2911 270

16. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjecent sides are represented by the vectors i + j + k & i j + k. Solutions: Let a = i + j + k b=ij+k i axb= j k 1 = i [ 1 + 1 ] j [ 1 1 ] + k [ -1 1 ] = 2i + oj 2k

1 1

1 -1 1 a x b = ( 4 + 0 + 4) = 8 = 2 2 units Area of the parallelogram = a x b = 2 2 square units.

17. Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are represented by the vectors - 4 i +2 j + k & 3 i 2 j - k. Solutions: Let d1 = - 4 i +2 j + k d2 = 3 i 2 j - k i j k 1 = i [ -2 + 2 ] j [ 4 - 3 ] + k [ 8 6 ] = 0i - j + 2k

d1 x d2= - 4 2

3 -2 -1 d1 x d2= ( 0 + 1 + 4 ) = 5 units Area of the parallelogram = d1 x d2 2 18. Find the area of the triangle ,two of whose sides are represented by the vectors 3i + 4j & 5i + 7j + k. Solutions: Let a = 3i + 4j b = 5i + 7j + k i ax b= j k 0 1 = i [ 4 - 0 ] j [ 3 - 0 ] + k [ 21 20] = 4i -3 j + k = ( 5)/2 square units.

3 4 5 7

a x b= ( 16+ 9 + 1 ) = 26 units Area of the triangle = a x b 2 = ( 26) /2 square units.

19. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are represented by the position vectors i+ 3j + 2k , 2i j + k & - i + 2j + 3k. Solution : Let O be the fixed point, Let OA = position vector of A = i+ 3j + 2k = ( 1 , 3 , 2 ) OB = position vector of B = 2i j + k = ( 2 , -1 , 1 ) OC = position vector of C= - i + 2j + 3k = ( -1 , 2 , 3 ) AB = OB OA = ( 1 , -4 , -1 ) AC = OC OA = ( -2 , -1 , 1 ) i AB x AC = j k = i [ - 4 - 1 ] j [ 1 - 2 ] + k [ -1 8] = -5 i + j -9 k

1 - 4 -1 -2 -1 1

AB x AC = ( 25+ 1 + 81 ) = 107units Area of the triangle = AB x AC 2 = (107) /2 square units.

20.Find the perpendicular distance of A ( 1 , 4 , -2 ) from the line segment BC, where B ( 2 , 1 , -2 ) & C = ( 0 , -5 , 1 ). Solution : A

Here , AP is the perpendicular distance from the line segment BC. : Let O be the fixed point, Let OA = position vector of A = ( 1 , 4 , -2 ) OB = position vector of B = ( 2 , 1 , -2 ) OC = position vector of C = ( 0 , -5 , 1 ). AB = OB OA = ( 1 , -3 , 0 ) AC = OC OA = ( -1 , -9 , 3 ) i AB x AC = j k = i [ - 9 - 0 ] j [ 3 - 0 ] + k [ -9 3] = -9 i - 3 j -12 k

1 -3 0 -1 -9 3

AB x AC = ( 81+ 9 + 144 ) = 234units = 3 26units = Area of the triangle = AB x AC 2 BC = OC OB = ( -2 , -6 , 3 ) BC = BC = 4 + 36 + 9 ) = 49 = 7 units Since , = (BC) (AP) = (326) /2 square units.

(326) /2 = 1/2 ( 7 ) AP AP = (326)/7 units.

21. Prove that a x ( b + c ) = 0 Solution : consider, . a x ( b + c ) = a x ( b + c ) + b x ( c + a ) + c x ( a + b ) =(axb)+(axc)+(bxc)+(bxa)+(cxa)+(cxb) =(axb)-(cxa)+(bxc)-(axb)+(cxa)-(bxc) =0 22. prove that , a x b + a b = 2 { a b } Solution : consider, a x b + a b = { a b Sin } + { a b Cos } = a b sin + a b Cos = a b { sin + Cos } = a b 23. If a x b = 4 & a b = 2 , Find a b . Solution : since , we know that, a x b + a b = 2 { a b } Therefore, 2 { a b } = 16 + 4 = 20 a b = 10

24. If be the angle between the vectors a & b , find the value of a x b ab Solution : consider,
a x b = ab a b Cos a b Sin = tan

25. If a + b + c = 0 , prove that a x b = b x c = c x a Solution: consider, a+b+c=0 a x (a + b + c )= a x 0 (a x a ) + ( a x b ) + ( a x c ) = 0 0+(axb)(cxa)=0 (axb)=(cxa) Again consider, a+b+c=0 b x (a + b + c ) = b x 0 (bxa)+(bxb)+(bxc)=0 -(axb)+0+(bxc)=0 (bxc)=(axb) From ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) , we have , axb=bxc=cxa ------- ( 2 ) ------- ( 1 )

26. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose co-terminal edges are represented by the vectors 2i + j k , 3i 2j + 2k & i - 3j 3k. Solution: Let a = 2i + j k = ( 2 , 1 , -1 ) b = 3i 2j + 2k = ( 3 , -2 , 2 ) c = i - 3j 3k. = ( 1 , -3 , -3 ) are represent the co-terminal edges of the parallelepiped object. 2 Volume of the parallelepiped object = 3 1 1 -2 -3 -1 2 -3

= 2 [ 6 + 6 ] 1 [ -9 -2 ] -1 [ -9 + 2 ] = 24 + 11 + 7 = 42 cubic units. 27. Find the vector triple product a x ( b x c ) , when a = 2i + 3j k , b = i + 2j 5k & c = 3i + 5j - k Solution : Given that a = 2i + 3j k = ( 2 , 3 -1 ) b = i + 2j 5k = ( 1 , 2 , -5 ) c = 3i + 5j k = ( 3 , 5 -1 ) we know that, ax(bxc)=(ca)b(ba)c now, c a = 6 + 15 + 1 = 22 b a = 2 + 6 + 5 = 13 ( 1 ) becomes, a x ( b x c ) = 22 b 13 c = ( 22 , 44 , -110 ) ( 39 , 65 , -13 ) = ( -17 , -21 -97 ) = - 17i 21 j 97 k ------- ( 1 )

28. Find the value of ( a x b ) x c , when a = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) , b = ( 2 , 1 , 2 ) & c=(3 ,3 ,2) Solution : it is given that, a = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) b =(2 ,1 ,2) c=(3 ,3 ,2) we know that, (axb)xc =(ca)b(cb)a Consider, c a = 3 + 6 + 6 = 15 c b = 6 + 3 + 4 = 13 ( 1 ) becomes, we know that, ( a x b ) x c = 15 b 13 a = ( 30 , 15 , 30 ) ( 13 , 26 , 39 ) = ( 17 , - 11 , - 9 ) we know that, ( a x b ) x c = ( 289 + 121 + 81 ) = 491 units. 29. prove that, ax(bxc)=0 ----------- ( 1 )

Solution : consider, ax(bxc)=ax(bxc)+bx(cxa)+cx(axb) ={(ca)b(ba)c}+{(ba)c(bc)a}+{(cb)a(ca)b} =0

VECTORS THREE MARKS QUESTIONS 1. In a regular hexagon ABCDEF , Show that AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = 3 AD Solution: E D

Let

AB = a , BC = b AC = AB + BC = a + b AD = 2 BC = 2 b AE = AD + DE = AD ED = 2 b a AF = CD = CA + AD = - AC + AD = - ( a + b ) + 2 b = - a b + 2b = b a

Consider, AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = a + ( a + b ) + 2 b + ( 2 b a ) + ( b a ) =6b =3(2b) = 3 AD

2. Prove that position vector of the centroid of a triangle ABC is 1/3( a + b + c ), where, a , b & c are the position vectors of the vertices A , B & C w.r.t. some fixed point O. Solution : Let O be the fixed point. a = position vector of A = OA b = position vector of B = OB c = position vector of C = OC

let AD be the median of the triangle ABC , Since D is the mip point of BC Position vector of D = OD = (OB + OC ) / 2 Since , G divides internally AD in the ratio 2 : 1 B

2 ( OD ) + 1 ( OA ) Position vector of G = 3 = 2 {(OB + OC ) / 2 } + 1 ( OA ) 3 = OB + OC + OA 3 = OA + OB + OC 3 =a +b +c 3

3. If the position vectors of the points P and Q are 2 i + 3j + 4k and 3 i 2 j 3 k , find the direction cosines of the vector PQ and hence prove that, Cos + Cos + Cos = 1 Solution: Let O be the fixed point. OP = position vector of P = 2 i + 3j + 4k = ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) OQ = position vector of Q = 3 i 2 j 3 k = ( 3 , - 2 , -3 ) PQ = OQ OP = ( 1 , -5 , -7 ) PQ= ( 1 + 25 + 49 ) = 75 Direction cosines of PQ are Cos = 1/ 75 , Cos = -5/ 75 & cos = - 7 / 75. Consider, Cos + Cos + Cos = 1/75 + 25 /75 + 49 /75 = 1

4.Show that the points ( 1 , 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 4 , 2 ) ( 4 , 3 , -2 ) & ( 3 , 1 , -3 ) are the vertices of a parallelogram. Solution: D

A Let O be the fixed point.

OA = position vector of A = ( 1 , 2 , 1 ) OB = position vector of B = ( 2 , 4 , 2 ) OC = position vector of C = ( 4 , 3 , -2 ) OD = position vector of D = ( 3 , 1 , -3 ) AB = OB OA = ( 1 , 2 , 1 ) BC = OC OB = ( 2 , - 1 , - 4 ) CD = OD OC = ( - 1 , -2 , -1 ) DA = OA OD = ( -2 , 1 , 4 ) AC = OC OA = ( 3 , 1 , - 3 )

BD = OD OB = ( 1 , -3 , -5 ) AB = AB= ( 1 + 4 + 1 ) = 6 units BC = BC= ( 4 + 1 + 16 = 21 units CD = CD= ( 1 + 4 + 1 ) = 6 units DA = DA= ( 4 + 1 + 16) = 21 units AC = AC= (9 + 1 + 9) = 19 units BD = BD=(1 + 9 + 25) = 35 units Since, AB = CD , BC = DA , but, AC BD Therefore, ABCD form a parallelogram.

5. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors a & b , Also, find the Sine of the angle between the vectors a & b , where, a = 6 i 2j + k & b=3i+j2k. Solution, Consider,
a = 6 i 2j + k = ( 6 , -2 , 1 )

b = 3 i + j 2 k = ( 3 , 1 , -2 ) i axb = j k = i [ 4 1 ] j [ - 12 - 3 ] + k [ 6 + 6 ] = 3 i + 15 j + 12 k

6 -2 1 3 1 -2

axb=3{i+5j+4k} a x b = 3 ( 1 + 25 + 16) = 342 units a = ( 36 + 4 + 1) = 41 units b = ( 9 + 1 + 4) = 14 units

 = unit vector perpendicular to both a & b a x b = a x b = 342 3{i+5j+4k} = 42 i+5j+4k

a x b Sin = a b =

3 42

41 14

6. If a , b & c are the position vector of the vertices of a triangle ABC , Prove that ,Vector area of the triangle ABC = ( a x b ) + ( b x c ) + ( c x a )square units.
Solution : Let O be the fixed point .
a = OA = position vector of A b = OB = position vector of B c = OC = position vector of C AB = OB OA = b a AC = OC OA = c a AB x AC = ( b a ) x ( c a ) =(bxc)(bxa)(axc)+(axa) =(bxc)+(axb)+(cxa)+0 =(bxc)+(axb)+(cxa) AB x AC = ( b x c ) + ( a x b ) + ( c x a ) Area of the triangle ABC = 1/2AB x AC = ( b x c ) + ( a x b ) + ( c x a ) square units. B C A

7. Prove that , [ a + b b + c c + a ] = 2 [ a
Solution : Consider,
[a+b b+c c+a]=(a+b){(b+c)x(c+a)}

b c ]

=(a+b){(bxc)+(bxa)+(cxc)+(cxa)} = ( a + b ) {( b x c ) + ( b x a ) + 0 + ( c x a ) } = { a ( b x c ) + a (b x a ) + a (c x a) } + { b (bxc)+b (bxa)+b (cxa)} =[a =[a =2[a b b b c]+[a b a]+[a c b a ]+[b c] b c]+[b b a]+[b c a]

c]+0+0+0+0+[a c]

8.Find a unit vector which should lie on the plane determined by the vectors 2 i + j + k & i + 2 j + k and perpendicular to i + j + 2k. Solution: Let a = 2 i + j + k = ( 2 , 1 , 1 )
b=i+2j+k=(1,2,1) c = i + j + 2k = ( 1 , 1 , 2 ) consider , ( a x b ) x c = (c a) b ( c b ) a ---------- ( 1 )

c a=2+1+2=5 c b=1+2+2=5 (a x b) x c= 5 b 5 a =5( b a ) = 5 ( -1 , 1 , 0 ) |( a x b ) x c | = 5 ( ! + 1 + 0 ) = 52 units

unit vector coplanar with a & b and perpendicular to c

( a x b) x c = |( a x b ) x c| =

5 { - I + j + 0k} = 52

- i + j + 0k 2

9.Show that , i x ( a x i ) = 2 a Solution : Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k = ( a1 , a2 , a3 )

Consider, axi = i j k

a1 a2 a3 1 0 0 = i [ 0 0 ] j [ 0 - a3 ] + k [ 0 - a2 ]

= 0i + a3 j - a2 k

Next, , i x (a x i ) = 1 0

0 0 a3 - a2

= i [ 0 0 ] j [- a2 - 0 ] + k [ a3 - 0 ] = 0i + a2 j + a3 k Again, consider, , axj = i j k

a1 a2 a3 0 1 0 = i [ 0 a3 ] j [ 0 - 0 ] + k [a1 - 0 ]

= - a3 i + 0 j + a1 k Therefore,

, j x (a x j ) =

i 0

1 0

- a3 0 a1 = i [a1 0 ] j [0 + 0 ] + k [ 0 + a3 ] = a1 i + 0 j + a3 k

Similarly we may show that, k x (a x k ) = a1 i + a2 j + 0 k hence, , i x ( a x i ) = { i x (a x i ) } + { j x (a x j ) } + { k x (a x k ) }

= 2 a1 i + 2 a2 j +2 a3 k = 2 { a1 i + a2 j + a3 k } = 2a

10.Show that the points ( - 6 , 3 , 2 ) , ( 3 , -2 , 4 ) , ( 5 , 7 , 3 ) & ( -13 , 17 , -1 ) are coplanar. Solution : Let O be the fixed point. OA = position vector of A = ( - 6 , 3 , 2 ) OB = position vector of B = ( 3 , -2 , 4 ) OC = position vector of C = ( 5 , 7 , 3 ) OD = position vector of D = ( -13 , 17 , -1 ) Therefore, AB = OB OA = ( 9 , -5 , 2 ) AC = OC OA = ( 11 , 4 , 1 ) AD = OD OA = ( -7 , 14 , -3 ) Consider, [ AB , AC , AD ] = 9 11 -7 -5 4 2 1

14 - 3

= 9 [ -12 14 ] + 5 [ -33 + 7 ] + 2 [ 154 + 28 ] =0 Therefore, the points A , B , C & D are coplanar.

VECTORS
4 OR 5 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. A , B , C & D are the points with position vectors 3 i 2 j k , 2 i + 3 j 4 k ,
- i + 2 j + 2 k & 4 i + 5 j + k respectively . If the points A , B , C & D lie on a plane, Find the value of . Solution : Le O be the fixed point. OA = position vector of A = 3 i 2 j k =(3 ,-2 , -1)

OB = position vector of B = 2 i + 3 j 4 k = ( 2 , 3 , - 4 ) OC = position vector of C = - i + 2 j + 2 k = ( -1 , 2 , 2 ) OD = position vector of D = 4 i + 5 j + k = ( 4 , 5 , ) AB = OB OA = ( - 1 , 5 , -3 )

AC = OC OA = ( - 4 , 4 , 3 ) AD = OD OA = ( 1 , 7 ,+1)

Since , A , B , C & D are coplanar , [ AB AC AD ] = 0 [ AD AC AB ] = 0 1 -4 -1 7 4 5 +1 3 -3 =0

1 [ - 12 15 ] 7 [ 12 + 3 ] + ( + 1) [ - 20 + 4 ] = 0 - 27 - 105 - 16 16 = 0 - 148 16 = 0 16 = - 148 = - 148/8 = - 37/4

2.Find a unit vector which is coplanar with a & b and perpendicular to a, where, a = 2i + j + k & b = i + 2j k

Solution : Given that, a = 2i + j + k = ( 2 , 1 , 1 ) b = i + 2j k = ( 1 , 2 , - 1 ) consider, (a x b)x a =(aa)b(ab)a Now, a a = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6 ab=2+21=3 from ( 1 ) , we have, (a x b)x a =6b3a = 3 { 2b a } =3{(2 ,4 ,-2)(2 ,1 ,1)} =3(0 ,3 ,-2) =3{0i+3j3k} =9{0i+ j k} |( a x b ) x a | = 9 ( 0 + 1 + 1 ) = 9 2 units = unit vector coplanar with a & b and perpendicular to a (a x b)x a = |( a x b ) x a | = 9 2 9{0i+ j k} = 2 0i+ j k -------- ( 1 )

3. If ( a x b ) x c = a x ( b x c ) , then prove that either a is parallel to c or b is perpendicular to both a & c Solution : Given that, (axb)xc=ax(bxc) (ac)b(bc)a =(ca)b(ba)c Since , ( a c ) = ( c a ) ( b c ) a =( b a ) c pa =qc by taking, ( b c ) = p & ( b a )= q where , p & q are scalars therefore , a is parallel to c Next consider, ( b c ) a =( b a ) c (bc)a -(ba)c=0 b is perpendicular to both a & c.

5. Prove by vector method , that the medians of a triangle are concurrent. Solution : A

R
G

Let us consider a triangle ABC. Let O be the fixed point,

Solution : Let O be the fixed point. OA = position vector of A = a OB = position vector of B = b OC = position vector of C= c Position vector of the mid point P is OP = (OB + OC) = ( b + c ) If G divides AP in the ratio 2 : 1 Then, the position vector of G = OG = 2{( b + c )} + 1 (a) 2+1 =b+c+a 3 The symmetry of this result show that , the point which divides the other two medians in the ratio 2 : 1 will also have the same position vector b + c + a 3 Hence, the medians of a triangle are concurrent at G.

5. Prove that diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each each other. Solution: D

P

Let the diagonals AC and BD of the parallelogram ABCD intersect at P. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal and parallel. Therefore, AB = CD

If O be the Origin of reference, OA = position vector of A OB = position vector of B OC = position vector of C OD = position vector of D Since , AB = DC OB OA = OC OD OB + OD = OA + OC

OB + OD

OA + OC

= 2 2 That is mid points of BD & AC are coincide. Therefore , the diagonals AC & BD are bisect each other.

6. Prove by vector method that, The angle in a semi circle is a right angle. Solution:
O

Let AB be a diameter and O be the centre of a circle. Let P be a point on the semi-circle. Join PA , PB & PO. By the law of triangle of vectors PA = PO + OA PB = PO + OB = PO OA Consider, PA PB = ( PO + OA ) ( PO OA ) = PO - OA =0 Therefore PA perpendicular to PB Therefore, APB = 90 since , PO = OA= radius of the circle. since OB = - OA

7. In any triangle ABC, prove by vector method

a (a) SinA = SinB b = SinC c

( b ) a = b + c - 2bcCosA ( c ) a = bCosC + c CosB

-C B Solution : Let BC = a , CA = b & AB = c Then, a + b + c = 0 Solution for ( a ): consider, a + b + c = 0 ax( a+b+c)=ax0 (axa)+(axb)+(axc)=0 0 + (axb)(cxa)=0 (axb)=(cxa) ------ ( 1 ) B C

Next, consider, Similarly , as above,

a + b + c =0

bx( a+b+c)=bx0 (bxa)+(bxb)+(bxc)=0 -(axb)+ (bxb)+(bxc)=0 -(axb)+0+(bxc)=0 (axb)=(bxc) from ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) , we have, (axb)=(bxc)=(cxa) a x b = b x c = c x a abSin( C) = bcSin( A) = caSin( B) a b SinC = bcSinA = caSinB dividing through out by abc, we have,
a = SinA SinB b = SinC c

------ ( 2 )

Solution for ( b ): consider, a + b + c =0 a=-bc a = - b c

a = b + c + 2 b c a = b + c + 2 bcCos( A ) a = b + c - 2 bcCosA since , Cos( A ) = - CosA

Solution for ( c ): consider, a + b + c =0 a=-bc a a = - (a b ) ( a c ) a = - abCos( C) - acCos( B) a = - ab { - CosC } ac { - CosB } a = abCosC +ac CosB a = bCosC + c CosB
8. Show that the points with position vectors, ( i ) i + j + k , 2i + 3 j + 4 k , 3 i + j + 2 k & - i + j ( ii ) - 6a + 3 b + 2 c , 3 a 2 b + 4 c , 5 a + 7 b + 3 c & - 13 a + 17 b c are coplanar. Solution : ( i ) Let O be the fixed point. OA = position vector of A = ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) OB = position vector of B = ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) OC = position vector of C = ( 3 , 1 , 2 ) OD = position vector of D = ( - 1 , 1 , 0 ) AB = OB OA = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) AC = OC OA = ( 2 , 0 , 1 ) AD = OD OA = ( - 2 , 0 , -1 )

Consider, [ AB AC AD ] =

1 2

2 0

3 1 -1

-2 0

1 = 2 2 =0

2 0 0

3 1 1

{ since, second and third rows are identical }

Therefore the points A , B , C & D are coplanar. Solution : ( ii ) Let O be the fixed point. Let O be the fixed point. OA = position vector of A = - 6a + 3 b + 2 c OB = position vector of B = 3 a 2 b + 4 c OC = position vector of C = 5 a + 7 b + 3 c OD = position vector of D = - 13 a + 17 b c AB = OB OA = 9a 5b + 2c AC = OC OA = 11a + 4b + c AD = OD OA = - 7a + 14b 3c Consider, [ AB AC AD ] = 9 11 -7 -5 4 14 2 1 -3

= 9 [ - 12 14 ] + 5 [ - 33 + 7 ] + 2 [ 154 + 28 ] = 0 Therefore the points A , B , C & D are coplanar.

VECTORS 6 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Define Dot product and vector product of any two co-initial vectors. If a = a 1 i + a 2 j + a 3 k and b = b 1 i + b 2 j + b 3 k , Prove that , a b = a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b 3 and i a x b = j k

a1 a 2 a 3 b1 b2 b3

Definition of dot product ( scalar product ) of any two vectors: If a & b are any two co-initial vectors, & if is the angle between the vectors , then, a b = | a | | b | Cos B

b O , a A

Definition of vector product ( cross product ) of any two vectors: If a & b are any two co-initial vectors, if is the angle between the vectors , and be the unit vector perpendicular to both a & b then, a x b = | a | | b | Sin b O , a A B

Derivation of a b j

O k Z

i , j & k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors along X , Y & Z axes, ii=jj=kk=1 & ij=jk=ki=0=ji=kj=ik consider, a b = { a1i+a2j+a3k } { b1i+b2j+b3k }

=a1 b1(ii)+a1 b2(ij)+a1 b3(ik)+a2 b1(ji) +a2 b2(jj)+a2 b3(jk)+a3 b1(ki)+a3 b2(kj) +a3 b3(kk)

=a1 b1(1)+a1 b2(0)+a1 b3(0)+a2 b1(0) +a2 b2(1)+a2 b3(0)+a3 b1(0)+a3 b2(0) +a3 b3(1)

=a1b1+a2b2+a3b3

Derivation of a x b j

O k Z

i , j & k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors along X , Y & Z axes, i x i = j x j = k x k = 0 & i x j = k , j x k = i , k x I = j , but , jxi=-k ,kxj=-i consider, a x b = { a1i+a2j+a3k }x { b1i+b2j+b3k } & ixk=-j

=a1 b1(ixi)+a1 b2(ixj)+a1 b3(i xk)+a2 b1(jxi) +a2 b2(jxj)+a2 b3(jxk)+a3 b1(kxi)+a3 b2(kxj) +a3 b3(kxk)

=a1 b1(0)+a1 b2(k)+a1 b3(-j)+a2 b1(-k) +a2 b2(0)+a2 b3(i)+a3 b1( j)+a3 b2(-i) +a3 b3(0)

=a1 b2(k)+a1 b3(-j)+a2 b1(-k) +a2 b3(i)+a3 b1( j)+a3 b2(- i) = i { a 2 b 3 - a 3 b 2 } j { a 1 b 3 - a 3 b 1 } + k { a 1 b 2 - a 2 b 1}

i a x b =

a1 a 2 a 3 b1 b2 b3

2. Prove that [ a b c ] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b ] & also show that [a b b]=0 Solution :Let a = m i + nj + l k b=xi+yj+zk c = p i + q j + rk consider, m n l

[a b c] = x y z p q perform C2 r C1 l n m [a b c] = z y x r q perform C2 C3 l [a b c] = z r m x p n y q p

[a b c] = [c a b] Simmillary , we may show that , [a b c] =[b c a]

Therefore, [ a b c ] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b ]

Nest consider,

m n n

[a b b] = x y y p q q

since, second and third columns are identical, [a b b] =0

3. Prove that [ a x b , b x c , c x a ] = [ a , b , c ] & Also, If a x b , b x c & c x a are coplanar , then prove that , a , b & c are coplanar. Solution : consider, [axb ,bxc ,cxa]= ( axb){( b xc) x( c xa)} Let ( b x c ) = p, then, ( b xc) x( c xa)= p x ( c x a ) = (ap)c- (cp)a Now, a p = a ( b x c ) = [ a , b , c ] = ( say ) c p = c(b x c ) =[c ,b ,c ]=0 therefore, ( 2 ) becomes, ( b xc) x( c xa)= ()c(0)a=c Therefore ( 1 ) becomes, [axb ,bxc ,cxa]= ( axb)c = {( axb) c} = { c( axb)} = [ c , a, b ] = [ a , b, c ] = = [ a , b , c ] ------- ( 2 ) ------ ( 1 )

If a x b , b x c & c x a are coplanar , then, [axb ,bxc ,cxa]= 0 [ a , b , c ] = 0 [ a , b, c ] =0 Therefore , a b & c are coplanar vectors. 3. prove that ( a x b ) x c = ( a c ) b - ( b c ) a Solution : Since , ( a x b ) x c lies in the plane determined by a & b , their exits scalars x & y such that , (a x b) x c = x a+y b ---- ( 1 )

Taking dot product with c on both sides , we have, c {(a x b) x c } = x(ca)+y(cb) [c , (a x b) , c ] =x(ca)+y(cb) 0= x(ca)+y(cb) x(ca) =- y(cb) x = (cb) Therefore, x = ( c b ) , y = -(ca) (ca) - y = ( say )

therefore ( 1 ) becomes, ( a x b ) x c = { ( c b ) } a + { - ( c a )} b ------- ( 3 ) To find , take a = i , b = j & c = j in ( 3 ), we have,

( i x j ) x j = { ( j j ) } i + { - ( j i )} j k x j =(1)i+(0)j i =i

=-1 substitute value of in ( 3 ) , we have, ( a x b ) x c = { ( - 1)( c b ) } a + { ( 1 ) ( c a )} b ------- ( 3 ) (a x b) x c =(ac)b - ( b c )a

4. Prove that , Cos ( A - B ) = CosACosB + SinA SinB Cos ( A - B ) = CosACosB + SinA SinB Solution : Consider a unit circle, x + y = 1 Let o be the point of reference, and it is fixed,

&

Let OP = position vector of P = ( CosA , SinA ) = CosA i + SinA j + 0 k OQ = position vector of Q = (CosB , SinB ) = CosB i + SinB j + 0 k are any two points on the circumference of the circle. Let XOP = A & XOQ = B Therefore, QOP = (A B)

P Q
AB

|OP|= (CosA + SinA) = 1 |OQ|= (CosB + SinB) = 1

O

OP OQ = |OP||OQ|Cos( A B ) = ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Cos( A B ) = Cos( A B ) But, OP OQ = CosACosB + SinA SinB + 0 = CosACosB + SinA SinB From ( 1 ) & ( 2 ) , we have, Cos ( A - B ) = CosACosB + SinA SinB ---------- ( 2 ) ------- ( 1 )

Next, since, Sin ( - ) = - Sin Consider, Cos( A + B ) = Cos{ A (- B) }

& Cos( - ) = Cos

= CosACos( - B ) + SinA Sin( - B ) = CosACosB - SinA SinB

5. prove that , Sin ( A B ) = SinACosB CosASinB Sin ( A + B ) = SinACosB + CosASinB

and

Solution : Consider a unit circle, x + y = 1 Let o be the point of reference, and it is fixed, Let OP = position vector of P = ( CosA , SinA ) = CosA i + SinA j + 0 k OQ = position vector of Q = (CosB , SinB ) = CosB i + SinB j + 0 k are any two points on the circumference of the circle. Let XOP = A & XOQ = B Therefore, QOP = (A B )

P Q
AB

|OP|= (CosA + SinA) = 1 |OQ|= (CosB + SinB) = 1

O

|OP x OQ| = |OP||OQ|Sin( A B ) = ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Sin( A B ) = Sin( A B ) But, ------- ( 1 )

i OP x OQ = CosA CosB

j SinA SinB

k 0 0

= i [ 0 0 ] j [ 0 0 ] + k [ CosASinB SinACosB] = 0i + oj k take , = SinACosB - CosASinB ------ ( 2 )

|OP x OQ| = ( 0 + 0 + ) = = = SinACosB - CosASinB Therefore , from (1) & (2) , we have, Sin ( A B ) = SinACosB CosASinB Next, since, Sin ( - ) = - Sin Consider, Sin ( A + B ) = SinACosB + CosASinB = SinACos( - B ) + CosASin( - B ) = SinACosB - CosASinB & Cos( - ) = Cos