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In 2011, 3.4 billion tons (0.7 billion tons in 1993) of cement were produced per year in the world, and used to make about 27 billion tons (5.5 billion tons in 1993) of concrete per year. (About 4 tons of concrete per person.) Consumption of concrete is about 5 times the consumption of steel by weight in the U.S.
China India U.S.A. Turkey Brazil Russia Iran Vietnam Japan South Korea
2,000 210 69 64 63 52 52 50 47 46
Components of Concrete
Portland cement Coarse aggregate - larger than 4.75 mm (# 4 sieve) Fine aggregate - smaller than 4.75 mm Water Admixture
Burj Dubai (Dubai) Tallest building in the world Estimated Volume of concrete used: 330,000 m3
Three Gorges Dam (China), completed in October 2008 Volume of Concrete: 27.2 million m3
Concrete Terminology
Mortar - mixture of sand, cement and water. Grout - mixture of cementitious material, fine aggregate and sufficient water, which has a pouring consistency. Admixture - material other than aggregate, cement and water, which are added to the concrete immediate before or during mixing.
Concrete runway at Will Rogers Airport, Oklahoma City
Types of Concrete
Low-strength concrete - less than 3000 psi (20 MPa) compressive strength Moderate-strength concrete - 3000 to 6000 psi (20 to 40 MPa) High-strength concrete - more than 6000 psi (40 MPa) compressive strength
Types of Concrete
Normal-weight concrete - around 2400 kg/m3 (150 lb/ft3) Lightweight concrete - less than 1800 kg/m3 (110 lb/ft3) Heavyweight concrete - more than 3200 kg/ m3 (200 lb/ft3)