CIVL 1112 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Beams 1/10

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] Mathematical modeling of reinforced concrete is ] Mathematical modeling of reinforced concrete is
essential to civil engineering essential to civil engineering

Concrete as a material

Concrete in a structure
Stress distribution in a reinforced concrete beam

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] Mathematical modeling of reinforced concrete is ] Mathematical modeling of reinforced concrete is
essential to civil engineering essential to civil engineering

Blast failure of a reinforced concrete wall

Geometric model a reinforced concrete bridge

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] Mathematical modeling of reinforced concrete is
essential to civil engineering ] Mathematical model for failure in an unreinforced
concrete beam

Blast failure of a reinforced concrete wall

CIVL 1112 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Beams 2/10

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] In the reinforced concrete beam project, there are ] First, lets consider the loading of the beam
three different failure mode we need to investigate

P P

P/2 P/2

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] The purpose of RC is the reinforcement of areas in ] Let’s look at the internal forces acting on the beam
concrete that are weak in tension and locate the tension zones

P P

P P
∑F =
2
−V ⇒ V =
2

V
P/2 P/2 P/2 P/2

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] The shear between the applied load and the support ] The shear between the applied load and the support is
is constant V = P/2 constant V = P/2

P/2 P/2
P/2 P/2
CIVL 1112 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Beams 3/10

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] The shear between the applied load and the support is ] Let’s look at the internal moment at section between the
constant V = P/2 supports and applied load

] The shear force V = P/2 is constant between the applied P P

load and the support
∑M = 2 x
M
X max = 8 inches

P/2 x P/2
P/2 P/2 M = P/2
4P (in lbs )

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] Let’s look at the internal moment at section between the

supports and applied load ] The top of the beam is in compression and the bottom of
the beam is in tension

] The bending
g moment is the internal reaction to forces
which cause a beam to bend.
Compression
Bending momentforce on the upper
distributed on
part of the concrete beam
] Bending moment can also be referred to as torque MCthe cut surface

T Tension force on the lower

part of the concrete beam
P
2

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] To model the behavior of a reinforced concrete beam we ] We need models to help us with compression, tension,
will need to understand three distinct regions in the and shear failures in concrete
beam.
] Two are illustrated below; the third is called shear.
shear P

Bending moment distributed on

MCthe Compression
cut surface

T Tension
Tension
P
2
CIVL 1112 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Beams 4/10

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] We need models to help us with compression, tension, ] We need models to help us with compression, tension,
and shear failures in concrete and shear failures in concrete

P P

Compression
Shear Shear

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] Compression and tension failures in a reinforced
] We need models to help us with compression, concrete beam
tension, and shear failures in concrete

Compression
Shear Shear
Tension

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] Compression and tension failures in a reinforced ] Shear failure in a reinforced concrete beam
concrete beam
CIVL 1112 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Beams 5/10

Reinforced Concrete Beams Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution

] Shear failure in a reinforced concrete beam ] In the 1930s, Whitney proposed the use of a
rectangular compressive stress distribution

Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution

] In the 1930s, Whitney proposed the use of a ] Assume that the concrete contributes nothing to the
rectangular compressive stress distribution tensile strength of the beam

k3f’c 0.85f’c k3f’c 0.85f’c

b k2 x 0.5a b P k2 x 0.5a

C a C C a C
c c

h d h d
Compression
Shear Shear
As As Tension
T T T T

Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution

] Assume that the complex distribution of compressive ] The height of the stress box, a, is defined as a
stress in the concrete can be approximated by a percentage of the depth to the neural axis
rectangle

k3f’c 0.85f’c 0.85f’c

b P k2 x 0.5a 0.5a

c
C a C
c a C a = β1c
h d
Compression
Shear Shear
As Tension
T T T
CIVL 1112 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Beams 6/10

Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution

] The height of the stress box, a, is defined as a ] The values of the tension and compression forces are:
percentage of the depth to the neural axis

0.85f’c
f 'c ≤ 4000 psi ⇒ β1 = 0.85
0.5a
C = 0.85f 'c ba
a C

f 'c ≥ 4000 psi d T = Asfy

⎛ f 'c −4000 ⎞ Asfy
β1 = 0.85 − 0.05⎜ ⎟ ≥ 0.65 T
⎝ 1000 ⎠ ∑F =0 a =
0.85f 'c b

Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution

] If the tension force capacity of the steel is too high, ] The internal moment is the value of either the tension
than the value of a is large or compression force multiplied the distance between
them
0.85f’c 0.5a 0.85f’c 0.5a

a⎞
a C
a =
Asfy a C
∑ M =T ⎛⎜⎝d − ⎟
2⎠
d
0.85f 'c b d

a⎞
M = Asfy ⎛⎜d − ⎟
T
If a > d, then you have too much steel
T ⎝ 2⎠

Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution

] The internal moment is the value of either the tension ] The internal moment is the value of either the tension
or compression force multiplied the distance between or compression force multiplied the distance between
them them
0.85f’c 0.5a ⎛ Asfy ⎞
a M = Asfy ⎜⎜d − 0.59 ⎟
M = Asfy ⎛⎜d − ⎞⎟ ⎝ f 'c b ⎟⎠
C
a
⎝ 2⎠ We know that the moment in our reinforced
concrete beans is
d Substitute the value for a M = 4P
⎛ Asfy ⎞ Asfy ⎛ Asfy ⎞
T M = Asfy ⎜⎜d − 0.59 ⎟ Ptension = ⎜ d - 0.59
M = 4P ⎝ f 'c b ⎟⎠ 4 ⎝
⎟
f'c b ⎠
CIVL 1112 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Beams 7/10

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] There is a “balanced” condition where the stress in the steel
reinforcement and the stress in the concrete are both at their
] The limits of the reinforcement ratio are
yield points established as:
] The amount of steel required to reach the balanced strain condition c
is defined in terms of the reinforcement ratio:
> 0.600 Beam failure is controlled by
compression
compr ss on
d
P A
ρ= s c
bd 0.375 <
d
< 0.600 Transition between tension
and compression control
Compression
c
< 0.375 Beam failure is controlled by
d tension

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] The limits of the reinforcement ratio are ] Lets consider shear failure in unreinforced concrete
established as:

Vcr = 2 f 'c bd
Reinforcement ratio definition

As P
ρ =
bd
P
ρ as function of c/d

V = Shear P =Shear
4 f 'c bd
c f 'c 2
ρ = 0.85 β1
d fy

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams

] Lets consider shear failure in reinforced concrete ] Lets consider compression failure in over reinforced

Af
v yd
concrete

Vs −Vcr =
] First, let define an equation that given the stress in the
tensile steel when concrete reaches its ultimate strain
P
s ⎛d −c ⎞
P fsteel = 87, 000 psi ⎜
⎝ c ⎠
⎟
V =
Shear Shear
2 ] If fsteel < fy then or
c
d
> 0.600

⎛ Af
v yd ⎞
Pshear = 2 ⎜ + 2 f 'c bd ⎟ Mcompression = As ⎜
⎛d − c ⎞⎛ a⎞
⎟ ⎜ d − 2 ⎟ 87, 000 psi
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠⎝ ⎠
CIVL 1112 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Beams 8/10

Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis

] Lets consider compression failure in over reinforced ] Let’s use the failure models to predict the ultimate
concrete strength-to-weight (SWR) of one of our reinforced
] First, let define an equation that given the stress in the concrete beams from lab
tensile steel when concrete reaches its ultimate strain
P ] Consider a beam with the following characteristics:

M = 4P only if fs < fy Concrete strength f’c = 5,000 psi

Steel strength fy = 60,000 psi

Shear Shear The tension reinforcement will be 2 #4 rebars

The shear reinforcement will be #3 rebars bent in a U-shape
A ⎛d −c ⎞⎛ a⎞ spaced at 4 inches.
Pcompression = s ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ d − 2 ⎟ 87, 000 psi
4 ⎝ c ⎠⎝ ⎠ Use the minimum width to accommodate the reinforcement

Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis

] Reinforcing bars are denoted by the bar number. The ] Based on the choice of reinforcement we can
diameter and area of standard rebars are shown below. compute an estimate of b and d
#4 rebar diameter Minimum cover #3 rebar diameter
Bar # Diameter (in) As (in 2 )
3 0.375 0.11
b b ≥ 2(0.5 in ) + 2(0.75 in ) + 2(0.375 in )
4 0 500
0.500 0 20
0.20
5 0.625 0.31
6 0.750 0.44 + 0.75 in = 4.0 in
7 0.875 0.60
6” d
8 1.000 0.79 Space between bars
9 1.128 1.00 #4
10 1.270 1.27
11 1.410 1.56

Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis

] If we allow a minimum cover under the rebars were
] We now have values for b, d, and As
can estimate d
Half of #4 bar Minimum cover
diameter
⎛ Asfy ⎞
M = Asfy ⎜⎜d − 0.59 ⎟
b
0 5
0.5
b
⎝ f 'c b ⎟⎠
d =6− −0.75 −0.375
2
d
#3 rebar diameter
d ] The As for two #4 rebars is:
6” 6”

#4
d = 4.625 in #4 As = 2(0.20 in 2 ) = 0.40 in 2
CIVL 1112 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Beams 9/10

Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis

] Compute the moment capacity ] Let’s check the shear model
⎛ Af
v yd ⎞
⎛ Asfy ⎞ Pshear = 2 ⎜ + 2 f 'c bd ⎟
M = Asfy ⎜⎜d − 0.59 ⎟ ⎝ s ⎠
⎝ f 'c b ⎟⎠ Area of two #3 rebars

⎛ 0.4in 2 (60ksi ) ⎞ ⎛ 2 ( 0.11in 2 ) ( 60, 000 psi ) 4.625 in ⎞

= 0.4in 2 (60ksi ) ⎜ 4.625in − 0.59 ⎟ = 2⎜ + 2 5, 000 psi ( 4 in )( 4.625 in ) ⎟
⎝ 5ksi (4in ) ⎠ ⎜
⎝
4 in ⎟
⎠
Shear reinforcement spacing

M = 35,757 lbs = 35.76 kips

= 94.0 k ⋅ in ⇒P = = 23.5 kips
4
Since Ptension < Pshear therefore Ptension controls

Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis

] Let’s check the reinforcement ratio ] An β1 estimate is given as:

As
Reinforcement ratio definition

ρ = f 'c ≤ 4000 psi ⇒ β1 = 0.85

bd ρ as function of c/d
f 'c ≥ 4000 psi
c f 'c ⎛ f 'c −4000 ⎞
ρ = 0.85 β1 β1 = 0.85 − 0.05⎜
⎝ 1000 ⎠
⎟ ≥ 0.65
d fy
⎛ 5, 000 − 4, 000 ⎞
To compute ρ, first we need to estimate β1 β1 = 0.85 − 0.05 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.80
⎝ 1, 000 ⎠

Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis

] Check the reinforcement ratio for the maximum steel ] However, the maximum about of steel where
allowed for tension controlled behavior or c/d = 0.375 compression is in control is c/d = 0.600

c f 'c 5 ksi c f 'c 5 ksi

ρ = 0.85 β1 = 0.85(0.80)0.375 ρ = 0.85 β1 = 0.85(0.80)0.600
d fy 60 ksi d fy 60 ksi
= 0.021 = 0.034
As 0.4 in 2 As 0.4 in 2
ρ= = = 0.022 ρ= = = 0.022
bd 4in (4.625in ) bd 4in (4.625in )
] The amount of steel in this beam is just a bit over the ] Therefore, the beam is in the lower part of the
allowable for tension controlled behavior. transition zone and for our purposes is OK.
CIVL 1112 Introduction to Reinforced Concrete Beams 10/10

Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis

] An estimate of the weight of the beam can be made as:
] In summary, this reinforced concrete beam will fail in
Size of concrete beam Unit weight of concrete tension

(4in )(6in )(30in ) ⎛ 145lb ⎞ 4”

W =
1728in 3 /ft 3 ⎜⎝ ft 3 ⎟⎠ ⇒ P = 23.5
23 5 kips
Additional weight of rebars Unit weight of steel

6” 4.625”
(0.4in 2 )(30in ) ⎛ 490lb − 145lb ⎞
+ ⎜ ⎟ 23,500lb
1728in 3 /ft 3 ⎝ ft 3 ⎠ SWR = = 374.2
62.81lb
As = 0.4 in2
= 60.42lb + 2.39lb = 62.81lb

Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis

Questions?