Problem 1-3 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields ~ of the point P (2; 2; 3) with respect Find the relative vector R 0 to P ( 3; 1; 4).

Solution:
~ is given by: The vector R ~ = P ~ P ~ 0 = (2 R = 5x ^ 3y ^ z ^
3]; 2] 1; 3 4) = (5; 3; 1)

Problem 1-7 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields ~ (B ~ C ~ ) equals the volume of a parallelepiped Show that A ~, B ~ whose sides at a common corner are parallel to the vectors A ~ and C .
~ C ~ is numerically equal to the product of the lengths The vector product B B and C and the sine of the angle between them. This is equal to the base B times height A sin AB of the wall which they bound. This is just the area of this wall which we shall refer as the \base" of the parallelepiped. ~ gives this area times the length of A times the cosine Dotting this with A ~ and the normal to this base. So the overall product of the angle between A is the base height of the parallelepiped which in turn is just the volume.

Solution:

Problem 1-8 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields A family of hyperbolae in the xy plane is given by u = xy. ~ u. a) Find r ~=3x b) Find the component of the vector A ^+2 y ^+4 z ^ in the ~ u at the point on the curve for which u = 3 and direction of r x = 2. Solution:
a)

@u y @u z ~ u = @u x r ^ + ^ + @x @y @z ^
where u = xy. Therefore

~u = y x r ^+x y ^ ~=3x b) The component of the vector A ^+2 y ^+4 z ^ in the direction of ~ ru is 3y + 2x ~ r ~ u= r ~u = p A x2 + y 2 When u = 3 and x = 2 then xy = 2y = 3 so that x = 2 and y = 3=2. Therefore ~ r ~ u = 17=5: A

Problem 1-9 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields The equation giving a family of ellipsoids is: Find the unit vector normal to each point of the surface of these ellipsoids. Solution:
The unit normal to a surface u(~ r) =constant is
2 y2 + z 2 u = x + a2 b2 c2

~u n ^ = r ~u r
In the present case:

y y z z ~ u = 2 x2 x ^ + ^ + r 2 a b c2 ^ Therefore the normal at point (x; y; z ) is n ^ = x x y y z z ^ + ^ + 2 2 a b c2 ^ x2 + y2 + z2 a4 b4 c4

!

1 2

Problem 1-13 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields A vector eld is given by

~ (~ A r) = xy x ^ + yz y ^ + zx z ^

a) Evaluate the ux through the rectangular parallelepiped sides a; b; c respectively in the x; y; z dimensions and with corner at the origin and in the rst octant. ~ Ad ~ over the volume of this same parallelepiped b) Evaluate r and compare your result with that from part a).
R

Solution:
a) The ux through the rectangular parallelepiped is
Z

where S is the whole surface. For the side I at x = 0 the vector d~ a = dydzx ^, for the side at y = 0 then d~ a = dxdzy ^ and for the side at z = 0 then d~ a = dxdyz ^. The sides opposite these have these vectors reversed in sign. Therefore the surface integral is
Z

~ d~ A a

~ d~ A a =

b c a

dy dz dx

c a b

dz xy dx yz dy zx

b c a

x=a y =b z=c

dy dz

c a b

dz xy dx yz dz zx

x=0 y=0 z=0

+ +

dx

1 ab2 c + abc2 + a2 bc = 2

~ is y + z + x. Therefore the integral over the volume b) The divergence of A of the parallelepiped V is
Z

2 2 2 = 1 2 a bc + ab c + abc This is the same result as in a) as we would expect from the divergence theorem.

~ Ad ~ = r

dx

dy

dz(y + z + x)

Problem 1-15 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields A vector eld is given by

xz ^ where a; and are constants (independent of x; y; z). ~ (~ A r) = x2y x ^ + xy2 y ^ + a3 e
y cos

a) Evaluate the line integral over the closed loop C in the plane z = 0 along the curve y2 = kx from x = 2 to x = 0, then along the y axis back to the y at which x = 2 and then at constant y back to the starting point. ~ A ~ ) d~ b) Evaluate S (r a over the at surface enclosed by the loop C and compare your result with that from part a).
R

Solution:
a) The line integral along the curved part (y2 = kx) is rst. We have

k y = kx ; 2ydy = kdx ; dy = 1 2 dx x Therefore this integral is

2
Z

x=

x=2

(Ax dx + Ay dy) = =

x=

x=2 Z

x2 y dx + xy2 dy
3=2 dx x5=2 + 1 2 kx

p 16 4 7 5 1 kx 2 2 + = k 2 x = 2k 7 + 5 k 7 5 2 R Along the y axis the integral is Ay dy at x = 0 which is pzero. The part of the integral parallel to the x axis is at y = 2k and is Z 2 Z 2 p Axdx = x2ydx = 2k 8 3 The path integral around C is therefore p 8 4k 2k 21 5
1 2

~ is b) The curl of A ~ A ~ = a3e y cos x x r ^ + a3 e y sin x y ^ + (y2 x2 ) z ^ The vector d~ a is dxdyz ^ so that the integral of the curl over the surface
is
Z

~ A ~ ) d~ (r a =

x2 ) Z 2 p p = dx 2k kx k (2 x) x2 3 r p Z2 x x2 + k x 2k = 2k dx 1 2 3 3 p 1 3 k 2 2k r x 2 3 2k 2 4k = 2k 3 x + 6 x 3 x 2 7 x + 15 x 9 x p = 2k 8 + 2k 4k 16 8k + 8k
=

dx

p 2k p dy (y2 kx

3 3 3 8 4k 2k 21 5

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which agrees with part a) as expected.

Problem 1-19 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields A vector eld is given by

~ (~ A r) = a ^ + b ^ + c z ^

where a; b and c are constants (independent of ; and z). a) b) c) d)

~ a constant vector? Is A ~ A ~. Evaluate r ~ A ~. Evaluate r ~ in Cartesian coordinates with components in terms Find A of x; y and z. ~ in spherical polar coordinates with components in e) Find A terms of r; and .
a) The vector changes direction as the position is changed because ^ and ~ however does remain ^ change their direction. The magnitude of A constnt. ~ is b) The divergence of A ~ A ~ = 1 @ ( A ) + 1 @A + @Az = a r

Solution:

~ a constant NOTE - this is not zero as it would have been were A vector. ~ is c) The curl of A 1 @ ( A ) 1 @A ~ A ~ = ^ 1 @Az @A + ^ @A @Az + z ^ r @ @z @z @ @ @ b = z ^ ~ a constant NOTE - this also is not zero as it would have been were A vector.
9

@z

d) The unit vectors are related by: ^ = cos x ^ + sin y ^ ; ^ = sin x ^ + cos y ^; z ^=z ^ Therefore our vector can be written as

~ = (a cos A
Eliminate using to obtain:

b sin ) x ^ + (a sin + b cos ) y ^+c z ^

cos = p 2x 2 ; sin = p 2y 2 x +y x +y )x ^ + (ay + bx) y ^ +c z ~ = (ax byp A ^ 2 2 x +y

e) The unit vectors in spherical coordinates are related to those for cylindrical coordinates by: ^ = sin r ^ + cos ^ ^ = ^ z ^ = cos r ^ sin ^ Therefore our vector can be written as

~ = (a sin + c cos ) r A ^ + (a cos

c sin ) ^ + b ^

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Problem 1-21 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields ~ r for the position vector ~ Find the divergence r r in rectangular, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates and show that it is the same in all these. Solution:
In rectangular coordinates

~ r = xx ^+y y ^+z z ^ @r @r @r ~ ~ r r = @xx + @yy + @zz = 3

In cylindrical coordinates

~ r = ^+ z z ^ @rz = 2 + 1 = 3 ~ ~ r r = 1 @@ ( r ) + 1 @r + @ @z
In spherical polar coordinates

~ r = rr ^ @ r2r + 1 @ (sin r ) + 1 @r = 3 1 ~ ~ r r = r2 @r r r sin @ r sin @

Clearly all three coordinates give the same result.

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Problem 1-23 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields

~ =4r a) For a vector eld A ^+3 ^ 2 ^ nd the line integral counter clockwise around a plane loop in the xy plane consisting of the rst quadrant of a circle radius r centred at the origin and the portions of the x and y axes inside this quarter circle. ~ A ~ over the xy plane enclosed b) Find the surface integral of r by the loop.

Solution:
a) The path around the circular arc has path d~ r = rd ^. So the line integral for this arc is
Z Z

~ d~ A r =

=2

( 2)r d =

For the path along the y axis heading towards the origin the path is d~ r = dr r ^ So the line integral for this arc is Z Z ~ A d~ r = 4dr = 4r
r

For the path along the x axis heading away from the origin the path is d~ r = dr r ^ So the line integral for this arc is
Z

~ d~ A r =
Z

4dr = 4r

Therefore the path integral around the whole loop is

C

~ d~ A r =

~ is b) The curl of A ~ r r ^ @ (sin A ) @A + ^ 1 @Ar = r sin @ @ r sin @ 3 ^ = 2 ^+ ^+ 2 r cot r

12

~ A

@ (rA ) + ^ @ (rA ) @Ar @r r @r @

The surface di erential is

d~ a = r2 sin d d r ^ r sin drd ^ rdrd ^

Then the product

r cos d d + sin drd + 3 2 drd Since we work in the xy plane, = =2 and only the ^ component ~ A ~ d~ r a=2
of the surface di erential is non zero. Given the counter clockwise circulation around the loop, this is the negative value rdrd . So
Z

~ A ~ ) d~ (r a =

dr

=2

d =

which is the same as the line integral as expected from Stokes' theorem.

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Problem 1-25 Wangsness Electromagnetic Fields a) Apply the divergence theorem to a constant, though arbi~ (~ trary, vector eld A r) to show that the total vector area d~ a around a closed surface is zero. b) Using such a eld show also that for any closed path the vector sum d~ r = 0.
R R

Solution:

~ (~ a) Let A r) = a x ^+b y ^+c z ^ (where a; b and c are independent of x; y and z ) be the constant but arbitrary eld. Since all derivatives of a; b and c with respect to x; y and z are zero, ~ is also zero everywhere. the divergence of A Apply the divergence theorem to a volume V enclosed by a closed surface S to obtain Z Z ~ ~ A ~ )d = 0 so A d~ a = (r a dax + b day + c daz = 0 S S S for all a; b and c. This can only be so if each of the integrals is indeZ Z

pendently zero. Therefore

S

d~ a=

b) Since all derivatives of a; b and c with respect to x; y and z are zero, ~ is also zero everywhere. the curl of A Applying Stokes' theorem to a closed loop C anywhere and an arbitrary surface S bounded by this loop, we see that the path integral
Z

dax x ^ + day y ^ + daz z ^ = 0 Q.E.D.

S S

a drx + b dry + a drz = 0 C C C for arbitrary a; b or c. Therefore the integrals are again separately zero
and therefore
Z

~ d~ ~ A ~ ) d~ A r = (r a = 0 so
Z

d~ r=

drx x ^+

dry y ^+
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drz z ^ = 0 Q.E.D.