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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT COOKING DEVICES BASED ON SOLID BIOMASS FUEL AND ITS SUSTAINABILITY FOR RURAL INDIA
Bhagwat Technologies and Energy Conservation Pvt Ltd, New Delhi The Energy & Resources nstitute, New Delhi ! "arvodaya #idyalayas, Delhi
Abstract: Biomass fuelled cooking in !adi ional mud s o"es is a #ides$!ead $%enomenon es$eciall& ac!oss !u!al India' Ma(o!i & of %e !u!al %ouse%olds use )iomass in !adi ional mud s o"es #i % lo# efficienc& le"els of 10-1*+ leading o significan indoo! ai! $ollu ion #%ic% is de !imen al o %e %eal % and also con !i)u es o g!een%ouse gas emissions leading o clima e c%ange',i % %e ceaseless inc!ease in ene!g& demand o"e! %e &ea!s- along #i % !a$id de$le ion of con"en ional sou!ces of fuel- i %as )ecome %e need of %e %ou! o sea!c% fo! al e!na i"e ene!g& sou!ces #%ic% can mee %e ene!g& needs in %e coming fu u!e' A$a! f!om %is- %e ke& im$e us fo! sea!c%ing ne# ene!g& a"enues is %e .Es/0 economic de"elo$men ene!g& secu!i & and en"i!onmen al sus aina)ili &' ,i % e1 ensi"e !esea!c% and de"elo$men ac i"i ies ac!oss %e #o!ld o"e! %e las #o decades- !esea!c%e!s #e!e a)le o design and de"elo$ ene!g& efficien cook s o"e ec%nologies' Hig%e! %ea u ili2a ion in mode!n de"ices )ased on )iomass gasifica ion ec%nologies #i % %ig%e! %e!mal ene!g& %a"e also )een de"ised 'India also %as successfull& im$lemen ed man& of %ese ec%nologies' 3%e $!esen s ud& is a modes a em$ o#a!ds e1$e!imen al s ud& in la) )acked #i % field #o!k fo! ene!g& efficien cooking de"ices )ased on solid )iomass fuel' I is designed as a com$a!a i"e s ud& of %ese ene!g& efficien cook s o"es as o$$osed o !adi ional cook s o"es in e!ms of %ei! %e!mal efficiencies- s$eed of cooking- fuel consum$ ion- and ada$ a ion )a!!ie!' I #ill finall& %el$ in assessing %e sus aina)ili & of suc% ne# ec%nolog& in e!"en ions $a! icula!l& fo! !u!al a!eas'
Keyw r!4 Biomass- Ene!g&- efficien cook-s o"es- sus aina)ili &
10-ENR-VIVEK KUMAR SINGH Introduction Biomass %as %e %uge $o en ial as an ene!g& sou!ce in !u!al a!eas in de"elo$ing coun !ies' Massi"e $o$ula ion is de$enden on )iomass fo! domes ic cooking' Mo!e %an #o- %i!d of %e en i!e $o$ula ion of India li"es in !u!al a!eas #i % one-fou! % of %e same l&ing )elo# %e $o"e! & line5NSS 60078' A"aila)ili & of %e 9uali & )asic se!"ices fo! %e !u!al $o$ula ion is &e o !eac% %e desi!ed le"el' Ru!al India s ill !el& on inefficien - smoke-emi ing c%ul%as 5s o"es8 causing nega i"e %eal % im$ac s and d!udge!& among #omen and c%ild!en'In s$i e of economic de"elo$men - !adi ional solid )iofuel 5suc% as #ood- ag!icul u!al #as e- and d!ied animal manu!e: dung cake8 %as !adi ionall& )een used in !u!al a!eas as cooking fuel$a! icula!l& )& %e $oo! 5Ra"ind!ana % and Balac%and!a- 600;- Venka a!aman e al'- 600*8' 7<'*+ of India/s 1=0'; million !u!al %ouse%olds and 6.'7+ of *>'7 million u!)an %ouse%olds use solid )iofuel as $!ima!& fuel in !adi ional mud s o"es o mee %ei! cooking needs 5NSS60078'Biomass is s ill #idel& used fo! mee ing cooking and s$ace condi ioning needs %oug% $e! ca$i a usage of cooking )io-fuels %as declined 5?a!as%a! e al'- 600*- Ra"ind!ana % and Balac%and!a- 600;8'
1 Stud! "tr#t$%! 1.1 "evices #$m%r ve! c k st ves&
3%e #in c%a!ac e!is ics of cooking ene!g& scena!io in India- namel& de$endence on )iofuel o mee cooking ene!g& needs of $o$ula ion and usage of inefficien cooking de"ices )& i self me!i s in !oduc ion of mo!e efficien )iofuel )ased al e!na e cooking ec%nologies ac!oss India' Va!ie ies of im$!o"ed cook s o"es %a"e )een designed and de"elo$ed #%ic% include fi1ed and $o! a)le &$es0 me al and cla&0 single $o and mul i$le $o s- #i % c%imne& and #i %ou c%imne& designs'In %e $as #i % $!ima!& aim of !educing fuel #ood consum$ ion 5@uadi! e al'- 1;;*8' 3%e a"e!age %e!mal efficienc& of %e im$!o"ed cook s o"es 5IAS8 !anges )e #een 1*+ and .*+ 5Ra"ind!ana % and Balac%and!a- 600;8' A %e onse of %e $!esen s ud& an in"en o!& of $o! a)le Bim$!o"ed cook s o"esC #as $!e$a!ed )ased on %e follo#ing selec ion c!i e!ia4 5i8A"aila)le in ma!ke o! in $!e-launc% s age 5a)ou mon %s8 o )e comme!ciall& launc%ed in 16
5ii8 Re$u ed manufac u!e! #i % $!esence in India #%ic% is c!i ical fo! %o!i2on al scaling u$ of o$e!a ions and mos im$o! an l& !elia)le and efficien af e! sales se!"ice 5iii8 Ae! ified:Alaimed )& manufac u!e! !ega!ding model Efficienc& 5a leas 60+8- life s$an 5a leas mo!e %an 6 &ea!s8 and emission 5less %an %a of a !adi ional s o"e8 3%e!efo!e- im$!o"ed cook s o"e models namel& En"i!ofi 5B1100 Model D8- Eo!(as o"e 5Model B8- Na"agnis o"e 5Model E8- 3ARA 101- ?%ili$s HD<016 5Model A8 and 3ERI5Model A8 3u!)o s o"e #e!e selec ed fo! es ing %e $e!fo!mance of model' ' Ho#e"e!%e!e a!e nume!ous s o"e designs in !esea!c%: field !ial s age- #%ic% %a"e no )een included in %e s ud&- as %e& did no mee c!i e!ia 'All %e a)o"e s o"es %a"e )asic design of a single $o %ole #i % me allic )od&' 1.2 Fue' In e1$e!imen al s ud& #e selec ed %omogenous na u!e 5cons an $e!cen age of lignin and cellulose8and sund!ied )iomass fuel mois u!e "alue )elo# 60 + 5,B3- 600>8using fuels $cacia Nilotica 5Ba)ul8 $u!c%ased locall& f!om %e nea!)& "illage'
10-ENR-VIVEK KUMAR SINGH & M$t'odo(o%! E1$e!imen al s ud& fo! ene!g& efficien cooking de"ices using solid )iomass fuel is )ased on S o"e $e!fo!mance es #i % in e!na ional s anda!d $!o ocols namel& ,a e! Boiling 3es 5,B38- Aon !olled Aooking 3es 5AA38 and Ki c%en ?e!fo!mance 3es 5K?38' The %!ee s anda!d es s #e!eused in %is s ud& )ased on !ecen modiFca ions o %e a$$!oac%es de"elo$ed in %e 1;70s )& VI3A and ela)o!a ed )& Bald#in' 3%ese es s namel& ,B3 and AA3 a!e conduc ed se$a!a el& o find s$ecific ou $u as 3%e!mal efficienc& and S$ecific fuel consum$ ion !es$ec i"el&' ,B3 and AA3 es $!o ocols s%ould )e es ed in la)o!a o!& si ua ion' 3%e diffe!ence )e #een %e e1$e!imen al condi ions and a $!ac ical scena!io %as of en )een $osed in suc% a manne! so as o sugges %a %e la)o!a o!& #o!k canno $!o"ide an& guidelines fo! %e de"elo$men of efficien s o"es' I is claimed %a onl& field #o!k can lead o $!ac ical designs' Hence modified field es s fo! ,B3 and AA3 #e!e conduc ed in !u!al en"i!onmen fo! com$a!ing "a!ious fuels and de"ices' K?3 es conduc ed #i % ene!g& efficien im$!o"edde"ice- com$a!ison #i % !adi ional cook s o"e in 5nG608 %ouse%old/sfo! fi"e da&s' 3%e la)o!a o!& es s 5,B3 and AA38 #e!e ca!!ied ou in a simula ed ki c%en es ing facili & a local la)o!a o!& condi ion se u$ in Kaima "illage in %eHagadis%$u! )lock of Sul an$u! dis !ic in U a! ?!ades%- India'3%e Feld es s 5K?38 #e!ealso ca!!ied ou in Kaima "illage' 3%e es s#e!e$e!fo!med du!ing %e summe! mon %s of Ma& - Hul&6010' 6'1 AA3 3ES34 AA3 is a field es %a measu!es s o"e $e!fo!mance in com$a!ison o !adi ional me %ods #%en a cook $!e$a!es a local meal o in"es iga e s o"e $e!fo!mance using local fuels- $o sand $!ac ice' ' ' 3%e AA3 $!o"ides a di!ec com$a!ison )e #een %e im$!o"ed and !adi ional s o"e as used )& eac% cook and is an essen ial s e$ in "alida ing field $e!fo!mance' 3%ese es s %a"e )een designed o assess %e $e!fo!mance of %e im$!o"ed s o"e in e!ms of ime !e9ui!ed and fuel consum$ ion fo! cooking' AA3s #e!e ca!!ied ou as $e! in e!na ional es $!o ocol of AA3 5Ve!sion 6'08 5Bailis e al'- 600>8 fo! all %e selec ed models of cook s o"es' 6'6 ,B3 3ES34 ,B3/s #e!e conduc ed on all selec ed models of im$!o"ed cook s o"es in %e la)o!a o!& as $e! %e in e!na ionall& acce$ ed $!o ocol ,B3 5Ve!sion .'08 5Bailis e al'- 600>8' 3%is &$e of s o"e $e!fo!mance es is a la)-)ased es designed o e1$lo!e %e mos )asic as$ec s of s o"e $e!fo!mance in a con !olled en"i!onmen suc% as )u!ning !a e and s$ecific fuel consum$ ion' ,B3 $!o"ides a $!elimina!& unde!s anding of %e s o"e $e!fo!mance' 6'. K?3 3ES34 K?3 is %e $!inci$al fieldI)ased $!ocedu!e and #o main goals of %e K?3 a!e 3o com$a!e %e $e!fo!mance of im$!o"ed s o"e5s8 #i % %e common o! !adi ional s o"es o! o o %e! im$!o"ed s o"es used in %e ki c%ens of communi & families 3o iden if& 9uali a i"e as$ec s of s o"e $e!fo!mance %!oug% a sim$le su!"e&'
3o mee %ese #o aims- %e K?3 includes )o % 9uan i a i"e su!"e&s of fuel consum$ ion and 9uali a i"e su!"e&s of s o"e $e!fo!mance and acce$ a)ili &' 3%oug% %is es is designed o e"alua e famil& fuel #ood consum$ ion unde! !eal usage condi ions in local communi ies- is
10-ENR-VIVEK KUMAR SINGH mo!e difFcul o $e!fo!m and !e9ui!es mo!e !esou!ces and coo$e!a ion of local use!s' A%anges o ea!lie! "e!sions of %e es s included some mino! $!ocedu!al c%anges- %e in !oduc ion of a JJs anda!d cooking $o -// and %e use of mode!n- )u fai!l& ine1$ensi"emeasu!ing e9ui$men ' ) R$"u(t #nd Di"cu""ion .'1 Eu $u #i % ,B3 3ES3 3.11 (herma' e))iciency: Resul s of %e ,B3- consis ing of cold s a! - %o s a! and simme! $%ase- %e!mal efficienc& of "a!ious models of cook s o"es a!e !e$!esen ed in Kigu!e-1- 3%e!mal efficienc& fo! fo!ced d!af )iomass cook s o"e #as in %e !ange of .0-.*+ including cold s a! - %o s a! and simme! $%ase- #%ile Na u!al d!af )iomass cook s o"e and !adi ional cook s o"es e1%i)i ed %e!mal efficiencies in %e !ange of 60-67+and 16-1;+ !es$ec i"el&' Kigu!e 14 3%e!mal efficienc& of se"en diffe!en cooks s o"es
3.12Fire % wer: 3!adi ional Aook S o"e 53AS8 %as %e %ig%es fi!e $o#e! and i declines in %e o!de! of Na u!al D!af 5ND8 and Ko!ced D!af 5KD8 s o"es !es$ec i"el&' 3%is is significan since %ig%e! fi!e $o#e! means %e!e #ill )e %ig%e! %ea loss and g!ea e! ins a)ili & of flame du!ing %e )u!ning of )iomass fuel as %e cooking de"ices a!e )eing used di!ec l& lo#e!ing %e efficienc& of de"ice' Kigu!e 64 Ki!e $o#e! of se"an diffe!en cook s o"es
) & Out*ut +it' CCT, 3.21( ta' c king time an! s%eci)ic )ue' c nsum%ti n.
3%is is also an im$o! an indica o! of s o"e $e!fo!mance in %e AA3' De$ending on local condi ions and indi"idual $!efe!ences- s o"e use!s ma& "alue %is indica o! mo!e o! less %an %e fuel consum$ ion indica o!' 3%is is calcula ed as a sim$le clock diffe!ence' 3%e minimum cooking ime is o)se!"ed fo! %e model A-B-A #%ile %e ma1imum cooking ime #as o)se!"ed fo! %e model D-G' 3%e es ima es of cooking ime a!e de$ic ed in %e Kigu!e-. a secanda!& a1is' Addi ional ou $u of s$ecific fuel consum$ ion fo! model A-B-A )elo# 600g:kg and a)o"e #%ile %e 6*0g:kg o .10g:kg es ima es in model D-E-K-G s%o#ing a %e $!ima!& a1is on same figu!e-.' Kigu!e . Aooking ime and s$ecific fuel consum$ ion of diffe!en cook s o"es
Resul of ,B3 and AA3 s%o#ing %a model- A %a"ing %ig%e! %e!mal efficienc&- s$eed cooking and lo# s$ecific fuel consum$ ion' In %e K?3 conduc ed #i % ene!g& efficien
10-ENR-VIVEK KUMAR SINGH im$!o"ed de"ice 5Model IA8- com$a!ison #i % !adi ional cook s o"e in 5nG608 %ouse%old/s fo! * da&s' 3%is is designed o e"alua e famil& fuel#ood consum$ ion unde! !eal usage condi ions in local communi ies- )u is mo!e difFcul o $e!fo!m and !e9ui!es mo!e !esou!ces and coo$e!a ion of local use!s' A%anges o ea!lie! "e!sions of %e es s included some mino! $!ocedu!alc%anges- %e in !oduc ion of a JJs anda!d cooking $o -// and %e use of mode!n- )u fai!l& ine1$ensi"e- measu!ing e9ui$men ' 3%e K?3 #as $e!fo!med in #o $%ases4 5a8 ?%ase 1- as a )aseline #%en %e famil& used an o$en F!e o! o$en F!e in a !adi ional U-s%a$ed s o"e 5ma& 60108- #i % 60 %ouse%olds 5*0+ e1clusi"e fuel #ood use!s and *0+ mi1ed use!s80 5)8 ?%ase 6- an in e!media e $%ase 6 mon %s af e! ins alla ion of %e im$!o"ed s o"e 5Hul& 60108- #i % 60 %ouse%olds 5*0+ e1clusi"e and *0+ mi1ed80 K?3 ou $u is calcula ed as a sim$le !educ ion diffe!ence $e! da&$e! ca$i a fuel and im$!o"ed cook s o"e s%o#ing %a 1'* o 6'< kg:$e!son and !adi onal s o"e s o"es s%o#ing %uge diff!ence as .'* o = kg:$e!son as fuel uses $e! ca$i a ' In Kigu!e -< s%o#ing %a su!$lus
fuel consum$ ion o !es$ec %ouse%olds o im$!o"e de"ice in $e!ce age !anges )e #een .< o >7 in same
- . Su"t#in#/i(it! #""$""0$nt Sus aina)ili & assessmen fo! )iomass cooking de"ice in !u!al India i de$ended on "a!ious $a!ame e! as fuel sa"ing and cos fo! ne# de"ice' Eu! e1$e!imen al s ud& %el$ us o find some $a!ame e! as fuel sa"ing and cos economic fo! &ea!s' - 1. Fu$( S#1in%" A"e!age %ouse%old le"el consum$ ion #as >'1 kg $e! da& #i % a"e!age famil& si2e of >' En a"e!age- i indica es $e! ca$i a consum$ ion of a$$!o1ima el& 1kg:da&' 3%e !esul co!!o)o!a e #i % L%ang e al' 51;;;8 #%ic% es ima ed 1 kg:$e!son:da& of fuel #ood consum$ ion fo! &$ical "illage %ouse%olds in de"elo$ing coun !ies using solid fuels in !adi ional mud s o"es'
10-ENR-VIVEK KUMAR SINGH Aonside!ing India/s a"e!age %ouse%old si2e of a$$!o1ima el& *'* 5Aensus of India- 60018- on a"e!age a %ouse%old consumes *'* kg of #ood fo! cooking in a !adi ional s o"e' Henceannual consum$ ion of fuel #ood fo! a %ouse%old using !adi ional s o"e is a!ound 6010 kg 5*'* kg 1 .=* da&s8' 3%e con !olled cooking es !esul s %a"e indica ed %a in com$a!ison o !adi ional mud s o"eModel A-B-A-D-E and K consume <7+- <0+- .=+ -.+-6+ and 7+ less fuel fo! a s anda!di2ed cooking ask' Aonside!ing mic!o-le"el da a of fuel sa"ings f!om one cooking ask- Model A-B-A-D-E and K #ill a$$!o1ima el& sa"e ;=< kg - 70< kg ->6. kg - >6 kg - <0 kg and 1=0 kg !es$ec i"el& as com$a!ed o a mud s o"e on an annual )asis' Gi"en %a mos of %e )iomass used in %ouse%olds is no !ansac ed on %e ma!ke - )ioene!g& da a is Binade9ua e and no u$- o-da eC 5KAE- 600>8' L%ang% e al' 51;;;8 %as !e$o! ed B !emendous amoun of "a!ia ionC in fuel consum$ ion due o local condi ions suc% as access and &$e of local fuel- season- e c' A "a!ie & of inde$enden "a!ia)les suc% as clima eem$e!a u!e- socioeconomics and cul u!al $e!s$ec i"es of %e $eo$le also de e!mine fuel consum$ ion $a e!n in a %ouse%old 5Nau i&al and Kaec%ele- 60078' Hence- %e a)o"e !e$o! ed fuel sa"ings ma& conside!a)l& "a!& in diffe!en se ings' - 1& Co"t 3%e cos of ec%nolog& usage %a"e )een calcula ed and $!esen ed in a)ula! fo!m in a)le .' ,e %a"e made %!ee assum$ ions on conse!"a i"e )asis' Ki!s l&- #e %a"e assumed Rs' . as a"e!age cos of one kg of fuel #ood- discoun ing $!ice infla ion %oug% %e!e is #ide "a!ia ion in fuel #ood $!ices ac!oss India de$ending on seasonal a"aila)ili & and $!o1imi & of sou!ce )ase' Secondl&- #e %a"e also assumed a lifes$an of . &ea!s fo! %e #o al e!na i"e ec%nologies #%ic% is lo#e! %an %a claimed )& %e manufac u!e! o) ained %!oug% $e!sonal co!!es$ondence' 3%i!dl&- )ecause %e $!oduc s a!e !ela i"el& ne# #i %ou sufficien info!ma ion a)ou du!a)ili & of i s indi"idual com$onen s and a)sence of !elia)le seconda!& li e!a u!e on main enance cos of im$!o"ed s o"es- #e %a"e assumed .0+ of !e ail $!ice as i s main enance cos o"e! a %!ee &ea! c&cle' 3a)le -1 Economic fo! se"en cook s o"es in %!ee &ea! c&cle
T$c'no(o%! ?!ocu!emen Aos 5INR8-A Ins alla ion E"e!%eads 53!ans$o! a ion e c'8-B Main enance Aos 5o"e! . &ea!s8-A TOTAL co"t o2 d$1ic$ o+n$r"'i*3D 4A5B5C6 A"e!age annual fuel consum$ ion in Mud s o"e fo! a %ouse%old 5kgs8-E Kuel Aonsum$ ion o"e! . &ea!s 5. 1 E8 TOTAL co"t o2 2u$( con"u0*tion o1$r ) !$#r"3 G 4R" );<% = F6 O1$r#(( Co"t o2 u"#%$ o1$r ) !$#r" in # 'ou"$'o(d 4D5G6 Mod$( A .=*0 100 10;* -7-8 10<= .1.7 ;<1< 1-&8> Mod$( B 1*00 100 ;00 &8.. 160> .=61 107=. 1))9) Mod$( C 6*00 100 1000 )9.. 167> .7=1 11*7. 1817) Mod$( D 1*00 100 <*0 &.8. 1;.7 *71< 1><<6 1>->& Mod$( E 1600 100 <00 1:.. 1;>0 *;10 1>>.0 1>-). Mod$( F <00 *0 1*0 9.. 17*0 ***0 1==*0 1:&8. Mud 0 0 0 . 6010 =0.0 170;0 17?.>.
10-ENR-VIVEK KUMAR SINGH 3%e a)o"e conse!"a i"e es ima e indica es %e o"e!all cos efficac& of Model IA s o"e in s$i e of i s %ig% ini ial cos o"e! a $e!iod of %!ee &ea!s- model IA-B and A s%ould !esul in sa"ings of INR .7.1-<>6>and 6;0>- #%ic% is 66+-6>+ and 1= + !educ ion "is-M-"is cos of mud s o"e usage' Ku! %e!- ma1imum !e ail $!ice of %e de"ises #e!e es ima ed as $!ocu!emen cos ' In case of )ulk $u!c%ase- %e assumed cos #ill significan l& dec!ease fu! %e! im$!o"ing i s cos sa"ings $o en ial'
Conc(u"ion 3%e e1$e!imen !esul s indica e %a mode!nsolid )iomass cook s o"es in !eal ki c%ens a field le"el no %a"ing im$!essi"e$e!fo!mances due o BImma u!e 3ec%nolog&C o! ina$$!o$!ia e ec%nolog&' Ne# gene!a ion im$!o"ed cook s o"es is single $o s #i % o$-loading and !e9ui!es %a %e #ood fuel )e cu in o small $ieces )efo!e use o %e!#ise needs o al e!na i"e fuel #ood $elle s' 3%us !e9ui!ed %e mo!e !esea!c% and de"elo$men in deigns and a$$lica)ili & o mi1ed solid )iomass fuel' Aos economic anal&sis conclude %a )iomass s o"e ec%nologies fo! cooking %ig% in"es men cos N long $a&)ack $e!iod- )iomass cook s o"e gene!all& use in !u!al a!ea'Reduc ion in fuel use is $e!%a$s %e mos com$elling !eason fo! consume!s o ado$ an im$!o"ed s o"es' Ac<no+($d%$0$nt" 3%e au %o!s g!a efull& ackno#ledge %e su$$o! of M! A)%is%ek Ka! 3ERI 53%e Ene!g& N Resou!ces Ins i u e-8 Ne# Del%i- Village!s of Kaima #%o o$ened %ei! doo!s fo! %is !esea!c% ini ia i"e also dese!"e ou! un9ualified and dee$ a$$!ecia ion' R$2$r$nc$ 1' Na ional Sam$le Su!"e& 5NSS8- 6007' NSS =.!d Round House%old Aonsume! E1$endi u!e in India- 600=-0>' Re$o! No' *6> 5=.:1'0:180 Minis !& of S a is ics and ?!og!amme Im$lemen a ion- Go"e!nmen of India- Ne# Del%i 6' Ra"ind!ana %- N'H'- Balac%and!an- ?'- 600;' Sus aina)le )ioene!g& fo! India4 3ec%nical- economic and $olic& anal&sis' Ene!g& .< -100.I101. .' Ramana %an- V'- A%ung- A'- Kim- D'- Be ge- 3'- Bu(a- O'- Kie%l- H'3'- ,as%ing on,' M'- Ku- @'- Sikka- D' R'- ,ild- M'- 600*' A mos$%e!ic )!o#n clouds4 Im$ac s on Sou % Asianclima e and %&d!ological c&cle' <' ?a!as%a!- D'A'- Gadi- R'- Mandal' 3'K- Mi !a- A'?'- 600*' Aa!)onaceous ae!osol emissions f!om India' A mos$%e!ic En"i!onmen ' .;- >7=1I>7>1'
10-ENR-VIVEK KUMAR SINGH 5. Quadir, S.A., Mathur. S., Kandpal.T.C., 1995. Barriers to dissemination of renewable ner!" te#hnolo!ies for #oo$in!. ner!" Con%ers. M!mt. &' (1)*, 11)9+11&). =' Bailis- R' 5600>8 PS o"e ?e!fo!mance 3es ing ?!o ocols4 AA30 S%ell 6* Kounda ion- Uni"e!si & of Aalifo!nia4 Be!kele&' >' Bailis- R'- Ma(id E22a - M'- Kammen-D'M '-600> Heal % and G!een%ouse Gas Im$ac s of Biomass and Kossil Kuel Ene!g& Ku u!es in Af!ica'Boiling ?oin ' *< 7' Aensus 560018 % $4::censusindia'go"'in:AensusQDa aQ6001:S a esQa Qglance:S a eQOinks:1 >Qmeg'$df 5Accessed 10 ma!c% 60108' 9. ,auti"al, S., Kae#hele, -., )../. 0uel swit#hin! from wood to 123 #an benefit the en%ironment. n%ironmental 4mpa#t Assessment 5e%iew. )/, 5)&65&)