International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and TechnologyRESEARCH (IJARET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED IN 6480(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET)

ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 2 March April 2013, pp. 61-68 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8376 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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AN OVERVIEW OF AUTOMATIC BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION FROM MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES

Mayur V. Tiwari, D. S. Chaudhari Electronics and Telecommunication Department, Government College of Engineering, Amravati.

ABSTRACT Magnetic resonance (MR) images are very useful tool to detect the tumor growth in brain but precise brain image segmentation is a complex and time consuming process. Manual brain tumor detection may prone to human error. In this paper different technique of automatic brain tumor detection with our proposed method has been discussed.Using one or two level of wavelet transform and Gabor filters, brain tumor detection is possible. Key Words: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography, UDWT, Gabor Wavelets, Segmentation. I. INTRODUCTION Brain tumor is very hazardous disease to human beings due to which death may occur. In the field of medical engineering brain tumor segmentation and detection from MR images has been recent area of research [1]. Most of the researches from this field have shown their interest to develop an automatic brain tumor segmentation and detection system.Brain diseases and disorders have been commonly studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique [4]. For automatic detection of brain tumors, Magnetic resonance Imaging gives better results than computed tomography (CT) since greater contrast between different soft tissues of human body has been provided MRI [1]. Hence MR images are widely used in detection of brainand cancerous tumors [1]. Automatic image segmentation is most important process in medical imaging for analyzing different types of pathological and healthy tissues. In MRI segmentation problem is to label voxels according to their tissue types which includes white matter (WM), grey matter (GM), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and pathological tissues (tumor), etc [3]. Radiologist can diagnose and find location of lesions based on visual diagnosis with help of available
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

software. While performing visual diagnosis, error may be introduced in finding location of tumor. To remove this problem there is need to develop a computer based automatic technique for detecting tumor from brain MR images [4]. For different surgical evaluations, Fluid Attenuated Inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance images are most widely used from different kind of MR images. FLAIR images are widely used in study and analysis of brain maturation, acute hemorrhage and in diagnosis of intra cranial tumor, periventricular lesions, head injury, multiple sclerosis etc. A FLAIR sequenceproduces heavily T2 weighted MR images in which cerebrospinal fluid does not appear. In FLAIR images, subtle lesions near CSF appear against a background of attenuated CSF which looks dark and lesions, tumors and edematous tissues looks bright [4]. Automated tumor segmentation becomes difficult since it is tedious job to create a pre designed model of expected size, shape, location or image intensity [3]. Brain tumors are of different sizes, locations and positions. They also have overlapping intensities with normal tissues [3].Accurate brain tissue segmentation and detection is a very vital issue for the diagnosis of brain tumors and study of brain diseases. Brain tumor detection is a time consuming process since tumor location and size is manually detected by expert because of which, it is more prone to human errors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop fully automated brain tumor segmentation and detection tools [2]. There are some techniques available such as classical, fuzzy, neural network etc, for automatic brain tumor segmentation and detections. Classical techniques uses thresholding (part below threshold becomes bright otherwise dark), edge and region based methods which are known as standard image processing. In region based technique the region with similar pixel values are extracted. The brain tumor from MR images consist of similar pixel values. The edges consist of high frequency information of an image. Due to the lack of information, final segmentation using classical methods are highly sensitive to noise and usually do not result in continuous regions. Fuzzy segmentation technique applied for multichannel images but not for single channel images. Neural network techniques are applied only for some types of images [3]. II. BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION SYSTEMS A. Usmanet al. have designed an automated computer aided system which segment and detect the brain tumor. With the help of this system, brain tumor can be extracted usingpreprocessing, global thresholding and post processing. Pre processing is used to reduced the noise and enhance the brain MR image for further processing. In this stage the image quality get enhance with more surety and ease in detecting the tumor. Segmentation is the next process after improving the image quality. It separates similar pixel values from different pixel values that means separate foreground from its background. Segmentation is done with the help of technique called global thresholding in which threshold value can select. Depending upon pixel value either it is above or below of threshold value considered as foreground or background respectively. The remaining part is post processing operations which get applied on the image to clearly locate the tumor part in the brain. It can include morphological operations (erosion, dilation, masking etc) and windowing technique [1]. This technique of brain tumor detection is very simple and useful for some particular kind of MR images. This technique used the global thresholding in order to segment an image. Due to this false result may get obtained while detecting the tumor, since all whitish part of the brain MR image is not always tumor.
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

Automatic detection and segmentation of brain tumor using fuzzy classification and deformable models was introduced by W. Yang et al. The proposed method is fully automatic which is a combination of region based and contour based methods. It requires MR image of brain tumor which is applied to the improved kernel Fuzzy c-mean (IKFCM) method for rough detection of brain tumor. For precise tumor segmentation, this rough detection is used as the initial value of a deformable model. Classification can be done using IKFCM and Morphological operations. Improved kernel fuzzy c-means is a combination of Fuzzy c-means (FCM) and kernel method. For data classification point of view both membership and typicality are mandatory for data structure interpretation. It computes these two factors simultaneously. Noise sensitivity defect of FCM removed by IKFCM. For tumor detection and labeling histogram based IKFCM is used, since it is faster than classical FCM implementation. The extracted brain image can be classified into five classes, cerebrospinal fluid, white matter, tumor, gray matter and background. The mean of cerebrospinal fluid, white matter and gray matter are used as the centers of their classes. Zero value is used for background. Tumor has highest intensity among the five classes. Some morphological operations such as opening, erosion, largest component selection, etc are then applied to the tumor region in order to correct misclassification errors.Segmentation results were performed through a quantitative comparison with the results of fuzzy possibilistic c-means (FPCM). To evaluate the results two measures are used - ratio of correct detection (TP) and ratio of false detection (TF). The TP shows how much of the actual tumor has been correctly detected, while FP shows how much of the detected tumor is wrong [2]. The standard images or methods are not present for quantitative evaluation of the results of segmentation. Hence more tests are however necessary to further validate the approach. In some researches it was proposed that the tumor edema and healthy tissues can be detected from FLAIR MR Images with the help of higher order wavelets and statistical parameters has been detected. Intracranial brain images and feature vectors get extracted from the blocks of 44 pixels of images. Feature vectors have developed high order functions of statistics and wavelet functions of horizontal and diagonal bands of each block. A wavelet transform can decompose an image into some simpler images. These decomposed images have different scale and dimension. Dimension is depends upon level of wavelet transform. For an instance,88 block is decomposed into four frequency bands of 44 coefficients using wavelet transform, out of which one low frequency band and 3 high frequency bands. The edges of the images consist of high frequency bands.The high frequency bands consist of texture properties which is useful in segmentation process. Due to this, feature vectors were derived from coefficients of high frequency bands. These feature vectors are considered as input and get clustered into 3 segments corresponding to tumor tissues, edema tissues and healthy tissues using fuzzy c- means algorithm. Brain is analyzed for healthy and pathological tissues. Pathological tissues percentage in intra cranial brain is calculated for further process. For better human visualization randomcolouring of segmented regions are done. Fuzzy back propagation algorithm is used for supervised training of Artificial Neural Network(ANN) with results of feature vectors and edema. Finally tumor and edema are detected from converged values of fuzzy ANN [4].
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

S. Ghanavati et al. have proposed an automatic algorithm for tumor detection by using different MRI modalities such as T1, T2-weighted and T1 with gadolinium contrast agent that are mostly used for diagnosis. These modalities can provide better visualization of abnormalities. The intensity, shape deformation, symmetry and texture features were extracted from each image. The Adaboost classifier is used to select most discriminative features and also to select the tumor. Adaboost classifier improves classification accuracy. In the next step, the simulated tumor is used for training and validation of classifier. The data preprocessing is the first step in which images are corrected for the intensity in homogeneity using non parametric non uniform intensity normalization method. Brain extraction tool (BET) is used to remove the non brain tissue like skull, eyes etc. Next process is the feature extraction in which the parameters like intensity, symmetry, shape deformation and texture are extracted. Classification is the last step through which the tumor is detected. Here Adaboost classifier selects and combines the most discriminative features during learning process [5]. In some of the researches, it was studied that brain tumor detection can be possible using colour converted k means clustering segmentation. This approach first convert the input gray level image into a color space image and operating the image labeled by cluster indeed. Clustering is a process in which date points with similar feature vectors can groups in a single cluster while data points with dissimilar feature vectors placed in different clusters. The data points that are nearly similar to the feature space are clustered together follows with further clustering of similarity feature space. Similarity of feature vectors can be represented by as Euclidean or Mahalanobis distance. The clustering is reckoned approach for partitioning d-dimensional data into k clusters. K means clustering algorithm places k clusters for arbitrarily selected cluster centroids vi where i = 1,2,---,k and modifies centroid for new cluster shape formation. Colour- converted segmentation test is the next step to segment an image. The colour converted segmentation is a method that converts colors into a single integer index where a specified color can be selected from a list of colours in a data collection. From final segmented image, the brain tumor is detected [7]. J. Jayakumariet al. had proposed method for automatic detection of brain tumor based on magnetic resonance image using computer aided diagnosis system with watershed segmentation. For automatic brain tumor detection,computer aided diagnosis system can provide better accuracy, simple algorithm, precision and good performance. Preprocessing and Enhancement techniques are the first step of computer aided diagnosis system. It is used to improve image quality for segmentation and detection of suspicious or tumor regions in MR images. The enhancement stage can eliminate image uncertainty such as particular labels and marks on MRI image and high frequency components. Generally low pass filter, median filter, Gabor filter etc. may be used as enhancement techniques. In this stage noise can also be removed. To separate tumor region from background MR image the process called segmentation is used. Image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments. Segmentation is based on discontinuity and similarity. Segmentation finds the Region of Interest (ROI) in an image. Here watershed segmentation technique is used to segregates any image as different intensity portions and tumor cells consist of cerebrospinal fluid which has very high intensity.A watershed is a basin like structure defined by highpoints and ridgelines. The major idea of watershed segmentation is based on topographic representation of image intensity.Watershed segmentation can segregate tumors and high intensity tissues of the brain [6].

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

In recent studies it was found that undecimated wavelet transform beneficial in automatic detection of the brain tumor. Wavelet decomposes data into different frequency components, due to which each component can be studied with a resolution matched to its scale. Hence wavelet transform is best tool for image feature extraction. The undecimated wavelet transform also called as stationary wavelet transform (SWT) leads to a redundant input signal representation, since absence of decimator. Basically UDWT convert the data into the appropriate low and high frequency components at each level. The resultants have the same length as the original sequence. By modifying the filter at each level multiresolution is achieved. The 2 D UDWT diagram is shown in figure1.
input image

ro w s

ro w s

High

Low

c o lum ns

c o lum ns

The Gabor wavelets provide multi-channel filtering approach of texture analysis. The Gabor filters are basically a band - pass filters. Such band-pass filters efficiently captured the characteristics of tumor tissue. The decomposed image has been passed through Gabor filter. Here region-based segmentation is possible through multi-channel filtering technique. The peaks within the array of a feature vector are determined by peakfinding algorithm. Finally using k-means clustering algorithm the segmented brain tumor is produced [3]. III. PROPOSED ALGORITHM Proposed technique of automatic brain tumor detection can effectively detect the tumor part of the brain from magnetic resonance images. Wavelet transform and Gabor filter are used to preprocessed the input image. The resultant image is then passed through further algorithmic steps from which finally brain tumor is detected.The proposed work flow of brain tumor detection is shown in figure 2.

c o lum ns

c o lum ns

High

Low

High

Low

HH diagonal

HL vertical

LH horizontal

LL

Figure 1 Two-dimensional UDWT

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

Figure 2 Proposed work flow of automatic brain tumor detection from MR images
After applying some morphological operations like thresholding, dilation, etc. the resultant image is converted to binary image. Parameters such as area, centroid, perimeter, etc. are computed from white patch or blob also called as Region of Interest (ROI). When the parameters of ROI found within the specified range brain tumor can be detected.

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 6499(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March April (2013), IAEME

IV. CONCLUSION Several technologies for automatic brain tumor detection have been discussed in this paper. MR image consists of different gray levels and intensities. Also brain tumor is varied in size and shape. One can develop a system which detects the tumorwith precision.Wavelet transform is one of the tools used in detection of brain tumor.Wavelet transform provide multiresolution approach since it decomposes an image into several images. Each decomposed image consists of different frequency information.The proposed method can segment and detect the tumor from surrounding brain tissue. REFERENCES [1] M. Akram, A. Usman, Computer Aided System for Brain Tumor Detection and Segmentation, IEEE International Conference on Computer Networks and Information Technology, pp. 299-302, 2011. [2] W. Yang, M.Siliang, Automatic detection and segmentation of brain tumor using fuzzy classification and deformable models,IEEE,4th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, pp. 1680-1683, 2011. [3] G. Mirajkar, B. Barbadekar, Automatic Segmentation of Brain Tumors from MR Images using Undecimated Wavelet Transform and Gabor Wavelets,IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, pp. 702-705, 2010. [4] N. Pradhan, A. Sinha, Intelligent computing for the analysis of Brain Magnetic Resonance Images,IEEE, First International Conference on Integrated Intelligent Computing, pp. 211-217, 2010. [5] S. Ghanavati, J. Li, T. Liu, P. Babyn, W. Doda, G. Lampropoulos, Automatic Brain Tumor Detection in Magnetic Resonance Images, IEEE, International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, pp. 574-577, 2012. [6] K. Viji, J. Jayakumari, Automatic Detection of Brain Tumor based on Magnetic Resonance Image using CAD System with watershed segmentation, IEEE, Proceedings of International Conference on Signal Processing,Communication, Computing and Networking Technologies, pp. 145-150, 2011. [7] L. Juang, M. Wu MRI brain lesion image detection based on color-converted kmeans clustering segmentation, Measurement 43, pp. 941-949, 2010. [8] B.Venkateswara Reddy, Dr.P.Satish Kumar, Dr.P.Bhaskar Reddy and B.Naresh Kumar Reddy, Identifying Brain Tumour from MRI Image using Modified FCM and Support Vector Machine, International journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 244 - 262, ISSN Print: 0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375. [9] Selvaraj.D and Dhanasekaran.R, MRI Brain Tumour Detection by Histogram and Segmentation by Modified GVF Model, International journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering &Technology (IJECET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 55 - 68, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472.

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AUTHORS INFORMATION

Mayur V. Tiwari received the B.E. degree in Electronics and

Telecommunication Engineering from H. V. P. M College of Engineering and Technology, Amravati University in 2009. He is currently pursuing M.Tech in Electronic System and Communication from Government College of Engineering, Amravati.

Dr. Devendra S. Chaudhari obtained BE, ME, from Marathwada

University, Aurangabad and PhD from Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai. He has been engaged in teaching, research for period of about 25 years and worked on DST-SERC sponsored Fast Track Project for Young Scientists. He has worked as Head Electronics and Telecommunication, Instrumentation, Electrical, Research and incharge Principal at Government Engineering Colleges. Presently he is working as Head, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering at Government College of Engineering, Amravati. Dr. Chaudhari published research papers and presented papers in international conferences abroad at Seattle, USA and Austria, Europe. He worked as Chairman / Expert Member on different committees of All India Council for Technical Education, Directorate of Technical Education for Approval, Graduation, Inspection, Variation of Intake of diploma and degree Engineering Institutions. As a university recognized PhD research supervisor in Electronics and Computer Science Engineering he has been supervising research work since 2001. One research scholar received PhD under his supervision. He has worked as Chairman / Member on different university and college level committees like Examination, Academic, Senate, Board of Studies, etc. he chaired one of the Technical sessions of International Conference held at Nagpur. He is fellow of IE, IETE and life member of ISTE, BMESI and member of IEEE (2007). He is recipient of Best Engineering College Teacher Award of ISTE, New Delhi, Gold Medal Award of IETE, New Delhi, Engineering Achievement Award of IE (I), Nashik. He has organized various Continuing Education Programmes and delivered Expert Lectures on research at different places. He has also worked as ISTE Visiting Professor and visiting faculty member at Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. His present research and teaching interests are in the field of Biomedical Engineering, Digital Signal Processing and Analogue Integrated Circuits.

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