DYNAMO 1. FUNCTIONAL VIEW GENERATOR a rotating machine converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.

y. MOTOR a rotating machine for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. 2. STRUCTURAL POINT OF VIEW Dynamo- is a rotating machine which functions by producing a relative motion between electrical conductors and a magnetic field. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A DC MACHINE 1. Magnetic frame or field yoke Serves as a return path for all the circulating magnetic flux that passes from the field poles to the armature. Made of cast iron, cast steel, or rolled steel. Acts as mechanical support for the poles and also for the end pieces which carry the bearings. 2. Pole cores and pole shoes The pole core holds the pole windings coils (field coils). It serves as magnetic path for the magnetic field pole produced by the field coils. Pole shoes spread out the flux in the air gap reducing the reluctance of the magnetic path. It also supports the field coils. Made of thin lamination of highly magnetic steel alloy. 3. Pole coils or field coils When current is passed through the field coils, they electro magnetize the poles which produce the necessary flux that is cut by revolving armature conductors. 4. Armature core Serves as a support for the winding conductors that pass through the magnetic field. Provides as path for the magnetic flux through the armature from North Pole to South Pole.

5. Armature windings or conductor The winding wherein the voltage is induced electromagnetically. Placed in the armature slots, which are lined with tough insulating material. This slot insulation is folded over above the armature conductors and is secure in place by special hand wooden or fiber wedge. 6. Commutator Provide electrical connection between the rotating armature coils and the stationary eternal circuit. As the armature rotates, it performs a switching action, reversing the electrical connections between the outside lines and each armature coil voltages add together and result in a dc output viltage. 7. Brushes Collect the current from the commutator. Normally made of carbon or carbon graphite or a copper filled carbon mixture. MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OF A DC MACHINE 1. Field Poles 2. Field Yoke 3. Air Gap The space between the armature and the pole shoes (from top of teeth to pole face). 4. Armature Core ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT OF A DC MACHINE 1. 2. 3. 4. Field Pole windings Armature windings Commutator Brushes

SLOT PITCH/SLOT SPAN (Sp)

Distance from center of one slot to center of adjacent slot measured on the armature.

POLE PITCH 6 slots The periphery of the armature divided by the number of poles of the generator between two adjacent poles.

b. FRACTIONAL-PITCHED If the coil-span is less than the pole-pitch, then the winding is fractional-pitched. The total emf round the coil, which is the vector sum of the two coil sides, is less compared to the fullpitched. PITCH OF A WINDING (Y) It is the distance round the armature between two successive conductors, which are directly connected together. It is the distance between the beginnings of two consecutive turns.

CONDUCTOR The length of the wire lying in the magnetic field and in which the emf is induced.

COIL OR WINDING ELEMENT Two conductors along with their end connections constitute one coil or winding element. a. SINGLE-TURN COIL A single turn coil will have two conductors. b. MULTI-TURN COIL A multi-turn coil may have many conductors per coil side. The group of wires or conductors constituting a coil side of a multiturn coil is wrapped with a tape as a unit and is placed in the armature slot. COIL SPAN OR COIL PITCH (Ys) 4 slots It is the distance, measured in terms of armature slots (or armature conductors) between two sides of a coil. It is the periphery of the armature spanned by the two sides of a coil. a. FULL-PITCHED The coil span or the coil-pitch is equal to the pole pitch. In this case, the coil sides lie under opposite poles, hence the induced emf will be maximum.

BACK PITCH (Yb) It is the distance, measured in terms of the armature conductors, which a coil advances on the back of the armature.

FRONT PITCH (Yf) It is the number of armature conductors or elements spanned by a coil on the front (or commutator end of n armature). It is the distance (in terms of armature conductors between the second conductor of one coil and the first conductor of the next coil which are connected together at the front.

COMMUTATOR PITCH (Yc) It is the distance (measured in commutator bars or segments) between the segments to which the two ends of a coil are connected.

SINGLE-LAYER WINDING It is that winding in which one conductor is placed in each armature slot.

POLE ARC

Radial length of pole face

ONE LEADS OR FRONT END CONNECTION Ends or leads that connect to the commutator bars.

4. The winding must close upon itself i.e. if we start from a given point and more from one coil to another, then all conductors should be traversed and we should reach a break or discontinuity in between. TYPES OF GENERATOR: 1. SEPARATELY-EXCITED GENERATOR Are those whose field magnets are energized from an independent external source of dc current or its a winding also called shunt field winding is connected to an outside source (a battery or another dc generator). It is used for laboratory experiment purpose where voltage, are likely to be varied. 2. SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR Are those whose field magnets are energized by the current produced by the generators themselves. a. SHUNT-WOUND The field windings are connected across or parallel with the armature conductors and have the full voltage of the generator applied across them. It is used for constant voltage application like in electric welding. b. SERIES-WOUND In this case, the field windings are joined in series with the armature conductors. As they carry full load current, they consist of relatively few turns of thick wires. It is used for constant current application like in series lighting. c. COMPOUND-WOUND It is the combination of a few series and a few shunt windings and can either be short-shunt or long-shunt. TYPES OF COMPOUND GENERATOR ACCORDING TO DIRECTION OF FLUX 1. CUMULATIVELY COMPOUNDED The series field aiding the shunt field for supplying power and lighting loads. a. UNDER COMPOUNDED

TWO-LAYER WINDING In this type of winding, there are two conductors or coil sides per slot arranged in two layers. Usually, one side of every coil lies on the upper half of one slot and the other side lies in the lower half of some other slot at a distance of approximately one pitch away.

LAP AND WAVE WINDINGS These are the type of winding employed for drum type armature. The difference between the two is merely due to the arrangement of the end connections at the front or commutator end of the armature. The lap winding is also known as multiple winding while for wave winding is also known as the series winding.

RULES APPLIED TO BOTH TYPES OF WINDINGS: 1. The front pitch and the back pitch are each approximately equal to the pole pitch i.e. windings should be full pitched. This results in increased emf round coils. 2. Both pitches should be odd otherwise it would be difficult to place the coils properly on the armature. For example, if Yb and Yf were both even, then all the coils sides and conductors would lie either in the upper half of the slots or in the lower half. Hence, it would become impossible for one side of the coil to lie in the upper half of one slot and the other side on the lower half of some other slot. 3. The number of commutator segments is equal to the number of slots or coils (or half the number of conductors) because the front ends of conductors are joined to the segments in pairs.

The full load terminal voltage is less than the no load voltage. It is used when the load is near from the generator. b. FLAT COMPOUNDED o The full load terminal is the same as the no load voltage. It is used when the load is at medium distance from the generator. c. OVER COMPOUNDED o The full load terminal voltage is greater than the no load voltage. It is used when the load is far from the generator. 2. DIFFERENTIALLY COMPOUNDED The direction of flux of the series field winding opposes the direction of the flux of the shunt field winding. It is used for electric welding. PRIME MOVERS: 1. Hydraulic Turbines 2. Steam Turbine 3. Internal Combustion Engine COMPENSATING WINDING Connected in series with the armature. Used to neutralize armature reaction.

INTERPOLE WINDING Connected in series with the armature. Used for spark less commutation.

DIVERTER RESISTANCE Connected in parallel with the series field.