Fifth Session

Advances in Material Science

Assignment MSD 612.2 Advances in Material Sciences

1. What is crystal structure? Explain Face centered crystal structure with respect to metals 4 Marks 2. Construct (0 1 1) plane (Miller Indices) within a cubic unit cell with a neat sketch. 5 Marks 3. What is the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure? Explain. 4 Marks 4. What is Composites? What are the different types of composites? How composites are different from alloys? 4 Marks 5. Briefly explain the difference between self diffusion and interdiffusion. 4 Marks 6. How materials fail? Explain with examples. 4 Marks

Introductions to Atomic Structure

Atoms are the very basic unit of the universe, every thing in this universe is made up of atoms. Basically atoms are the building blocks. Yes, What ever you see around you is made up of atoms! Atoms are very small particles. A tip of sharpened pencils has thousands of atoms. But, atoms are not the smallest particles! There are even smaller particles. You know the universe is made up of atoms Do you know the atoms are made up of what? The atoms are made up of very, very, very small and three different types of particles, namely the Electrons, Protons and Neutrons. An atom is composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons, which are in specific number and arranged in specific order in each of the elements. Solid materials consists number of atoms of either same element or different elements. They are mainly three kinds metals, polymers, and ceramics. Different kinds of bonds exist to keep atoms together, and these bonds dictates the way materials behave. Many of the engineering properties of materials depend on the arrangement of atoms in solids. Special notations are needed to describe the atomic arrangement in solids. No wonder that not any two materials behave in the same fashion as there exists millions of combinations of chemical composition, bonds, and atomic arrangement.

Atomic Structure, Inter atomic Bonding and Structure of Crystalline Solids

To know about composition of an atom, and to know about different bonds in solids, and be able to distinguish between them. - To understand the concepts of unit cell, crystal structure. - Be able to construct different directions and planes in crystals with proper notation. - Understand the concept of anisotropy. - Elastic nature of composites. - Structure and properties of Polymers and Ceramics.

Atomic number (Z)-is the number of protons per atoms. Atomic mass (A)-is the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons within the nucleus. Atomic mass is measured in atomic mass unit (amu) where 1amu=(1\12) the mass of most common isotope of carbon atom, measured in grams. A Z+N, where N is number of neutrons. A mole is the amount of matter that has a mass in grams equal to the atomic mass in amu of the atoms. Thus a mole of carbon has a mass of 12 grams.

Atomic Bonding in Solids

Two questions need to be answered: why the atoms are clustered together?, and how they are arranged?
Bonds are two kinds Primary, and Secondary Primary bonds relatively stronger. Exists in almost all solid materials. E.g.: Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic bonds.

Secondary bonds relatively weaker bonds. Exists in many substances like water along with primary bonds. E.g.: Hydrogen, and van der Waalsforces.

Metallic bond This bond comes into existence if valence electrons are shared between number of atoms, i.e. arranged positive nucleuses are surrounded by electron pool. Shared electrons are not specific to a pair of atoms, in contrast to Covalent bond, i.e. electrons are delocalized. As shared electrons are delocalized, metallic bonds are nondirectional. Very characteristic properties of metals like high thermal and electrical conductivities are result of presence of delocalized electron pool.

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Multiple Choice Questions

1. Particles that most effects material properties (a) Neutrons (b) Protons (c) Electrons (d) Valence electrons 2. Mean distance between atoms in the range of (a) 25 nm (b) 2.5 nm (c) 0.25 nm (d) 0.025 nm 3. Which one of the following is not a strong bond? (a) van der Waals bond (b) Covalent bond (c) Metallic bond (d) Ionic bond 4. Bond strength of secondary bonds is in the range of (a) 1 kJ/mol (b) 10 kJ/mol (c) 100 kJ/mol (d) 1000 kJ/mol 5. Electron sea exists in (a) Polar bonds (b) Ionic bond (c) Covalent bond (d) Metallic bond 6. Repeatable entity of a crystal structure is known as (c) Unit cell (a) Crystal (b) Lattice (d) Miller indices 7. Coordination number for closest packed crystal structure (a) 16 (b) 12 (c) 8 (d) 4 8. Atomic packing factor is (a) Distance between two adjacent atoms (b) Projected area fraction of atoms on a plane (c) Volume fraction of atoms in cell (d) None

11. A family of directions is represented by (a) (hkl) (b) <uvw> (c) {hkl} (d) [uvw] 12. The angle between [111] and [112] directions in a cubic crystal is (in degrees) (a) 0 (b) 45 (c) 90 (d) 180 13. Repeatable unit of polymers (a) isomer (b) copolymer (c) homopolymer (d) mer 14. Pick the thermo-plast from the following (b) Epoxies (c) Resins (d) Vulcanized rubber (a) Vinyls 19. Layered silicate structures in clays consists the following group (a) SiO44- (b) Si2O52- (c) Si2O76- (d) SiO44-

Imperfections in Solids