Muscle Lecture continued

At either end of the sarcomere the actin filaments are attached to the or disc by a protein called .

Z Line Actinin

Thick filaments are composed of a bundle of about 500 . Each molecule consists of two strands, of which each has a tail that twists around the other, and a head. The head pro ects outward toward the thin filaments and are called ! because they attach to the thin filaments durin" contraction.

#. Myosin Molecules $. Myosin %. &ross! 'rid"es

The thick filaments are associated with a protein called . contributes to the normal ali"nment of the thick and thin filaments and has elastic properties that restores the sarcomere to its ori"inal restin" position after bein" stretched.

Titin

Muscle &ontraction

Muscles e(ert force by . This contraction creates tension that e(erts a force on the point of attachment. The mechanism of this contraction is well e(plained by the slidin" filament theory.

)hortenin" pullin"

The slidin" filament theory e(plains the followin" obser*ations+ #. The "ets smaller. $. The ,one of lar"er. %. The -. The constant and "ets mo*e closer. remains

#. . 'and, / 'and $. 0*erlap %. Z lines -. A 'and

The mechanism+ #. &ontraction be"ins when the cross!brid"es of filaments bind to acti*e sites on the filaments.

#. Myosin $. Actin

$. The myosin heads pi*ot toward the pullin" the thin filament with it toward the center.

M Line

%. The cross! brid"es .

1etach

The ! returns to their ori"inal positions.

&ross!'rid"es

The cross!brid"e cycle be"ins when the acti*e sites on are unco*ered. The calcium ion 2 aka 3 is key to this unco*erin"

Actin &a$4 &alcium

&a$4 concentration is normally low in the surroundin" the filaments and high in the .

)arcoplasm )arcoplasmic 5eticulum

6hen an electrical impulse tra*els alon" the enters the interior of the cell alon" the ! .

it

)arcolemma T!Tubules aka Trans*erse Tubules

This electrical e*ent causes the membrane of the to become more permeable to aka .

Terminal &isternae &a$4 aka &alcium

&a$4 rushes out and &a$4 binds to .

Troponin

This causes the to mo*e out of position and unco*er the bindin" sites on . As lon" as bindin" sites are unco*ered the cross!brid"e cyclin" occurs.

Tropomyosin Actin

The contraction ends when electrical impulses end. The becomes less permeable to Ca2+ and acti*ely reabsorbs Ca2+. 6ith the drop in &a$4 concentration &a$4 bindin" to decreases and tropomyosin reco*ers the bindin" sites.

#. )arcoplasmic 5eticulum $. Troponin

&ontraction also re7uires . 1urin" cross!brid"e cyclin", the cross!brid"es detaches when binds to it and the cross! brid"e returns to its state 2becomes 8 83. Ener"y is re7uired for this and comes from the breakdown of ATP to and a "roup.

#. AT9 $. AT9 %. :npi*oted aka cocked -. A19 and a 9hosphate

&ontracted muscles return to their ori"inal len"th throu"h 2not re7uirin" ener"y3 processes.

9assi*e

Each indi*idual skeletal muscle cell or fiber is controlled by a 2ner*e cell3.

Motor ;euron

A process of the neuron, the , reaches the muscle fiber and forms a connection called the .

#. A(on $. ;euromuscular <unction

At the neuromuscular junction the axons branches and the tips of these branches e(pand into what are called or .

#. )ynaptic End 'ulbs A=A )ynaptic =nobs

6ithin the synaptic end bulbs there are that contain the neurotransmitter 2 3.

#. )ynaptic >esicles $. Acetylcholine 2A&h3

The initiates a contraction when an electrical impulse tra*els alon" the a(on and reaches the .

#. motor neuron $. synaptic end bulb aka )ynaptic knob

The impulse arri*in" at the synaptic end bulb causes the synaptic *esicles to fuse with the neuron?s cell membrane and release into a space between the neuron cell membrane and the sarcolemma called the .

#. 2A&h3 $. )ynaptic &left

ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to the , a part of the sarcolemma that is highly folded and contains for ACh.

#. Motor End 9late $. 5eceptor Molecules

The bindin" of A&h to its receptors on the motor end plate tri""ers an electrical impulse called an , that sweeps alon" the sarcolemma and ! .

#. Action 9otential $. T!Tubules

;eural stimulation ends when the en,yme in the synaptic cleft, , breaks down the A&h.

All the muscle fibers controlled by a motor neuron constitutes a . *ary in si,e accordin" to the number of fibers controlled. /n muscles where precise and fine mo*ements are re7uired 2e.". eye muscles3 the motor units are small with a motor neuron controllin" a few fibers. /n muscles which re7uire powerful contractions 2e.". le" muscles3 a motor neuron may control thousands of fibers.

Motor :nits

The amount of tension "enerated by a contractin" muscle depends on+ #. the and $. the stimulated. of stimulation@ of motor units

Are7uency and ;umber

occurs in muscles repeated stimulated to near!ma(imal tension. results in the increase in the diameter of the muscle fiber due to an increase in the and 2diameter3 of myofibrils.

Muscular .ypertrophy .ypertrophy ;umber and )i,e

Lack of neural stimulation of skeletal muscle causes the muscle to loose mass and tone. The o*erall loss in muscle si,e is called .

Muscular Atrophy Atrophy

Each muscle has its attachment points and produces an when it contracts. The attachment points are called and .

#. Action $. 0ri"in %. /nsertion

#. The effect on the is described 2e.". fle(es the forearm3. $. The effect at the is described 2e.". fle(es at the elbow oint3.

#. 5e"ion of the 'ody $. <oint

6hen a mo*ement occurs the skeletal muscles in*ol*ed with the mo*ement can be placed one of three cate"ories+

#.

or

The is a muscle that is chiefly responsible for producin" the particular mo*ement.

#. 9rime mo*er or a"onist $. a"onist

$. are muscles that assist the prime mover in performin" the action. may pro*ide additional pull at the insertion or stabilize the movement at the origin of the .

)yner"ist )yner"ist A"onist

%. An produces actions that oppose the actions of the a"onist. ;ormally, work with a"onists to control the speed and smoothness of a movement.

Anta"onist

The mo*ement created by muscle contraction is modified in force, speed and direction by the way that bones that the muscles mo*e act as .

Le*ers

A le*er is a ri"id structure that mo*es on a fi(ed point called the . /n the body the joint is the , the muscle e(erts an , and this force is opposed by .

#. Aulcrum $. Aulcrum %. Applied Aorce -. 5esistance

There are three classes of le*ers in the body+

This class of le*er has the fulcrum in between the applied force and the resistance as in a seesaw. There are not many ! in the body. The nec muscles that extend the head at the ! is an e(ample.

Airst &lass Le*er Atlanto!0ccipital <oint

/n this le*er the resistance is located between the fulcrum and the applied force. The wheelbarrow offers a real world e(ample. at the ankle oint is an e(ample of this le*er in the body.

)econd!&lass Le*er 9lantar Ale(ion

/n this le*er the applied force is between the fulcrum and the resistance. This is the most common le*er in the body.

Third &lass Le*er

5AAB

Airst &lass Le*er

A5AB

)econd &lass Le*er

AA5B

Third &lass Le*er