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ABSTRACT
1. The successful design of cost-effective solar energy systems depends mainly on the development of higher conversion efficiencies. A theory is given for the thermal performance of a new solar collector array that combines reflected and refracted light rays. The theory is applied to the design of a complete system for solar heating of a building. Dynamic operating characteristics for a one-month interval are given for the collector array and heat transfer devices, and cost efficiency is compared with that of conventional designs. Notes: Consists of 82 words This is the informative abstract, that is made up of four parts: The purpose section of an informative abstract should state either the reason for or the primary objectives of the experiment or investigation. The purpose section of an informative abstract might also contain the hypothesis of the experiment. The methodology section of an informative abstract should describe the techniques used in conducting the experiment. This section should give only as much detail as is necessary to understand the experiment; the abstract should not focus entirely on research methods unless that is the primary focus of the original document. The results section of an informative abstract should relate the observations and/or data collected during the experiment. This section should be concise and informative, and only the most important results need be included. The conclusion section of an informative abstract should state the evaluation or analysis of the experiment results. It should also briefly state the implications of these results. This conclusion section might also state whether the driving hypothesis of the experiment was correct. Meanings: The development of higher conversion efficiencies affected the successfull design of cost-effective solar energy system. The thermal performance of a solar collector array the combines refracted and reflected light rays, which is this theory applied to the design of a complete system of solar heating of a building. 2. In the design of a solar energy system using arrays of multiple solar panels, the Hottel-Whillier-Bliss (HWB) model is generally used to evaluate steady-state efficiency. The HWB equation did not accurately predict dynamic thermal performance for the present system, which uses a novel collector array. The theoretical limit of energy gain for this new array is 6.5 X 10 6 BTU, which extends

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into the nonlinear mode of the HBW equation. A modified form of the equation was, therefore, developed for improved linearity, effective for collector efficiencies up to 54%. An optimum ratio of 64/36 was determined for the proportion of propylene glycol to water. Dynamic performance tests during the month of July 1980 in Phoenix, Arizona, yielded an average efficiency of 49% for a gross collector area of 721 m2 when the array faced south at an angle of 35 from the horizontal. Losses between collector and storage tank were 3.8 X 108 J per month. The cost efficiency of the system was a 9% improvement over that of the SOLTHERM system operating in Phoenix during the same month. Notes: Consist of 179 words This is the indicative or descriptive abstract, that is made up of three parts: The scope section of an indicative abstract should state the range of the material dealt with in the original document as well as the starting premise of the document. An abstract for an essay on Shakespeares comedies, for example, would state that the Bards comedies make up the focus of the essay. The arguments used section of an indicative abstract should state the main arguments and counterarguments employed in the original document. These arguments should be stated in the same progression in which they appear in the document. Not all documents contain a progression of arguments; in some cases this section may outline analysis or plot progression instead. The conclusions section of an indicative abstract should state the documents main closing argument and its implications as suggested by the original author. This conclusion section might also state plot resolution when the original document is a work of fiction. Meanings: The Hottel-Whillier-Bliss (HWB) model is generally used to evaluate steady-state efficiency of a solar energy system, but this equation did not accurately predict dynamic thermal performance for the present system, which uses a novel collector array. Tests that held in Phoenix, Arizona yielded yielded an average efficiency of 49% for a gross collector area of 721 m2 when the array faced south at an angle of 35 from the horizontal, and the losses between collector and storage tank were 3.8 X 108 J per month.

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Abstracts Definition An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline; an abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, background, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage. All abstracts include: 1. A full citation of the source, preceding the abstract. 2. The most important information first. 3. The same type and style of language found in the original, including technical language. 4. Key words and phrases that quickly identify the content and focus of the work. 5. Clear, concise, and powerful language. Abstracts may include: 1. The thesis of the work, usually in the first sentence. 2. Background information that places the work in the larger body of literature. 3. The same chronological structure as the original work. Parts of an Abstract Despite the fact that an abstract is quite brief, it must do almost as much work as the multipage paper that follows it. In a computer architecture paper, this means that it should in most cases include the following sections. Each section is typically a single sentence, although there is room for creativity. In particular, the parts may be merged or spread among a set of sentences. Use the following as a checklist for your next abstract: Motivation: Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem isn't obviously "interesting" it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Problem statement: What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some

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cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important.

Approach: How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Results: What's the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or "significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand you don't have room for all the caveats. Conclusions: What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case?

Key process elements: 1. Reason for writing: What is the importance of the research? Why would a reader be interested in the larger work? 2. Problem: What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is the scope of the project? What is the main argument/thesis/claim? 3. Methodology: An abstract of a scientific work may include specific models or approaches used in the larger study. Other abstracts may describe the types of evidence used in the research. 4. Results: Again, an abstract of a scientific work may include specific data that indicates the results of the project. Other abstracts may discuss the findings in a more general way. 5. Implications: What changes should be implemented as a result of the findings of the work? How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic?

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Types of Abstracts: 1. Informative abstract One common type of abstract is an informative abstract. If you are writing an abstract for a strictly-structured document like an experiment, investigation, or survey, you will write an informative abstract. An informative abstract is made up of four parts: Purpose Methodology Results Conclusions 2. Indicative Abstract A second type of abstract is an indicative abstract. If you are writing an abstract for a less-structured document like an essay, editorial, or book, you will write an indicative abstract. An indicative abstract is generally made up of three parts: Scope Arguments Used Conclusions 3. Informative-Indicative Abstract This last type of abstract combines the two previous styles. It provides both specific information about the findings and results, and general information and explanations about the rest of the document Sources:
http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/essays/abstract.html http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/abstracts/ http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/abstracts.shtml Reportefinal.pdf