ame :Regn. No. :C o u r s e N o . : N C P 2 4 / 2 5 C o u r s e T i t l e : M a t e r i a l A n d E q u i p m e n t M a n a g e m e n t Assignment No.

:Date of Dispatch ;Last date of receiptof Assignment at CODE Office Scope of work: 100m width of Road construction for international airport 30 km away from city Cutting and dozing of 100,000 cum of earth. Average height 0.75 mtr Transportation of 20,000 cum of surplus earth from site to dumping place 3 km away fromsite. Filling of 80,000 cum in landing strip. Bringing of 3000 cum of sand from 20 km including spreading and leveling at site. Procurement of 150,000 litres of bitumen from refinery at Bongaigon in Assam. Description of Equipments: Hauling equipments Tractor: Tractors have many uses as construction equipment. Use of this, primarily may be to pull or push goods, they are also used as mounts for many types of accessories such as front end shovel, rippers, bulldozers, sidebrooms, hoes, trenches andothers. There are sizes and types to fit almost any job for which they are usable. Tractorsmay be divided into 2 major types crawlers and wheels. Dumpers Dumper is a heavy duty truck with a strongly built body which is hinged at back and is fitted with a hydraulic ram on the underside to lift the front of the body and tilt it backward into the dumping position. A tailgate may be fitted at the rear of the body or the body may have a chute like shape in the rear with inside corner rounded and sides tapered tofacilitate dumping which is most popular now-a-days. Useful life of dumpers is generally 8-12 years i.e. 10,000 15,000 hours depending upon their capacity. The life is also expressedin terms of kilometers i.e. 200.000 kms. Earth moving machines These equipments are used to cut the earth or trees, rocks and thenmove them to a distance required. Equipments like bulldozers are also used for leveling of the ground, cleaning land of timber, stumps, spreading earth fill etc. These equipments arevery common of all the earth moving machines, a bulldozer is most useful and most the project sites require its use in one form or the other. Bulldozers Bulldozers are basically a pushing unit consisting of a tractor either crawler mounted or wheeled to which a cutting blade is mounted at the direction perpendicular tothe direction of travel. There is no difference between a bulldozer and anglodozer exceptthat the cutting blade is set at an angle with the direction of travel. The size of the bulldozer is indicated by the length and height of the blade, its shape and capacity. The size of bladevaries from 1.7mX 70 cm. (height) X0.7m3 (capacity

of blade) to 3.38mX1.14mX3.7m3.Working of dozer consists of lowering front blade to the ground. The moment dozer drives,it cuts and pushes earth collected in blade to a desirable distance.

 Compaction Equipment: Tandem Roller - there is also a smooth wheeled roller with to roller wheels of approximatelythe same width- one at the front and other at the rear. Compaction with this type is better.This roller is better for rolling finishing surfaces as it produces smooth and even surface. Bitumen Plant: Bitumen Boiler: This is used for heating bitumen from drums. Boiler is fitted with a fire box, fuel tube and chimney. Full asphalt drums are lifted to the top where the contents areemptied and heated by flame or combustion gasses. The boiler is mounted on the wheels andcan be towed from one location to the other. Bitumen Spraying Equipment: Bitumen boiler is fitted with the pump with strainer in thesuction pipe. The pump is operated either by hand or mechanically. On the delivery sidethere are flexible pipe spray bars and spray nozzle. The rate of application of bitumen canvaried by adjusting the height of the spraying nozzle above the ground. Uniformity of spraying is control by the angle at which the spray bar is kept. Bitumen Tanker: When bulk bitumen is to be transported, tanker is used. It is mounted on atruck or a trailer. Capacity of the tanker may range from 5000 to 15000 liters. Oil fire burners are used to maintain the temperature of bitumen during transit.Bitumen Pressure Distributor: This equipment is used when a specified quantity of hot bitumen is to be sprayed uniformly for grouting or surface dressing. It is used with bulk bitumen supply. Estimating and requirement of the equipment: Equipment on roadwork (or on any work) has either to be purchased, obtained on hire or transferredfrom some other project. In either of the cases a fairly accurate estimate of the requirement of equipment has to be done so as to ensure that expenditure on equipment is not wasted. This needs planning well an advance.Factors to be considered are:1.What is most desirable sequence of operations involved in the work?2.Which are the operations are to be performed by the machinery?3. In case some or all equipment is to be transferred from other projects how the programmes of both project to be arranged so that there is no undue to and frommovement of the equipment and at the same time the work is completed in optimumtime. Data required: 1.Quantities of items of work: Road project is sub divided in operations like( A ) E a r t h w o r k ( B ) A g g r e g a t e p r o d u c t i o n ( C ) T r a n s p o r t i n g A g g r e g a t e t o r o a d ( D ) C o m p a c t i o n (E)Wearing surface- Concrete/ Bituminous surface e t c . Q u a n t i t i e s o f i t e m s a r e worked out.2 . P e r i o d o f c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t . N o r m a l l y r o a d w o r k h a s t o b e c o m p l e t e d i n a stipulated period particularly when the work is to be completed on contract. In suchcases the duration of the constituent operation have to be adjusted taking in toconsideration the activity interrelation and overall period of completion. While fixing of activity duration due allowance must be made for bad weather, monsoon, loss of timedue to shifting of equipment, break down, repairs and maintenance of equipment.3 . N o r m a l l y n o w o r k i s possible for 3 to 4 months in a year due to monsoon.

F u r t h e r considering weekly holidays normally 25 days could be considered to be available for working. Though a working day is considered to comprise 8 hours, a part is spent ininevitable operations like shifting, waiting etc. thus in about 200 days available, workinghours could be about 1200-1500.

4.From above a fair estimate of requirement of equipment can be d o n e . O v e r t h e a b o v e this suitable provision ( to the extant of 10%) is done as stand by to take care of break down or unforeseen circumstances.Determine the output of a bulldozer from the following operating conditions:Material: SandSwell = 20%Haul Distance = 40mRated mold board capacity = 3 cubic metre (loose volume)Operating factor 45 minutes/ hour Solution:Probable round trip timePushing 40 m @ 2,5 kmph = 0.96 minuteReturning 40m @5kmph = 0.48 minuteLoading shiftin g gear = 0.30 minute= 1.74 minutesT i m e p e r T r i p = 1 . 7 4 m i n u t e T r i p p e r H o u r = 3 4 . 5 T r i p s Net mold board capacity = 3/1.2 = 2.5O u t p u t p e r h o u r = 2 . 5 x 3 4 . 5 = 86.25 m3o u t p u t p e r d a y = 8 6 . 2 5 x 8 ( h o u r s ) = 690 m3cutting and dozing of 100,000cum of earth= 100,000/690=145 days Equipment operating cost: The cost of operating the equipment includes fuel costs, routine maintenance costs, major repair cost, operators cost, tyre replacement cost, and overhead costs. Fuel costs: cost of fuel consumed in one hour = cost per litre X hourly fuel consumptionHourly fiel consumption = Hourly fuel consumption at full load X operating factor.The fuel price litre, delivered at the site is obtained from the local suppliers at it varies from place to place. The rate of consumption depend upon the type of engine (diesel or petrol), the state of the engine and the working conditions.Diesel engine fuel consumption per hour = 0.15 litres X rated HP X load factor Petrol engine fuel consumption per hour = 0.22 litres X rated HP X load factor. For example: the hourly fuel consumption of a crawler tractor rated with 250 HP, operating under average conditions (load factor 70 %) and diesel costing Rs. 35 per litre., can be worked out asunder:Diesel consumption per hour = 0.15 X Rated flywheel HP X load factor = 0.15 X 250 X 0.7 litres= 26.25 litresCost of hourly consumption = Diesel consumption X rate of diesel per litre= 26.25 litres X Rs. 35= Rs. 918.75

Routine maintenance costs: Maintenance costs include the cost of lubricating oil, grease, filter batteries, minor repairs, and the labour involved in performing maintenance.The maintenance cost including service, labour cost and minor repairs vary with the type of equipment involved and the project environment, and these can be approximately calculated as proportion of hourly fuel cost as follows.O p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s H o u r l y m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t F a v o u r a b l e 1 / 4 f u e l c o s t A v e r a g e 1 / 3 F u e l c o s t Unfavourable 1/2 Fuel cost Major Repair cost: Repair cost = Depreciation cost X Repair costRepair cost during nth year = n X Value to be depreciated / Digit sum of equipment life in yearsFor example: If the total value of depreciation of a wheel equipment (repair factor = 0.75) worksout as Rs. 375,000 and its life is 5 years, than the repair cost during each year of operation(working 1500 hours per year) can be estimated as under:Total repair cost = Total depreciation X Repair factor = 375000 X .75= Rs. 281250 Tyre cost for wheel equipment: The tyre manufactures provide indication of tyre life but these should be taken as guidelines.Hourly tyre replacement cost = 115 X tyre price X no. of tyres / Tyre life in hoursExample : If the four tyres of an equipment each costing Rs. 2500, are replaced after 800 hours andthe tyre can be recapped locally, then the hourly tyre cost calculated as follows:= 115 X 4 X Rs. 2500 X0.8 / 800= Rs. 115/hr Manpower cost: An equipment requires operators, drivers and helpers for its operations. Thenumber of persons working on an equipment varies with type of equipment. A dumper may haveonly one driver-cumoperator whereas a bulldozer will need one operator and a helper. Dependingupon the persons require per machine, the prevalent wage rates and the facilities provided by thecompany, the hourly manpower costs can be calculated. Selection of Construction Equipment: Proper selection of equipment increases the speed of construction and makes project most economical. Some general consideration may be made for selections of construction equipment are:4 . A s f a r a s p o s s i b l e o n l y e q u i p m e n t a v a i l a b l e w i t h e a s e s h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d . U n l e s s a n d u n t i l i t is ascertained that new equipment will earn more than its cost or cab used in future also, itshould not be purchased. Economics should be worked out.5 . C h o i c e s h o u l d b e r e s t r i c t e d t o s t a n d a r d e q u i p m e n t , s p e c i a l e q u i p m e n t s h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d i f job justifies its selection.6 . T o p o g r a p h y conditions, type of soil, existing approaches and road working conditions e t c . , must be studied.7 . L e s s v a r i e t y o f e q u i p m e n t s s h o u l d b e u s e d , m o r e v a r i e t y m e a n s m o r e s k i l l e d w o r k e r s , m o r e spare parts requirements and more production cost.8 . I t is always better to purchase equipment m a n u f a c t u r e d i n o u r o w n c o u n t r y . T h i s w i l l decrease the cost of repairs and down-time cost. It will be beneficial to the nation also. Asfar as possible equipment of same make should be purchased.9 . S i z e o f e q u i p m e n t s h o u l d b e m a d e a c c o r d i n g t o

t h e a m o u n t o f w o r k . I t i s b e t t e r t o u s e m o r e than one equipment of small size than using of one of large size. 10.Obsolescence of the equipment should not b e o v e r l o o k e d . 11. Equipment should be capable of doing more than one job, but it should not be versatile.12.The technical and economic aspects s h o u l d b e a n a l y z e d t o s e l e c t t h e e q u i p m e n t . Following aspects need detailed consideration at the selection stage:1 . S u i t a b i l i t y f o r t h e j o b w i t h s p e c i f i c reference to climatic and other operating conditions.2 . S i z e o f t h e e q u i p m e n t 3 . S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n a n d v a r i e t y r e d u c t i o n 4 . T y p e o f p r i m e m o v e r 5 . D e g r e e o f u t i l i z a t i o n 6 . S u i t a b i l i t y o f l o c a l c o n d i t i o n 7 . A d a p t a b i l i t y 8 . T e c h n i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . The choice of size of the equipment is indicated as either a minimum number of large size machinesor several units of medium/small size machines.Technical consideration for selection should include the following points.1 . S t r e n g t h 2 . V i b r a t i o n Stability3.Resistance to wear 4 . H e a t R e s i s t a n c e 5 . R e l i a b i l i t y 6 . M a i n t a i n a b i l i t y Equipment can be classified as:1 . S t a n d a r d e q u i p m e n t 2 . s p e c i a l e q u i p m e n t It depends on extent of its use, availability and cost. One equipment standard for one may be specialto other, for example a concrete mixer of specific capacity is a standard equipment for all most allthe contactor whether class A or class D but cranes or concrete mixer of very large capacity arespecial to one whilst standard for other. One definition for standard equipment is that which iseasily available in the market. It is easy to repair, spare parts are easily available and can bedisposed off easily. Whilst special equipment manufactured on order and can not be disposed off easily and cannot be repaired by all. In general special equipment can be defined as an equipmentmanufactured for a single construction project or for a specific job.Material Management : The management of materials in project is different from that in an ongoingsituation.Most of the materials in projects are bulky and heavy.The lead time for procurement of materials in most cases is usually much more.The principle of EOQ has very limited applicability in project situations. Usually sequential arrivalof material is desired.The demand of material in project is by and large highly deterministic.Sufficient care has the be taken in the selection of vendors has significant impact on the project performance.The demand of materials in a project situation is highly deterministic. The gross requirement of various material is worked out during the detailed project report stage. The primary concern inmaterial planning for project is that the cost of not meeting a demand is very high. As it may lead todelay in proper completion. Hence the right time is the key word in material planning for projects.The capital requirements are to be planned in such a way that these are available at the site just before the erection/ installation of these. The demand of construction is known as soon as theresource requirement for the project is finalized. These material are normally required before theconstruction can start and are to be planned for availability prior to the construction phase of the project.The consumables are used throughout the project duration and the total requirements are known.However the consumption rate at different period is different but deterministic. As the total number of consumable materials may run in to hundreds, the analysis of aggregate demand pattern may berestricted to high consumption value materials only.Procurement is of special significance in a

project situation. The net effect of delay in delivery andsupply of inferior quality of material is delay in the completion of the project. Economic procurement is also very important as it is determinant for the viability of the project. Because of these considerations vendor selection plays an important role.The consumables are standard materials and are usually available from many sources. Occasionallythere is a scarcity of some of these materials. The gross demand as well as the demand profile of these materials for the entire project duration are known, and it is desirable to enter into contractswith the suppliers.Apart from these discussion on the technical details and price the negotiation can centre around thefollowing issues: Ordering Schedule : To match with the project network. The suppliers network for manufacture caalso be discussed. Payment terms Liquidated damages Quality specifications and procedures for checking quality Inspection at different stages of manufacture at the suppliers premises. Incorporation of design changes while the manufacturing is in progress. Performance guarantee etc. The inventory replenishment model shows the number of cycles of replenishment during theusage period. The initial inventory of materials at the start of the work consists of workingstock (Q) and safety stock (S). Economic order Quantity: Two important decision to be take while repetitive materials inventoryare how much to order at one time and when to order this quantity, or in other words, to decide thereorder the quantity level and the reorder time cycle so as to effect economy in cost of purchasingand holding inventory. This economic order quantity (EOQ) and the numbers of orders aredetermined mathematically as under:I n v e n t o r y c o s t C = O r d e r i n g c o s t + I n v e n t o r y c a r r y i n g c o s t C = Co . N + Ci . A/2NFor cost to be minimum :dC/dN = Co Ci . A/ 2 . N2 = 0 N2 = Ci . A/2 . CoA n d C = C o N + C i A / 2 N = 1 / 2 N ( 2 C o N 2 + C i A ) = 2 C i A / 2 N ThereforeLeast Inventory cost = square root of 2CoCiA Safety Stock: It is the floating stock held to cater for changes in rate of consumption, delays indelivery of materials from the agreed dates and under unforeseen causes, so as to prevent stock-outsresulting in production hold-ups.The safety stock for a given situation can be determined using statistical techniques. Generally, aminimum safety stock can be taken as equal to consumption quantity in lead time period. Lead Time: It is defined as the total time required for replenishment of an item of material from thetime and indent is submitted to the purchased department, to the time that ready for use materialsare received at the project stock-yard for storage or delivered at the site of work. Reorder level:

It is the level at which the stock is ordered. This is determined by adding assessedconsumption during the lead time period to the minimum stock level. Conclusion: As can be seen the management of materials in a project is very much different that inan on-going organization. It calls for decisions which are very much related to the specific projectsituation and improper attention to this function in projects may lead to undesirable cost and timeoverrun.