Plankton diversity of three freshwater lakes with relation to bioindicators and trophic status, Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh,

North India

Abstract Our present work focused on the taxonomic composition of zooplankton in three freshwater lakes (Rewalsar, Kuntbhyog and Prashar in district Mandi of imachal Pradesh!

March "##$ to %ebruary "##&' (n present in)estigation *+, species belonging to & groups of phytoplankton and $& species belonging to - groups of zooplankton were identified from the .akes' /he total plankton composition is significantly changed in all the three waterbodies' 0omparison of di)ersity and density in three lakes was studied with di)ersity indices' /he study results clearly indicate intensified eutrophication of Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog lakes' /ropic le)el and pollution status of .akes were assessed on the basis of shannon di)ersity index ( 1!, species richness index (2!, and physicochemical parameters' (n most of the cases plankton population size was correlated with biotic and abiotic parameters (p , alkalinity, temperature, dissol)e oxygen, transparency, phosphate, chloride and nitrate!' 3ifferent patterns of dominance and sub4 dominance of indicator plankton community and species along with physicochemical 5uality obser)ed confirm, the trophic status of the .akes' On the basis of water 5uality standards gi)en by 0entral Pollution 0ontrol 6oard (0P06!, the water 5uality was between 7869 at Prashar .ake, 70439 at Kuntbhyog .ake, and 73:9 at Rewalsar .ake' ;o serious studies ha)e been so far conducted on the pollution status and hydrobiology of these .akes' 8ll the results of the studies indicated that potentiality of planktons as bioindicator is )ery high' /hese fragile ecosystems ha)e to pre)ent from further eutrophication'

Key words< 6ioindicator, .ake, Phytoplankton, =ooplankton, >ater pollution, /rophic status Mandi' Introduction 6iodi)ersity is the )ariety of organisms considered at all le)els and includes genetic and ecosystem )ariants, which comprise arrays of species, genera, and families, as well as communities of organisms within particular habitats and the physical conditions under which they li)e because of intensi)e exchange of nutrients between their water columns and sediments, shallow lakes are sensiti)e to eutrophication (:kholm et'al, *&&$!' ?nder the influence of eutrophication usually associated with a loss of structural di)ersity and, as a result, a decrease in biodi)ersity at the higher trophic le)els takes place ( anson and 6utler, *&&+! >hile oligotrophic lakes are generally clear and hypertrophic lakes fre5uently turbid, shallow lakes at intermediate nutrient concentrations may exhibit either clearwater or turbid states (2cheffer et' 8l, *&&@!' 6iological studies ha)e been increasingly employed in monitoring water 5uality in lakes' Phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrophytic plants and fishes were used considerably in biomonitoring of lake ecosystems' (ndian lentic ecosystems were in)estigated extensi)ely for plankton from mid "#th century (6iswas, *&+& and 3as and 2ri)asta)a, *&-&!' /hese studies show that the dominant plankton and their seasonality are highly )ariable in different waterbodies according to their nutrient status, age, morphometry and other locational factors' owe)er, =ooplankton was in)estigated in (ndian lentic ecosystems (8runachalam, *&," and 2ugunan, *&&-!' /hese studies re)eal different groups of plankton ha)e their own peak periods of density, which is also affected by local en)ironmental conditions pre)ailing at the time' =ooplankton by their heterotrophic acti)ity plays a key role in the cycling of organic materials in a5uatic ecosystems and used as bioindicators' /he biondicators are e)aluated through

presenceAabsence, condition, relati)e abundance, reproducti)e success, community structure (i'e' composition and di)ersity!, community function (i'e' trophic structure!, or any combination thereof ( ellawell, *&,B!' :utrophication of a5uatic ecosystems can greatly alter the structure of plankton communities' ence, plankton has been used as an indicator of a lake9s trophic

state(C2ampaio et'al, "##" !' 0hanges in the a5uatic en)ironment accompanying anthropogenic pollution are a cause of growing concern and re5uire monitoring of the surface waters and organisms inhabiting them (Dandysh, "##"!' 0omposition and structure of plankton community are affected by eutrophication (.icandro and (banez, "###, OstoEic "###! and these communities ha)e potential )alue as indicators of changing trophic condition (6lancher,*&&+F 6oucherle and =ullig*&,@F Gannon and 2temberger *&$,F, Patil and Gouder *&,"F Pinto40oelho et'al ,"##-F 2lHdecek, *&,@, >ebber et'al, "##-!' 8ccording to orne and Goldman 7the most efficient

method to ad)ance knowledge in limnology is through comparati)e studies of different types of lakes within the same geographical area' 6ut there is no literature from bodies' imachal region water

ence the present work was under taken to analyze the changes in zooplankton

communities those which ha)e occurred o)er a period due to the changed trophic status with aim of contributing to the knowledge of freshwater biodi)ersity in imachal region' Presently

biomonitoring has become an integral part of water 5uality assessment and forms part of many water pollution studies (Mahade) et al' "##$!' 6ased on the presence, absence, fre5uency of appearanceA disappearance and abundance of different organisms obser)ed during present in)estigation in relation to the trophic status of water, bioindicators of trophic status ha)e been determined' 6ased on the trophic classification of waters gi)en by the Dollenweider (*&B,!F Rodhe (*&B&! and on the basis of trophic status (;ygaard *&+&!' /he present study presents the results of studies on the community structure, abundance and biomass of plankton in three

different .akes, as dependent on )ariable abiotic en)ironmental factors' /he aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that changes in the communities of planktons may pro)ide the basis for determining the trophic state of .akes'

Study Area Present study has been conducted on three freshwater .akes )iz', Rewalsar .ake, Kuntbhyog .ake and Prashar .ake in district Mandi (.ongitude< $B o @$9 "#I 4 $$ o "@9 *-I : and .atitude< @* o *@9 -#I 4 @" o #+9 @#I ;! of details of these .akes are as follows< Rewalsar .ake is situated at *@B# meters abo)e sea le)el ($BJ+&9:, @*J@$9;!' (t is o)al in shape, ha)ing depth of B meters and area of "'B hectares' /wo seasonal inlets and one perennial outlet with definite boundaries bordered by thick patches of macrophytic )egetation' /he o)ercrowding of the fish population also keeps the .ake in a precarious condition' (t is already witnessing unhealthy features like crowded human inhabitation on its surroundings, artificial feeding of fishes with flour pallets and biscuits etc as a part of religious acti)ity' (n addition, at times there is entry of sewage through o)er flow and leakage of sewage channel' Kuntbhyog is situated at *$-# meters abo)e sea le)el ($BJ+&9BI:, @*J@$9;!' (t is 0rescent in shape, ha)ing depth of *"4 *- meters and area of @ hectares' /he .ake is surrounded by mountains and forest' (t is spring and rain fed, and is without any specific outlet' /he water of the .ake is being used for the purpose of drinking and irrigation' Prashar .ake is situated at "$@# meters abo)e sea le)el ($$J #B9 :, @*J+-9@#I;!' (t is O)al in shape, ha)ing depth of +4- meters and area of "'@ hectares' (t is surrounded by mountains' >ater of this .ake is being used for drinking and domestic purposes' (n the winter, this .ake is surrounded by snow' imachal Pradesh (%ig *!' /he topographic

.ongitude< $B o @$9 "#I L $$ o "@9 *-I : .atitude< @* o *@9 -#I L @" o #+9 @#I ; i!"# Map showing locations of different freshwater lakes in Mandi 3istrict ( imachal

Pradesh!

Materials and methods< >ater samples were collected monthly from selected .akes of district Mandi, imachal Pradesh for a period of two years between March "##, to %ebruary "#*#' Physicochemical parameters of the water were analysed according to the standard methods (8P 8 et al' "##-!' Parameters like temperature, p , dissol)ed oxygen, electrical conductance were measured with the help of Multi @+#i Aset water analysis kit, penetration of light with 2ecchi disc, free carbon dioxide by titrimetric method and /32 with /32 meter on the spot' %or

the rest of the parameters, "'- . of water sample was brought to the laboratory' (t was filtered and analyzed for turbidity, total alkalinity, total hardness, 0a "M, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and silicate' %or the collection of biota, the samples were collected with the help of plankton net made up of blotting silk ;o' "- (#'@ mm mesh! and fitted with a wide mouthed bottle' -# . of water was sie)ed through the net ' /he collected samples were preser)ed in +N formaldehyde solution' 0ounting of plankton was done the help of 72edgwick4Rafter counting cell9 (>etzel and .ikens *&&#!, biodi)ersity indices (2impson *&+&F 2hannonO>iener *&+&were calculated' /he books consulted for identification of the plankton were 2mith (*&-#!, >ard and >hipple (*&-&!, Kudo (*&,B! and Pennak (*&,&!' $esults and discussion 2tudies made by se)eral workers ha)e shown marked differences in the floristic compositon of olgitrophic and eutrophic waters, and )arious species of different groups of planktons ha)e been identified as indicators of le)el of trophic status ( asler, *&+$F utchinson, *&B$F

Palmer, *&B&!' Mere presence of these planktons is indicati)e about the status of water bodies and can be used as a reliable tool for the assessment of the water 5uality of freshwater ponds, which has further been supported by their physico4chemical analysis in the present study' /he physicochemical analysis of the water was carried out in support of the interpretation of the results obtained from the analysis of plankton communities' /he plankton composition not only reflects the real condition of the waters but also the pre)ious conditions of the water' Physicochemical parameters %luctuations in annual mean )alue and range of )arious physico4chemical parameters at three selected .akes during March "##, to %ebruary "#*# ha)e been gi)en in /ables *4"' 6O3 is a measure of microbial respiration and is fre5uently used as an indicator of pollution' /he

annual mean )alues and range of 6O3 (mg .O*! at different sites under present in)estigation were +'@- P "'#+ ("'#+4,'"*! at Rewalsar, *',, P *'+* (#'##4+'##! at Kuntbhyog and *'"# P #'-& (#'-"4"'--! at Prashar during "##,4"##&' 2imilar trend was showed during "##&4"#*# and 6O3 (mg .O*! annual mean )alues were @'-& P *'$+ (#'##4B'-#! at Rewalsar, *'&" P #'&B (#'##4@'"#! at Kuntbhyog and #',& P #'++ (#'@-4*',#!' 6O3 is a measure of microbial respiration and is fre5uently used as an indicator of pollution' igher 6O3 )alues were due to higher rate of

decomposition of organic matter at higher temperature and turbidity (2anap et al', "##B!' %urther, relati)ely higher 6O3 )alues were recorded at Rewalsar, witnessing unhealthy features like crowded human inhabitation, se)eral religious acti)ities and at times recei)e sewage through o)er flow and leakage of sewage channel' 6O3 showed an in)erse correlation with 3O (r Q 4#'+**# at Rewalsar, r Q 4#'$-*- at Kuntbhoyog, r Q 4#'-@&& at Prashar during "##,4"##&! and (r Q 4#'$,-, at Rewalsar, r Q 4#',,B* at Kuntbhoyog, r Q 4#'B"&+ at Prashar during "##&4 "#*#!' /his was because of utilization of 3O in oxidation of organic pollutants (Mohan and Omana, "##$F Rindal and 2harma, "#**!' igh amount of both nitrogen and phosphorous contribute to eutrophic nature and subse5uent algal blooms' 0omparati)ely, high nitrate )alues, at Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog indicated higher biological producti)ity' 8ccording to 2yl)ester (*&B*! the domestic sewage is mainly responsible for greater concentration of nitrates in fresh waters' /he concentration of inorganic phosphorus of #'#@ mgA. is sufficient to cause algal blooms (2awyer et al' *&+-F 2heela et al' "#**!' .ow annual mean )alues and range of Phosphorous (mgA.! at Prashar .ake were #'#*B (#'##B4#'#"+! during "##,4"##& and #'#*"(#'##-4#'#"#! during "##&4"#*#, clearly indicated its oligotrophic nature'/hroughout the in)estigation period, comparati)ely low annual mean )alue of /32 was recorded at Prashar .ake (*"+'#,4*@@'#& mg . O* !during "##,4"##& '

/his is due to negligible disturbance at this station (2harma et al', "#*#!' >hereas, at stations Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog, higher )alues indicate maximum disturbance due to human acti)ities' 2ignificantly high )alues of alkalinity were obser)ed throughout the in)estigation period at Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .akes' 3as and Pandey (*&$,! in their study concluded that high alkalinity indicates pollution' 3uring the present in)estigation, 3issol)ed Oxygen (3O! showed negati)e correlation with temperature at all the sampling sites, is in agreement with (3as, "###!' /he minimum )alue of 3O was @'#- mg . O*at Rewalsar during summer and maximum )alue was *@'"* mg .
O*

at

Prashar during winter' /he o)erall decrease in 3O indicates increase in eutrophic conditions (2heela et al' "#**!' Minimum )alues of 3O were recorded in summer at all the sites (3as et al' "##&F RaEagopal et al' "#*#!' 3O negati)ely correlated with free 0o " at all the sites' Maximum )alue of free 0o" was @"'+B mg .
O*

in Rewalsar .ake (Rai and Munshi *&$&!' /he present

results also support that 3O and free 0o " concentration usually beha)e reciprocally (Mohapatra, *&,$!' igher annual a)erage )alue (@,',, mg . O*! of chlorides ha)e been recorded in Rewalsar .ake followed by Kuntbhyog .ake' Minimum annual a)erage )alue of chloride recorded was B'#&B mg .
O*

at Prashar .ake' (ncreased concentration of chloride is always regarded as an

indicator of eutrophication ( ynes, *&B@! and usually taken as an index of pollution ( asalam *&&*!' 8s suggested by relati)ely higher )alues of chlorides obser)ed at Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog were due to the addition of city sewage and domestic waste in the water (3wi)edi and Odi, "##@ and 2anap et al', "##B!' Positi)e correlations between 6O3- and chloride (r Q #'-"*# at Rewalsar, r Q #'$,$# at Kuntbhoyog, r Q #'@&," at Prashar during "##,4"##&! and (r Q #'$"#, at Rewalsar, r Q #',#"" at Kuntbhoyog, r Q 4#'*,+# at Prashar during "##&4"#*#! ha)e

been noticed Positi)e correlations between 6O3- and chloride ha)e been noticed by( Mohan and Omana, "##$!' ;egati)e correlation at Prashar may be due to its unpolluted and oligotrophic status''

%able" #" &ariations in annual mean value and ran!e of various physico'chemical parameters at three selected lakes durin! March ())* to ebruary ())+ Parameters $ewalsar lake Avera!e , S>ater temp' (J0! 0onducti)ity (S 2cm4*! p /32 (mg .4*! *,'@$ P -'@"&,',@ P ,,'$$'B$ P #'+" *&*'"- P -B',$an!e *#'##4"$'*# *,#'##4++,'## $'#-4,'"+ **-'##4",$'## +-'-#4@-#'+# @'#-4$'&, "'#+4,'"* -'@"4@"'+B *#,'-#4*$#'-# $#'"#4***',# **#'#B4*,"'@# "@'*,4-+'"# *"*'@#4@"#'B# ",'"#4*#-'+# *@,'##4"$*'*# Kuntbhyo! lake Avera!e , S*$'$B P -'-$ "-*'$- P ,#'"$ ,'"& P #'*$ *-,'#, P -+'"@#'@, P "#'$B *#'"- P *'B@ *',, P *'+* $'#- P ,'#, **"'&" P *@'$@ +$'"* P ,'$@ $+'$# P *@'&*#'@- P "'&# *-"'@*P +#'"B @,'*- P *"'*@ ,$'*+ P @#'@" $an!e &'"#4"B'## *@-'##4@,-'## $'&#4,'-# ,B'##4"+B'## -'"#4B-'+# $',#4*"'@" #'##4+'## #'##4"#'#&@'##4*@B'## @"'#-4B#'+# -"'#-4&,'+$ $'"#4*B'+# &#'+#4"*#'"# *+'"#4-B'## +*'*-4*@#'"# Prashar lake Avera!e , S*@'*- P -'@& *&+'-# P -#'"" $'B, P #'@* *"+'#, P @"'@# @@'#& P ""'*# *#'#& P "'+$ *'"# P #'-& *"',@ P B'&$#'*, P $'+B "@'+, P $'@* @,'-, P *+'@" B'*# P *'#$ ,,'$$ P "B'-@ *B'"#P -'&+ @-'-& P *&'"* $an!e -'##4"*',# **+'##4"$"'## $'""4,'"+ $"'##4*$+'## *#'-#4$+'"# B',-4*@'"* #'-"4"'-+'"-4""'#B#'+#4,@'#*-'#"4@-'"" "#'#+4B"'++',#4,'"B -#'"#4*@#'@# B'"#4"+'-# *B'@-4B,'#-

/urbidity (;/?! ""*'"& P *#&'B# 4 3issol)ed Oxygen (mg .

*

! 6O3- (mg .4*! %ree 0O" (mg . ! /otal 8lkalinity (mg . ! 0a (mg . ! /otal hardness (mg .4*! 0hlorides ions (mg . ! ;itrate (Sg . ! Phosphate (Sg . ! 2ulphate (mg . !
4* 4* 4* 4* MM 4* 4* 4*

B'+- P *'$@ +'@- P "'#+ *-'@B P $'++ *@-'-B P "#'-, ,&'"@P **'#" *+@'*$ P "-'*& @$'"+ P &'-, ""@'#, P BB'#, $$'*& P "-'$" *,&'@# P +-'#*

Phytoplankton /he fre5uency of appearance, abundance and seasonality of phytoplanktons found in each studied Lake. utchinson (*&B$!, described eutrophic diatom association as Asteronella

sp', Fragilaria sp', Melosira sp', Stephanodiscus sp' and Synedra sp'F eutrophic myxophycean association as Aphanizomenon sp', Anabaena sp' and Oscillatoria sp', eutrophic desmideae association as Cosmarium sp' and Staurastrum sp', and eutrophic chlorococcales association as Ankistrodesmus sp', Pediastrum sp' and Scenedesmus sp' 2pecies of 6acillariophyceae showed in)erse correlation with water temperature, conducti)ity, total dissol)ed solid, turbidity, free carbon dioxide, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, Ostracoda, 0ladocera and Rotifera, whereas positi)e correlation with p , penetration of light dissol)ed oxygen and protozoans' 8bubacker et al' (*&&B! reported that species like Cyclotella sp', Cymbella sp', omphonema sp', Melosira sp' and !itzschia sp' were tolerant to

eutrophic conditions' 3uring present in)estigation Cyclotella sp' was common in Rewalsar and Cymbella "entricosa was common in Kuntbhyog .ake during winters while were found absent in Prashar .ake' 8ll the three !itzschia sp' were common at Kuntbhyog and Rewalsar sites and !itzschia frustulum ha)ing the highest abundance among all' Pollution tolerant forms like !a"icula cryptocephala, !itzschia palea and Synedra ulna indicated high pollution load which is in concurrence with the findings of (6hatt et al. "##*F Rindal and Datsal, "##- and Gha)zan et al. "##B!'

Anabaena sp' was common in Rewalsar .ake during all the seasons' Oscillatoria limosa, Oscillatoria princeps and Oscillatoria stigonema were found present in all the seasons in Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .akes, while Oscillatoria limosa showed )ery high abundance followed by Oscillatoria princeps at both the sites' 0yanophyceae showed positi)e correlation with temperature, conducti)ity, total dissol)ed solids, total alkalinity, nitrate, phosphate, total hardness, 6O3, Rotifera and :uglenophyceae, whereas in)erse correlation with p , dissol)ed oxygen, 0opepoda and Ostracoda' 2pecies of Microcystis are most commonly found in eutrophic waters of (ndia (Ganapati, *&B#F Gaur, *&&$!' 3uring present in)estigations also, Microcystis aeruginosa was fre5uent and )ery abundant in Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .akes during all the seasons' Spirulina sp' commonly found at Rewalsar .ake while Spirulina gomontii recorded at Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .akes and showed maximum abundance' /he abo)e statement is in agreement with Rindal and 2harma ("#**!, which pro)ed eutrophic status of both Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .akes' Most of the Scenedesmus sp' were present in Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .akes with Scenedesmus bi#ugatus ha)ing the highest abundance among all' Derma et al' (*&$,! and Rindal and Datsal ("##-! also obser)ed that Pandorina sp' and Scenedesmus sp', mostly grew abundant in sewage polluted water bodies' Results of present findings are in confirmity with the findings of abo)e workers, as three species of Scenedesmus sp' and species of Pandorina ha)e been recorded in Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .ake' Ankistrodesmus falcatus showed )ery high abundance at Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog during all the seasons while Ankistrodesmus spiralis was common in Kuntbhyog during summer' 0hlorococcales showed positi)e correlation with temperature, free carbon dioxide, phosphate and 0opepoda, whereas in)erse correlation with p , dissol)ed oxygen and 0yanophyceae' Dol)ocales showed positi)e

correlation with temperature, conducti)ity, total dissol)ed solids, turbidity and 6O3, whereas in)erse correlation with p , penetration of light and =ygnematales' 0hlorococcales like Chlorella "ulgaris and Ankistrodesmus falcatus indicators of paper wastes and sewage wastes (Paramasi)am and 2reeni)asan, *&,*!' Chlorella "ulgaris was found in Kuntbhyog and Rewalsar .ake, ha)ing )ery high abundance in the later' =ygnematales showed in)erse correlation with temperature, conducti)ity, total dissol)ed solids, turbidity, 6O3, nitrate, Rotifera, 0ladocera and Ostracoda, whereas positi)e correlation with p and dissol)ed oxygen' Cosmarium granatum and Cosmarium subtumidium

were common in Kuntbhyog .ake during summer and winter' Only one species of 0ryptophyceae was recorded during in)estigation i'e' Cryptomonas erosa' Cryptomonas erosa found rarely in Rewalsar .ake' 0ryptophyceae showed positi)e correlation with 6O3, temperature, conducti)ity, total dissol)ed solids, turbidity, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, protozoans and cladocerans, whereas in)erse correlation with p , penetration of light, dissol)ed oxygen, carbonate, protozoans, copepods and ostracods' $inobryon sp' and Synura adamsii were recorded at Prashar site during winter while found absent from other two sites' Recorded dinophycean, Ceratium hirundinella and Peridinium inconspicuum also follow the similar pattern of appearance and seasonlity' 8bo)e mentioned 0hrysophycean and 3inophyceae at least made it clear that trophic status of Prashar .ake differ significantly from other two .akes and also 0hrysophyceae and 3inophyceae showed positi)e correlation with each other' 0hrysophyceae showed positi)e correlation with p , penetration of light, dissol)ed oxygen, 3inophyceae, whereas in)erse correlation with 6O3, temperature, conducti)ity, total dissol)ed solids, turbidity, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, 0yanophyceae, :uglenophyceae, protozoans, rotifers, ostracods and copepods' 3inophyceae

showed in)erse correlation with temperature, total dissol)e solids, turbidity, 6O3, free carbon dioxide, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, 0yanophyceae, :uglenophyceae, Ostracoda, 0opepoda and 0ladocera, whereas positi)e correlation with p , penetration of light and dissol)ed oxygen' Dol)ocales like Chlamydomonas reinhardi and Chlorogonium sp' were present in Rewalsar .ake during monsoon and post monsoon season and Chlamydomonas reinhardi ha)ing higher abundance' :uglenophyceae showed positi)e correlation with temperature, nitrate, phosphate and Rotifera, whereas in)erse correlation with penetration of light, p and

=ygnematales' 8ll the fi)e %uglena sp' recorded were present at Kuntbhyog and Rewalsar .akes' (n the same manner all the three Lepocinclis sp' and Phacus pleuronectes recorded from sites Kuntbhyog and Rewalsar' Dyas and Kumar (*&B,!, reported the presence of euglenoids during rainy season' 0ontrary to this, during present in)estigation,

these were present mostly throughout the year and were found in low numbers during winter' /heir presence throughout the year at these stations could be attributed to higher

organic pollution (Rai, *&$,!,' /his is further confirmed by the comparati)ely higher dominance of %uglena acus and %uglena o&yuris in Rewalsar rese)oir (2ampoorani et al', "##"! confirming its comparati)e more eutrophic status' Only one species of 0ryptophyceae was recorded i'e' Cryptomonas erosa' Cryptomonas erosa found rarely in Rewalsar .ake' 0ryptophyceae showed positi)e correlation with 6O3, temperature, conducti)ity, total dissol)ed solids, turbidity, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, protozoans and cladocerans, whereas in)erse correlation with p , penetration of light, dissol)ed oxygen, carbonate, protozoans, copepods and ostracods'

$inobryon sp' and Synura adamsii were recorded at Prashar site during winter while found absent from other two sites' Recorded dinophycean, Ceratium hirundinella and Peridinium inconspicuum also follow the similar pattern of appearance and seasonlity' 8bo)e mentioned 0hrysophycean and 3inophyceae at least made it clear that trophic status of Prashar .ake differ significantly from other two .akes and also 0hrysophyceae and 3inophyceae showed positi)e correlation with each other' 0hrysophyceae showed positi)e correlation with p , penetration of light, dissol)ed oxygen, 3inophyceae, whereas in)erse correlation with 6O3, temperature, conducti)ity, total dissol)ed solids, turbidity, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, 0yanophyceae, :uglenophyceae, protozoans, rotifers, ostracods and copepods' 3inophyceae showed in)erse correlation with temperature, total dissol)e solids, turbidity, 6O3, free carbon dioxide, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, 0yanophyceae, :uglenophyceae, Ostracoda, 0opepoda and 0ladocera, whereas positi)e correlation with p , penetration of light and dissol)ed oxygen' /able'@' clearly indicates the polluted nature of Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .ake' 8ccording to Palmer (*&B&!, organic pollution resembles trophic status in relating to nutrient a)ailability, but differs in being soluble organic rather than inorganic nutrients' 2ince the key products of organic matter decomposition are nutrients, eutrophication is )ery closely linked to organic pollution and thus gi)es indirect e)idence about the trophic status' Rewalsar .ake is most polluted among three studied waterbodies with ha)ing pollution index score of ", followed by Kuntbhyog ha)ing pollution index score of **' Pollution index score of less than *# signifies lack of nutrient enrichment (Palmer, *&B&!' Prashar .ake is unpolluted due to absence of all the *# pollution indicator species'

.ooplankton (n a5uatic ecosystems zooplankters plays a critical role not only in con)erting plant food to animal food but also they themsel)es ser)e as source of food for higher organisms' zooplankters pro)ide the main food for fishes and can be used as indicators of the trophic status of water bodies (Derma and Munshi *&,$!' 'he fre(uency of appearance) abundance and seasonality of zooplanktons found in each studied Lake are summarized in 'able *. Gannon and 2temberger (*&$,!, cited many species of rotifers as indicators of eutrophy in water bodies such as +rachionus angularis, +rachionus (uadridentatus) ,eratella cochlearis) Filinia longiseta) Polyarthra "ulgaris, 'richocerca capucina and Conochilus dossuarius' (n our study +rachionus angularis and Filinia longiseta were present in Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog with rare fre5uency and high abundance while were found absent at Prashar site' Rotifera showed positi)e correlation with temperature, total dissol)ed solids, free carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, 0ladocera and 0yanophyceae whereas, in)erse correlation with p , dissol)ed oxygen, 6acillariophyceae and =ygnematales' +rachionus angularis and -otatoria rotatoria ha)e been reported as indicators of eutrophic conditions (2ladecek, *&,@!' MahaEan (*&,*! has reported that cladoceran species Chydorus is indicator of eutrophication' 3uring present in)estigations, these organisms were present in Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .akes while found absent in Prashar .ake' Rha and 6arat ("##@!, carried out 5ualitati)e analysis of zooplanktons in Mirik .ake in 3arEeeling, imalayas and cited cladocera species Moina sp' and $aphnia

sp' as pollution indicator' 8mong four $aphnia sp' recorded in our study, three are present in Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .ake while absent in Prashar' Moina sp' also found the similar pattern and found absent at Prashar site' 0ladocera showed positi)e correlation with water

temperature, penetration of light, 6O3, chloride, ammonia, nitrite, rotifer, whereas in)erse correlation with dissol)ed oxygen, 6acillariophyceae and =ygnematales' %erdous and Muktadir ("##&!, concluded Moina sp' and Ceriodaphnia sp' as indicator of eutrophicated status of water bodies' (n our study Ceriodaphnia reticulata, recorded fre5uently at Rewalsar site while found common and more abundant in Kuntbhyog .ake' Protozoa showed in)erse correlation with 6O3, temperature, conducti)ity, total dissol)ed solids, turbidity, total hardness chloride, 0yanophyceae and Rotifer whereas positi)e correlation with p , nitrate, 6acillariophyceae and 0opepoda' Stylonychia sp' was found absent in Prashar .ake due to its oligotrophic nature' %pistylis sp' is commonly obser)ed in eutrophic .akes (Pace, *&,"F 0arrias et al', *&&,!' /he species of the genus Coleps sp' are mostly omni)orous and some species of the genus .orticella sp' can feed on algae and bacteria (%oissner and 6erger, *&&B!' /he omni)orous feeding habits of these ciliate species enable them to occur both in hard and polluted waters' (n present study also %pistylis sp') Coleps sp' and .orticella sp' were found present in Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .ake' 8ccording to 3as et al' (*&&B! copepods fa)our more stable en)ironment and generally regarded as pollution sensiti)e taxa as they disappear in polluted waters' On the contrary to this, the change in the number of copepods with seasonal occurrence in different water bodies located in different regions of (ndia has been reported (Patil and Goudar *&,-F Mathew *&,-F DiEaykumar et al' *&&* and Kaushik and 2harma, *&&+!' (n present study, irregular occurrence of copepod peaks indicated no distinct correlation with the temperature of water, which is in agreement with the findings of Mathew (*&,-!' 0opepoda showed positi)e correlation with 0aM
M

, MgMM, total hardness, chlorococcales, rotifers and ostracoda, whereas an in)erse correlation

with free carbon dioxide, penetration of light and 0yanophyceae' Positi)e correlation with

rotifers and ostracoda indicated their differential food preference in the .akes, which is in agreement with the findings of ulyal and Kaliwal ("##,!' 8ll the three .akes showed poor number of ostracods' /his group was represented by only four species' Cypris sp' was abundantly present in all the .akes during all the seasons' Ostracoda showed positi)e correlation with temperature, conducti)ity, total dissol)ed solids, turbidity, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, 0opepoda and 0yanophyceae, whereas an

in)erse correlation has been obser)ed with p , penetration of light, dissol)ed oxygen, 6acillariophyceae and =ygnematales' uEare ("##-! has reported that ostracods did not show

any seasonal trend in their occurrence' Kaushik and 2harma (*&&+! reported that ostracods occur in greater number when the temperature of the .ake is "#J0' /he annual a)erage temperature of all the .akes ranged from *@'*- J04 *,'@$J0' confirmity with their findings' %able" /" 0r!anic pollution1 Most tolerant al!al species 2Palmer, #+3+4 Indicator species %uglena "iridis !itzschia palea Oscillatoria limosa Scenedesmus (uadricauda Oscillatoria tenuis Stigeoclonium tenue Synedra ulna Ankistrodesmus falcatus Pandorina morum Oscillatoria chlorina Pollution $ewalsar 6ake inde5 B + + + @ @ @ @ " M M M M 4 4 M M M 4 Kuntbhyo! 6ake 4 4 M M 4 4 4 M 4 4 Prashar 6ake 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ence, our present obser)ation is also in

M Q present, 4 Q absent (;ote< 8n alga is considered to be present if there are -# or more indi)iduals per litre!'

7ioindices and water 8uality 6ioindices of species di)ersity can be deri)ed from species counts and fall into three main categories O species richness (Margalef index!, species e)ennessAdominance (2impson index! and a combination of richness and dominance (2hannonO>iener index!' On comparing the data on species di)ersity indices of three .akes, it has been obser)ed during two years that maximum )alues of 2hannon4>iener index (@'*,$4@'@*#!, 2impson index (#'&+"4#'&+,! and Margalef richness index (+'&-&4-'@,,! were obser)ed in Prashar .ake, whereas lower )alues of 2hannon4>iener (ndex (*'*$$4*'&"+!, 2impson index (#'*-@4#'-*@! and Margalef index (*'@&,4*'B-#! were recorded in Rewalsar .ake' igher )alues in Prashar .ake indicated

healthy status of the .ake and lowest )alues in Rewalsar .ake, showed unhealthy and polluted status of the .ake' /he 2hannon4>iener index of species di)ersity for the whole planktonic community was found to decrease with increase in eutrophication (KaEak, *&,@F Rogozin, "###F PatureE, "##B!' /he common characteristic of the eutrophic ecosystems is known to be the presence of few dominant species with high density (Green, *&&@!' 8 comparison of biodi)ersity indices in three .akes suggested that the di)ersity indices were higher in lower trophic .ake' 2uch relationship is well documented in literature and is related to the extreme restricti)e en)ironmental conditions associated with the eutrophication process (2ladecek, *&,@!'

2pecies di)ersity of organisms determined at )arious sites re)ealed that species di)ersity was minimum at Rewalsar' /his was because of the elimination of sensiti)e forms, and flourishing of tolerant forms indicating higher pollution load' igher )alues (#'+@"4#',B#! of 6erger4Parker

index was obser)ed in Rewalsar .ake and lower )alue (#'**#4#'**$! in Prashar .ake during two years' /he present results showed a more wide range of compound index in Rewalsar .ake (*"'##4"#'##! and Kuntbhyog .ake (*"'-#4*,'##! thus confirmed to their eutrophic nature' /his might be due to addition of organic water of animal origin' owe)er, narrow

range of compound index was obser)ed in Prashar .ake (@'##4@'@#!' Present in)estigation also pro)ed that the members of 0yanophyceae and 0hlorococcales were found commonly in eutrophic waters of Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .akes, while desmids failed to tolerate high nutrient le)el and these showed abundance in .ake Prashar with oligotrophic conditions (Rawson, *&-BF 6rook, *&B-F Patrick, *&B-F Palmer, *&B&!' 3uring present studies only one desmid species was collected in .ake Rewalsar, - species in Kuntbhyog and ** species in Prashar .ake' 8dditionally, on the basis of the classification of waters for )arious uses gi)en by 0entral Pollution 0ontrol 6oardT, the water at Prashar .ake can be categorized as 7869, water at Kuntbhyog .ake as 70439, and water at Rewalsar .ake 73:9 /he abo)e discussions show that among the three selected .akes, water 5uality of Prashar .ake is best' /his Eustifies its use as drinking water source' (t is also protected from human acti)ity and sources of water pollution' 8mong other .akes, Rewalsar .ake appears to be highly polluted U0riteria'php!' ha)ing high )alues of physical and chemical parameters' /his was due to uncontrolled use for solid waste disposal by people' /he .ake also showed profuse )egetation co)er on the margin of Phragmites sp', 'rapa sp', Saccharum sp' etc and other macrophytes, is causing great concern to

the functioning of the .ake' Kuntbhyog .ake also showed enrichment of water that may be due to manmade sources of pollution' (t is not the indi)idual but the collecti)e study of planktons that indicate us the water 5uality or trophic status of water bodies' 8mong phytoplankton species of cyanophyceae, bacillariophyceae, chlorophyceae, euglenophyceae,

chrysophyceae, cryptophyceae, dinophyceae and among zooplankton species of rotifers, cladocerans, copepods and ostracods were found in all cases' 2pecies )ariation of these order deceased in polluted water' 2ome species were not found in some highly polluted area though these species ha)e high tolerance le)el' /he findings of the present study as potential bioindicators ha)e been summerised in /able B' Mere presence of these bioindicators is indicati)e about the status of water bodies and can be used as a reliable tool for the assessment of the water 5uality of freshwater ponds, which has further been supported by their physico4 chemical analysis during different seasons' Our results suggested that management efforts should be focused accordingly to check the deteriorating water 5uality of these ponds' 6ased on these obser)ations, other researchers can de)elop concepts to monitor water 5uality and trophic status of different water bodies' /hese selected .akes re5uire immediate attention to conser)e the .ake water 5uality' %able" 3" Indicator planktons of trophic status 27ased on present research findin!s4 0li!otrophic 9utrophic

Phytoplankton

Ceratium hirudinella, Closterium pseudodianae, Ankistrodesmus $imorphococcus %uastrum sp', gracile, lunatus, $inobryon sp', Closterium

falcatus,

Chlorella Cryptomonas

"ulgaris) erosa,

acerosum,

loeocapsa sp', elegans,

omphonema Cyclotella sp',

%uglena o&yuris,

omphonema

Merismopedia

Peridinium gracile, Melosira granulata, Microcystis sp', spinulosum, Microcystis aeruginosa, !a"icula cryptocephala,

inconspicuum, Strombomonas

Sorastrum "errucosa,

Synura

adamsii, Oscillatoria limosa, Synedra ulna'

Scenedesmus (uadricauda,

'etraedron minimum, 'rachelomonas lacustri& .ooplankton

Actinophrys sp.) +osmina longirostris, Coleps sp., Alona pulchella, Aspidisca sp', Asplanchana Cyclops bicuspidatus, $aphnia sp', %uchlanis dialata, ,eratella procur"a, !otholca bright/elli, +rachionus angularis, +rachionus Chydorus sp', Colpidium sp.,

sp', calyciflorus,

.oritcella nebularia

%pistylis sp', %ucyclops sp',

laucoma sp.,

Lecane sp., Stylonychia sp., .oritcella con"allaria

:onclusion of the study 8ll these results indicate that changes of conditions affecting faunistic composition of the plankton occurred in the three lakes this is mainly due to eutrophication' /he increase in the anthropogenic acti)ities and urbanized catchment area and agricultural runoff are maEor cause for eutrophication in these lakes' 2o there is urgency to take conser)ation steps f or pre)enting from further eutriohication' we strongly recommend to the concerned authorities of the city

corporation to take restoration programs and minimize the anthropogenic acti)ities in and around the lakes' (n essence the physico4chemical and planktonic composition of the .akes re)eals that these are tending, fast towards 1eutrophism1 particularly Rewalsar and Kuntbhyog .akes' /his detailed in)estigation enabled a comprehensi)e and systematic analysis of the seasonal physicochemical and biological characteristics of these .akes' /his pro)ides necessary basic data on the seasonal dynamics of plankton in relation to the )arious water 5uality parameters of the .akes' /his enables to account for spatial )ariations in water45uality parameters as well as plankton in relation to difference in the degree of human disturbance' /he baseline data generated would help planning and future policy decisions, using the plankton as indicators of trophic le)el, and also in the better conser)ation and management of the precious water bodies'

Acknoled!ement1 /he authors are thankful to Prof' ;eelma R'Kumar, 0hairperson, 3epartment of =oology, PanEab ?ni)ersity, 0handigarh for pro)iding laboratory facilities, Prof' 8'2'

8hluwalia, 3epartment of 6otany, PanEab ?ni)ersity, 0handigarh for his assistance in identification of the phytoplankton, and to ?G0 ( %'-4+A"##B (28P4((! for the financial assistance'

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2yl)ester, R' O' (*&B*!' ;utrient content of drainage water from forested urban and agriculture areas' 'aft Sanitary %ngineering Center) 'echnical Reports, >4B*(@!, ,#4,,' Dandysh O' (' ("##+!' =ooplankton as an indicator of the state of lake ecosystems polluted with mining **#O**B' Derma, R' P' ("##"!' %cology and ethology of A(uatic +iota, (n< Kumar, 8' (ed!' ;ew 3elhi< 8P Publishing 0orporation' Derma, P' K', L Munshi, 3' (*&,$!' Plankton community structure of 6adua .ake, 6hagalpur ((ndia!' 'ropical %cology) 18) "##O"#$' DiEaykumar, K', Paul, R', L Kadade)aru, G' (*&&*!' Physicochemical features of 8ttikolla pond during pre4monsoon period' @ournal of %n"ironmental %cology) 9013) @&@4@&-' Dollenweider, R' 8' (*&B,!' Scientific fundamentals of the eutrophication of Lakes and flo/ing /aters) /ith particular references to nitrogen and phosphorus as factors in eutrophication' Paris< Organization of :conomic 0ooperation and 3e)elopment, 3irectorate of 2cientific 8ffairs' Dyas, .' ;' L Kumar, ' 3' (*&B,!' 2tudies on phytoplankton and other algae of wastewater in the Kola Peninsula' -ussian @ournal of %cology, @-("!,

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