ON

Roll No. 1798 M.Sc. Statistics Session 2000-2002

Department Of Statistics Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan

RESEARCH TEAM COURSE INSTRUCTOR: PROF. DR. G R PASHA Dean Faculty Of Science & Ag icultu e C!ai "an De#a t"ent $f %tati%tic% &.'. UNI(ERSIT) MU*TAN RESEARCH AD(ISOR: PROF. DR. 'AFAR MAHMUD SUBBIMMTTED: BY SHAMS ULLAH (BAIG) ROLL#1798 DAPARTEMENT OF STATISTICS &.'. UNI(ERSIT) MU*TAN

DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS AND TEACHERS WHO ARE PRAYING FOR OUR SUCCESS

+e a e t!an,ful t$ G$-. /!$ !a% gi0en u% a c!ance t$ c$"#lete $u gigantic ta%,. +e -$ n$t %ay t!at it i% #e fect 1ut /e t ie- $u 1e%t t$ c$"#lete t!i% /$ ,. +e cann$t f$ get $u !$ly # $#!et 2P&UH3 +e a e 0e y t!an,ful t$ $u e%#ecte- c$u %e in%t uct$ PROF. DR. G.R

PASHA & Su#e 0i%$ PROF. DR. ZAFAR MAHMUD /!$ fu ni%!e- u%
/it! %uc! an e4cellent $##$ tunity t$ !a0e # actical in%ig!t in t!i% 0alua1le c$u %e $f survey and research methods

Pioneer Researcher

Practical learning is an essential part of our education and it is the specialty that distinct the Department of statistics from others. To have depth understanding of the concepts, only theoretical knowledge does not provide a concrete base. Survey and Research Methods is an optional course of MSc statistics and through this research report we have learned a lot practically. The knowledge ac!uire through this e"perience will be

long lasting. Since we ourselves e"plored the field of work and analy#ed different factors and variables. $e hope that our report is up to the standard.

Pioneer researcher

TABLE O !ONTENT"
!ONTENTS"
#RE A!E MA$OR AREA O ST%&' CHAPTER#1 (NTRO&%!T(ON MA$O%R AREA O ST%&' CHAPTER#2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY INTRODUCTION

#ROBLEM STATEMENT RESEAR!) OB$E!T(*ES RESEAR!) &ES(+N &ATA !OLLE!T(ON #ROBLEMS (N &ATA !OLLE!T(ON ,%EST(ONNA(RE &E*ELO#MENT SAM#L(N+ SAM#LE MET)O&OLO+' SAM#L(N+ RAME T'#ES O #ROBABL(T' SAM#L(N+

SAM#LE &ES(+N #RE TEST(N+ (EL& .OR/ &ATA ANAL'S(S CHAPTER#2 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

L(M(TAT(ONS !ON!L%S(ONS RE!OMMEN&AT(ON

!)A#TER01

IN RODU! ION
Se1este2 s3ste1 e45cation is a 6atte2n o7 c8an9e in e45cation s3ste1. (t assesses st54ent:s a;ilit3 1an3 ti1es an4 <ee6 st54ents 1in4 st2ictl3 into st543. (n t8is e45cation s3ste1 s3lla;5s is 4i=e4e4 in to 2elati=el3 s8o2t 6a2ts an4 eac8 6a2t is co165lso23 to 6ass. T8e2e is no conce6t o7 selecti=e st54ies a1on9 t8e st54ents 7o2 e>a1ination. T8is s3ste1 25ns 5n4e2 st2ict 25les an4 2e95lations in t8is ?a3 t8e2e is =e23 less c8ance o7 ?asta9e o7 st54ents ti1e. St54ents 9et 1o2e <no?le49e ;eca5se t8ese co52ses consist o7 eno598 c2e4it 8o52s. %s5all3 it 8as ;een seen t8at 5n4e2 t8is s3ste1 st54ents a2e 8a;it5all3 8a24 ?o2<in9. Eac8 se1este2 consists o7 t82ee e>a1inations 62eli1ina23 e>a1ination@ 1i4 te21 e>a1ination an4 7inal te21 ?it8 all t8ese e>a1inations t8e2e is also se6a2ate 1a2<s 7o2 62esentation in class2oo1 an4 ;e8a=io2 o7 st54ent %n4e2 t8is s3ste1 it is also 62actice4 t8at t8is s3ste1 i162o=es st54ents anal3tical a662oac8 an4 t8is ?a3 t8e3 can ;e 5se75l 1e1;e2 o7 societ3A st54ents 8a=e 9i=en 1an3 o66o2t5nities to 62esentations in 72ont o7 teac8e2s an4 class 7ello?s so in t8is ?a3 st54ents con7i4enceA 6e2sonalit3 an4 co115nication s<ills a2e also 4e=elo6e4. (n o52 co5nt23 t8is s3ste1 92o?s 2a6i4l3 6a2tic5la2l3 in 92a45ate an4 1aste2 le=el E45cation an4 it is e>6ect t8at nea2 75t52e it i16le1ent in 62i1a23A 1i44le an4 Secon4a23 le=el M5ltan 8as al?a3s 2e1aine4 a cente2 o7 e45cational e>cellent. )aB2at Ba8a544in Ca<a2i3aD1172 A&-12-2A&EA a M5sli1 2eli9io5s sc8ola2 an4 saintA 9

esta;lis8e4 a sc8ool o7 8i98e2 lea2nin9 in t8eolo93 in M5ltan@ ?8e2e sc8ola2s 72o1 all o=e2 t8e ?o2l4 ca1e 7o2 st54ies an4 2esea2c8. T85s t8e 5ni=e2sit3 o7 M5ltan ?as esta;lis8e4 in 1975;3 an act o7 65nFa; le9islati=e asse1;l3. To 6a3 8o1a9e to t8e +2eat saintA t8e na1e ?as c8an9e4 72o1 M5ltan %ni=e2sit3 to Ba8a544in Ca<a2i3a %ni=e2sit3 in 1979.T8e Ba8a 54 4in Ca<a2i3a %ni=e2sit3 is a 9ene2al 5ni=e2sit3A 62o=i4in9 inst25ctions in ;ot8 a2ts an4 science s5;Fects. Ba8a 54 4ine Ba<a2i3a 5ni=e2sit3A c8an9e4 its 25les an4 2e95lations ?it8 t8e c8an9in9 t2en4s in e45cational s3ste1. (t (16le1ents t8e se1este2 s3ste1 7i2st ti1e in 1ana9e1ent sciences an4 co165te2 sciences 4e6a2t1ents T8e 2es5lt ?as astonis8in9 t8e 5ni=e2sit3 contin5es t8is t2a4ition an4 i16le1ent Se1este2 s3ste1 in M.co1 4e6a2t1ent. T8en 752t8e2 ste6 8as ;een ta<en an4 i16le1ent t8is s3ste1 in En9lis8 an4 E45cation 4e6a2t1ent. No? t8e 5ni=e2sit3 is 9oin9 to i16le1ent t8e se1este2 s3ste1 in 2e1ainin9 4e6a2t1ents.

S UD"N S
.e ?ill in=esti9ate t8e 7ollo?in9 a1on9 t8e st54ents.

#IN$N!I$% POSI ION

10

.e ?ill c8ec< t8e acce6ta;ilit3 o7 se1este2 s3ste1 72o1 t8e 7inancial 6oint o7 =ie?. .e ?ill as< 72o1 t8e st54ents a;o5t t8e a77o24a;ilit3 o7 se1este2 s3ste1 ?8et8e2 it is e>6ensi=e o2 not.

&$RD 'OR(IN)
.e ?ill in=esti9ate ?8et8e2 se1este2 s3ste1 4e=elo6s t8e 8a;it o7 8a24 ?o2<in9 a1on9 t8e st54ents. Beca5se se1este2 s3ste1 2eG5i2e 4ail3 an4 consistent st543.

PUN! U$%I *
#5nct5alit3 is t8e <e3 7acto2 in e=e23 7iel4 o7 7i=e. .e ?ill in=esti9ate t8at at ?8at e>ten4 se1este2 4e=elo6s t8is 8a;it in st54ents.

!ONDI#ID"N!"
!on7i4ence 4e=elo6s t8e 6e2sonalit3 o7 a 6e2son. T8is con7i4ence is 2eG5i2e4 e=e23?8e2eA ?e ?ill as< 72o1 t8e st54ents a;o5t t8e 4e=elo61ents o7 con7i4ence.

!OMMUNI!$ ION S(I%%

11

T8is 1o4e2n a9e ?8e2e t8e 4istance 8as s1a2t an4 6eo6le 8a=e 9et to9et8e2. !o115nication s<ills is 2eG5i2e4 t8is co115nication s<ill is ;ein9 4e=elo6e4 in se1este2 s3ste1ic not

R")U%$RI *
o2 a st54ent 2e95la2it3 is =e23 i16o2tant. (n ti1e 62esence in t8e class2oo1A a 8an4in9 t8e lect52e 2e95la2it3A a2e all in92e4ients o7 all s5ccess75l st54entsA so ?e ?ill as< a;o5t t8is.

DIS!IP%IN"
A 4isci6line4 1an can 4e=elo6 t8e societ3A ?e ?ill in=esti9ate t8at ?8et8e2 se1este2 s3ste1 1a<e t8e st54ents 8a;it as in 7ollo?in9 t8e 25les an4 2e95lations.

12

!8a6te2 - 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

13

IS SEMESTER SYSTEM ACCEPTABLE IN THE STUDENTS OF BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY MULTAN?

14

 To c8ec< t8e acce6ta;ilit3 o7 se1este2 s3ste1 a1on9 t8e st54ents. To s599est t8e st2ae9ies 7o2 t8e i16le1entatio on se1este2 s3ste1 in Ba8a544in Ca<a2i3a %ni=e2sit3A M5ltan. To c8ec< t8e 1ain a4=anta9es an4 4isa4=anta9es o7 se1este2 s3ste1.

15

 To c8ec< t8e 1ain a4=anta9es an4 4isa4=anta9es o7 ann5al s3ste1.

RESEAR!) &ES(+N
Resea2c8 4esi9n is t8e a22an9e1ent o7 con4itions o7 collection an4 anal3sis o7 4ata t8at ai1s to co1;ine t8ei2 2ele=ance to t8e 2esea2c8 6526ose ?it8 econo13 in 62oce452e. T8e 2esea2c8 4esi9n constit5tes t8e ;l5e 62int 7o2 t8e collectionsA 1eas52e1ents an4 anal3sis o7 4ata. (t ai4s t8e 2esea2c8e2 in t8e collection o7 4ataA 5sin9 8is li1ite4 2eso52ces ;3 6osin9 c25cial c8oices. Resea2c8 4esi9n is a 6lanA st25ct52e an4 st2ate9ies o7 in=esti9ation conce2ne4 so as to o;tain ans?e2 to 2esea2c8 G5estions an4 cont2ol t8e =a2ianceA t8e 6lan is t8e o=e2all sc8e1e o7 62o92a11e o7 2esea2c8. T8e 2esea2c8 4esi9n incl54es t8e 1et8o4s to ;e 5se4 to 9at8e2 an4 anal3Be t8e 4ata. (n ot8e2 ?o24sA st2ate93 i16lies 8o? t8e 2esea2c8 o;Fecti=es ?ill ;e ac8ie=e4 an4 8o? t8e 2esea2c8e2 enco5nte2e4 in t8e 2esea2c8 ?ill ;e loo<e4.
1-

DATA COLLECTION
T8is 2e6o2t ;ase4 on 62i1a23 4ata i.e. in7o21ation a2e 4i2ectl3 ta<en 72o1 st54ents o7 B.C. %ni=e2sit3 M5ltan. o2 t8is 6526ose ( 4e=elo6e4 G5estionnai2e. ( 8a4 con45cte4 6e2sonal inte2=ie?s@ t8e a4=anta9es o7 t8ese 6e2sonal inte2=ie?s a2e as 7ollo?s. (t lea4s to?a24s 8i98 6a2tici6ation. Mo2eo=e2 in 6e2sonal inte2=ie? t8e inte2=ie?ee can ca223 ?it8 a44itional G5estions. T8e 62o6s an4 =is5al ai4s can also en8ance t8e =ision o7 <no?le49e o7 inte2=ie?. T8e inte2=ie? 8as 1o2e cont2ol o=e2 t8e 6e2sonal inte2=ie? t8an ot8e2 inte22o9ation t8at can ;e sec52e4 it 7o2 e>cee4s in =ol51e an4 G5alit3 o7 t8e in7o21ation 2ecei=e4 t8an ?it8 ot8e2 1et8o4s. Res6on4ents 1oti=ation is 8ea=il3 in t8e 8an4s o7 t8e inte2=ie? st54ies o7 2eaction to a n51;e2 o7 s52=e3s in4icate t8at 2es6on4ent can ;e 1oti=ate4 to 6a2tici6ate in 6e2sonal inte2=ie?s.

Problems In Da a Colle! "on#

&52in9 t8e co52se o7 s52=e3 ?e 7ace4 a lot o7 62o;le1s. .e li=e in a 1ale o2iente4 societ3 t8at is ?83 ?e 8a4 se=e2al social 62o;le1s in con45ctin9 t8e s52=e3. Most o7 7e1ale a2e non-coo6e2ati=e. &5e to lac< o7 ti1e it ?as 8a24 to e>t2act co22ect in7o21ation o5t o7 t8e1. T8at is ?83 it too< 15c8 lon9e2 t8an it s8o5l4 8a=e.

DATA COLLECTION TOOLS#

17

T8e inst251ents t8at a2e e16lo3e4 to collect ne? 7acts o2 to e>6lo2e ne? 7iel4s a2e calle4 tolls. So in o52 s52=e3 to ac8ie=e o52 o;Fecti=es ?e 8a=e 5se4 so1e 2esea2c8 tools. T8e 5se o7 6a2tic5la2 2esea2c8 tool 4e6en4s 56on t8e t36e o7 2esea2c8 62o6osal. $%es "onna"re i2st o7 all ?e 7o21e4 o52 G5estionnai2e. T8e ?o24 G5estionnai2e 2e7e2s to a 4e=ice 7o2 9ettin9 ans?e2s to G5estions ;3 5sin9 a 7o21. To 9et in7o21ation to ac8ie=e o52 o;Fecti=es ?e 1et t8e 6eo6le 6e2sonall3 an4 collect t8e 2eG5i2e4 in7o21ation ;3 5sin9 o6en en4e4 an4 close4 en4e4 7o21. Meas%remen Meas52e1ent is 5se4 to <no? t8e attit54e o7 6eo6le to?a24s s6eci7ic 62o;le1s. Attit54e o7 6eo6le can ;e 1eas52e4 t82o598 7ollo?in9 ?a3s S52=e3s t?o t36es o7 G5estions. 1&O'en En( $%es "ons# T8e G5estion t8at 6ossess so1e 62o;le1 an4 as<s t8e 2es6on4ent to ans?e2 in 8e2 o?n ?o24s. 2&F")e( Al erna "*e $%es "ons# T8e G5estions in ?8ic8 t8e 2es6on4ent is 9i=en s6eci7ic li1ite4 alte2nati=e 2es6onses an4 as<e4 to c8oose t8e closest to 8e2 o?n =ie?6oint. (nte2=ie?s ,5estionnai2e ( 8a=e 5se4 G5estionnai2e tec8niG5e in 13 2e6o2t to o;tain 4ata. T8ese a2e

Des"+n"n+ ,e $%es "onna"re

T8e G5estionnai2e 1a3 ;e 4esc2i;e4 as t8e <e3stone o7 an3 s52=e3. T8e ;asic 62o;le1 is not so 15c8 ?8at G5estions to as<A ;5t ?8at is t8e ;est ?a3 to
18

as< t8e1. T8e 62o;le1 is to 4esi9n G5estions t8at 1ean t8e sa1e t8in9A a sin9le t8in9A a 4e7ine4 t8in9 an4 t8e inten4e4 t8in9A to e=e23one. As a 9ene2al 25leA G5estions s8o5l4 ;e s8o2t an4 62ecise@ len9t83 G5estions ten4 1e2el3 to con75se t8e 2es6on4ent. T8e inte2=ie?e2s s8o5l4 ;e inst25cte4 as to ?8et8e2 t8e3 1a3 4e6a2t 72o1 t8e 7o21 o7 t8e G5estion as ?2itten on t8e sc8e45le o2 not. %s5all3A t8e G5estion 8as ;een ca2e75ll3 consi4e2e4 an4 t8e 7inal 7o21 is 62o;a;l3 t8e ;est 6ossi;le ?8e2eas t8e inte2=ie?e2Hs alte2nati=e 1a3 lea4 to e22oneo5s inte262etation o7 its 1eanin9 so s8o5l4 ;e 4isco52a9e4. Onl3 G5estionsA ?8ic8 t8e 2es6on4ent can ans?e2 72o1 <no?le49e o2 e>6e2ienceA s8o5l4 ;e as<e4. All t8e G5estions as<e4 15st ;e so 682ase4 t8at t8e 2es6on4ent can ans?e2 t8e1 intelli9entl3. T8is i16lies t8at t8e 2es6on4ent 15st 5n4e2stan4 ?8at is ;ein9 as<e4. E=e23 G5estionA ?8ic8 2elates to t8e 2es6on4entHs actions in t8e 6astA 15st ;e 1ost ca2e75ll3 consi4e2e4A ;eca5se t8e a=e2a9e 6e2sonHs 1e1o23 is so 5n2elia;le.

Sam'le Me ,o(olo+-#
A sa16le ?as selecte4 on a #e27o21aA ?8ic8 contain se=enteen G5estions a;o5t t8e to6ic Ii16le1entation o7 se1este2 s3ste1 in B.C. %ni=e2sit3 M5ltanJ. +i=en to 85n42e4 4i77e2ent st54ents o5t o7 ?8ic8 I-0J a2e 1aste2 le=el st54entsA I30J a2e 92a45ate le=el an4 I10J a2e M. #8il le=el.

SAMPLING#

19

Sa16lin9 is a statistical tec8niG5eA ?8ic8 is 4e7ine4 as a 62oce452e o7 selectin9 a 6a2t 72o1 t8e a992e9ate4 o7 1ate2ial in t8e ;elie7 t8at t8e selecte4 6a2t ?ill 2e62esent t8e c8a2acte2istics o7 t8e totalit3 o7 t8e in4i=i45als. T8e in7o21ation o;taine4 72o1 s5c8 a 6a2t is 5se4 to 1a<e so1e in7e2ences a;o5t t8e totalit3 o7 1ate2ial. T8e2e a2e t?o 1ain tec8niG5es o7 sa16lin9. Non-62o;a;ilit3 sa16lin9 #2o;a;ilit3 sa16lin9

1.

NON #ROBAB(L(T' SAM#L(N+

A sa16lin9 tec8niG5e in ?8ic8 5nits o7 t8e sa16le a2e selecte4 on t8e

;asis o7 6e2sonal F5491ent o2 con=enience.

2.

#ROBAB(L(T' SAM#L(N+
A sa16lin9 tec8niG5e in ?8ic8 e=e23 1e1;e2 o7 t8e 6o65lation ?ill 8a=e

a <no?n non-Be2o 62o;a;ilit3 o7 selection. T8e2e a2e 752t8e2 t36es o7 62o;a;ilit3 sa16lin9.

TYPES OF PRO.A.ILITY SAMPLING#

Si16le 2an4o1 sa16lin9 S3ste1atic sa16lin9 St2ati7ie4 sa16lin9 M5ltista9e Sa16lin9 !l5ste2 sa16lin9
20

S"m'le Ran(om Sam'l"n+

E168asis 8as ;een 9i=en to t8e nee4 o7 ens52in9 t8at all sa16les s8o5l4 ;e 2an4o1. To ens52e 2an4o1 selectionA =a2io5s 1et8o4s o7 selection o7 5nits 72o1 t8e 6o65lation 8a=e ;een 4e=ise4. T8e si16lest is to n51;e2 all t8e 6o65lation 5nits an4 t8en to 42a?A in lotte23 7as8ionA co5nte2s ;ea2in9 t8e co22es6on4in9 n51;e2s o7 t8e selecte4 n51;e2s 4ete21inin9 t8e c8oice o7 sa16lin9 5nits. T8is 1et8o4 is <no?n as %i"#le an-$" %a"#ling. in ?8ic8 e=e23 5nit in t8e 6o65lation 8as an eG5al c8ance o7 selection an4 eac8 6ossi;le sa16le o7 t8e sa1e siBe 8as an eG5al 62o;a;ilit3 o7 ;ein9 selecte4. T8is 1et8o4 is s5ita;le ?8e2e t8e 6o65lation is 2elati=el3 s1all an4 ?8e2e t8e sa16lin9 72a1e is co16lete. A si16le 2an4o1 sa16le is 4e7ine4 as a sa16le ta<en in s5c8 a ?a3 t8at e=e23 1e1;e2 o7 6o65lation 8a=e an eG5al c8ance o7 ;ein9 selecte4 to ac8ie=e t8is e=e23 ite1 in t8e 6o65lation 15st ;e n51;e2e4 in o24e2e4. o2 o52 6526ose ?e ta<e a sa16le o7 siBe n K 100. T8e sa16lin9 5nits ?e2e selecte4 in t8e sa16le 72o1 eac8 4e6a2t1ent 5sin9 si16le 2an4o1 sa16lin9 tec8niG5e. T8e ot8e2 tec8niG5es can ;e 5se4 in 4i77e2ent t36es o7 st54ies acco24in9 to t8e 4i77e2ent con4itions o7 t8ese st54ies.

21

T,e Sam'l"n+ Frame

Be7o2e t8e sa16le can ;e 42a?nA t8e 5nits o7 t8e 6o65lation 5n4e2 consi4e2ation 15st ;e 4e7ine4. A sa16lin9 72a1e is a co16lete list o2 a 1a6 t8at contains all t8e sa16lin9 5nits in t8e 6o65lation. T8e 2eG5i2e1ents o7 a 2easona;l3 9oo4 72a1e a2e t8at t8e 72a1e s8o5l4" 1. Not contain inacc52ate sa16lin9 5nitsA 2. Be co16lete an4 e>8a5sti=eA i.e. s8o5l4 contain all 5nits an4 s8o5l4 co=e2 ?8ole o7 t8e 6o65lationA 3. Be 72ee 72o1 e22o2s o7 o1ission an4 456lication o7 sa16lin9 5nits. 4. Be as 56-to-4ate as 6ossi;le at t8e ti1e o7 5se. o2 one 2eason o2 ot8e2A 1ost o7 t8e 72a1es 5se4 7o2 sa16le s52=e3s 4o not 1eet t8ese enti2e 2eG5i2e1ents. Sa16lin9 72a1e 7o2 t8is st543 is a co16ete list o7 t8e st54ents o7 all t8e 4e6a2t1ents o7 B.C.%. M5ltan on &ece1;e2 2002 ?as ta<en.

SAMPLE DESIGN
(n statistical ?o2< t8e 6526ose o7 sa16lin9 is to o;tain in7o21ation a;o5t t8e nat52e an4 c8a2acte2istics o7 t8e 6o65lation 72o1 ?8ic8 t8e sa16le is 42a?n. A sa16le statistic is no 1o2e t8an an esti1ate o7 t8e co22es6on4in9 6o65lation 6a2a1ete2. T8e e>tent to ?8ic8 t8e sa16le statistic 1a3 4i77e2 72o1 t8e 6a2a1ete2 ;ase4 on a co16lete co5nt o2 cens5s is 1eas52e4 ;3 t8e sa16lin9

22

e22o2. T8e statisticians a2e conce2ne4 ?it8 t8e # eci%i$n o7 t8e sa16le statistic an4 1o4e2n sa16lin9 t8eo23 ena;les t8e1 to 1eas52e t8e 62ecision o2 2elia;ilit3 o7 t8e statistic. .8ile t8e 2elati=e siBe o7 t8e sa16le as co16a2e4 ?it8 t8e 6o65lation 72o1 ?8ic8 it is 42a?n is G5ite i22ele=antA sa16lin9 t8eo23 s8o?s t8at ;3 inc2easin9 t8e sa16le siBe it is 6ossi;le to inc2ease t8e 62ecision o7 t8e 2es5lt. T8e 1aFo2it3 o7 sa16le s52=e3s a2eA 8o?e=e2A G5ite e>6ensi=e 5n4e2ta<in9s. To inc2ease t8e sa16le siBe to t8e e>tent 2eG5i2e4 to ac8ie=e an3 s5;stantial 9ain in 62ecision ?o5l4 entail 8ea=3 a44itional e>6en4it52e. 52t8e21o2eA it ?o5l4 1ean 1o2e inte2=ie?sA 1o2e sc8e45les to e4itA 1o2e 4ata to 62ocess an4 1o2e 2eso52ces to 65t in. T85sA t8e inte2=al o7 ti1e ;et?een t8e s52=e3 an4 t8e 62o45ction o7 its 2es5lts ?o5l4 ;e inc2ease4. Since one o7 t8e o;Fects o7 sa16lin9 is to sa=e ti1e an4 1one3A 1e2el3 inc2easin9 t8e sa16le siBe to i162o=e t8e acc52ac3 ?o5l4 ;e a sel7-4e7eatin9 6olic3. o2 s5c8 2easons

statisticians in 2ecent ti1es 8a=e 4e=ote4 15c8 e77o2t to 4e=isin9 1et8o4s ?8e2e;3 t8e 62ecision o7 sa16le 2es5lts 1a3 ;e i162o=e4. %sin9 s6eciall3 const25cte4 sa16les can 4o t8isA ;5t 5n4e2l3in9 all t8ese sa16le 4esi9ns . as t8e3 a2e <no?nA is t8e ;asic 62inci6le o7 2an4o1 sa16lin9. )o?e=e2 co16le> t8e sa16le 4esi9n 1a3 ;eA t8e selection o7 t8e sa16le 5nits 15st 5lti1atel3 ;e 1a4e in acco24ance ?it8 so1e 2an4o1 62ocess. T8e 4esi9nin9 o7 sa16les is a s6ecialiBe4 ;2anc8 o7 statistics@ t8e 4esi9n a662o62iate to one s52=e3 1a3 ;e G5ite 5ns5ite4 to anot8e2.

#RE TEST(N+"
23

T8e ne>t ste6 a7te2 t8e 4e=elo61ent o7 t8e G5estionnai2e ?as to 1a<e a 62e-test ?it8 13 G5estionnai2e to c8ec< ?8et8e2 t8e2e ?e2e an3 62o;le1s ?it8 t8e G5estionnai2e. #2e-test is 1ainl3 4one" To c8ec< t8e =ali4it3 o7 2esea2c8. To c8ec< t8e =ali4it3 o7 sa16le siBe. To c8ec< t8e =ali4it3 o7 G5estionnai2e. To 4ete21ine an3 752t8e2 62o;le1.

A7te2 13 62e-test ?it8 t8e st54ents o7 Ba8a54-4in Ca<2i3a %ni=e2sit3 M5ltanA no 1aFo2 62o;le1s ?e2e i4enti7ie4 e>ce6t t8at 13 2es6on4ents 7elt a ;it 8esitation in ans?e2in9 a 7e? G5estions ?8ic8 ?e2e late2 2e7ine4 7o2 t8e con=enience o7 t8e 2es6on4ents s5c8 t8at t8e3 still 62o=i4e4 1e ?it8 t8e in7o21ation ( 2eG5i2e4.

FIELD WORK:
(n 13 ne>t ste6A ( 4i4 13 7iel4?o2< to 9et 13 G5estionnai2e:s 7ille4 72o1 13 2es6on4ents. o2 t8is 6526oseA ( =isite4 4i77e2ent 4e6a2t1ents o7 Ba8a54-4in Ca<2i3a %ni=e2sit3 M5ltan. o2 sa=in9 a lot o7 13 ti1eA ( 2eG5este4 13 2es6on4ents to 9i=e 1e ti1e in t8e 8ostel a7te2 t8ei2 st543 ti1e. (n t8is ?a3A ( 9ot 13 G5estionnai2es 7ille4.

DATA ANALYSIS:
24

A7te2 9ettin9 13 G5estionnai2es 7ille4 t8e ne>t ste6 ?as o7 4ata anal3sis. o2 t8is 6526oseA ( calc5late4 6e2centa9esA 5se4 Mic2oso7t E>cel to 42a? 92a68s. T8e 92a68ical 2e62esentation o7 t8e G5estions is 9i=en on ne>t 6a9es.

25

!8a6te2 L 4

CONCLUSIONS

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

2-

LIMITATIONS:
T8e 7ollo?in9 a2e t8e li1itations@ ( 7ace4 452in9 13 2esea2c8 st543.

TIME:
As 3o5 <no? t8at in M.Sc Statistics 6a2t ((A t8e ti1e is =e23 li1ite4A st54ents also 8a=e ;524ens o7 ot8e2 s5;FectsA so t8e sa1e ti1e li1itation ?as t8e2e ?it8 1e 45e to ?8ic8 ( 8a4 to i9no2e a lot o7 t8in9s.

COST:
Bein9 st54ents t8o598 ( cont2i;5te4 as 15c8 as ( co5l4A ;5t ?it8 1o2e 7inancial 2eso52ces ( co5l4 e>6an4 t8e sco6e o7 13 2esea2c8.

SAMPLE SIZE:
M3 sa16le siBe ?as onl3 o7 100 st54entsA t8is ?as not G5ite eno598 7o2 a %ni=e2sit3A t8is co5l4 ;e inc2ease4 ;5t 45e to a;o=e li1itations it ?as a ;it 4i77ic5lt 7o2 1e.

27

Se1este2 s3ste1 is ;est ?a3 to e45cate t8e st54ents a7te2 con45ctin9 t8e 2esea2c8 ?e concl54e4 t8at se1este2 8as so1e 42a?;ac<s. One o7 t8e1 is t8at it is =e23 e>6ensi=eA as ?e <no? 1aFo2it3 o7 t8e st54ents o7 t8is 2e9ion ;elon9 to 1i44le class 7a1ilies. So t8e3 cannot 6a3 8ea=3 45es o7 se1este2 s3ste1. Secon4l3A st54ents s8o5l4 not ;e 42o6 in t8i24 an4 7o52t8 se1este2s. Se1este2 s3ste1 is 2eco11en4e4 8i98l3 in 683sics an4 c8e1ist23 4e6a2t1ents. B5t it is necessa23 t8at t8e c2e4it 8o52s s8o5l4 ;e inc2ease4. O=e2 all t8is s3ste1 is 8i98l3 2eco11en4e4 ;3 st54ent:s ?eat8e2 ;3 an3 le=el D92a45atesA 1aste2sA M #8ilE. St54ent:s ?ants to 9et <no?le49eA in ann5al s3ste1 45e to li1ite4 co52ses a2e ;ein9 st54ie4 so st54ents 6ass t8ei2 ti1e in ?an4e2in9 8e2e an4 t8e2e. So to 5tiliBe t8e ti1e e77ecti=el3 Se1este2 S3ste1 is e>cellent.

28

Acco24in9 to o52 s52=e3A it is 8i98l3 2eco11en4e4 t8at se1este2 s3ste1 s8o5l4 ;e i16le1ente4 92a45all3 in B.C.%. M5ltan. (t ?ill ;e 4i77ic5lt 7o2 t8e 5ni=e2sit3 to i16le1ent t8e se1este2 s3ste1 at once. %ni=e2sit3 s8o5l4 7i2stl3 c8ec< t8e 2es5lts an4 =ie?s o7 t8e st54ents o7 t8e 4e6a2t1ents in ?8ic8 t8e se1este2 s3ste1 ?as i16le1ente4 last 3ea2. Acco24in9 to t8e s52=e3A as 82M o7 t8e st54ents 8a=e t8e o6inion t8at t8e se1este2 s3ste1 is not acce6ta;le 45e to e>6enses so to 2e45ce t8e ele1ents o7 e>6enses t8e 5ni=e2sit3 s8o5l4 ta<e s5c8 actions. E>a1ination s8o5l4 ;e con45cte4 ;3 t8e o5tsi4e2s an4 also 1a2<e4 ;3 t8e1 so t8at teac8e2:s 1ono6ol3 2e45ce4. T8e co52se o5tline s8o5l4 ;e 4esi9ne4 in s5c8 a ?a3 t8at t8e c2a11in9 8a;it o7 t8e st54ents can ;e eli1inate4. Teac8e2s s8o5l4 ;e8a=e in a 62o6e2 1anne2 ?it8 t8e st54ents in t8e se1este2 s3ste1.

29